Hindi Literature-I

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 245 eq>s fgUnh Vad.k rFkk dEI;wVj dk vPNk vH;kl gS rFkk rhu ekg rd eq>s jln dk;kZy;] t;iqj esa vodk'kdkyhu vLFkk;h fyfid in ij dk;Z djus dk vuqHko Hkh çkIr gSA ;fn esjh vLFkk;h fyfid ds in ij fu;qfä dh tkrh gS rks eSa vkids dk;kZy; dh bZekunkjh ls lsok d:axk vkSj vius dk;Z&O;ogkj ls lHkh dks lUrq\"V dj n¡wxkA vr% lkuqjks/k çkFkZuk gS fd eq>s mä in ij fu;qfä çnku dj vuqx`ghr djsaA fnukad 11 vDVwcj] 20 fouhr] jkgqy dqekj xxZ irk&115] 'kkfUr uxj] vtesj jksM] t;iqj&6 layXu 1. vad rkfydk,¡ ¼lR;kfir çfrfyfi½ 2. pfj= çek.k&i= 3. tUe frfFk çek.k&i= 4. vuqHko çek.k&i= 5. LokLF; çek.k&i=A Lo;a dks Hkkxyuxj fuoklh] vk'kh\"k Hkkjrh; ekurs gq, çcU/kd] laLdkj oSyh] ikFkZuxj dks v/;kid in ij fu;qfä gsrq vkosnu&i= fyf[k,A lsok esa] Jheku~ çcU/kd egksn;] laLdkj oSyh] ikFkZuxjA fo\"k;&v/;kid in ij fu;qfä gsrq vkosnu&i=A egksn;] lfou; fuosnu gS fd fofHkUu lekpkj&i=ksa esa çdkf'kr foKfIr ds vuqlkj eSa vkidh laLFkk esa v/;kid in gsrq viuk vkosnu&i= çLrqr dj jgk g¡wA esjh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk vkfn dk fooj.k bl çdkj gS& 1. ldS .Mjh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ çFke Js.kh yC/kkad 72% lu~ 20----- ¼ek/;] f'k{kk cksMZ] iatkc ls½ 2. lhfu;j lSd.Mjh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ çFke Js.kh yC/kkad 63% lu~ 20------ fo\"k;&fgUnh oxZA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

246 fgUnh lkfgR; 3. ch- ,M+ ¼fo|ky; f'k{kd&çf'k{k.k ikBîØe½ mÙkh.kZ] ÁFke Js.kh] lu~ 20--------A 4. eSa LoLFk ,oa deZB ;qod gw¡ rFkk f'k{k.k dk;Z esa fo'ks\"k #fp j[krk gw¡A xr ,d o\"kZ eSaus LFkkuh; fo|ky; esa vLFkk;h f'k{kd ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k gSA ;fn eq>s vkidh laLFkk esa lsok djus dk volj feys] rks eSa iwjh fu\"Bk ls dk;Z d:axk rFkk vius dk;Z O;ogkj ls lHkh dks lUrq\"V dj nw¡xkA vr% çkFkZuk gS fd eq>s f'k{kd in ij fu;qfä çnku djus dh —ik djsaA fnukad& 14 tqykbZ] 20------ fouhr] vk'kh\"k Hkkjrh; Hkkxyuxj] layXu 1. vadrkfydk,¡ ¼lR; çfrfyfi½ 2. pfj= çek.k&i= 3. vuqHko çek.k&i= 4. tUe&frfFk çek.k&i= 5. Loo`ÙkAA dk;kZy;h&i= xzke iapk;r] ; j y ds lfpo dh vksj ls ftyk dysDVj] ^HkfVaMk* dks xehZ ds ekSle esa is;ty dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gsrq VSadj fHktokus ds fy, dk;kZy;h&i= fyf[k,A fnukad 10 ebZ] 20---------- i=kad la[;k xzk- i- 41@15 lfpo] xzke iapk;r] ; j y lsok es]a Jheku~ ftyk dysDVj egksn;] ftyk HkfVaMk] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 247 iatkc fo\"k;&is;ty dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ds Øe esaA egksn;] fuosnu gS fd gekjk iapk;r U;wure ty HkwHkkx ds vUrxZr vkrk gS] bl dkj.k ;gk¡ ij is;ty dh leL;k lnk gh cuh jgrh gSA ijUrq xehZ dk ekSle vkrs gh ;g leL;k vkSj c<+ tkrh gSA iapk;r&{ks= dh turk dks jkgr igq¡pkus ds fy, çfro\"kZ VSadjksa ls is;ty dk forj.k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa vkids dk;kZy; dk iwjk lg;ksx feyrk jgk gSA bl ckj Hkh xehZ ds ekSle dks ns[kdj is;ty dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ds fy, ikuh ds VSadjksa dh vko';drk gSA vr% vk'kk gS fd bl lEcU/k esa mfpr vkns'k nsdj vki ikuh ds VSadj fHktokus dh O;oLFkk djsaA bl le; bl leL;k dks çkFkfedrk nsdj ;gk¡ dh turk dks vuqx`ghr djsaA Hkonh;] j?kqlgk; oekZ lfpo xzke iapk;r] ; j y viuh xzke iapk;r ds lfpo dh vksj ls vius ftyk dysDVj dks xk¡o esa QSyh ekSleh chekfj;k¡ ;Fkk&eysfj;k] Msaxw ,oa fpduxqfu;k ds mipkjkFkZ gsrq fpfdRldksa dh Vhe Hkstus gsrq dk;kZy;h&i= fyf[k,A fnukad 12 twu] 20-------- i=kad&xzk- ia- 19@08@20----- çs\"kd&lfpo] xzke iapk;r] ;jy lsok es]a Jheku ftyk dysDVj egksn;] ftyk HkfVaMk] iatkcA fo\"k;&ekSleh chekfj;ksa ds mipkjkFkZ fpfdRldksa dh fu;qfä ds Øe esaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

248 fgUnh lkfgR; egksn;] çfro\"kZ dh Hkk¡fr xehZ dk ekSle vkrs gh xk¡o esa eysfj;k] Msaxw] fpduxqfu;k vkfn ekSleh chekfj;ksa dk çdksi c<+us yxk gSA bl o\"kZ ;g fLFkfr dqN vf/kd gh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA xk¡o iapk;r {ks= esa ,d fMLisaljh gS] ijUrq mlesa vko';d nokb;ksa dh furkUr deh gS vkSj fpfdRld Hkh fu;qä ugha gSA blfy, ekSleh chekfj;ksa dk çdksi nwj djus rFkk jksfx;ksa dk mipkj djus ds fy, fpfdRldksa dh ,d Vhe xk¡o esa Hkstus dh O;oLFkk t:jh gSA vr% bl lEcU/k esa fpfdRldksa dh Vhe xk¡o esa fHktokus gsrq vkns'k çlkfjr djsaA Hkonh;] ¼gLrk{kj--------------------------½ lfpo xzke iapk;r] ; j y ftyk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh ¼ek/;fed½] ikyh dh vksj ls lfpo] ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj dks jktdh; ek/;fed fo|ky;] ekyuw esa cksMZ ijh{kk dsUæ dh Loh—fr gsrq dk;kZy;h i= fyf[k,A fnukad 11-1-20--------- i= Øekad 121@ft-f'k-v-@205 çs\"kd&ftyk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh ¼ek/;fed½] chdkusjA çsf\"kfr&lfpoA ek/;- f'k{kk cksMZ] fQjkstiqj] iatkcA fo\"k;&jktdh; ek/;fed fo|ky;] ekyuw esa cksMZ ijh{kk dsUæ cukus dh Loh—fr ds lEcU/k esAa egksn;] iwoZ esa fnukad 2-1-20 dks çsf\"kr i= Øekad 205 ds lEcU/k esa fuosnu gS fd fQjkstiqj 'kgj esa cksMZ ijh{kk dks ,d gh dsUæ gSA blls O;oLFkk djus esa dkQh dfBukbZ vkrh gSA blfy, fQjkstiqj esa ,d vU; ijh{kk dsUæ jktdh; ek/;fed fo|ky;] fQjkts iqj esa LFkkfir fd;k tk,] rks lHkh rjg ls mfpr jgsxkA mä CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 249 fo|ky; esa lc lfq o/kk,¡ i;kZIr ek=k esa gSaA bldk iw.kZ fooj.k layXu çi= esa çsf\"kr gSA vr% bl lEcU/k esa vfoyEc dk;Zokgh dj lwfpr djus dh —ik djsaA Hkonh;] ¼gLrk{kj----------------------½ ftyk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh] fQjkts iqj] iatkc ftyk/kh'k] fQjkstiqj dh vksj ls LokLF; lfpo] iatkc ljdkj dks vius {ks= esa QSyh vKkr chekjh esa jkgr fnyokus gsrq jkt/kkuh ls fpfdRldksa dh ,d Vhe fHktokus gsrq fu/kkZfjr çk:i esa ,d dk;kZy;h i= fyf[k,A fnukad 16@12@20-------- Øekad&180@33@88 lk-20------ çs\"kd&ftyk/kh'k] fQjkts iqj A çsf\"kfr&LokLF; lfpo LokLF; foHkkx] iatkc ljdkj] pa.Mhx<+ fo\"k;&vKkr chekjh ls jkgr fnyokus gsrq fpfdRldh; lgk;rk ds lanHkZ esAa egksn;] lfou; lwfpr fd;k tk jgk gS fd bu fnuksa ckalokM+k ftys ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ,d vKkr chekjh QSy jgh gS ftlls yksx vpkud ekSr ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA bl vKkr jksx ls 'kjhj esa dSaidWih vkrh gS rFkk ok.kh 'kh?kz cUn gks tkrh gS vkSj pUn ?k.Vksa esa gh O;fä dh ekSr gks tkrh gSA bl vKkr chekjh ls turk cgqr gh la=Lr gSA LFkkuh; fpfdRld bl chekjh dk funku ugha dj ik jgs gSaA vr,o jkt/kkuh ls fo'ks\"kK ofj\"B fpfdRldksa dh ,d Vhe bu {ks=ksa esa fHktokus dh O;oLFkk ;Fkk'kh?kz djokus dh —ik djsaA bl lEcU/k esa ftyk LokLF; foHkkx dh vksj ls ;FkklaHko lgk;rk miyC/k djk;h tk ldrh gSA fo'ks\"kK ofj\"B fpfdRldksa dh Vhe vkus ls turk dks bl vKkr chekjh ls cpk;k tk ldsxk] ,rnFkZ lwfpr fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkonh;] ¼gLrk{kj----------------½ ftyk/kh'k] Qjkstiqj CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

250 fgUnh lkfgR; ftyk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh xqjnkliqj ¼çFke½ dh vksj ls ,d dk;kZy;h&ia= ç/kkukpk;Z] jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; jk?kqjiqj] xqjnkliqj dks fyf[k, ftlesa d{kk 10 ds detksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks xf.kr] vaxzsth ,oa foKku fo\"k;ksa ds v/;kiu ds fy, vfrfjä d{kkvksa dk çko/kku lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gksA fnukad 15-1-20 ------------------- i=kad&11@1@25@f'k-20------ çs\"kd&ftyk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh xqjnkliqj ¼çFke½ çsf\"kfr& ç/kkukpk;Z jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] jk?kqjiqj] xqjnkliqj A fo\"k;&d{kk ds detksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vfrfjä d{kkvksa ds lEcU/k esaA egksn;] jkT; ljdkj f'k{kk foHkkx ds uohure funsZ'kksa dh vuqikyuk esa funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd cksMZ ijh{kk dk ifj.kke Lrj u fxjs blds fy, d{kk 10 ds tks Nk= vkidh 'kkyk esa xf.kr] vaxzsth vkSj foKku fo\"k;ksa esa detksj gSa] muds fy, bu fo\"k;ksa dh vfrfjä d{kkvksa dh rqjUr O;oLFkk dh tkosAA vfrfjä d{kk,¡ fo|ky; le; ds ckn ;k igys yxkbZ tk,A¡ blds fy, ;fn f'k{kdksa dh deh gks rks xsLV QSdYVh ds :i esa va'kdkyhu ;ksX; lsokfuo`Ùk f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä dh tk ldrh gSA vfoyEc mä fo\"k;ksa esa detksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u dj vfrfjä d{kk,¡ çkjEHk dh tk;sa rFkk bl lEcU/k esa dk;kZy; dks Hkh lwpuk Hkst nh tk;sA Hkonh;] ¼gLrk{kj --------------½ ftyk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh] xqjnkliqj ¼çFke½ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 251 dEI;wVj f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk lekIr djus ds fy, ç/kkukpk;Z jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] xqjnkliqj dh vksj ls lfpo] ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] pa.Mhx<+ dks fy[ks tkus okys dk;kZy;h&i= dk çk:i rS;kj dhft,A fnukad 22-9-20------------------- i=kad&22@2@20---- çs\"kd&ç/kkukpk;ZA jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] xqjnkliqjA çsf\"kfr&lfpo ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] pa.Mhx<+ iatkcA fo\"k;&dEI;wVj f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk ds lEcU/k esaA egksn;] f'k{kk foHkkx] iatkc ljdkj rFkk vkids dk;kZy;h; funsZ'k ds vuqlkj ;|fi mPp ek/;fed d{kkvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk çkjEHk dj nh xbZ gS rFkk blls oSdfYid fo\"k; xf.kr rFkk okf.kT; ds Nk= Hkys gh ykHkkfUor gksaxs] ijUrq vU; fo\"k;ksa ds Nk= blls ykHkkfUor ugha jgsaxsA vr% muds fy, bldh vfuok;Zrk mfpr ugha gSA blds lkFk gh lEcfU/kr d{kkvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk vfuok;Z dj nh xbZ gS] ijUrq muds fy, f'k{k.k lkexzh dEI;wVj vkSj çf'k{kd vkfn dh leqfpr O;oLFkk vHkh rd ugha gks ik;h gSA bl dkj.k Nk= ijs'kku gSa rFkk dEI;wVj f'k{k.k ds fy, mUgsa çkbosV laLFkkvksa dk lgkjk ysus esa dkQh O;; djuk iM+ jgk gSA fQj Hkh os iw.kZr;k ykHkkfUor ugha gks jgs gSaA vr% mPp ek/;fed d{kkvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk lekIr djuk gh vkSfpR;iw.kZ gSA okf.kT; ds Nk=ksa ds fy, bls ,sfPNd fo\"k; ds :i esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA Nk=&fgr dks /;ku esa j[kdj bl lEcU/k esa 'kh?kz mfpr fu.kZ; ,oa funsZ'k visf{kr gSAa fuosnd] ¼gLrk{kj-------------------½ ç/kkukpk;Z jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;] xqjnkliqjA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

252 fgUnh lkfgR; eqgYyk fodkl lfefr ds v/;{k ds ukrs ftyk dysDVj dks i= fy[kdj vius uofufeZr cLrh ds fu;ferhdj.k djus dh O;oLFkk ç'kklu 'kgj ds lax* tSls vk;kstu fd, tkus dh frfFk fuf'pr djus ds fy, vuqjks/k fd;k tkosA lsok esa] Jheku~ ftyk dysDVj egksn;] ftyk xqjnkliqj ¼iatkc-½A fo\"k;&uofufeZr cLrh ds fu;ferhdj.k ds lEcU/k esaA egksn;] fuosnu gS fd orZeku esa iatkc ljdkj ds vkns'kkuqlkj ^Lo vkfl;kuk uked dk;ZØe py jgk gS] ftlesa turk dh leL;kvksa dk rqjUr lek/kku gks jgk gSA blh Øe esa fuosnu gS fd ge lHkh ukxfjdksa us viuh vkokl leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq Lo;a vkoklh; d‚yksuh clk;h gSA bl d‚yksuh dk fuekZ.k xqjnkliqj] ftyk fodkl çkf/kdj.k dh uxjh; ifj;kstuk ds vuq:i fd;k x;k gSA ge viuh cLrh dks fu;fer djokuk pkgrs gSaA blds fy, geus t;iqj xqjnkliqj ftyk fodkl çkf/kdj.k esa Hkh uD'ks rFkk vU; dkxtkr çLrqr dj fn, gSaA vr% çkFkZuk gS fd vki ç'kklu 'kgjksa ds lax tSls vk;kstu ds volj ij gekjh uofufeZr cLrh dks fu;fer djokus dh dk;Zokgh dj gesa —rkFkZ djsaA blds fy, dksbZ frfFk fuf'pr dj gesa lwfpr djsa rkfd gekjh cLrh ds lHkh ukxfjd mifLFkr jg ldsa vkSj fodkl 'kqYd dh jkf'k tek djk ldsaA fnukad 6 tuojh] 20------------------- Hkonh;] lq[kfoanj flag jktiky v/;{k&eksgYyk fodkl lfefr] U;w bjk dkWyksuh] xqjnkliqj A Hkkjr ljdkj ds x`g&ea=ky; ds lfpo dh vksj ls eq[; lfpo] iatkc jkT; dks ,d i= fyf[k,] ftlesa jkT; esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh fcxM+rh gqbZ fLFkfr ij fpUrk O;ä dh x;h gksA fnukad 28 twu] 20 ------------------- i= Øekad&243 ¼x`-ea-½ 214@216@20 çs\"kd&d&[k&x CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 253 lfpo] Hkkjr ljdkj x`g&ea=ky;] ubZ fnYyhA çsf\"kfr&eq[; lfpo] iatkc jkT;] pa.Mhx<+A fo\"k;&jkT; esa dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk dh fcxM+rh fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esaA egksn;] eq>s ;g lwpuk nsus dk funsZ'k gqvk gS fd jkT; esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr fnuksa&fnu fcxM+us ls dsUæ ljdkj cgqr fpfUrr gSA ljdkj us vkidk /;ku bl xaHkhj leL;k dh vksj vk—\"V fd;k gS vkSj bl fcxM+rh fLFkfr ls fucVus ds fy, jkT; ljdkj dks dM+s dne mBkus pkfg,A bl lna HkZ esa vkidks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd jkT; esa dkuwu rFkk O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, lHkh vko';d dk;Zokgh dh tk, rFkk dsUæ ljdkj dks Hkh çxfr ls voxr djk;k tk,A bl lEcU/k esa dsUæ ljdkj jkT; ljdkj dks lc çdkj dh lgk;rk nsus ds fy, rS;kj gSA Hkonh;] ¼gLrk{kj --------------½ lfpo x`g&ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyh uxj fuxe ik\"kZn dh vksj ls eksgYys esa O;kIr xUnxh ds lEcU/k esa uxj fuxe ds egkikSj dks ,d i= fyf[k,A v)Z&ljdkjh&i= i=kad 3@2@20------------------- fnukad 16 Qjojh] 20 ------------------- lsok es]a Jheku~ egkikSj egksn;] uxj fuxe] paMhx<+ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

254 fgUnh lkfgR; fo\"k;& lwjr flag eksgYys esa O;kIr xanxh ds lEcU/k esaA egksn;] fuosnu gS fd gekjs eksgYys lwjr flga esa xanxh dk QSyko fnu&çfrfnu c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ;fn ;g dgsa fd lQkbZ ds uke ij fn[kkok ek= gS rks blesa dksbZ vfr'k;ksfä ugha gksxhA lQkbZ deZpkjh xUnxh mBkus ds ctk; LFkku&LFkku ij dwM+s&djdV dk <sj yxk nsrs gSa] muds tkrs gh lqvj mu <sfj;ksa dks iqu% QSyk nsrs gSaA bl le; gekjs eksgYys esa xUnxh dk ,slk lkezkT; Nk;k gqvk gS fd lkjk eksgYyk gj le; xUnxh dh lM+ka/k ls nwf\"kr jgrk gSA ;|fi uxj fuxe dh vksj ls lQkbZ deZpkjh fu;qä gSa vkSj mUgsa gFkBsys] xkfM+;k¡ vkfn Hkh nh gqbZ gSa] fdUrq os lc gktjhxkg ij cSBs xIisa gh yM+k;k djrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ muls tkdj lQkbZ djus ds fy, dgrk gS rks os pk;&ikuh ds iSls dh ekx¡ djrs gSaA teknkj vkSj lQkbZ fujh{kdksa ds lkFk mudh feyhHkxr gSA blfy, os ,dne ykijokg] vdeZ.; vkSj xSj&ftEesnkj gks jgs gSaA budh ykijokgh ds dkj.k eksgYys Hkj ds fuokfl;ksa dk LokLF; lda V esa iM+ x;k gSA dwM+s ds <sjkas ij efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkukrh jgrh gSa vkSj xïksa rFkk ukfy;ksa esa tek dhpM+ ij ePNj fHkufHkukrs jgrs gSaA ;fn 'kh?kz gh lQkbZ dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ugha gqbZ rks eysfj;k] gStk] isfp'k vkfn chekfj;ksa ds QSy tkus dh iwjh vk'kadk gSA vr% vuqjks/k gS fd mä eksgYys dk ,d ckj Jheku~ Lo;a fujh{k.k djsa rFkk leqfpr lQkbZ dh 'kh?kz O;oLFkk djsa rkfd chekfj;ksa ds QSyus dh laHkkouk lekIr gks lds rFkk nks\"kh deZpkfj;ksa ds fo#) mfpr dk;Zokgh djsa ftlls Hkfo\"; esa os vke ukxfjdksa ds thou ds lkFk f[kyokM+ u dj ldsaA Hkonh;] ¼gLrk{kj½ EkhuyÁhr flag ik\"kZn] lwjr flag {ks=] paMhx<+ 7.13 lkjka’k ;qx pkgs iqjkruh gks vokZphuh i= ys[ku dk dk;Z dHkh Hkh :d ugh ldrk gSA i= ys[ku ds }kjk gh vf/kdka’k dk;Z vkt Hkh iw.kZ gksrs gSA tgk¡ O;fDrxr :i ls igqp¡ ikuk laHko ugh gksrk gS] ,sls dk;ksZ dks i= ds }kjk djk, tkrs gSA vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa fofHkUu i=ksa ds ys[ku dkS’ky dk Kku dj vius thou esa bl dkS’ky dk Á;ksx djsaxsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 255 7.14 vf/kxe xfrfofèk fo|kfFkZ;ksa vki us bl bdkbZ esa i=&ys[ku ds fo\"k; esa v/;;u fd;k gSA ftlesa vki fuEu fØ;kvksa ds }kjk vius Kku esa vkSj c`f) dj ldrsa gSa& 1. viuh dkWyksuh esa O;kIr xanxh dks gVkus ds fy, ftyk dysDVj dks vkosnu ds ek/;e ls xanxh gVkus ds fy, lwfpr dhft,A 2. i= ys[ku dh fo’ks\"krkvksa ,oa 'kfDr dks ÁxV djrs gq, ,d ppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A 3. d{kk esa ,d dk;Zdze vk;ksftr dhft,] ftlesa vki fofHkUu eqn~nksa jkT; dk /;ku f’k{kk ij vkdf\"kZr djus ij i= ys[ku dhft,A 7.15 eq[; ‘kCnkoyh vknj.kh; ¾ vknj ;ksX;A iwtuh; ¾ fudV lEcfU/k;kas dks] ekrk] firk] xq#] cM+s HkkbZ] cM+h cgu vkfn dks iz;qDr 'kCnA iwT;] iwT;k] ije iwT;] ije iwT;k ¾ fudV lEcfU/k;ksa dks] ekrk] firk] xq#] cM+s HkkbZ] cM+h cgu vkfn dksA ç.kke] ueLdkj] ueLrs] pj.k oUnuk ;k pj.k&Li'kZ ¾ ;ksX; vknj;qDr tuksa dks iz;qDr gksus okyk lack/s kuA —ikfHkyk\"kh ¾ ftldh d`ik dh vfHkyk\"kk gksA Lusg&ik= ¾ ftldk Lusg visf{kr gksA n;kfHkyk\"kh ¾ ftldh n;k ls vkids dk;Z gksrs gksA lkekU; vkns'k ¾ General OrderA ladYi ¾ ResolutionA fu;e ¾ RuleA çsl foKfIr ¾ Press ReleasesA vf/klwpuk ¾ NotificationA ç'kklfud ,oa vU; fjiksVZ ¾ Administrative and other reportsA lwpuk ¾ InformationA fufonk çk:i ¾ Tender formatA lafonk ¾ ContractA djkj ¾ Agreement A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

256 fgUnh lkfgR; vuqKfIr ¾ LicenseA vuqKki= ¾ License A 7.17 o.kZukRed ç'u iz’u 1 y?kwÙkjh; Á’uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A 1. ljdkjh vf/klwpuk tkjh djrs gq, i= ys[ku dhft,A 2. jkT; eas lw[kk iM+us ;k ck<+ ds Ádksi ls ihf<+r Hkw[ks yksxksa dks [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks lwfpr djrs gq,] muds fy, vUu Ánku djus gsrq jkT; ljdkj dks lwfpr djus dk fuosnu dhft,A 3. vius vki dks fo’ofo|ky; dk dqyifr ekurs gq, lHkh foHkkxksa dks le; ij vkus vkSj iw.kZ le; rd viuk dk;Z djus gsrq dk;kZyh;u vkns’k Ásf\"kr dhft,A 7.18 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. v/kZljdkjh i= ds ckjs esa dkSu lk dFku xyr gS \\ (a) blesa ikusokys dks inuke ls lackfs /kr fd;k tkrk gSA (b) Åij laLFkk ;k dk;kZy; ds uke] LFkku vkfn dk mYys[k gksrk gSA (c) ;FkkLFkku fnukad vkSj Øekad dk mYys[k gksrk gSA (d) Åij ckbZa vksj çs\"kd dk uke vkSj inuke fy[kk tkrk gSA 2. ljdkjh i=ksa esa lkekU;rk fdl lacks/ku dk ç;ksx gksrk gS \\ (a) Jheku (b) ekU;oj (c) egksn; (d) egk'k;A 3. foHkUu ?kVdksa esa ls ljdkjh i= esa dkSu lk ?kVd ugha gksrk \\ (a) lack/s ku (b) vfHkoknu (c) LFkku dk uke (d) fnukadA 4. fuEu esa ls dkSulk çk:i xtV esa çdkf'kr gksrk gS & (a) ifji= (b) vf/klwpuk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 257 (c) dk;kZy;&Kkiu (d) vuqLekjdA 5. ^ifji=* fdl Js.kh esa vkrk gS & (a) lkekftd i= (b) dk;kZy;h i= (c) O;fäxr i= (d) ikfjokfjd i=A 6. dk;kZy;h i= esa lcls Åij fy[kk tkrk gS & (a) i= Øekad (b) fnukad (c) dk;kZy; dk LFkku (d) çsf\"kfr dks lacks/kuA 7. iwoZ esa çsf\"kr i= dh ;kn fnykus ds fy, Hkstk tkus okyk i= dgykrk gS & (a) if=i= (b) vuqLekjd (c) fufonk (d) foKfIrA 8. O;olkf;d ,oa ç'kklfud {ks= esa i=&ys[ku D;k dk;Z djrk gS & (a) LFkk;h çys[k dk (b) dq'kyeaxy iwNus dk (c) f'k\"Vkpkj fuHkkus dk (d) vkea=.k nsus dkA 9. fVIi.k ys[ku esa mPp vf/kdkjh fdl vksj gLrk{kj vafdr djrk gS & (a) nk;ha vksj (b) ck;ha vksj (c) e/; esa (d) i= ds vkjEHk esa 10. fVIi.k ys[ku esa mPp vf/kdkjh fdl vksj gLrk{kj vafdr djrk gS & (a) Kkiu (b) foKfIr (c) ifji= (d) vf/klwpuk mÙkj% 1. (a)] 2. (c)] 3. (b)] 4. (b)] 5. (b)] 6. (c)] 7. (b)] 8. (a)] 9. (a)] 10. (c)A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

258 fgUnh lkfgR; 7.19 lUnHkZ 1. fgUnh O;kdj.k vkSj i= ys[ku& ,u-,y- ekFkqj ¼xxZ cqd dEiuh t;iqj½ 2. i= ys[ku dyk] fganh O;kdj.k & ih lh oekZ 3. ekud fgUnh dk Lo:i& Hkksykjke frokjh 4. 'kqDy] jkepaæ- fparke.kh&3] laiknd& ukeoj flag ¼1985½- fnYyh- jktdey çdk'ku 5. 'kekZ] jkefoykl] Hkk\"kk vkSj lekt- fnYyh- jktdey çdk'ku 6. 'kaHkqukFk] jkefuokl f}osnh ¼laiknd] 2012½- fganh i=dkfjrk% gekjh fojklr- fnYyh- ok.kh çdk'ku 7. frokjh] jkepaæ] fganh dk x| lkfgR;- okjk.klh- fo'ofo|ky; çdk'ku 8. nkl] vjfoan] fganh esa lekpkj% jkT;] lekt vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k- vafrdk çdk'ku- fnYyh 9. /keZohj] fganh dh vkRek- fnYyh- lerk çdk'ku CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 259 bdkbZ 8 i=dkfjrk Lakjpuk 8.1 mís'; 8.2 çLrkouk 8.3 i=dkfjrk dk lEÁR;; 8.4 i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ 8.5 i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk\"kk,a 8.6 i=dkfjrk dk mn~Hko 8.7 i=dkfjrk dh vko';drk 8.8 fo'o dh çeq[k lekpkj ,tsafl;k¡ 8.9 i=dkfjrk ds y{; 8.10 i=dkfjrk ds Ádkj 8.11 Lkkjka’k 8.12 vkf/kxfed fØ;k,¡ 8.13 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 8.14 vf/kxe xfrfofèk 8.15 o.kZukRed ç'u 8.16 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 8.17 lUnHkZ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

260 fgUnh lkfgR; 8.1 mís';  i=dkfjrk ds Lo:i dks tkudkj mlds mís';ksa dks Li\"V dj ldsaxsA  if=dk rkfd O;kIr ,oa egÙo dks Li\"V dj ldsaxsA  firk ds çdkjksa dk fo'ys\"k.k dj ldsaxsA  orZeku ;qx dh i=dkfjrk dk ifjp; çkIr dj ldsaxsA  i=dkfjrk dh n'kk ,oa fn'kk ewY;kd¡ u dj ldsaxsA  i=dkfjrk ds Lo:i dks fu/kkZj.k djus esa leFkZ gksxsa 8.2 çLrkouk ekuo tUe ls gh ftKklq ço`fÙk dk jgk gSA iqjkru dky ls vkt rd ds bfrgkl esa ;fn ns[kk tk;s rks dguk xyr u gksxk fd ekuo thou ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fodkl esa ;g ftKklq ço`fÙk lgk;d jghA gS vius vkl ikl gks jgh ?kVukvksa] ifjos'k] lekt vkfn dks tkuus dh ekuoh; th bPNk us gh i= i=dkfjrk dks tUe fn;k gSA ?kVukvks dh tkudkjh nsus okys lwpuk i= /khjs /khjs tutkx`fr lkekftd psruk vkfn ds eq[; vk/kkj LFky esa gks x;s vktA vkt ds ;qx esa tura= dks pkSFkk LrEHk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa Nk= i=dkfjrk ds vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk vkSj {ks= ds fo\"k; esa ifjfpr gksxa sA lapkj Rkduhdh ,oa lapkj lEÁs\"k.k rduhdh ls yxkrkj gksrs ifjorZuksa ds lkFk&lkFk blds Hkh rkSj rjhdksa esa cnyko gqvk gSA lekpkj lfefr;k¡ ,d gh lekpkj dks vius lHkh miHkksäkvksa rd ,d lkFk igq¡p nsrh gSA rduhdh enn fy, fcuk i= if=dkvksa ds fy, Hkh vius çdk'ku fu;fer j[k ikuk lEHko ugha gSA vkt lekpkj ,tsafl;k¡ flQZ [kcjsa gh ugha nsrh] cfYd Qhpj vkSj fo'ks\"k ys[k] rLohjsa vkfn Hkh miyC/k djkrh gSaA gkykafd lekpkj lfefr;ksa dh Hkwfedk lhfer gS] ysfdu buds lekpkj tuer dks çHkkfor djrs jgrs gSa] D;ksafd mudk çdk'ku ,d ls vf/kd i=&if=dkvksa esa lkFk&lkFk gksrk gSA 8.3 i=dkfjrk dk lEÁR;; **i=dkfjrk 'kCn vaxzsth ds ^tuZfyTe* ¼Journalism½ dk fganh :ikarj gSA 'kCnkFkZ dh –f\"V ls ^tuZfyTe* 'kCn *tuZy* ls fufeZr gS vkSj bldk vk'k; gS ^nSfud* gS vFkkZr~ ftlesa nSfud dk;ksaZ o CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 261 ljdkjh cSBdksa dk fooj.k gksA vkt tuZy 'kCn ^eSxthu* dk |ksrd gks pyk gSA ;kuh] nSfud] nSfud lekpkj&i= ;k nwljs çdk'ku] dksbZ lokZf/kd çdk'ku ftlesa fdlh fof'k\"V {ks= ds lekpkj gksA**1 i=dkfjrk tgk¡ yksxksa dks muds ifjos'k ls ifjfpr djkrh gS] ogha og muds gksus vkSj thus esa Áek.k esa enn djrh gSA lekftd vkSj jktuSfrd psruk dh vxznwr gSA blhfy, bUæfo|kopLifr i=dkfjrk dks ^ikapoka osn* ekurs gSaA os bu 'kCnksa esa Lohdkj djrs gSa& Þi=dkfjrk ikapoka osn gS] ftlds }kjk ge Kku&foKku laca/kh ckrksa dks tkudj viuk can efLr\"d [kksyrs gSaA2 ftl Ádkj lkfgR; lekt dk nÁ.k gksrk gS] mlh Ádkj i=dkfjrk Hkh lkfgR; dh Hkk¡fr lekt esa pyus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa ,oa gypyksa dh lajpuk dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk rjhsdk gSA og ns’k dky ifjfLFkfr ls voxr djkus dk ljy vkSj lgt ek/;e gSA ns'k&nqfu;k esa ?kfVr uwru vo/kkj.kvksa vkSj vkfo\"dkfjr vokZphu Kku&foKku ls ifjp; dk lk/ku gSA blh dkj.k fo}kuksa us i=dkfjrk dks 'kh?kzrk] lgtrk vkSj ljyrk esa fy[kk x;k bfrgkl Hkh ekuk gSA oLrqr% vkt dh i=dkfjrk lwpukvksa vkSj lekpkjksa dk vknku&Ánku v’kwU; u gksdj ekuo thou ds O;kid ifj–'; dks vius vki esa lekfgr fd, gq, gSA ;g 'kk'or uSfrd ewY;ksa] thou ewY;ksa] lkekftd ewY;ksa lkaL—frd ewY;ksa ,oa /kjksgj dks lelkef;d ?kVukpØ dh dlkSVh ij dlus dk lk/ku cu xbZ gSA okLro esa i=dkfjrk tu&Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fä] ln~Hkkoksa dh vuqHkwfr vkSj uSfrdrk dh vk/kkjf’kyk gSA laL—fr] lH;rk vkSj Lora=rk dh xtZuk gksus ds lkFk gh ;g ÁR;sd tu ekul ds ekuliVy ij vHkwriwoZ Økafr dh ?kksf\"kdk gSA Kku&foKku] lkfgR;&laL—fr] vk'kk&fujk'kk] la?k\"kZ&Økafr] t;&ijkt;] mRFkku&iru vkfn thou dh fofo/k HkkoHkwfe;ksa dh euksgkjh ,oa ;FkkFkZ Nfo ge ;qxhu i=dkfjrk ds nÁ.k esa dj ldrs gSaA dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds i=dkfjrk foHkkx ds iwoZ vkpk;Z ,oa v/;{k çks- vatu dqekj cuthZ ds 'kCnksa esa Þi=dkfjrk iwjs fo'o dh ,slh nsu gS] tks lcesa nwj –f\"V çnku djrh gSAß3 okLro esa çfr{k.k ifjorZu'khy txr dk n'kZu i=dkfjrk ds }kjk gh laHko gSA 1 M‚- gfjeksgu ,oa gfj'kadj tks'kh& [kksth i=dkfjrk] r{kf'kyk çdk'ku] 2 MkW- cgs sjk] nk’kjFkh] i=dkfjrk JhefUnj ifCyds’kul~] Hkqcus’oj i`- 6&7] 3 https://hi.wikipedia.org/] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

262 fgUnh lkfgR; 8.4 i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ fgUnh esa Hkh i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ Hkh yxHkx ;gh gSA ^i=* ls ^i=dkj* vkSj fQj ^i=dkfjrk* ls bls le>k tk ldrk gSA o`gr fgUnh 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj ^i=* dk vFkZ fpëh] dkxt] og dkxt ftl ij dksbZ ckr fy[kh ;k Nih gks] og dkxt ;k /kkrq dh iêh ftl ij fdlh O;ogkj ds fo\"k; esa dksbZ çkekf.kd ys[k fy[kk ;k [kqnok;k x;k gks ¼nkui=] rkezi=½] fdlh O;ogkj ;k ?kVuk ds fo\"k; dk çek.k:i ys[k ¼iêk] nLrkost½] ;ku] okgu] lekpkj i=] v[kckj gSA ^i=dkj* dk vFkZ lekpkj i= dk laiknd ;k ys[kdA vkSj ^i=dkfjrk* dk vFkZ i=dkj dk dke ;k is'kk] lekpkj ds laiknu] lekpkj bdës djus vkfn dk foospu djusokyh fo|kA o`gr 'kCndks'k esa lkQ gS fd i= dk vFkZ og dkxt ;k lk/ku ftl ij dksbZ ckr fy[kh ;k Nih gks tks çkekf.kd gks] tks fdlh ?kVuk ds fo\"k; dks çek.k:i is'k djrk gS vkSj i=dkj dk vFkZ ml i=] dkxt dks fy[kusokyk] laiknu djusokyk gSA i=dkfjrk lekt dks ekxZ fn[kkus] lwpuk nsus ,oa tkx:d cukus dk ek/;e gSA ,sls esa mldh ftEesnkjh ,oa tokcnsgh c<+ tkrh gSA ;g lgh vFkksaZ esa ,d pqukSrh Hkjk dke gSA 8.5 i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk\"kk,a lekt ,oa le; ds ifjçs{; esa yksxksa dks lwpuk,a nsdj mUgsa f'kf{kr djuk gh i=dkfjrk dk /;s; gSA i=dkfjrk ek= :[kh&lw[kh lpw uk,a ugha gksrh oju yksxkas dks tkx:d cukrh gS] mUgsa QSlys djus ,oa lkspus yk;d cukrh gSA laokn dh ,d LoLFk çfØ;k dk vkjaHk Hkh blds }kjk gksrk gSA bu lUnHkksaZ ds vkyksd esa fo}kuksa dh jk; esa i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk\"kk,a fuEu gSa& 1. tkslsQ iqfyRtj& [kcj lwa?kus dh ço`fÙk] ,d i=dkj ls gj NksVh ls NksVh phtksa dks ntZ djokrh gSA ;g ço`fÙk lekt dh HkykbZ vkSj lqj{kk&laca/kh fdlh Hkh fo\"k; ls çTTofyr gks ldrh gSA mls bl ckr ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksuk pkfg, fd blls ekfyd ds fgrksa dks uqdlku igq¡prk gS ;k Qk;nkA ,d lPpk i=dkj] O;kid turk dh HkykbZ ds ljksdkjksa ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA 2. jke—\".k j?kqukFk [kkfMydj& ÞKku vkSj fopkj 'kCnksa rFkk fp=ksa ds :i esa nwljs rd igq¡pkuk gh i=dyk gSA Nius okys ys[k&lekpkj rS;kj djuk gh i=dkjh ugha xbZ gSA vkd\"kZd 'kh\"kZd nsuk] i`\"Bksa dk vkd\"kZd cuko&Buko] tYnh ls tYnh lekpkj nsus dh Rojk] ns'k&fons'k ds CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 263 çeq[k m|ksx&/ka/kksa ds foKkiu çkIr djus dh prqjkbZ] lqUnj NikbZ vkSj ikBd ds gkFk esa lcls tYnh i= igq¡pk nsus dh Rojk] ;s lc i=dkj dyk ds varxZr j[ks x,Aß 3. egkRek xka/kh& i=dkfjrk ,d lkekftd /keZ gS vkSj og lekt ds LokLF; ds fy, gSA tks cksyk tkrk gS mls fy[kus dh t:jr ugha A ij tks fy[kk x;k gS mls lgh fy[kus dh t:jr gSA 4. tokgj yky usg:& The press is one of the vital organs of modern life especially in a democracy- the press has tremendous power and responsibilities- the press must be respected 5. ysLyh LVhQu& i=dkfjrk mu fo\"k;ksa ij fy[kuk gS ftu ij turk Kkuiw.kZ ugha gSA 6. lh-th- ewyj & lkef;d Kku dk O;olk; gh i=dkfjrk gS A blesa rF;ksa dh çkfIr] mudk ewY;kadu vkSj Bhd Bhd ;kuh okLrfod çLrqfrdj.k gksrk gSA 7. pSEcj fMD’kujh& çdk'ku] laiknu] ys[ku vkSj çlkj.k;qä lekpkj ek/;e dk O;olk; gh i=dkfjrk gSA lwpuk] Kku ;k fopkjksa dks leh{kkRed fVIif.k;ksa ds lkFk 'kCn] /ofu vkSj fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa rd igq¡pkuk gh i=dkfjrk gSA 8. ,fjd gkMxhu& i=dkfjrk ;gk¡ ls ogk¡ lwpukvksa dks lPpkbZ] xgjkbZ vkSj Rofjr xfr ds lkFk Hkstuk gS ftlls lR; dh lsok gksrh gS vkSj fo\"k;ksa ds lgh gksus dk Lo:i /khjs /khjs çR;{k gksrk gSA 9. Msyh fejj ds ykMZ Fkkelu& i=dkfjrk ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS turk dks og crkvks tks og lquuk pkgrh gSA 10. fgUnh 'kCn lkxj& Þi=dkj dk dke ;k O;olk; gh i=dkfjrk gSAß 11. M‚-cæhukFk diwj& Þi=dkfjrk i=&if=dkvksa ds fy, lekpkj ys[k vkfn ,df=r djus] lEikfnr djus] çdk'ku vkns'k nsus dk dk;Z gSAß 12. M‚- 'kadjn;ky 'kekZ& Þi=dkfjrk ,d is'kk ugha gS cfYd ;g rks turk dh lsok dk ek/;e gSA i=dkjksa dks dsoy ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k gh is'k ugha djuk pkfg,] vke turk ds lkeus mldk fo'ys\"k.k Hkh djuk pkfg,A i=dkjksa ij yksdrkaf=d ijEijkvksa dh j{kk djus vkSj 'kkafr ,oa HkkbZpkjk cuk, j[kus dh Hkh ftEesnkjh vkrh gSAß CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

264 fgUnh lkfgR; 13. fo[kse LVhM& ÞeSa le>rk gw¡ fd i=dkfjrk dyk Hkh gS] o`fÙk Hkh vkSj tulsok HkhA tc dksbZ ;g ugha le>rk fd esjk drZO; vius i= ds }kjk yksxksa dk Kku c<+kuk] mudk ekxZn'kZu djuk gS] rc rd ls i=dkfjrk dh pkgs ftruh Vªsfuax nh tk,] og iw.kZ :is.k i=dkj ugha cu ldrkA 8.6 i=dkfjrk dk mn~Hko loZfofnr er gS fd dkxt vkSj eqæ.k dk vkfo\"dkj loZçFke phu esa gqvk vkSj fQj ;g dyk ;wjksi rd igq¡phA phu esa gh lu~ 1340 bZ- esa lcls igyk lekpkj&i= ^fyapkvks* vFkok ^ihfdax xtV* çdkf'kr gqvkA ;wjksi esa igyh çsl lu~ 1440 esa LFkkfir gqbZ vkSj baXyS.M dk igyk lekpkj&i= lu~ 1603 esa rFkk lu~ 1666 esa ^yUnu xtV* çdkf'kr gqvkA blls iwoZ gkyS.M esa lu~ 1526 esa igyk lekpkj&i= fudykA blds ckn teZuh esa lu~ 1610 esa] vesfjdk esa lu~ 1660 esa] :l esa lu~ 1703 esa rFkk Ýkal esa lu~ 1737 esa igyk lekpkj&i= fudykA lu~ 1702 esa yUnu ls igyk nSfud&i= ^Msyh djsUV* çdkf'kr gqvkA ;wjksi esa lekpkj&i=ksa dk mÙkjksÙkj fodkl gksrk jgkA blh Øe esa yUnu esa ^fn VkbEl* i= dh LFkkiuk ¼1785 esa½ gqbZ] ^xkftZ;u* lu~ 1881 esa] ^Msyh VsyhxzkQ* lu~ 1855 esa] bZofuax U;wt* lu~ 1881 esa] Msyh ,Dlçsl* lu~ 1900 esa rFkk ^Msyh fejj* lu~ 1903 esa çkjEHk gq,A jfookljh; i=ksa esa ^v‚CtoZj*] ^laMs VkbEl*] ^laMs ihiy* vkfn i= çdkf'kr gq,A fo'o dk lcls fu;fer lekpkj&i= LohMu dk ^iksLV vksp bufjDl fVªMfuxj* Fkk] tks lUk~ 1644 esa Niuk çkjEHk gqvk FkkA fo'o dk lcls iqjkuk O;kolkf;d lekpkj&i= lu~ 1658 esa g‚yS.M esa çdkf'kr gqvk Fkk tks vc ^gkysZDl nksxCyMs s gkjyes'ks dqjar* uke ls Nirk gSA fo'o dk igyk nSfud lekpkj&i= ^ekfuZx iksLV* Fkk tks yUnu ls 1772 esa çdkf'kr gksus yxk Fkk] ijUrq ;g vf/kd le; ugha pykA blh çdkj vesfjdk ls Hkh ^U;w;kdZ xtV*] U;w;kdZ VkbEl*] ^fVªC;wu* vkfn lekpkj&i= çdkf'kr gq,A 1. fczVsu 1686 esa ,MoMZ yk;M us yUnu dh Vkoj LVªhV esa ,d dkQh gkÅl [kksyk FkkA ;gk¡ ij vyx&vyx bykdksa ds O;kikjh vkrs FksA buls feyh tkudkfj;ksa dks yUnu ds v[kckjksa rd igq¡pk dj yk;M dks çfr lIrkg 21 f'kfyax dh vk; gks tkrh FkhA bl rjg ;g igyh lekpkj forj.k laLFkk vfLrRo esa vkbZA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 265 2. ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk ds 28 canjxkgkas esa blds çfrfuf/k gks x, Fks tks vius&vius canjxkg esa vkus okys tgkft;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ls [kcjsa çkIr djrs FksA 3. yk;M dh rjg gh vesfjdk ds cksLVu ds ,d d‚Qh gkÅl ds ekfyd lSequy VkifyQ us Hkh vesfjdh v[kckjksa ds fy, fons'kh lekpkj tqVkus dk dke 1801 esa 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA 4. VkifyQ ;wjksi vk;k vkSj mlus ogk¡ Hkh viuk dke tkjh j[kkA ckn esa mlds dke dh ifjf.kfr ^gkjcj ,lksfl,'ku* ds :i es gqbZA 5. ^gkjcj ,lksfl,'ku* dk xBu 1849 esa dbZ lekpkj i=ksa us vkilh lg;ksx ds vk/kkj ij tYnh [kcjsa çkIr djus ds fy, fd;k FkkA 6. iqrZxky fuoklh pkYlZ gkok us ^gkok ,tsalh* vkSj twfy;l jk;Vj us Hkh vius uke ls ,d lekpkj lfefr dh LFkkiuk dhA 7. elyu uSiksfy;u cksukikVZ dk fu/ku 5 ebZ 1821 dks lsaV gsyuk }hi esa gqvk FkkA ysfdu isfjl rd ;g [kcj 6 tqykbZ 1821 dks igaqp ikbZ Fkh vkSj mu fnuksa 2 eghus dh nsjh dksbZ nsjh ugha ekuh tkrh FkhA jk;Vj us lcls igys leqæh dsoyksa ds tfj, ubZ lapkj O;oLFkk dk bLrseky djuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj bl rjg [kcjsa Hkstus esa yxus okys le; dks dkQh de dj fn;kA 17oha ,oa 18 oha 'krkCnh esa ihfj;kfMdy ds LFkku ij ySfVu 'kCn ^fM;wujy* vkSj ^tuZy* 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx vkjaHk gqvkA 20oha lnh esa xEHkhj lekykps uk ,oa fo}rkiw.kZ çdk'ku dks blds vUrxZr j[kk x;kA bl çdkj lekpkjksa dk ladyu&çlkj.k] foKkiu dh dyk ,oa i= dk O;kolkf;d laxBu i=dkfjrk gSA lelkef;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkj ls lEc) lHkh lk/ku pkgs og jsfM;ks gks ;k Vsyhfotu] blh ds vUrxZr lekfgr gSAa ß4 8.7 i=dkfjrk dh vko';drk vkt baVjusaV us rks nqfu;k dh nwfj;k¡ gh [kRe dj nha gSaA vkt fo'o dh vusd Hkk\"kkvksa esa 25 ls vf/kd cM+h vUrjkZ\"Vªh; lekpkj lfefr;k¡ iwjh nqfu;k dks ,d lw= es cka/ks j[kus ds fy, fnujkr dke esa tqVh gqbZ gSaA 4 MkW- cgs sjk] nk’kjFkh] i=dkfjrk JhefUnj ifCyds’kul~] Hkqcus’oj i`- 9] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

266 fgUnh lkfgR; i=dkfjrk dh vko';drk dks n`f\"Vxr djsa rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd ftl çdkj Kku& çkfIr dh mRd.Bk] fparu ,oa vfHkO;fä dh vkdka{kk us Hkk\"kk dks tUe fn;kA Bhd mlh çdkj lekt esa ,d nwljs dk dq'ky&{kse tkuus vkSj vius fopkjksa ls ifjfpr djkus dh çcy bPNk&'kfä us i=ksa ds çdk'ku dks c<+kok fn;kA igys Kku ,oa lwpuk dh tks eqëh Hkj yksxksa ds ikl dSn Fkh] og vkt i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls tu&tu rd igq¡p jgh gSA bl çdkj i=dkfjrk gekjs lekt&thou esa vkt ,d vfuok;Z vax ds :i esa Lohdk;Z gSA mldh çkekf.kdrk ,oa fo'oluh;rk fdlh vU; O;olk; ls T;knk gSA i=dkfjrk oLrqr% lekpkjksa ds ladyu] p;u] fo'ys\"k.k rFkk lEçs\"k.k dh çfØ;k gSA i=dkfjrk vfHkO;fä dh ,d euksje dyk gSA bldk dke turk ,oa lÙkk ds chp ,d laokn&lsrq cukuk Hkh gSA bu vFkksaZ esa i=dkfjrk ds Qfyr ,o çHkko cgqr O;kid gSA i=dkfjrk dk ewy mís'; gS lwpuk nsuk] f'kf{kr djuk rFkk euksjatu djukA bu rhuksa mís';ksa esa i=dkfjrk dk lkj&rRo lekfgr gSA viuh cgqeq[kh ço`fÙk;ksa ds dkj.k i=dkfjrk O;fä vkSj lekt ds thou dks xgjkbZ ls çHkkfor djrh gSA i=dkfjrk ns'k dh turk dh Hkkoukvksa ,oa fpÙko`fÙk;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj djrh gSA lR; dk 'kks/k ,oa vUos\"k.k i=dkfjrk dh igyh 'krZ gSA 8.8 fo'o dh çeq[k lekpkj ,tsafl;k¡ vkt tc nqfu;k fldqM+rh tk jgh gS vkSj yxkrkj NksVh curh tk jgh gS rc nqfu;k ds ,d Hkkx esa gksus okyh gypy ds çfr nqfu;k ds nwljs dksus esa jgus okys yksxksa dh mRlqdrk c<+rh pyh xbZ gSA ,sls esa lekpkj ,tsfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh cgqr c<+rh tk jgh gSA vUrjkZ\"Vhª ; lekpkj ,tsfl;ksa ds fy, tgk¡ csgrj lalk/ku t:jh gSa] ogha budh fo'oluh;rk Hkh vius pje ij gSA oSls rks fo'oHkj esa 1200 ls T;knk laokn lfefr;ka dke dj jgh gSaA muesa ls Hkh 25 ls T;knk varjkZ\"Vªh; Lrj ij tkuh tkrh gSa ysfdu buesa ls 5 ,tsfl;k¡ ,slh gSa ftUgsa fo'o dh çeq[k lekpkj lfefr;k¡ dgk tk ldrk gSa& 1. ,lksfl,VsM iszl ¼AP½ 2. ;wukbVsM çszl baVjus'kuy ¼UPI) 3. j‚;VlZ ¼Reuters½ 4. ,tsalh Ýkal iszl ¼AFP½ VsyhxszQuksf;d ,tsUlroks lksosV~lduks lksbmtk ¼TASS½ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 267 8.9 i=dkfjrk ds y{; vius Lrj ij lekpkj Hkh ladyu djuk gksrk gS vkSj mls fy[kuk Hkh iM+rk gSA lekpkjksa ds ladyu] O;k[;k vkSj çLrqrhdj.k ds fy, i=dkj esa xqIrpj] lkglh] eukoKS kfud vkSj odhy ds lkFk lkFk ,d vPNs ys[kd ds xq.k gksus pkfg,A çR;sd i=dkj dks vius lekpkj dk {ks= fu/kkZfjr dj ysuk pkfg,] rkfd fo'ks\"krk gkfly gksus ij og lekpkj dks lgh <ax ls is'k dj ldrk gSA i=dkj esa dqN xq.k ,sls gksus pkfg, tks mls lQy i=dkj cuk ldrk gS mlesa lfØ;krk] fo'oklik=rk] oLrqfu\"Brk] fo'ys\"k.kkRed {kerk] Hkk\"kk ij vf/kdkjA 1. vius ifjos’k ds vlgk;ksa] fucZy tuksa dks lEcy cuus esa enn djukA 2. ihfM+rksa tu leqnk; dh leL;kvksa dks gj.k djus ds fy, Ácq) oxZ vkSj usrkvksa voxr djk lq[k dh vksj ys tkukA 3. vKkfu;ksa dks Kku ds Áfr lrdZ yykf;r djukA 4. enksUeÙk 'kkld dks ln~cqf) nsukA 5. lekt&lsok vkSj fo'o cU/kqRo dh LFkkiukA 6. lekykspuk vkSj 'kks/k&fo\"k;ksa ds çfrfuf/kRo esa lgk;rk 7. lkef;d Kku ds O;olk; dks vko';d rF;ksa dh çkfIr] ltxrkiwoZd mudk ewY;kadu djus esa l{ke cukukA 8. Kku&foKku lEcU/kh ckrksa dks tkudj vius cUn efLr\"d dks [kksyus esa enn djukA 9. gekjs pkjksa vksj ns'k vFkok fo'o esa tks dqN ?kV jgk gS] mlds çfr lpsr jgus ds Áfr tkx:d djukA 10. fu\"i{krk ds }kjk yksxksa ds efLr\"d dks gj çdkj ds çHkkoksa vksj fopkjksa ds fy, [kqyk j[kus ds fy, vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, rS;kj djukA 11. dsoy ,slh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh nsuk ugha] ftuesa ekuoh vfHk:fp gks vksj fdlh leL;k esa ckSf}d vkSj HkkoukRed :i ls 'kkfey gksa] cfYd dgha blls vf/kd gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

268 fgUnh lkfgR; 8.10 i=dkfjrk ds Ádkj lalkj esa i=dkfjrk dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk ugha gS] ysfdu bfDdloha 'krkCnh esa ;g ,d ,slk l'kä fo\"k; ds :i esa mHkjk gS ftldh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA vkt bldk {ks= cgqr O;kid gks pqdk gS vkSj fofo/krk Hkh fy, gq, gSA 'kk;n gh dksbZ {ks= cpk gks ftlesa i=dkfjrk dh mikns;rk dks fl) u fd;k tk ldsA blfy, ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfä u gksxh fd vk/kqfud ;qx esa ftrus Hkh {ks= gSa lcds lc i=dkfjrk ds Hkh {ks= gSa] pkgs og jktuhfr gks ;k U;k;ky; ;k dk;kZy;] foKku gks ;k çkS|ksfxdh gks ;k f'k{kk] lkfgR; gks ;k laLd`fr ;k [ksy gks ;k vijk/k] fodkl gks ;k —f\"k ;k xkao] efgyk gks ;k cky ;k lekt] i;kZoj.k gks ;k varfj{k ;k [kkstA bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa i=dkfjrk dh egÙkk ,oa mikns;rk dks lgt gh egllw fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh ckr ;g fd yksdra= esa bls pkSFkk LraHk dgk tkrk gSA ,sls esa bldh igqp¡ gj {ks= esa gks tkrk gSA bl cgq vk;keh i=dkfjrk ds fdrus çdkj gSa ml ij foLr`r :i ls ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA jktuSfrd i=dkfjrk lekpkj i=ksa esa lcls vf/kd i<+s tkusokys vkSj pSuyksa ij lokZf/kd ns[ks lqus tkusokys lekpkj jktuhfr ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA jktuhfr dh mBk iVd] yVds >Vds] vkjksi çR;kjksi] jkspd jksekapd] >wB&lp] vkuk tkuk vkfn ls tqM+s lekpkj lqf[kZ;ksa esa gksrs gSaA pquko ds ekSle esa rks ç;ksxksa dh >Mh yx tkrh gS vkSj gj dksbZ ,d nwljs dks iNkM+dj vkxs fudy tkus dh gksM+ esa 'kkfey gks tkrk gSA jktuhfrd lekpkjksa dh çLrqfr esa igys ls vf/kd csckdh vk;h gSA yksdra= dh nqgkbZ ds lkFk thou ds yxHkx gj {ks= esa jktuhfr dh n[ksy c<+k gS vkSj bl dkj.k jktuhfrd lekpkjksa dh Hkh la[;k c<+h gSA bu lekpkjksa dks utjvankt dj tkuk laHko ugha gSA jktuhfrd lekpkjksa dh vkd\"kZd çLrqfr yksdfç;k gkfly djus dk cgqr cM+k lk/ku cu pqdh gSA vijk/k i=dkfjrk jktuhfrd lekpkj ds ckn vijk/k lekpkj gh egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA blh Hkw[k dks 'kkar djus ds fy, gh lekpkj i=kas o pSuyksa esa vijk/k Mk;jh] luluh] okjnkr] Økbe Qkby tSls lekpkj dk;ZØe çdkf'kr ,oa çlkfjr fd, tk jgs gSaA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj fdlh lekpkj i= esa yxHkx iSarhl çfr'kr lekpkj vijk/k ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA blh ls vijk/k i=dkfjrk dks cy feyk gSA nwljh ckr ;g fd CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 269 vijkf/kd ?kVukvksa dk lh/kk lac/a k O;fä] lekt] laçnk;] /keZ vkSj ns'k ls gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekpkj laxBu cM+s ikBd n'kZd oxZ dk [;ky j[krs gq, bl ij fo'ks\"k Qksdl djrs gSaA [kksth i=dkfjrk [kksth i=dkfjrk og gS ftlesa vkerkSj ij lkoZtfud egÙo ds ekeys tSls Hkz\"Vkpkj] vfu;ferrkvksa vkSj xM+cfM+;kas dh xgjkbZ ls Nkuchu dj lkeus ykus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA fLVax v‚ijs'ku [kksth i=dkfjrk dk gh ,d u;k :i gSA [kkstijd i=dkfjrk Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh vius 'kS'kodky esa gSA bl rjg dh i=dkfjrk esa ,sls rF; tqVkdj lkeus yk, tkrs gSa] ftUgsa vkerkSj ij lkoZtfud ugha fd;k tkrkA ysfdu ,d oxZ ;g ekurk gS fd [kkstijd i=dkfjrk dqN gS gh ugha D;ksfad dksbZ Hkh lekpkj [kksth n`f\"V ds fcuk fy[kk gh ugha tk ldrk gSA yksdra= esa tc t:jr ls T;knk xksiuh;rk cjrh tkus yxs vkSj Hkz\"Vkpkj pje ij gks rks [kksth i=dkfjrk gh mls lkeus ykus dk ,dek= fodYi gksrh gSA [kksth i=dkfjrk ls tqM+h iqjkuh ?kVukvksa ij utj M+kysa rks ekbZ ykMZ dkaM] okVjxsV dkaM+] ,aMlZu dk isaVkxu isilZ tSls varjk\"Vhª ; dkaM rFkk lhesVa ?kksVkyk dkaM+] cksQlZ dkaM] rkcwr ?kksVkyk dkaM tSls jk\"Vªh; ?kksVkys [kksth i=dkfjrk ds pfpZr mnkgj.k gSaA lapkj Økafr] baVjusV ;k lwpuk vf/kdkj tSls çHkko'kkyh vL= vfLrRo esa vkus ds ckn rks ?kksVkys mtkxj gksus dk tSls nkSj 'kq: gks x;kA okpMkx i=dkfjrk yksdra= esa i=dkfjrk dks pkSFkk LraHk ekuk x;k gSA bl fygkt ls bldk eq[; dk;Z ljdkj ds dkedkt ij fuxkg j[kuk gS vkSj dgha Hkh dksbZ xM+cM+h gks rks mldk inkZQk'k djuk gSA bls ijaijkxr :i ls okpMkx i=dkfjrk dgk tk ldrk gSA nwljh vkSj ljdkjh lw=ksa ij vk/kkfjr i=dkfjrk gSA blds rgr ehfM;k dsoy ogh lekpkj nsrk gS tks ljdkj pkgrh gS vkSj vius vkykspukijd i{k dk ifjR;kx dj nsrk gSA bu nks fcanqvks ds chp rkyesy ds tfj, gh ehfM;k vkSj blds rgr dke djusokys fofHkUu lekpkj laxBuksa dh i=dkfjrk dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA ,Moksdslh i=dkfjrk ,Moksdslh ;kfu iSjoh djukA fdlh [kkl eqís ;k fopkj/kkjk ds i{k esa tuer cukus ds fy, yxkrkj vfHk;ku pykusokyh i=dkfjrk dks ,Moksdslh i=dkfjrk dgk tkrk gSA ehfM;k O;oLFkk dk gh ,d vax gSA vkSj O;oLFkk ds lkFk rkyesy fcBkdj pyusokys ehfM;k dks eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k dgk tkrk gSA nwljh vksj dqN ,sls oSdfYid lksp j[kusokyk ehfM;k gksrs gSa tks fdlh fopkj/kkjk ;k fdlh [kkl mís'; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

270 fgUnh lkfgR; dh iwfrZ ds fy, fudkys tkrs gSaA bl rjg dh i=dkfjrk dks ,Moksdslh ¼iSjoh½ i=dkfjrk dgk tkrk gSA tSls jk\"Vªh; fopkj/kkjk] /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk ls tqM+s i= if=dk,¡A ihr i=dkfjrk ikBdksa dks yqHkkus ds fy, >wBh vQokgksa] vkjksiksa çR;kjksiksa çse lac/a kksa vkfn ls lca af/kr luluh[kst lekpkjksa ls lacaf/kr i=dkfjrk dks ihr i=dkfjrk dgk tkrk gSA blesa lgh lekpkjksa dh mis{kk djds luhluh QSykusokys lekpkj ;k /;ku [khapusokyk 'kh\"kZdksa dk cgqrk;r esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls lekpkj i=kas dh fcØh c<+kus] bysfDVªkfud ehfM;k dh Vhvkjih c<+kus dk ?kfV;k rjhdk ekuk tkrk gSA blesa fdlh lekpkj [kkldj ,slslkoZtfud {ks= ls tqM+s O;fä }kjk fd;k x;k dqN vkifÙktud dk;Z] ?kksVkys vkfn dks c<+kp<+kdj luluh cuk;k tkrk gSA blds vykok i=dkj }kjk vO;olkf;d rjhds viuk, tkrs gSaA ist Fkzh i=dkfjrk ist Fkzh i=dkfjrk mls dgrs gSa ftlesa QS'ku] vehjksa dh ikfVZ;ksa efgykvksa vkSj fnyQsd vkf’kdksa dh dk;Zfof/k;ksa vkSj muds u;s vkfl;kuksa ls lacfa /kr tkudkfj;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA [ksy i=dkfjrk [ksy ls tqM+h i=dkfjrk dks [ksy i=dkfjrk dgk tkrk gSA [ksy vk/kqfud gksa ;k çkphu [ksyksa esa gksusokys vn~Hkwr dkjukeksa dks tx tkfgj djus rFkk mldk O;kid çpkj&çlkj djus esa [ksy i=dkfjrk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA vkt iwjh nqfu;k esa [ksy ;fn yksdfç;rk ds f'k[kj ij gS rks mldk dkQh dqN Js; [ksy i=dkfjrk dks Hkh tkrk gSA [ksy dsoy euksjatu dk lk/ku gh ugha cfYd vPNs LokLF;] 'kkjhfjd ne[ke vkSj ckSf)d {kerk dk Hkh çrhd gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iwjh nqfu;k esa vfr çkphudky ls [ksysksa dk çpyu jgk gSA vkt vk/kqfud dky esa iqjkus [ksyksa ds vykok buls feyrs tqyrs [ksyksa rFkk vU; vk/kqfud Li/kkZRed [ksyksa us iwjh nqfu;k esa viuk opZLo dk;e dj j[kk gSA vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd lekpkj i= rFkk if=dkvksa ds vykok fdlh Hkh bysDVªfud ehfM;k dk Lo:i Hkh rc rd ifjiw.kZ ugha ekuk tkrk tc rd mlesa [ksy dk Hkjiwj dojst ugha gksA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd vkt Hkkjr gh ugha iwjh nqfu;k esa vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk ;qok oxZ dk gS ftldh igyh ilan fofHkUu [ksys Li/kkZ,a gSAa 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd i=&if=dkvksa esa vxj lcls vf/kd dksbZ iUu i<+s tkrs gSa rks og [ksy ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA fçaV ehfM;k ds vykok Vhoh pSuy dk Hkh ,d cM+k fgLlk [ksys çlkj.k ls tqM+k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 271 gksrsk gSA nwljh vkSj dqN [ksy pSuy gSa tks pkSchlksa ?kaVs dksbZ u dksbZ [ksys ysdj gkftj gh jgrs gSaA ikBdksa vkSj n'kZdksa dh [ksys ds çfr nhokuxh dk gh urhtk gS fd vkt [ksy dh nqfu;k esa vdwr /ku cjl jgk gSA efgyk i=dkfjrk efgyk lekurk ds bl nkSj esa efgyk,¡ vc ?kj dh ngyht yka?k dj ckgj vk pqdh gSA çk;% gj {ks= esa efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr vkSj Hkkfxnkjh utj vk jgh gSA ,sls esa i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh Hkh ns[kh tkus yxh gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd f'k{kk us efgykvksa dks vius vf/kdkjksa ds çfr tkx:d cuk;k gSA efgykvksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk fnykus esa efgyk i=dkfjrk dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA vkt efgyk i=dkfjrk dh vyx ls t:jr gh blfy, gS fd mlesa efgykvksa ls tqM+s gj igyw ij xkSj fd;k tk, vkSj efgykvksa ds lokaZxh.k fodkl esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsA orZeku nkSj esa jktuhfr] ç'kklu] lsuk] f'k{k.k] fpfdRlk] foKku] rduhdh] m|ksx] O;kikj] lektlsok vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa us viuh çfrHkk vkSj n{krk ds cycrw viuh jkg [kqn cukbZ gSA dbZ {ks=ksa esa rks dM+h Li/kkZ vkSj pqukSrh ds ckotwn efgykvksa us viuk 'kh\"kZ eqdke cuk;k gSA fodkl ds fujarj rst xfr ls cnyrs nkSj us efgykvksa dks çxfr dk leku volj çnku fd;kA bldk mnkgj.k Hkkjr dh bafnjk uwbZ] uSuk fdnokbZ] pank dkspj] uafnuh Hkêkpk;Z] lk{kh efyd] ihoh fla/kq vkfn ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkt ds nkSj esa dksbZ Hkh ,slk {ks= ugha tgk¡ efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr eglwl ugha dh tk jgh gksA ,sls esa i=dkfjrk Hkh dgk ihNs jgsxhA e`.kky ikaMs] foeyk ikVhy] cj[kk nÙk] lhek eqLrQk] royhu flag] ehuy cgksy] lR; 'kj.k] nhuk odhy] lquhrk ,sju] dqeqn la?koh pkojs] Losrk flag] iwf.kZek feJk] ehekalk efYyd] vatuk vkse d';i] usgk ckFke] feuk{kh daMoky vkfn efgyk i=dkjksa ds vkus ls ns'k ds gj yM+dh dks vius thou esa vkxs c<+us dh çsj.kk fey jgh gSA cky i=dkfjrk ,d le; Fkk tc cPpksa dks ijhdFkkvksa] yksddFkkvksa ikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls cgykus Qqlykus ds lkFk lkFk mudk Kkuo/kZu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu dFkkvksa dk cPpksa ds pkfjf=d fodkl ij Hkh xgjk çHkko gksrk FkkA ysfdu vkt lapkj Økafr ds bl ;qx esa cPpksa ds fy, lwpukra= dkQh foLr`r vkSj vuar gks x;k gSA daI;wVj vkSj baVjusV rd igq¡p us muds cky eu LoHkko ds CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

272 fgUnh lkfgR; vuqlkj ftKklk dks vlhfer cuk fn;k gSA ,sls esa bl ckr dh vk'kadk vkSj xqatkb'k cuh jgrh gS fd cPpksa rd os lwpuk,a Hkh igq¡p ldrh gS ftlls muds ckyeu ds HkVdko Hkh laHko gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa cky i=dkfjrk dh lkFkZd lksp cPpksa dks lgh fn'kk dh vkSj vxzlj dj ldrh gSA D;kasfad cky eu LoHkkor% ftKklq vkSj ljy gksrk gSA thou dh ;g og voLFkk gS ftlesa cPpk vius ekrk firk] f'k{kd vkSj pkjksa rjQ ds ifjos'k ls gh lh[krk gSA cPps ij fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ;k lwpuk dh vfeV Nki iM+rh gSA cPps ds vklikl dk ifjos'k mlds O;fäRo fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ,sls esa mls lgh fn'kk fn[kkuk dk dke i=dkfjrk gh dj ldrk gSA blfy, cky i=dkfjrk dh eglwl dh tkrh gSA vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk esa O;fä;ksa laLFkkukas jkT;ksa ;k ns'kksa ds chp gksus okys vkfFkZd ;k O;kikfjd laca/k ds xq.k&nks\"kksa dh leh{kk vkSj foospu dh tkrh gSA ftl çdkj vkerkSj ij i=dkfjrk dk mís'; fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk ds xq.k nks\"kksa dks O;kid vk/kkj ij çpkfjr çlkfjr djuk gS Bhd mlh rjg vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk vFkZ O;oLFkk ds gj igyw ij lw{e utj j[krs gq, mldk fo'y\"sk.k dj lekt ij iM+usokys mlds çHkkoksa dk çpkj çlkj djuk gksuk pkfg,A nwljh ckr ;g Hkh gS fd vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dks vkfFkZd O;oLFkk vkSj miHksäk ds chp lsrw dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA iwjk fo'o ,d cM+k cktkj cu x;k gSA blfy, mldh xfrfof/k;ksa ls ns'k dh vFkZ O;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr gksus yxh gSA ,sls esa i=dkfjrk ,d çeq[k Hkwfedk fuokZg dj jgh gSA ml ij ,d cM+h ftEesnkjh gS fd fo'o dh vFkZ O;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djusokys fofHkUu dkjdksa dk fujarj fo'y\"sk.k djus ds lkFk lkFk mlds xq.k nks\"kksa ds vk/kkj ij ,gfr;krh mik;ksa dh ppkZ djsA blesa ysfdu fo'o dk vkfFkZd ifjos'k dks tkuus le>us dh ,d cM+h pqukSrh gksrh gSA xzkeh.k ,oa —f\"k i=dkfjrk Hkkjr tSls —f\"k ç/kku ns'k esa gekjh vFkZ O;oLFkk dkQh dqN —f\"k vkSj —f\"k mRiknksa ij fuHkZj gSA Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh yxHkx 70 çfr'kr vkcknh xkaoksa esa clrh gSA ns'k ds ctV çko/kkukas dk cM+k fgLlk — f\"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ij [kpZ gksrk gSA xzkeh.k fodkl ds fcuk ns'k dk fodkl v/kwjk gSA ,sls esa vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh gS fd og —f\"k ,oa —f\"k vk/kkfjr ;kstukvksa rFkk xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa py jgs fodkl dk;ZØe dk lVhd vkdyu dj rLohj is'k djsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 273 fo'ks\"kK i=dkfjrk i=dkfjrk dsoy ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk nsuk ugha gSA i=dkj ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og ?kVukvksa dh rg rd tkdj mldk vFkZ Li\"V djs vkSj vke ikBd dks crk, fd ml lekpkj dk D;k egÙo gSA blfy, i=dkj dks Hkh fo'ks\"kK cuus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA i=dkfjrk esa fo\"k; ds vk/kkj ij lkr çeq[k {ks= gSaA blesa lalnh; i=dkfjrk] U;k;ky; i=dkfjrk] vfFkZd i=dkfjrk] [ksy i=dkfjrk] foKku vkSj fodkl i=dkfjrk] vijk/k i=dkfjrk rFkk Qs'ku vkSj fQYe i=dkfjrk 'kkfey gSAa bu {ks=ksa ds lekpkj mu fo\"k;ksa esa fo'k\"skKrk gkfly fd, fcuk nsuk dfBu gksrsk gSA ,slsesa bu fo\"k;ksa ds tkudkj gh fo\"k; dh leL;k] fo\"k; ds xq.k nk\"sk vkfn ij lfVd tkudkjh gkfly dj ldrk gSA jsfM;ks i=dkfjrk eqæ.k ds vkfo\"dkj ds ckn lan'ksk vkSj fopkjksa dks 'kfä'kkyh vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa rd igq¡puk euq\"; dk y{; cu x;kA blh ls jsfM;ks dk tUe gqvkA jsfM;ks ds vkfo\";dkj ds tfj, vkokt ,d gh le; esa vl[a ; yksxkas rd muds ?kjksa dks igq¡pus yxkA bl çdkj JO; ek/;e ds :i esa tulapkj dks jsfM;ks us u;s vk;ke fn,A vkxs pydj jsfM;ks dks flusek vkSj Vsyhfotu vkSj baVjusV ls dMh pqukSfr;ka feyh ysfdu jsfM;ks viuh fof'k\"Vrk ds dkj.k vkxs c<+rk x;k vkSj vkt bldk LFkku lqjf{kr gSA jsfM;ks lekpkj us tgk¡ fnu çfrfnu ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dh rqjar tkudkjh dk dk;ZHkkj laHkky j[kk gS ogha Jksrkvksa ds fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fy, fofo/k dk;ZØeksa dh enn ls lwpuk vkSj f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA tSls ;qokvksa] efgykvksa] cPpksa fdlku] x`fg.kh] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vyx vyx le; esa dk;ZØe çlkfjr gksrs gSaA bl rjg gj oxZ tksM+s j[kus esa ;g ,d l'kä ek/;e ds :i esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gSA O;k[;kRed i=dkfjrk i=dkfjrk dsoy ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk nsuk ugha gSA i=dkj ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og ?kVukvksa dh rg rd tkdj mldk vFkZ Li\"V djs vkSj vke ikBd dks crk, fd ml lekpkj dk D;k egÙo gSA i=dkj bl egÙo dks crkus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj ls mldh O;k[;k djrk gSA blds ihNs D;k dkj.k gSA blds ihNs dkSu Fkk vkSj fdldk gkFk gSA bldk ifj.kke D;k gksxkA blds çHkko ls D;k gksxk vkfn dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA lkIrkfgd if=dkvksa laikndh; ys[kksa esa bl rjg fdlh ?kVuk dh tkap iM+rky dj O;k[;kRed lekpkj is'k fd, tkrs gSaA Vhoh pSuyksa esa rks vktdy ;g VªsMa cu x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh NksVh lh NksVh ?kVukvksa ds fy, Hkh fo'ks\"kK isuy fcBkdj mldh ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed O;k[;k dh tkus yxh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

274 fgUnh lkfgR; fodkl i=dkfjrk yksdra= dk ewy mís'; gS yksxksa ds fy, 'kklu yksxksa ds }kjk 'kkluA bl yksdra= esa rhu eq[; LraHk gSA blesa lalnh; O;oLFkk] 'kklu O;oLFkk ,oa dkuwu O;ooLFkkA bu rhuksa dh fuxjkuh j[krk gS pkSFkk LraHk& i=dkfjrkA yksdra= dk ewy mís'; gS yksxksa ds fy,A 'kklu }kjk yksxksa dk thou Lrj lq/kkjus ds fy, lgh <ax ls dke fd;k tk jgk gS ;k ugha bldk ys[kk tks[kk is'k djus dh ftEesnkjh ehfM;k ij gSA bldk [kkldj Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, vkSj Hkh vge Hkwfedk gSA ns'k esa f'k{kk] LokLF;] csjkstxkjh] —f\"k ,oa fdlku] flapkbZ] ifjogu] Hkw[kejh] tula[;k c<+us çkd`frd vkink tSlh leL;k,a gSaA bu leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ljdkj }kjk D;k D;k dne mBk, tk jgs gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g fd D;k bu ljdkjh ;kstuvksa ls ns'k dk fodkl gks jgk gS ;k ugha mldk vkdyu djuk gh fodkl i=dkfjrk dk dk;Z gSA fodkl i=dkfjrk ds tfj, gh blesa ;Fkk laHko lq/kkj ykus dk ekxZ ç'kLr gksxkA lalnh; i=dkfjrk yksdra= esa lalnh; O;oLFkk dh çeq[k Hkwfedk gSA lalnh; O;oLFkk ds rgr laln esa turk }kjk pqus gq, çfrfuf/k igq¡prs gSaA buds }kjk fd, tk jgs dk;Z ij utj j[kuk i=dkfjrk dh vge ftEesnkjh gS D;ksafd yksdra= esa ;gh ,d dM+h gS tks turk ,oa usrk ds chp dke djrk gSA turk fdlh dk pquko blfy, djrs gSa rks og yksxkas dh lq[k lfq o/kk rFkk thouLrj lq/kkjus esa dk;Z djsA ysfdu pquk gqvk çfrfuf/k ;k ljdkj vxj vius ekxZ ij ugha pyrs gSa rks mldks psrkus dk dk;Z i=dkfjrk djrh gSA budh xfrfof/k] buds dk;Z dh fuxjkuh djus dk dk;Z i=dkfjrk djrh gSA Vsyhfotu i=dkfjrk lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk ds ckn JO; ek/;e dk fodkl gqvkA vkSj blds ckn JO; „'; ek/;e dk fodkl gqvkA nwj lapkj Økafr esa lsVsykbZV] baVjusV ds fodkl ds lkFk gh bl ek/;e dk bruh rsth ls fodkl gqvk fd vkt blds fcuk pyuk eqf'dy lk gks x;k gSA bls eq[;r% rhu oxksaZ esa j[kk tk ldrk gS ftlesa lwpuk] euksjatu vkSj f'k{kkA lwpuk esa lekpkj] lkef;d fo\"k; vkSj tulapkj mn~?kks\"k.kk,a vkrs gSaA euksjtau ds {ks= esa fQYeksa ls lacfa /kr dk;ZØe] ukVd] /kkjkokfgd] u`R;] laxhr rFkk euksjtau ds fofo/k dk;ZØe 'kkfey gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 275 fof/k i=dkfjrk yksdra= ds pkj LraHk esa fof/k O;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gSA u, dkuwu] muds vuqikyu vkSj mlds çHkko ls yksxksa dks ifjfpr djkuk cgqr gh t:jh gSA dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk] vijk/kh dks ltk nsuk ls ysdj 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vijk/kh yksxksa dks U;k; çnku djuk] bldk eq[; dk;Z gSA blds fy, fupyh vnkyr ls ysdj mPp U;k;ky;] loksZPp U;k;ky; rd O;oLFkk gSA blesa jkstkuk dqN u dqN egÙoiw.kZ QSlys lquk, tkrs gSaA dbZ cM+h cM+h ?kVukvksa ds fu.kZ;] mldh lquokbZ dh çfØ;k pyrh jgrh gSA bldh fuxjkuh Hkh fof/k i=dkfjrk djrh gSA QksVks i=dkfjrk QksVks i=dkfjrk us NikbZ rduhd ds fodkl ds lkFk gh lekpkj i=kas esa vge LFkku cuk fy;k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd tks ckr gtkj 'kCnkas esa fy[kdj ugha dh tk ldrh gS og ,d rLohj dg nsrh gSA QksVksa ls fVIif.k;ksa dk vlj O;kid vkSj lh/kk gksrk gSA nwljh ckr ,slh ?kVuk ftlesa lcwr dh t:jr gksrh gS oSls lekpkjksa ds lkFk QksVks ds lkFk lekpkj is'k djus ls mldk fo'oluh;rk c<+ tkrh gSA foKku i=dkfjrk bDdhloha 'krkCnh dks foKku dk ;qx dgk x;k gSA orZeku esa foKku us dkQh rjDdh dj yh gSA bldh gj txg igqpa gks pyh gSA foKku esa gekjh thou 'kSyh dks cnydj j[k fn;k gSA oSKkfudksa }kjk jkstkuk ubZ ubZ [kkst dh tk jgh gSA blesa dqN rks tudY;k.kdkjh gSa rks dqN fo/oaldkjh Hkh gSA tSls ijek.kq dh [kkst ls dbZ cnyko yk fn;k gS ysfdu bldk fo/oaldkjh i{k Hkh gSA bls ijek.kq ce cukdj mi;ksx djus ls fo/oal gkxskA bl rjg foKku i=dkfjrk nksuksa i{kksa dk fo'ys\"k.k dj mls is'k djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA tgk¡ foKku ds mi;ksx ls dSls thou 'kSyh esa lq/kkj vk ldrk gS rks mldk xyr mi;ksx ls lalkj /oal gks ldrk gSA 'kSf{kd i=dkfjrk f'k{kk ds fcuk dqN Hkh dYiuk djuk laHko ugha gSA i=dkfjrk lHkh ubZ lwpuk dks yksxksa rd igqp¡ kdj Kku esa o`f) djrh gSA tc ls f'k{kk dks vkSipkfjd cuk;k x;k gS rc ls i=dkfjrk dk egÙo vkSj c<+ x;k gSA tc rd gesa ubZ lwpuk ugha feyxsh gesa rc rd vKkurk ?ksj dj j[kh jgsxhA ml vKkurk dks nwj djus dk lcls cM+k ek/;e gS i=dkfjrkA pkgs og jsfM;ks gks ;k Vsyhfotu ;k lekpkj i= ;k if=dk,a lHkh esa ubZ lwpuk gesa çkIr gksrsh gS ftlls gesa ubZ f'k{kk feyrh gSA ,d ckr vkSj fd CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

276 fgUnh lkfgR; f'kf{kr O;fä ,d ek/;e esa lar\"q V ugha gksrk gSA og vU; ek/;e dks Hkh ns[kuk pkgrk gSA ;g ftKklk gh i=dkfjrk dks c<+kok nsrk gS rks i=dkfjrk mldh ftKklk ds vuq:i f'k{kk ,oa Kku çnku dj mldh ftKklk dks 'kkar djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA bls igq¡pkuk gh 'kSf{kd i=dkfjrk dk dk;Z gSA lkaL—frd&lkfgfR;d i=dkfjrk euq\"; esa dyk] laLd`fr ,oa lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk fufoZokfnr gSA euq\"; esa fNih çfrHkk] dyk pkgs og fdlh Hkh :i esa gks mls ns[kus ls eu dks r`fIr feyrh gSA blfy, euq\"; ges'kk ubZ ubZ dyk] çfrHkk dh [kkst esa yxk jgrk gSA bl dyk çfrHkk dks mtkxj djus dk ,d l'kä ek/;e gS i=dkfjrkA dyk çfrHkkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[kuk] mlds ckjs esa yksxksa dks igq¡pkus dk dke i=dkfjrk djrk gSA bl lkaL—frd lkfgfR;d i=dkfjrk ds dkj.k vkt dbZ foyqIr çkphu dyk tSls yksdu`R;] yksd laxhr] LFkkiR; dyk dks [kkst fudkyk x;k gS vkSj fQj ls thfor gks mBs gSaA 8.11 Lkkjka’k vkt ^i=dkfjrk* 'kCn gekjs fy, dksbZ u;k 'kCn ugha gSA lqcg gksrs gh gesa v[kckj dh vko';drk gksrh gS] fQj lkjs fnu jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] baVjusV ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls lekpkj çkIr djrs jgrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk jsfM;ks] Vhoh vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k lqcg ls ysdj jkr rd gekjs euksjatu ds vfrfjä vU; dbZ tkudkfj;ksa ls ifjfpr djkrs gSAa blds lkFk gh foKkiu us gesa miHksäk lLa d`fr ls tksM+ fn;k gSA D;ksafd euq\"; esa ftKklk dk Hkko çcy gksrk gSA ;gh ftKklk lekpkj vkSj O;kid vFkZ esa i=dkfjrk dk ewy rRo gSA ftKklk ugha jgsxh rks lekpkj dh t:jr ugha jgsxhA i=dkfjrk dk fodkl blh ftKklk dks 'kkar djus ds ç;kl ds :i esa gqvk gS tks vkt Hkh vius ewy fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij dke djrh vk jgh gSA i=dkfjrk 'kCn vaxzsth ds ^tuZfyTe* dk fgUnh :ikarj gSA fgUnh esa Hkh i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ Hkh yxHkx ;gh gSA ^i=* ls ^i=dkj* vksj fQj ^i=dkfjrk* ls bls le>k tk ldrk gSA i=dkfjrk ,d ,slk dykRed lsok dk;Z gS] ftlesa lkekf;d ?kVukvksa dks 'kCn ,oa fp= ds ek/;e ls tu tu rd vkd\"kZd <ax is'k fd;k x;k gks vkSj tks O;fä ls ysdj lewg rd vkSj ns'k ls ysdj fo'o rd ds fopkj] vFkZ] jktuhfr vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd laLd`fr dks Hkh çHkkfor djus esa l{ke gksA blfy, lekpkj tYnh esa fy[kk x;k bfrgkl gksrk gSA le; ds lkFk i=dkfjrk dk ewY; cnyrk x;k gSA vkt baVjusV vksj lwpuk vf/kdkj us i=dkfjrk dks cgq vk;keh ds lkFk vuar cuk fn;k gSA vkt dksbZ Hkh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 277 tkudkjh iyd >idrs miyC/k djkbZ tk ldrh gSA i=dkfjrk orZeku le; esa igys ls dbZ xquk l'kä] Lora= vkSj çHkkodkjh gks x;k gSA yksdra= esa i=dkfjrk dks pkSFkk LraHk ekuk x;k gSA bl fglkc ls U;k;ikfydk] dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk tSls rhu LraHk dks cka/ks j[kus ds fy, i=dkfjrk ,d dM+h ds :i esa dke djrh gSA blfy, i=dkj ds lkeus dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ gksrh gS vkSj ncko HkhA i=dkfjrk ds fy, fdrkch Kku dh rqyuk esa dq'ky lk/kuk dh t:jr vf/kd gksrh gSA D;ksafd ;g ,d dyk gSA lk/kuk ds cy ij gh dq'kyrk gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA vrhr esa ftrus Hkh i=dkj Js\"B i=dkj ds :i esa [;kfr çkIr dh gS] mUgksaus fdlh fo'ofo|ky; ls i=dkfjrk fo\"k; esa dksbZ fMxzh ;k fMIyksek gkfly ugha fd;k gSA mUgksaus ço`fÙk ds vk/kkj ij ,oa lk/kuk ds cy ij i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa 'kh\"kZ esa igq¡ps gSA i=dkfjrk vkt u;k is'kk ds :i esa ;qokvksa dks vkdf\"kZr dj jgk gSA i=dkjksa dks nqgjh Hkwfedk fuokZg djuh iM+rh gSA mls vius Lrj ij lekpkj Hkh ladyu djuk gksrk gS vkSj mls fy[kuk Hkh iM+rk gSA lekpkjksa ds ladyu] O;k[;k vkSj çLrqrhdj.k ds fy, i=dkj esa xqIrpj] euksoSKkfud vkSj odhy ds lkFk lkFk ,d vPNs ys[kd ds xq.k gksus pkfg,A mls fdlh fo'ks\"k esa egkjr gkfly djuk pkfg,A i=dkj esa lfØ;rk] fo'oklik=rk] oLrqfu\"Brk] fo'ys\"k.k {kerk] Hkk\"kk ij vf/kdkj tSls dqN ,sls xq.k gksus pkfg, tks mls lQy i=dkj cuk ldrk gSA vkt dh nqfu;k esa i=dkfjrk dk {ks= cgqr O;kid gks x;k gSA 'kk;n gh dksbZ {ks= cpk gks ftlesa i=dkfjrk dh mikns;rk dks fl) u fd;k tk ldsA blfy, ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfä u gksxh fd vk/kqfud ;qx esa ftrus Hkh {ks= gSa lcds lc i=dkfjrk ds Hkh {ks= gSA yksdra= esa bls pkSFkk LraHk dg nsus ls gh bldh igq¡p gj {ks= esa gks tkrk gSA 8.12 vkf/kxfed fØ;k,¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa vki us bl bdkbZ esa i=dkfjrk ds fo\"k; esa v/;;u fd;k gSA ftlesa vki fuEu fØ;kvksa ds }kjk vius Kku esa vkSj c`f) dj ldrsa gSa& 1. ckyif=dk dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, vius laLFkku ls lkexzh dk lap;u djsaA 2. fo’o dh Áeq[k lekpkj ,tsalht~ ds uke muds dk;Z vkSj fo’ks\"krkvksa dh lwph cukb,A 3. ,d Áfrf\"Br Hkkjrh; ukxfjd gksus ds ukrs i=dkfjrk ds D;k y{; gksus pkfg,\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

278 fgUnh lkfgR; 4. D;k i=dkfjrk vkt gekjs lekt dh vko’;drkvksa iw.kZ dj jgh gS\\ vius fopkj ÁxV dhft,A 5. vius egkfo|ky;h [ksyksa dks ,d p=dkfjrk ds :i esa ÁLrqr dhft,A 8.13 eq[; 'kCnkoyh is'kcUnh ¾ igys ls dh xbZ dksbZ O;oLFkkA çfrosnu ¾ fjiksVZA lafyIr] layXu ¾ vVSp djukA çkf/kdkj ¾ vkns'k nsus dk vf/kdkjA 'kY;fØ;k ¾ v‚ijs'kuA LukrdksÙkj ¾ iksLV xzStqv'kuA nwjLFk ¾ tks nwj fLFkr gksA rgjhj ¾ fy[kkoVA ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn vkSj muds vFkZ& 1. mPpj.k& ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn mPpkj.k dh –f\"V ls lqfo/kktud gksuk pkfg,A 2. vFkZ& ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn dk vFkZ lqfuf'pr ifjf/k ls ;qä rFkk Li\"V gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh foKku ;k 'kkL= fo'ks\"k esa ,d ladYi vFkok oLrq vkfn ds fy, ,d gh ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn gksuk pkfg, ,oa çR;sd ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn dk ,d gh vFkZ gksuk pkfg, 3. y?kqrk& ;FkklaHko ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnksa dk vkdkj NksVk gksuk pkfg, rkfd ç;ksäk dks lqfo/kk jgsA 'kCn O;k[;kRed gks blds ctk; mldk ikjn'khZ gksuk csgrj gSA 4. mcZjrk& ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn moZj gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr mls ,slk cuk, tk ldsa ;Fkk Fertile, Fertility, Fertilizer vkfn ;k moZj] moZjdrk] moZjd vfr moZj vkfnA 5. çlkj ;ksX;rk& Hkkjr vkSj fganh ds lanHkZ esa ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnksa esa ;g ;ksX;rk Hkh visf{kr gS fd os Hkkjr ds vU; Hkk\"kk&Hkkf\"k;ksa esa çlkj ik ldsa vkSj mUgsa xzká gksA 6. lhek esa ca/kk gqvk 'kCn& bldh ifjHkk\"kk ls gh Li\"V gS fd Kku] foKku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa fuf'pr vFkksaZ esa ifjHkk\"kk dh lhek esa ca/kk gqvk 'kCn gSA 7. vFkZ ladksp& vFkZ dh –f\"V ls ns[ksa rks çk;% vf/kdka'k ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn vFkZ ladksp ls curs gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 279 8. f=fo/krk& ç;ksx ds vk/kkj dh –f\"V ls ns[ksa rks ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnkoyh ds Lo:i esa f=fo/krk ikbZ tkrh gSA vFkkZr dqN iw.kZ ikfjHkkf\"kd] dqN v/kZ ikfjHkkf\"kd vkSj dqN dHkh dHkh ikfjHkkf\"kd ds :i esa ç;qä FksA 9. fo\"k; fo'ks\"k dh ladYiuk & fo\"k; dh –f\"V ls ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCn fo\"k; fo'ks\"k dh ladYiukvksa ds çfr çfrc) gksrs gSAa tSls& v‚Dlhtu ]fojspu] dkcZu vkfnA 10. o.kZ ladj& bfrgkl vkSj lzksr dh –f\"V ls ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnkoyh o.kZ ladj gksrh gSA 8.14 vf/kxe xfrfofèk 1. fgUnh ds fodkl esa i=dkfjrk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A 2. Hkkjr ds lkaLd`frd fodkl ;k âkl esa vius fopkj ÁLrqr dhft,A 3. vkt ds ifjÁs{; esa i=dkfjrk dks ifjHkkf\"kr dhft,A 4. Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa i=dkfjrk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djsaA 5. Ik=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa fofHkUu fo)kuksa ds fopkjksa dk ladyu dhft,A 6. efgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k esa efgyk if=dkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A 8.15 o.kZukRed ç'u iz’u 1 y?kwÙkjh; Á’uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A 1. fgUnh ds fodkl esa i=dkfjrk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A 2. Hkkjr ds lkaLd`frd fodkl ;k âkl esa vius fopkj ÁLrqr dhft,A 3. vkt ds ifjÁs{; esa i=dkfjrk dks ifjHkkf\"kr dhft,A 4. Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa i=dkfjrk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djsaA 5. Ik=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa fofHkUu fo)kuksa ds fopkjksa dk ladyu dhft,A 6. efgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k esa efgyk if=dkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

280 fgUnh lkfgR; Á’u 2 nh?kZ mÙkjh; Á’u 1. fo'o esa i=dkfjrk dk vkjEHk dgk¡ ls gqvk\\ mÙkj& fo'o esa i=dkfjrk dk vkjEHk phu ls gqvkA lu~ 1340 bZ- esa phu esa eqæ.k dyk dk vkfo\"dkj gksus ls igyk i= ^ihfdax xtV* vFkok ^fyapkvks* dk çdk'ku gqvk] Hkys gh ;g i= gLrfyf[kr ekuk tkrk gSA blds ckn fo'o esa lcls igyk lekpkj&i= ;wjksi ls fudykA gkyS.M ls lu~ 1526 esa] baXyS.M ls lu~ 1603 esa] teZuh ls lu~ 1610 esa fQj baXyS.M ls lu~ 1622 vkSj 1666 esa lekpkj&i= çdkf'kr gq,A bl çdkj i=dkfjrk dh vkjEHk phu ds ckn ;wjksi ls gh gqvkA ogk¡ ls yUnu xtV*] ^iksLVeSu*] ^Msyh djsaV* vkfn nSfud rFkk lkIrkfgd lekpkj&i=ksa dk çdk'ku fd;k x;kA 2. fons'kksa esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk tUe dc gqvk\\ mÙkj& fons'kksa esa çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa us fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk çlkj fd;kA fons'kksa esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk tUe lu~ 1883 esa ekuk tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd yUnu ls ^fgUnqLrku* uked =Sekfld i= dk çdk'ku çkjEHk gqvk Fkk] tks fd fgUnh] vaxzsth ,oa mnwZ esa fefJr :i ls nks o\"kZ rd Nirk jgk] fQj lu~ 1885 esaA og dkykyadj ¼vo/k½ ls çdkf'kr gksus yxkA lu~ 1857 dh ØkfUr dk çHkko iM+us ij ykyk gjn;ky us vksjksxu jkT; ds iksVZyS.M esa fgUnh ,lksfl;s'ku* uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA blh Øe esa vesfjdk ls çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa us lu~ 1913 esa ^xnj*] lu~ 1908 esa ^Ýh fgUnqLrku*] lu~ 1909 esa ^Lons'k los d* rFkk yUnu ls ^lUekx*Z ,oa ^çokfluh* uked i=ksa dk çdk'ku gqvkA bl çdkj baXyS.M ,oa vesfjdk esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk loZçFke çlkj gqvkA 3. Hkkjr esa igyk fçafVax çsl dgk¡ LFkkfir gqvk Fkk\\ mÙkj& lHkh bfrgkldkjksa dk er gS fd Hkkjr esa eqæ.k dyk dk vkxeu 8 flrEcj] 1556 dks gqvkA iqrZxky ls ,d fçafVax çsl vchlhfu;k Hkstk x;k FkkA mu fnuksa Lost ugj ugha cuus ls vchlhfu;k ds fy, Hkkjr gksdj tkuk iM+rk FkkA tc vchlhfu;k ds fy, Hkstk x;k çsl xksok igq¡pk] rks jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls mls ogha ij jksd fn;k x;k rFkk xksok esa gh ml fçafVax çsl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bl çdkj Hkkjr esa eqæ.k dyk ds ek/;e ls çdk'ku ds dk;Z dh tUeHkwfe xksok dks gh ekuk tkrk gSA xksok ds ckn eqEcbZ esa fçafVax çsl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 281 ftldh ckn esa Hkkjr ds vU; Hkkxksa esa Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj nsoukxjh fyfi ds Vkbi dks ç;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA 4. mUuhloha lnh Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk esa D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ gS\\ mÙkj& lu~ 1780 esa Hkkjr dk igyk i= ^caxky xtV v‚Q dydÙkk tujy ,MOgjVkbZtj* uke ls çdkf'kr gqvk] ftlesa vaxzst 'kklu dh =qfV;ksa dh vkykspuk dh xbZ FkhA mlls çHkkfor gksdj rFkk vaxzst 'kklu dh xyr uhfr;ksa dks ysdj jktk jkeeksgu jk; ds ç;klksa ls lu~ 1818 esa ^caxky xtV*] lu~ 1820 esa ^laokn dkSeqnh* rFkk ckn esa ^fejkrqy* lekpkj&i= çkjEHk gq,A lu~ 1826 esa dydÙkk ls ia- ;qxy fd'kksj 'kqDy us ^mnUr ekrZ.M* uked fgUnh dk igyk lekpkj&i= çdkf'kr fd;kA bl i= ds çdk'ku ls Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk esa ØkfUr dk lw=ikr gqvkA Hkys gh mnUr ekrZ.M* dk çdk'ku jksdk x;k] ijUrq blds ckn Hkkjr esa vusd i= çdkf'kr gksus yxsA fQj 1857 dh ØkfUr ds ckn Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks [kwc xfr feyh] ftlls LorU=rk vkUnksyu dk çlkj&çpkj gqvkA bl rjg mUuhloha lnh esa Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk esa u;h psruk dk lapkj gqvk vkSj blls iwjs Hkkjr esa uotkxj.k dk lw=ikr gqvkA 5. fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl esa xk/¡ kh ;qx dc ls 'kq: gqvk\\ mÙkj& fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl esa lu~ 1920 ls u;k eksM+ vk;kA rc ls gh xk¡/kh ;qx 'kq: gqvk] D;ksafd rc xk/¡ khth us LorU=rk vkUnksyu dks xfr nsus ds fy, vusd ç;ksx fd;sA mUgksua s ^;ax bf.M;k*] ^uothou* vkSj ^gfjtu* uked i=ksa dk lEiknu fd;kA xk¡/khth us ^uothou* xqtjkrh esa fudkykA fgUnh esa bldks uke ^fgUnh uothou* j[kkA fQj mUgksua s lu~ 1933 esa ^gfjtu lsod* i= fudkyk rFkk] ^;ax bf.M;k* dk fgUnh laLdj.k ^r#.k Hkkjr* uke ls çdkf'kr fd;kA bl çdkj fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds }kjk Hkkjr esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd psruk dk tkxj.k djus esa xk¡/khth dk fo'ks\"k ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gS rFkk lu~ 1920 ls i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa xk¡/kh ;qx dk vkjEHk ekuk tkrk gSA 6. Lorarrk ds ckn fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk lcls ldkjkRed igyw D;k gS\\ mÙkj& LokrUR;ksZÙkj fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk lcls ldkjkRed igyw ;g gS fd bls lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ,oa jktuSfrd psruk dk okgd ekuk x;k gSA vc KkufoKku] lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr] rduhd vkSj jk\"Vª&fuekZ.k dh u;h yyd fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds ewy fo\"k; cu x;s gSaA vc i=dkfjrk dh ç—fr ,oa Lo:i esa cnyko vk x;k gSA orZeku esa i=dkfjrk dks yksdrU= dk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

282 fgUnh lkfgR; prqFkZ LrEHk ekuk tkrk gSA bl çdkj lekt ,oa jk\"Vªfgr dks ysdj ltxrk j[kus dh mRdV psruk fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk ldkjkRed igyw ekuuk mfpr gSA 7. ^i=dkfjrk dk bfrgkl* dk mís'; crkb;sA mÙkj& ekuo lkekftd çk.kh gS vkSj lekt esa lwpukvksa ds vknku&çnku ds fy, ftl ek/;e dks eq[;r;k viuk;k x;k] og i=dkfjrk gSA fo'o esa i=dkfjrk dk mn~Hko ,oa fodkl cM+s jkspd <ax ls gqvk gSA igys eqæ.k dyk dk fodkl gqvk] fQj /kkfeZd çdk'ku ij tksj fn;k x;kA blh Øe esa 'kkldksa ds euekus vkpj.k ,oa xyr uhfr;ksa dk fojks/k djus ds fy, i=dkfjrk dks viuk;k x;kA Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dh gqdwer ds fojks/k esa lekpkj&i=ksa dks ek/;e cukdj vusd vkUnksyu pyk;s x;sA blls yksdrU= dks cy feyk] rks uotkxj.k dh psruk dk çlkj Hkh gqvkA çLrqr v/;k; dk mís'; lekpkj&i=ksa ds blh ØkfUrdkjh bfrgkl dh tkudkjh nsuk gS] lkFk gh fgUnh esa i=dkfjrk ds fodkl&foLrkj dks losZ{k.kkRed fooj.k mifLFkr dj lekpkj&i=ksa dk egÙo fu:fir djuk gSA 8. i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk\"kk ,oa egÙo ij çdk'k Mkfy;sA mÙkj& i=dkfjrk lwpuk dk ,d ek/;e gS] ijUrq lkFk gh ;g ekuo dh ftKklkvksa ,oa lkekftd psruk ds çlkj ;k lek/kku dk ,d l'kä ek/;e Hkh gSA orZeku esa viuh fu\"i{krk ,oa fuHkhZdrk ds dkj.k i=dkfjrk dks yksdrU= dk l'kä ek/;e ekuk tkrk gSA i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk\"kk ,oa Lo:i dks ysdj vusd fo}kuksa us vius&vius er O;ä fd;s gSaA vaxzsth ds lqçfl) lkfgR;dkj ,Mhlu us i=dkfjrk ds fo\"k; esa dgk fd Þi=dkfjrk ls vf/kd euksjatd] vf/kd pqukSrhiw.kZ] vf/kd jle;h vkSj vf/kd tufgrdkjh dksbZ nwljh ckr eq>s ugha fn[kk;h nsrhA ßM‚- gfjeksgu dk er gS fd ^i=dkfjrk uohure ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh ,oa fopkjksa dks lko/kkuhiwoZd pqudj] mudk ewY;kadu dj] ;Fkko';d mudk fo'ys\"k.k ;k mudh leh{kk djrs gq, fdlh Hkh rjg os lapkj ek/;e ¼eqfær vFkok JO;&–';½ dh lgk;rk ls tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dh çfØ;k gSAß 9 dkxt ,oa eqn.k&dyk ds vkfo\"dkj ,oa fodkl ij la{ksi esa fVIi.kh fyf[k,A mÙkj& ;g loZekU; er gS fd dkxt vkSj eqæ.k dyk dk vkfo\"dkj loZçFke phu esa gqvkA phu esa lu~ 1340 esa eqfær lekpkj&i= ^fyapkvks* dk çdk'ku gqvk] ftls ^chftax xtV* Hkh dgk x;kA fQj teZuh ds xqVsucxZ uked O;fä us eqæ.k dyk dk ifj\"dkj fd;kA lu~ 1440 esa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 283 teZuh ¼;wjksi½ esa igyh çsl dh LFkkiuk gqbZA blh Øe esa dSDVlu us baXyS.M esa lu~ 1477 esa çsl dh LFkkiuk dhA ;wjksi ds vU; ns'kksa esa vFkkZr~ gkyS.M] LohMu] teZuh] :l] Ýkal vkfn esa eqæ.k dyk dk fodkl gqvk] ftlls lekpkj&i=ksa ds çdk'ku ds lkFk gh /kkfeZd iqLrdksa dk çdk'ku Hkh gqvkA blds ckn vesfjdk] vÝhdk ,oa ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa eqæ.k dyk dk çlkj ,oa fodkl gqvkA Hkkjr esa igyk çsl 8 flrEcj] 1556 esa xksok esa LFkkfir gqvkA 10 fo'o dk çFke nSfud ,oa O;kolkf;d lekpkj&i= dgk¡ ls çdkf'kr gqvk\\ Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& fo'o dk igyk lekpkj&i= ^fyapkvks* phu esa lu~ 1340 bZ- esa çdkf'kr gqvkA fo'o dk lcls iqjkuk fu;fer lekpkj&i= LohMu dk ^iksLV v‚Q bufjDl fVªMfuaxj* Fkk] ftls LohfM'k vdkneh us lu~ 1644 esa Nkiuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA fo'o dk igyk nSfud lekpkj&i= yUnu ls lu~ 1772 esa çdkf'kr ^ekfuZx iksLV* FkkA blds dqN fnuksa ckn yUnu ls gh ^VkbEl* uked lekpkj&i= çdkf'kr gksus yxkA fo'o dk igyk O;kolkf;d lekpkj&i= 8 tuojh] 1658 esa gkyS.M ls ^chdsfyd dqjar ckr ;wjksi* uke ls çkjEHk gqvk FkkA orZeku esa bldk uke ^gkySDl nksxCyMs s gkjyes'ks dqjar* gSA fgUnh dk igyk lekpkj&i= ^mnUr ekrZ.M* 30 ebZ] 1826 dks dydÙkk ls çdkf'kr gqvkA 11 vk/kqfud fo'o dh tu&ØkfUr;ksa esa i=dkfjrk dk D;k ;ksxnku jgk\\ mÙkj& vk/kqfud dky esa fo'o ds reke ns'kksa esa tks tu&ØkfUr;k¡ rFkk Lok/khurk vkUnksyu gq,] mUgsa xfr nsus esa i=dkfjrk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk¡ vesfjdk dh vktknh dh yM+kbZ gks ;k Hkkjr dk Lok/khurk laxzke gks] vÝhdk esa tkrh; LorU=rk dk ekspkZ gks] pkgs ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds vkUrfjd elys gksa] gj txg i=dkfjrk us jk\"Vªh; ;k {ks=h; Lrj ls Åij mBdj oSf'od – f\"Vdks.k lkeus j[kk vkSj LorU= tu&psruk dh vfHkO;fä dks c<+kok fn;kA fiNyh lnh esa vusd ns'k mifuos'kokn ls eqä gq,] nklrk ,oa xqykeh ls eqä gq,] mUgsa Hkh i=dkfjrk ls vikj lgk;rk ,oa uSfrd lg;ksx çkIr gqvk gSA fo'o ds ns'kksa esa yksdrkfU=d O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ,oa lapkyu esa i=dkfjrk dk ;ksxnku ç'kL; ekuk tkrk gSA 12 çkphu x.kjkT;ksa esa lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku fdl çdkj gksrk Fkk\\ crkb,A mÙkj& bfrgkl esa ,sls vusd çek.k feyrs gSa fd çkphu dky esa jkseu x.kjkT; ds mn; ds lkFk lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku i=dkfjrk dh rjg gksrk FkkA ml le; 'kkld&e.My ds ikl ,sls laokn ys[kd gksrs Fks] tks gkFk ls lekpkj fy[kdj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstrs FksA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

284 fgUnh lkfgR; jkseu lkezkT; esa laokn&ys[kdksa dh O;oLFkk ds çek.k feyrs gSaA blds ckn twfy;l lhtj us 60 bZ-iow Z ^,DVk Mks;uk* uke ls nSfud cqysfVu fudkyk] tks jkT; dh t:jh lwpukvksa dk ,d gLrfyf[kr iksLVj gksrk FkkA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lezkV v'kksd us lq–<+ 'kklu&O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, vusd ç;kl fd;sA ml le; mi;ksxh lwpukvksa ds vknku&çnku ds fy, laokn&nwrksa dh O;oLFkk FkhA lkFk gh vusd LFkkuksa ij f'kykys[kksa ds }kjk 'kklukns'k çlkfjr djus dh ijEijk FkhA 13 i=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa baXyS.M ds ;ksxnku dk mYys[k dhft,A mÙkj& bfrgkldkjksa dk er gS fd baXyS.M esa dSDlVu }kjk lu~ 1477 esa çsl dh LFkkiuk djus ls ogk¡ ij i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa u;s jä dk lapkj gqvkA miyC/k çek.kksa ds vuqlkj lu~ 1561 esa ^U;wt IokbaV v‚Q dsUV* uke ls ,d ist dk i= çdkf'kr gqvkA nwljk i= lu~ 1575 esa ^U;w U;wt* uke ls NikA fQj 1603 esa ,d NksVs vkdkj dk lekpkj&i= fudykA lu~ 1620 esa yUnu ls Mp U;wt chV~l* dk çdk'ku gqvkA fQj 1622 esa ^ohdyh U;wt* i= Nik rFkk 1666 esa ^yUnu xtV* çdkf'kr gqvk tks lIrkg esa nks ckj Nirk FkkA lu~ 1622 esa gh baXyS.M ls iksLVeSu* uke ls igyk lkIrkfgd lekpkj&i= fudyhA blds ckn ^Msyh djsUV*] ^xkftZ;u*] ^Msyh esy*] ^Msyh VsyhxzkQ*] ^Qkbusaf'k;y VkbEl* rFkk ^laMs VkbEl* vkfn vusd i=ksa dk çdk'ku gqvkA bl çdkj i=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa baXyS.M dk fo'ks\"k ;ksxnku jgk¡ 14 vfoHkkftr Hkkjr ds ykgkSj ls fdu&fdu i=ksa dk çdk'ku gqvk\\ mÙkj& vfoHkkftr Hkkjr esa i=dkfjrk dh –f\"V ls ykgkSj dk fo'ks\"k LFkku jgk¡ ogk¡ ij fgUnh vkSj laL—r ds lkFk i=dkfjrk dks [kwc viuk;k x;kA ykgkSj ls ml le; ^fo'ocU/kq*] ^vk;Z cU/k*q ] ^vk;Z*] ^vk;Z txr*] ^'kkfUr*] lq/kkdj*] ^{kf=;*] ^fe= foykl*] ^cw<k nÁ.k*] ^vkdk'kok.kh* vkfn i= çdkf'kr gq,A lu~ 1914 esa JhlUrjke ds lEiknu esa ^vk;ZçHkk* dk çdk'ku gqvk] blds lkFk gh mUgksaus ^m\"kk* uked if=dk dk çdk'ku fd;kA lu~ 1927 esa ogk¡ ls fgUnh- feyki* dk çdk'ku çkjEHk fd;k x;k] tks vktknh ds ckn lu~ 1949 esa tkyU/kj ls çdkf'kr gksus yxkA bl çdkj vfoHkkftr Hkkjr esa ykgkSj u dsoy f'k{kk dk dsUæ jgk vfirq vusd i=kas ds çdk'ku ls i=dkfjrk dk x<+ Hkh jgk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 285 15 Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk esa i=dkfjrk ds fy, jktk jkeeksgu jk; dk ;ksxnku Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk esa i=dkfjrk ds fy, jktk jkeeksgu jk; dks i=dkfjrk dk LrEHk dgk tkrk gSA muds ç;klksa ls lu~ 1818 esa ^caxky xtV* vkSj 1820 esa ^laokn dkSeqnh* rFkk ckn esa ^fejkrqy* v[kckj çkjEHk gq,A mUgksua s ckaXyk Hkk\"kk ds i= ^laokn dkSeqnh* esa vaxzst 'kklu ds fo#) vkokt mBkbZA ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkj us bl i= ds çdk'ku ij jksd yxk nhA blh ?kVuk ls ljdkj ls i=dkfjrk dk la?k\"kZ çkjEHk gqvkA jktk jkeeksgu jk; la?k\"kZ'khy O;fä FksA os vaxzst ljdkj ls ugha ncs rFkk turk ds le{k i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls Loer dh vfHkO;fä djrs jgsA mUgksaus lu~ 1829 esa dydÙkk ls gh ^caxnwr* i= dk çdk'ku fd;kA bl çdkj caXyk Hkk\"kk esa i=dkfjrk dk çlkj djus esa jktk jkeeksgu jk; dk fo'ks\"k ;ksxnku jgk¡ 16 fgUnh Hkk\"kk esa çdkf'kr vkjfEHkd lekpkj&i=ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A mÙkj& LorU=rk çkfIr ls ,d lnh iwoZ fgUnh Hkk\"kk dk igyk i= cukjl v[kckj* lu~ 1845 esa dydÙkk ls çdkf'kr gqvkA blls iwoZ dydÙkk ls gh lUk~A 1826 esa ^mnUr ekrZ.M* dk çdk'ku gqvk] ijUrq ;g lu~ 1827 ls Niuk cUn gks x;kA lu~ 1846 esa dydÙkk ls ^ekrZ.M* uked i= dk çdk'ku gqvkA jktk jkeeksgu jk; dk caxnwr* Hkh fgUnh esa gh çdkf'kr gqvkA blh vof/k esa ^l)eZçpkjd*] ^çtkfe=*] ^Kkunhi* vkfn i=ksa dk çdk'ku gqvkA lu~ 1854 esa dydÙkk ls gh fgUnh ds nSfud i= ^lekpkj lq/kko\"kZ.k* dk çdk'ku çkjEHk gqvkA ckn esa ;g i= ckaXyk Hkk\"kk esa Hkh Nius yxkA blh Øe esa lu~ 1848 esa bUnkSj ls fgUnh vkSj mnwZ esa ^ekyok lekpkj dk çdk'ku gksus yxk vkSj lu~ 1950 esa cukjl ls ckaxyk o fgUnh esa lq/kkdj* uked i= dk çdk'ku çkjEHk gqvkA blA çdkj bu lHkh i=kas ds çdk'ku ls Hkkjr esa uotkxj.k dk çlkj gqvkA 17 chloha lnh ds çkjEHk esa Hkkjr esa i=dkfjrk dh D;k fLFkfr jgh\\ crkb;sA mÙkj& chloha lnh ds çkjEHk esa ykMZ dtZu us Hkkjrh; psruk dks [kRe djus ds fy, neudkjh uhfr dk lgkjk fy;kA mlus lu~ 1905 esa caxky dk foHkktu dj MkykA QyLo:i mldh uhfr;ksa dk tedj fojks/k gqvk vkSj caxky ds yksx ,dtqV gks x;s] ftlls jk\"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh xfr vkSj rst gks xbZA ml le; fofiupUæ iky] lqjsUæukFk cuthZ vkfn us i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls iqutkZxj.k dk çlkj fd;kA b/kj yksdekU; fryd us ^ejkBk* vkSj ^dsljh* uked i=ksa dk çdk'ku çkjEHk fd;kA muds ^dsljh* i= dks Loj mxz FkkA blh dky esa egkohjçlkn f}osnh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

286 fgUnh lkfgR; us ^ljLorh* if=dk ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks l¡okjus dk dk;Z fd;kA blh nkSjku fgUnh dsljh*] ^Hkkjrfe=*] ^u`flag*] ^ekjokM+h cU/kq*] ^vH;qn;*] ^deZ;ksxh*] ^çrki*] ^deZohj* vkfn i=ksa dk çdk'ku gqvk] ftuls i=dkfjrk dk Loj ns'k&çse ls iwfjr gksrk x;kA 18 LorU=rk çkfIr ls iwoZ fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk fodkl fdl rjg gqvk\\ mÙkj& LorU=rk&çkfIr ls iwoZ tSls&tSls fgUnh rFkk Hkk\"kk;h lekpkj&i=ksa dh la[;k c<+us yxh] oSls&oSls vaxzst ljdkj us çfrcU/k Hkh c<+k fn;s FksA rc i=dkfjrk dk fodkl vo#) u gks] bl n`f\"V ls lEikndksa us fgUnh m)kfj.kh çfrfuf/k lHkk* uke ls ,d laxBu cuk;kA bldks lgh Lo:i lu~ 1915 esa ^çse ,lksfl;s'ku v‚Q bf.M;k* ds xBu ls lkeus vk;kA bl laxBu ds ek/;e ls lHkh i=dkj vaxzst ljdkj ls VDdj ysus yxsA bl çdkj i=dkfjrk dk Loj Å¡pk mBus yxk vkSj blds LorU= fodkl dk ekxZ dkQh ç'kLr gksus yxkA blh ls Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds le; fgUnh i=dkfjrk us vius nkf;Ro dk lqUnj fuokZg fd;kA Hkys gh ljdkj us lsalj Hkh yxk;k] ijUrq 1945 esa lsla j gVkuk iM+kA rc iqu% viuh iwjh ÅtkZ ds lkFk i=dkfjrk dk fodkl gksus yxkA blls ns'k dks LorU=rkçkfIr esa vkstLoh ,oa ç[kj psruk çkIr gqbZA 8.16 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. tuZyfTe 'kCn ______ ls fudyk gSA (a) tuZy (b) teZu (c) tkiku (d) tura= 2. i=dkfjrk esa i= 'kCn ______ Hkk\"kk dk gSA (a) iatkch (b) vlfe;k (c) laL—r (d) ekjokMh 3. ______ esa i=dkfjrk igys fe'ku ds :i esa FkhA (a) Ýkal (b) vesfjdk (c) phu (d) Hkkjr 4. Hkkjr dh vLlh çfr'kr turk ______ ij fuHkZj gSA (a) i=dkfjrk (b) —f\"k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i=dkfjrk 287 (c) m|ksx (d) jsfM;ksa 5. ______ fganh i=dkfjrk dk Bgjko fcUnq jgkA (a) Lora=rk iwoZ ;qx (b) vkikr~ dky (c) Lora=rk dk fnu (d) bDdhloha lnh 6. leqæxqIr ds fot; LraHk ij ______ uhfr dh mn~?kks\"k.kk,¡ miyC/k gSaA (a) lkekftd (b) jktdh; (c) /kkfeZd (d) vkfFkZd 7. fejkrmy v[kckj dh Hkk\"kk ______ FkhA (a) fganh (b) vaxzsth (c) d'ehjh (d) Qkjlh 8. ______ dh okaxpkax uked yMdh us eqæ.k ds fy, Vkbi dh [kkst dhA (a) tkiku (b) cãzns'k (c) lk;ke (d) phu 9. lu~ ______ ls ^ljLorh if=dk dk çdk'ku vkjaHk gqvkA (a) 1927 (b) 1875 (c) 1947 (d) 1900 mÙkj% 1. (a)] 2. (c)] 3. (d)] 4. (b)] 5. (b)] 6. (b)] 7. (d)] 8. (d)] 9. (d)] 8.17 lUnHkZ 1. Hkkjr esa çsl] th- ,l- HkkxZo 2. fganh i=dkfjrk dk c`gn bfrgkl] Mk- vtqZu frokjh 3. Hkkjr dh lekpkj i= Økafr] jkfcu tsÝh 4. Hkkjrh; çsl % 1955 ls vc rd] 'kadj Hkê CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

288 fgUnh lkfgR; 5. ehfM;k vkSj cktkjokn] jke'kj.k tks'kh 6. ehfM;k dh ij[k] lq/kh'k ipkSjh 7. i=dkfjrk ds ifjçs{;] jktfd'kksj 8. ehfM;k ds ipkl o\"kZ] çsepan ikratfy 9. gsMykbUl Qzse gkVZySUM] lsoUrh usuu 10. lwpuk Økafr dh jktuhfr vkSj fopkjèkkjk] lqHkk\"k èkwfy;k 11. Á;¨tuwyd fganh - M‚- y{ehdkar ik.Ms;] M‚- Áfeyk voLFkh 12. Á;¨tuewyd fganh % v/kwukru vk;ke - M‚- vacknkl ns'keq[k 13. i=dkfjrk bfrgkl vkSj ÁÜu - Ñ\".k fcgkjh feJ 14. fganh i=dkfjrk dk c`gr bfrgkl - vtqZu frokjh 15. i=dkfjrk ds u, ifjÁs{; - jktfd'k¨j 16. fganh i=dkfjrk % Lo:i vkSj lanÒZ - M‚- fou¨n x¨njs CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnkoyh ¼in uke½ 289 bdkbZ 9 ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnkoyh ¼in uke½ 1 Account officer, [kkrk vf/kdkjh] 2 Acting Director, vfHku; dk funsZ'kd] 3 Additional secretary, 4 Administrator general, vij lfpo] 5 Allotment officer, ç'kkld tujy] 6 Ambassador, vkoaVu vf/kdkjh] 7 Assistant, 8 Cashier, nwr] 9 Chairman, lgk;d] 10 Claim officer, dSf'k;j] 11 Convener, v/;{k] 12 Customer nkok vf/kdkjh] 13 officer, la;kstd] 14 Director general, xzkgd 15 District judge, vf/kdkjh] 16 Editor, egkfuns'kd] 17 Educational adviser, ftyk U;k;/kh'k] 18 Field officer, laiknd] 19 Forest officer, 'kSf{kd lykgdkj] {ks= vf/kdkjh] ou vf/kdkjh] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

290 fgUnh lkfgR; 20 Gazette officer, jkti= vf/kdkjh] 21 Hindi adviser, fganh lykgdkj] 22 Hindi officer, fganh vf/kdkjh] 23 Income tax officer, vk;dj vf/kdkjh] 24 Information officer, lwpuk vf/kdkjh] 25 Interpreter nqHkkf\"k;k 26 Judge U;k;/kh'k 27 Labour officer, Je vf/kdkjh] 28 Manager, çca/kd] 29 Medical office, fpfdRlk dk;kZy;] 30 Member, lnL;] 31 Minister. ea=hA 32 News editor. lekpkj laikndA 33 News reporter, lekpkj laoknnkrk] 34 Operating superintendent, lapkyu v/kh{kd] 35 Planning officer, ;kstuk vf/kdkjh] 36 Prime minister, ç/kku ea=h] 37 Private secretary, futh lfpo] çkscs'kuj] ifjoh{kk/khu] ij[kk/khu vk'kk djusokykA vkljk j[kusokykA 2- ukSdjh ikus dh vk'kk djusokykA 3- dke lh[kus ds fy;s vkSj ukSdjh ikus dh vklk ls fdlh n¶rj esa fcuk ru[okg ;k de 38 Probationer, ru[okg ij dke djusokyk vknehA 39 Project officer, ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnkoyh ¼in uke½ 291 40 Proof reader, lcwr ikBd] 41 Public relation officer tulaidZ vf/kdkjh 42 Purchase officer, Ø; vf/kdkjh] 43 Returning officer, fjVfuaZx vf/kdkjh] 44 Regional officer, {ks=h; vf/kdkjh] 45 Resident officer, fuoklh vf/kdkjh] 46 Returning officer, fjVfuaZx vf/kdkjh] 47 Supervisor, i;Zos{kd] 48 Translator Vuqoknd 49 Treasure, [ktkuk] 50 Verification officer, lR;kiu vf/kdkjh] 51 Welfare officer, dY;k.k vf/kdkjh] 52 AIR- All India Radio , vkbZ vkj- vkdk'kok.kh& v‚y bafM;k jsfM;ks 53 AH- Army headquarter, , ,p& lsuk eq[;ky;] BPRD- Bureau of police, research and chihvkjMh& iqfyl C;wjks] vuqla/kku vkSj 54 development, fodkl] 55 BPE- bureau of public Enterprises, chihbZ& C;wjks v‚Q ifCyd ,aVjçkbtst] 56 CS-Cabinet Secretariat, lh,l&dSfcusV lfpoky;] 57 CBR- Central Board Of Revenue. lhchvkj& dsaæh; jktLo cksMZA 58 CB- Central Burcau of Investigation, lhch& dsaæh; tkap C;wjks] 59 CHD- Central Hindi Directorate. Lh,pMh& dsaæh; fganh funs'kky;A 60 CIA- Central Investigation Agency. lhvkbZ,& dsaæh; tkap ,tsalhA 61 CPWD- Central Public Work lhihMCY;w& dsaæh; yksd dk;Z foHkkx CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

292 fgUnh lkfgR; Department 62 CRP- Central Reserve Police lhvkjih& dsaæh; fjtoZ iqfyl 63 CSWB- Central Social Welfare Board lh-,lihM~CY;w& dsaæh; lkekftd dY;k.k cksMZ 64 CSD- Central Storage Depot lh-,lMh& lsaVyª LVksjst fMiks 65 CTO- Central Telegraph Office lhVhvks& lsaVªy VsyhxzkQ dk;kZy; 66 CC-Chamber Commerce lhlh&pSacj okf.kT; 67 CC- Computer Centre lh-lh-& daI;wVj lsaVj 68 DC- Documentation centre Mhlh& çys[ku dsaæ 69 DK- Doordarshan Kendra Mhds& nwjn'kZu dsaæ 70 EC- Election Commission bZ lh& pquko vk;ksx CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)