Hindi Literature-I

Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 45 dksykgy ¾ 'kksjA th.kZ ¾ iqjkukA dysoj ¾ 'kjhjA vfHk\"ksd ¾ frydA vf/kifr ¾ LokehA mf}Xu ¾ O;kdqyA çk.kiu ls ¾ iwjh 'kfä lsA fufoM+ re ¾ ?kuk v¡/ksjkA fof{kIr ¾ ikxyA m/ksM+&cqu ¾ lksp&fopkjA vkyksd ¾ çdk'kA mYdk/kkjh ¾ e'kky gkFkksa esa fy,A vo'okjksgh ¾ ?kqM+lokjA cyk ¾ yxkeA je.kh ¾ L=hA fodkjxzLr ¾ cqjs] nks\"kiw.kZA fopkj&osnuk ¾ fopkjksa dh ihM+kA nL;q ¾ MkdwA foxr ¾ chrk gqvkA vf/kifr ¾ LokehA vrhr ¾ HkwrdkyA Lo.kZxkFkk ¾ lEekutud dFkk,¡A bZ\";kZ ¾ tyuA çfrgkjh ¾ }kjiky] j{kdA vkrrkbZ ¾ vkradoknhA vkcky&o`) ¾ cPpksa ls cw<+ksa rdA mUeÙk ¾ ikxyA canh ¾ dSnhA çk.kn.M ¾ e`R;q dh ltkA 1.7 *eerk * 1.7.1 ÁLrkouk bl bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZ t;’kadj Álkn th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^eerk* ds fof’k\"V va’kksa dh O;k[;k djuk lh[ksaxAs x| va’k esa fo|eku dgkuh ys[ku 'kSyh] HkkofoU;kl ds vuq:i vyadkj Á;ksxn{krk] ys[kd dh Áfriknu 'kSyh ,oa o.kZukRed 'kCn O;ogkj] HkkokRed fu:i.k] Áfriknu dkS’ky vkfn fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds }kjk le>us esa l{ke gksaxasA 1.7.2 mís’; 1. fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa t;’kadj Álkn }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^eerk* ds fo\"k; esa voxeu gksxkA 2. fo|kFkhZ t;’kadj Álkn th dh Hkk\"kk 'kSyh ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

46 fgUnh lkfgR; 3. dgkuh ^eerk* esa fo|eku ns’k&Áse o ijksidkjxr lans’k ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA 4. Áse] R;kx vkSj jk\"VªHkfDr ds fo\"k; esa ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA 5. x|ka’kxr fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds ys[ku dh le> fodflr djsaxsA x|ka’kksa dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr x| vorj.kksa dh llanHkZ&çlax O;k[;k dhft,A 1. jksgrkl&nqxZ ds çdks\"B esa cSBh gqbZ ;qorh eerk] 'kks.k ds rh{.k xEHkhj çokg dks ns[k jgh gSA eerk fo/kok FkhA mldk ;kSou 'kks.k ds leku gh meM+ jgk FkkA eu esa osnuk] eLrd esa vk/¡ kh] vk¡[kksa esa ikuh dh cjlkr fy,] og lq[k ds d.Vd&'k;u esa fody FkhA og jksgrkl&nqxZifr ds eU=h pwM+kef.k dh vdsyh nqfgrk Fkh] fQj mlds fy, dqN vHkko gksuk vlEHko Fkk] ijUrq og fo/kok Fkh&fgUnw&fo/kok lalkj esa lcls rqPN fujkJ; çk.kh gS&rc mldh foMEcuk dk dgk¡ vUr Fkk\\ lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî iqLrd esa ladfyr ^eerk* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls mn/k`r gSA blds Lk`tudÙkkZ fgUnh Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj çeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSa dfo] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj rFkk fucU/kdkj t;'kadj çlkn gSAa çlax& dgkuh dh bu çkjfEHkd iafä;ksa esa dgkuh dh ukf;dk eerk dk ifjp; dgkuhdkj us fn;k gSA ,d ea=h dh iq=h gksus ds dkj.k mldks lc dqN lqyHk gS fdUrq og vR;Ur nq:[kh gSA O;k[;k& dgkuh dh ukf;dk eerk nq[kh gS ys[kd mldk ifjp; nsrs gq, dgrk gS fd og ;qorh FkhA og jksgrkl ds fdys ds ,d dejs esa cSBh FkhA ogk¡ ls og lksu unh ds ikuh dh rst rFkk xgjs cgko dks ns[k jgh FkhA og fo/kok FkhA mldk ;kSou mlh çdkj meM+ jgk Fkk ftl çdkj lksu unh dk cgrk ikuh meM+ jgk FkkA eerk ds eu esa ihM+k FkhA mlds efLr\"d esa fopkjksa dh vk¡/kh mB jgh FkhA mldh vk¡[kksa ls vkl¡ w Vid jgs FksA egy dk lq[k Hkh mlds eu esa dk¡Vksa ds leku pqHk jgk FkkA og jksgrkl ds fdys ds Lokeh ds ea=h pwM+kef.k dh csVh FkhA mlds fy, lalkj esa fdlh pht dh deh ugha Fkh] fdUrq og fo/kok FkhA lalkj esa fgUnw fo/kok dks vR;Ur NksVk rFkk cslgkjk tho ekuk tkrk gSA ;g oS/kO; gh mldks ihfM+r dj jgk FkkA mlds bl nqHkkZX; dk vUr gksuk laHko ugha FkkA fo'ks\"k 1. eerk dgkuh dh ukf;dk dk dgkuhdkj us mls foLr`r ifjp; fn;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 47 2. eerk ;|fi ,d ea=h dh csVh gS] ijUrq mldk oS/kO; ,d ,slh ihM+k gS ftldk dksbZ vUr ugha gSA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B rFkk ifjekftZr gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed rFkk fp=kRed gSA 2. Þbl iruksUeq[k çkphu lkeUr&oa'k dk vUr lehi gS] csVh! fdlh Hkh fnu 'ksj'kkg jksfgrk'o ij vf/kdkj dj ldrk gS] ml fnu efU=Ro u jgsxk] rc ds fy, csVhAß Þgs Hkxoku! rcds fy,! foin ds fy,! bruk vk;kstu! ije firk dh bPNk ds fo#) bruk lkgl! firkth] D;k Hkh[k u feysxh\\ D;k dksbZ fgUnw&Hkw&i`\"B ij u cpk jg tk;sxk] tks czkã.k dks nks eqëh vUu ns lds\\ ;g vlEHko gSA Qsj nhft, firkth] eSa dk¡i jgh gw¡& bldh ped vk[¡ kksa dks vU/kk cuk jgh gSAß Þew[kZ gS*&dgdj pwM+kef.k pys x,A lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî iqLrd esa ladfyr ^eerk* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls mn/k`r gSA blds Lk`tudÙkkZ fgUnh Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj çeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSa dfo] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj rFkk fucU/kdkj t;'kadj çlkn gSaA çlax& eerk ds firk us viuh iq=h dks Fkkyksa esa j[kdj Lo.kZ eqæk;sa migkjLo:i nhaA eerk dks irk pyk fd mlds firk us ;g Lo.kZ BRdksp Lo:i 'ksj'kkg ls çkIr fd;k gSA mlus firk ls vkxzg fd;k fd og ml /ku dks ykSVk nsA mlus iwNk os brus lksus dk D;k djsaxs\\ O;k[;k& eerk ds ç'u dk mÙkj nsrs gq, mlds firk pwM+kef.k us crk;k fd jksfgrk'o dk jktoa'k 'kh?kz gh lekIr gksus okyk gSA 'ksj'kkg fdlh Hkh fnu jksfgrk'o ij vf/kdkj dj ysxkA rc og ea=h ugha jgsaxsA ml le; ;g Lo.kZ muds dke vk;sxkA eerk vius firk ls lger ugha gqbZA mlus dgk fd Hkkoh foifÙk ds fy, bruh O;oLFkk djuk] bruk vf/kd /ku ,d= djuk vko';d ugha gSA ;g ijekRek dh bPNk dk mYya?ku gSA ijekRek lHkh dks nsrk gS] lHkh dk isV Hkjus dh O;oLFkk og Lo;a djrk gSA os czkã.k gSaA mudks fHk{kk rks fey gh tk;sxhA /kjkry ij dksbZ rks fgUnw cpsxk tks mu czkã.kksa dks nks eqëh vukt ns ldsxkA bl mRdksp ds /kudks Lohdkj djuk laHko ugha gSA mlus vius firk ls dgk fd og bldks ykSVk nsaA bl lksus dh ped ls mldh vk¡[ksa >qdh tk jgh gSaA og dk¡i jgh gSA pwM+kef.k us dgk fd og ew[kZ gSA Hkfo\"; dks ugha ns[k ik jghA blds ckn og ogk¡ ls pys x,A fo'ks\"k 1. pwM+kef.k rFkk eerk dh LoHkkoxr fHkUurk dk fp=.k bl va'k esa gqvk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

48 fgUnh lkfgR; 2. pwM+kef.k mRdkspLo:i Lo.kZ eqæk;sa 'ksj'kkg ls ysuk Lohdkj djrs gSa fdUrq eerk mldks migkj :i esa Lohdkj ugha djrhA og mls ykSVk nsus dk vkxzg firk ls djrh gSA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B rFkk ifjekftZr gSA 4. 'kSyh laoknkRed rFkk dkO;kRed gSA 3. dk'kh ds mÙkj /keZpØ fogkj] ekS;Z vkSj xqIr lezkVksa dh dhfrZ dk [kaMgj FkkA HkXu pwM+k] r`.k&xqYeksa ls <ds gq, çkphj] bZaVksa dh <sj esa fc[kjh gqbZ Hkkjrh; f'kYi dh foHkwfr] xzh\"e dh pfUædk esa vius dks 'khry dj jgh FkhA tgk¡ iapoxhZ; fHk{kq xkSre dk mins'k xzg.k djus ds fy, igys feys Fks] mlh Lrwi ds HkXuko'ks\"k dh efyu Nk;k esa ,d >ksiM+h ds nhikyksd esa ,d L=h ikB dj jgh FkhßvuU;kf'pUr;Urks eka ;s tuk% i;qZiklr-s ----ß lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî iqLrd esa lda fyr ^eerk* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls mn/k`r gSA blds Lk`tudÙkkZ fgUnh Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj çeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSa dfo] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj rFkk fucU/kdkj t;'kadj çlkn gSaA çlax& eerk jksgrkl dk nqxZ NksM+dj pyh xbZA mlds firk dh gR;k gks pqdh gSA dk'kh ds mÙkj esa ckS) fogkj ds [kaMgjksa esa mlus ,d >ksiM+h cukbZ vkSj ogha jgus yxhA O;k[;k& ys[kd dgrk gS fd dk'kh ds uxj ds mÙkj esa ckS) /keZ ds mikldksa dk mikluk dsUæ vFkkZr fogkj FkkA og vc VwV&QwV x;k FkkA dHkh bl fogkj dk fuekZ.k ekS;Z vkSj xqIr lezkVksa us djk;k FkkA os nksuksa gh ckS) /keZ ds vuq;k;h FksA bl fogkj ds [kaMgjksa dks ns[kdj mu lezkVksa ds ;'kLoh gksus dk irk pyrk FkkA bl fogkj ds Åijh d{k VwV&QwV x, FksA mldh pgkjnhokjh ?kkl&Qwl vkSj yrkvksa ls <dh FkhA Hkkjr dh Hkou fuekZ.k dyk ds çek.k ;s fcgkj VwV x, Fks vkSj bZaVsa b/kj&m/kj fc[kjh iM+h FkhaA xehZ dk ekSle Fkk vkSj ml ij pUæek dh pk¡nuh iM+ jgh Fkh vkSj mldks BaMk dj jgh FkhA ogk¡ ,d Lrwi dk [kaMgj FkkA ;gk¡ iapoxhZ; fHk{kq xkSre cq) dk mins'k lquus rFkk muds f'k\"; cuus ds fy, ,d= gq, FksA mlh Lrwi dh eVeSyh Nk;k esa ,d >ksiM+h cuh FkhA mlesa ,d nhid ty jgk FkkA ,d L=h >ksiM+h esa cSBh Fkh vkSj nhid ds /khes çdk'k esa /kkfeZd ikB dj jgh Fkh ßvuU;f'pUr;Urks eka ;s tuk% i;qZiklrsßA ¼tks yksx eq>dks vuU; ekudj esjh mikluk djrs gSa½ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 49 fo'ks\"k 1. eerk vc fogkj ds [kaMgjksa esa cuh >ksiM+h esa jgrh gSA 2. va/ksjk gks x;k gSA mldh >ksiM+h esa nhid ty jgk gSA mlds ean çdk'k esa og /kkfeZd ikB dj jgh gSA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B rFkk rRle 'kCnkoyh ç/kku gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 4. ÞijUrq rqe Hkh oSls gh Øwj gks] ogh Hkh\"k.k jä dh I;kl] ogh fu\"Bqj çfrfcEc] rqEgkjs eq[k ij Hkh gS! lSfud! esjh dqVh esa LFkku ughaA tkvks] dgha nwljk vkJ; [kkst yksAß Þxyk lw[k jgk gS] lkFkh NwV x;s gSa] v'o fxj iM+k gS&bruk Fkdk gqvk gw¡&bruk!ß dgrs&dgrs og O;fä /ke ls cSB x;k vkSj mlds lkeus czãk.M ?kweus yxkA L=h us lkspk] ;g foifÙk dgk¡ ls vkbZA mlus ty fn;k] eqxy ds çk.kksa dh j{kk gqbZA og lkspus yxh& Þ;s lc fo/kehZ n;k ds ik= ugha&esjs firk dk o/k djus okys vkrrk;h!ß ?k`.kk ls mldk eu fojä gks x;kA LoLFk gksdj eqxy us dgk& Þekrk! rks fQj eSa pyk tkÅ¡\\ß L=h fopkj dj jgh Fkh&ÞeSa czkã.kh gw¡] eq>s rks vius /keZ&vfrfFknso dh mikluk dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A ijUrq ;gku¡ gha ugha ;s lc fo/kehZ n;k ds ik= ughaA ijUrq ;g n;k rks ughaA drZO; djuk gSA rc\\ß lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî iqLrd esa ladfyr ^eerk* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls mn/k`r gSA blds Lk`tudÙkkZ fgUnh Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj çeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSa dfo] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj rFkk fucU/kdkj t;'kadj çlkn gSaA çlax& eqxy us eerk ls 'kj.k ekx¡ h vkSj mlds >ksiM+h esa jkf= foJke djus dh vuqefr pkghA mlus crk;k fd og pkSlk ;q) esa 'ksj'kkg ls ijkLr gksdj HkVd jgk gSA og Fkdk gqvk gS rFkk fdlh lqjf{kr LFkku ij jkr fcrkuk pkgrk gSA O;k[;k& eerk us eqxy dh ckr lqudj dgk&fdUrq rqe Hkh 'ksj'kkg ds leku gh funZ;h yxrs gksA rqEgkjs eq[k ij oSlh gh funZ;rk dh >yd gSA rqe Hkh mlh çdkj [kwu ds I;kls gksA ;g dgrs gq, eerk us mldks viuh >ksiM+h esa 'kj.k nsus ls euk dj fn;kA mlus dg fn;k fd og dksbZ nwljk LFkku ryk'k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

50 fgUnh lkfgR; djsA ml eqxy us crk;k fd mls tksj dh I;kl yxh gSA mldk xyk lw[k jgk gSA mlds lkFkh ihNs NwV x, gSaA mldk ?kksM+k fxj iM+k gSA og cgqr T;knk Fkdk gqvk gSA ;g crkrs&crkrs og /kEe dh vkokt ds lkFk tehu ij cSB x;kA leLr l`f\"V mldks pDdj dkVrh gqbZ çrhr gqbZA mldks bl n;uh; n'kk esa ns[kdj eerk us lkps k fd mlds lkeus ;g vkifÙk dgk¡ ls vk xbZA mlus eqxy dks ikuh fiyok;k rks mldh tku esa tku vkbZA og dqN LoLFk gqvkA mlds çk.k cpsA eerk us lkspk&og Hkh 'ksj'kkg dh rjg nwljs vkSj ijk;s /keZ dks ekuus okyk gSA bu ij n;k ugha djuh pkfg,A bu nq\"Vksa us gh esjs firk dk o/k fd;k FkkA mlds eu esa ?k`.kk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks xbZA ml dkj.k mlds eu ls Lusg dk Hkko lekIr gks x;kA eqxy dqN LoLFk gqvk rks mlus iwNk&ekrk! rks eSa pyk tkÅ¡\\ eerk us fopkj fd;k fd og czkã.k tkfr dh L=h gSA mldks vius vfrfFk lRdkj ds drZO; ls foeq[k ugha gksuk pkfg,A fQj mlus lkspk fd mldks mu lHkh fo/kfeZ;ksa ij n;k ugha fn[kkuh pkfg,A os n;k ds ;ksX; ugha gSaA mlds eu esa }U} gks jgk FkkA og lksp jgh Fkh fd ;g n;k ugha gSA ;g rks vfrfFk lRdkj ds vius drZO; dk ikyu djuk gS&rc og D;k djs\\ fo'ks\"k 1. eqxy Fkdk vkSj I;klk FkkA mlus eerk ls 'kj.k ek¡xhA 2. eqxy fo/kehZ Fkk] mldks ns[kdj eerk dks Øwj 'ksj'kkg dk Lej.k gks vk;kA mls 'kj.k nsuk mfpr ugha yxk] ijUrq eerk ds eu esa 'kj.k nsus u nsus rFkk 'kj.kkxr oRlyrk fn[kkus ;k u fn[kkus ds Hkkoksa ds chp la?k\"kZ gksus yxkA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B] ifjekftZr rFkk çokgiw.kZ gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed rFkk fopkjkRed gSA 5. eerk us eu esa dgk&Þ;gk¡ dkSu nqxZ gS! ;gh >ksiM+hu] tks pkgs ys&ys] e>s rks viuk drZO; djuk iM+sxkAß og ckgj pyh vkbZ vkSj eqxy ls cksyh&Þtkvks Hkhrj] Fkds gq, Hk;Hkhr ifFkd! rqe pkgs dksbZ gks] eSa rqEgsa vkJ; nsrh gw¡A eSa czkã.k&dqekjh gw¡] lc viuk /keZ NksM+ nsa] rks eSa Hkh D;ksa NksM+ nw¡\\ eqxy us pUæek ds eUn çdk'k esa og efgeke; eq[ke.My ns[kk] mlus eu&gh&eu ueLdkj fd;kA eerk ikl dh VwVh gqbZ nhokjksa esa pyh xbZA Hkhrj] Fkds ifFkd us >ksiM+h esa foJke fd;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 51 lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî iqLrd esa ladfyr ^eerk* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls mn/k`r gSA blds Lk`tudÙkkZ fgUnh Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj çeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSa dfo] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj rFkk fucU/kdkj t;'kadj çlkn gSaA çlax& eerk us 'kj.k dh ;kpuk djus okys eqxy ls dgk fd dgha og mlds lkFk Ny rks ugha djsxkA ^Ny* 'kCn lqudj eqxy vkgr gqvkA og ogk¡ ls pys tkus dks m|r gqvkA O;k[;k& eerk us vius eu esa lkspk fd mldks eqxy dks vkJ; nsuk pkfg,A mlds ikl ,d ekewyh&lh >ksiM+h gh rks gS! og dksbZ fdys dh Lokfeuh rks gS ughaA bl >ksiM+h dks tks pkgs ys ysA mls blls D;k QdZ iM+rk gSA mls vius vfrfFk lRdkj ds drZO; ls foeq[k ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;g lkspdj eerk us eqxy dks jksdkA og >ksiM+h ls ckgj vk xbZA mlus mlls dgk fd og pkgs dksbZ Hkh gksA og mldks vkJ; nsxhA og Fkdk vkSj VwVk gqvk gSA og >ksiM+h ds vUnj tk, vkSj foJke djsA og czkã.k dh csVh gSA lalkj esa lHkh vius drZO; NksM+ nsa rks Hkh og viuk drZO; ugha NksM+sxhA og 'kj.kkxr dks okil tkus dks ugha dgsxhA pUæek dh pk¡nuh eerk ds psgjs ij iM+ jgh FkhA eqxy us mldh vksj ns[kk rks og vR;Ur efgek'kkfyuh çrhr gqbZA mlus eu gh eu mldks ç.kke fd;kA eerk ikl dh VwVh gqbZ nhokjksa esa pyh xbZA eqxy >ksiM+h esa Hkhrj pyk x;k vkSj ogk¡ jkrHkj vkjke djrk jgkA fo'ks\"k 1. eerk dh mnkjrk rFkk 'kj.kkxroRlyrk dk HkO; fp=.k gqvk gSA 2. og ?k`.kk rFkk Hk; ls eqä gksdj eqxy dks viuh >ksiM+h esa vkJ; çnku djrh gSA 3. Hkk\"kk çokgiw.kZ laL—rfu\"B vkSj rRlerk ç/kku gSA 4. 'kSyh laoknkRed gSA 6. v'okjksgh ikl vk;kA eerk us #d&#ddj dgk&^eSa ugha tkurh fd og 'kga'kkg Fkk ;k lk/kkj.k eqxy] ij ,d fnu blh >ksiM+h ds uhps og jgkA eSaus lquk Fkk fd og esjk ?kj cuokus dh vkKk ns pqdk Fkk! Hkxoku us lqu fy;k] eSa vkt bls NksM+s tkrh gw¡A vc rqe bldk edku cukvks ;k egy] eSa vius fpj&foJke&x`g esa tkrh gw¡A* og v'okjksgh vokd~ [kM+k FkkA cqf<+;k ds çk.k&i{kh vuUr esa mM+ x;sA ogk¡ ,d v\"Vdks.k efUnj cuk vkSj ml ij f'kykys[k yxk;k x;k ^lkrksa ns'k ds ujs'k gqek;w¡ us ,d fnu ;gk¡ foJke fd;k FkkA muds iq= vdcj us mudh Le`fr esa ;g xxupqEch efUnj cuk;kA* ij mlesa eerk dk dgha uke ughaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

52 fgUnh lkfgR; lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî iqLrd esa lda fyr ^eerk* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls mn/k`r gSA blds Lk`tudÙkkZ fgUnh Nk;koknh ;qx ds pkj çeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSa dfo] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj rFkk fucU/kdkj t;'kadj çlkn gSAa çlax& eerk lÙkj o\"kZ dh o`)k FkhA og chekj vkSj ej.kklUu FkhA mlh le; mldh >ksiM+h ds }kj ij ,d ?kqM+lokj vk;kA og ml LFkku dks ryk'k jgk Fkk tgk¡ dHkh gqek;w¡ us jkr fcrkbZ FkhA O;k[;k& eerk us ?kqM+lokj dh ckr lqu yh FkhA mlus mldks vius ikl cqyk;kA ?kqM+lokj mlds ikl vk;k rks eerk us vVd&vVd dj mldks crk;k fd og ftl LFkku dks ryk'k jgk gS] og ;gh LFkku gSA blh >ksiM+h esa dHkh ,d eqxy lSfud us jkr esa foJke fd;k FkkA mldks ;g ugha irk fd og lk/kkj.k eqxy Fkk ;k dksbZ ckn'kkg FkkA mlus lquk Fkk fd mlus eerk dk ?kj cuokus dh vkKk nh FkhA vkt bZ'oj us mldh ckr lqu yh gSA mldk cqykok vk x;k gSA og bl >ksiM+h dks NksM+dj tk jgh gSA vc os yksx bldk edku cuk,¡ ;k egy] ;g mudh ethZ gSA og rks vius LFkk;h fuokl LFkku vFkkZr~ ijyksd tk jgh gSA ;g dgrs&dgrs eerk us çk.k R;kx fn,A ml LFkku ij ,d vR;Ur Å¡pk vkdk'k dks Nwus okyk HkO; vkB dksus okyk Hkou cuk;k x;kA ml ij ,d iRFkj yxk Fkk] ftlesa ;g fy[kk Fkk& ;gk¡ ckn'kkg gqek;w¡ us ,d jkr foJke fd;k FkkA ml ?kVuk dks ;knxkj cukus ds fy, mlds iq= vdcj us bl vkdk'k dks pweus okys Å¡ps Hkou dks cuok;k gSA bl f'kykys[k esa eerk dk uke dgha ugha FkkA fo'ks\"k 1. eerk ds vUr le; dk o.kZu gSA 2. eerk dk uke f'kykys[k esa u gksuk mldh mis{kk dk lwpd gSA Hkou cukus okyksa dks ;g fpUrk rks gS fd gqek;w¡ dgk¡ #dk Fkk] fdUrq eerk dh mnkjrk rFkk R;kx dk mudks /;ku Hkh ugha vkrkA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B] rRle ç/kku rFkk çokgiw.kZ gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gS vafre iafä O;aX;iw.kZ gSA p;fur 'kCnksa ds vFkZ& 'kks.k ¾ lksu unhA çokg ¾ cgkoA çdks\"B ¾ dejkA rh{.k ¾ rstA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 53 osnuk ¾ nnZ ihM+kA ikuh dh cjlkr ¾ vk¡lwA d.Vd ¾ vk¡lwA d.Vd ¾ dk¡VsA 'k;u ¾ lksuk] ysVukA fody ¾ O;kdqyA nqxZifr ¾ fdys dk Lokeh] jktkA nqfgrk ¾ csVhA rqPN ¾ NksVh] misf{krA fujkJ; ¾ cslgkjkA foMEcuk ¾ nqHkkZX;A dfBu 'kCnkFkZ&iruksUe[q k ¾ iru dh vksj tkus okys] fouk'k ds lkeUr ¾ jkt'kkghA fudVA vk;kstu ¾ O;oLFkkA efU=Ro ¾ ea=h dk inA Hkwi`\"B ¾ tehu] /kjkryA ijefirk ¾ bZ'ojA /keZpØ fogkj ¾ ckS) /keZ dk mikluk dsUæA Qsjuk ¾ ykSVkukA [kaMgj ¾ VwVk&QwVk edkuA dhfrZ ¾ ;'kA pwM+k ¾ f'k[kj] Åij dk LFkkuA HkXu ¾ VwVkA xqe ¾ yrk] csyA r`.k ¾ ?kklA f'kYi ¾ Hkou&fuekZ.k dykA çkphj ¾ pgkjnhokjhA Lrwi ¾ ckS) /keZ ls lEcfU/kr HkouA pfUædk ¾ pk¡nuhA HkXuko'ks\"k ¾ VwVus ds ckn cpk nhikyksd ¾ nhid dk çdk'kA Hkkx] [kaMgjA fu\"Bqj ¾ dBksj] funZ;rkiw.kZA Øwj ¾ funZ;hA vkJ; ¾ 'kj.kLFkyA çfrfcEc ¾ Nk;kA fo/kehZ ¾ vius /keZ ds vykok fdlh vU; /keZ ds vuq;k;hA czãk.M ¾ iwjk lalkjA vkrrk;h ¾ nq\"V] v'kkafr QSyku fojä ¾ LusgghuA okykA vfrfFk nso dh mikluk ¾ vfrfFk dks nqxZ ¾ fdykA nsork ekudj mldk lRdkj djukA Hk;Hkhr ¾ Mjk gqvkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

54 fgUnh lkfgR; /keZ ¾ drZO;A v'okjksgh ¾ ?kqM+lokjA 'kga'kkg ¾ ckn'kkgA fpj foJke x`g ¾ ijyksdA vokd~ ¾ 'kkar] fcuk dqN cksysA vuUr ¾ ftldk vUr u gksA v\"Vdks.k¾ vkB dksuksa okyk eafnj HkouA f'kykys[k ¾ iRFkj ij fy[kh ckrA xxupqEch ¾ vR;Ur Å¡pkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 55 bdkbZ 2 Ásepan vkSj dgkuh Lakjpuk 2.0 mís’; 2.1 ÁLrkouk 2.2 vk/kqfud fgUnh vkSj dgkuh 2.3 vk/kqfud dgkuh vkSj Ásepan 2.4 Bkdqj dk dq¡vk dgkuh % eqa’kh izsepan 2.5 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 2.6 vf/kxe xfrfofèk 2.7 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 2.8 lUnHkZ 2.0 mís’; ;g Lukrd Lrj ds ÁFke o\"kZ ds vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk dh f}rh; bdkbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud fgUnh ds varxZr eqa’kh Ásepan dh dgkfu;ksa ds ckjs esa tkusxsaA eqa’kh Ásepan ds fo\"k; esa tkusaxsA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki&  fgUnh lkfgR; dh Ásepan dh dgkfu;ksa ds Lo:Ik esa tku ldsaxsA  vk/kqfud dky esa lkfgfR;d dgkfu;ksa dk mYys[k dj ldsaxsA  vk/kqfud fgUnh ds dgkuhdkjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ÁkIr djsaxsA  fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øe ds vuqlkj eaq’kh Ásepan dh cM+s ?kj dh csVh vkSj Bkdqj dk dqvk¡ dk v/;;u djsaxsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

56 fgUnh lkfgR; 2.1 ÁLrkouk ;g Lukrd Lrj ds ÁFke o\"kZ ds vk/kqfud fgUnh dk Hkk\"kk dk ikB~;Øe gSA ftu Nk=ksa us vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk ds varxZr fgUnh dk p;u fd;k gS muds fy, blesa eqa’kh Áspan }kjk jfpr iwokZsDr nksuksa dgkfu;ksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA 2.2 vk/kqfud fgUnh vkSj dgkuh nqfu;k esa tc ls ekuo lH;rk gS nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh ds cPpksa ds lkFk esy feyki ds lEÁR;; vkSj yxko dh ckr us tUe fy;k rc ls gh dgkuh dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ gSA fQj Hkh dgkuh ds n’kZu laLd`r lkfgR; esa vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^xq.k<î* dh Þo`gRdFkkß dks] ftlesa ^mn;u*] ^oklonÙkk*] leqæh O;kikfj;ksa] jktdqekj rFkk jktdqekfj;ksa ds ijkØe dh ?kVuk ç/kku dFkkvksa dk ckgqY; gS] çkphure jpuk dgk tk ldrk gSA o`gRdFkk dk çHkko ^n.Mh* ds Þn'kdqekj pfjrß] ^ck.kHkê* dh ÞdknEcjhß] ^lqcU/kq* dh ÞoklonÙkkß] ^/kuiky* dh Þfrydeatjhß] ^lksenso* ds Þ;'kfLrydß rFkk Þekyrhek/koß] ÞvfHkKku 'kkdqUryEß] ÞekyfodkfXufe=ß] ÞfoØeksoZ'kh;ß] ÞjRukoyhß] Þe`PNdfVdEß tSls vU; dkO;xzaFkksa ij Li\"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA blds i'pkr~ NksVs vkdkj okyh Þiapra=ß] Þfgrksin's kß] Þcsrky iPphlhß] Þflagklu cÙkhlhß] Þ'kqd lIrfrß] ÞdFkk lfjRlkxjß] ÞHkkstçcU/kß tSlh lkfgfR;d ,oa dykRed dgkfu;ksa dk ;qx vk;kA bu dgkfu;ksa ls Jksrkvksa dks euksjatu ds lkFk gh lkFk uhfr dk mins'k Hkh çkIr gksrk gSA çk;% dgkfu;ksa esa vlR; ij lR; dh] vU;k; ij U;k; dh vkSj v/keZ ij /keZ dh fot; fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA fganh dgkuh ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl esa ckaXyk lkfgR; dk fo'ks\"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA vaxzsth dk lkfgR; vuqokn ds :i esa ckaXyk esa vk;k vkSj ckaXyk ls ;g fganh esa vk;kA vkt dh fganh dgkuh ds mn~Hko dh 'kq#vkr ;gha ls ekuh tk ldrh gSA lu~ 1857 bZ- ls Hkkjrsanq ;qx dh 'kq#vkr ekuh tkrh gSA bl dky[kaM esa Hkkjrsanq gfj'paæ lfgr vU; lkfgR;dkj ukVdksa vkSj fuca/kksa ds ys[ku esa T;knk lfØ; FksA gkyk¡fd bl dky esa dqN dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh xbZa] exj mUgsa fganh dh ekSfyd dgkuh ugha ekuk tkrk gSA fganh esa f}osnh ;qx lu~ 1900 bZ- ls 'kq: gksrk gSA bl dky[kaM esa fy[kh xbZ jkepaæ 'kqDy dh ^X;kjg o\"kZ dk le;*] fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh dh ^banqerh* vkSj cax efgyk dh ^nqykbZokyh* dgkfu;ksa dks fganh dh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 57 çkjafHkd dgkuh ekuk tkrk gSA bl nkSj esa vDlj jgL; vkSj jksekap ls Hkjh gqbZ] dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh tkrh FkhaA bl rjg f}osnh ;qx esa fganh dgkuh dk çkjafHkd nkSj utj vkrk gSA fganh dgkuh ds {ks= esa çsepan ds vkus ds lkFk gh ,d u;k ;qx 'kq: gksrk gSA bls çsepan ;qx ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA çsepan us yxHkx rhu lkS dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA bl nkSj esa vaxzsth vkSj ckaXyk lkfgR; dk çHkko de gksus yxk vkSj fganh dgkuh esa Hkkjrh; lekt fn[kus yxkA bl dky[kaM esa t;'kadj çlkn us Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks vk/kkj cukdj dbZ dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA bl dky[kaM esa paæ/kj 'kekZ xqysjh] lqn'kZu] prqjlsu 'kkL=h] o`ankouyky oekZ vkfn us dbZ dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA bl dky[kaM dks fganh dgkuh dk çkjafHkd dky ¼lu~ 1930 bZ- rd½ dgk tk ldrk gSA lu~ 1930 ls 1947 bZ- rd ds dky[kaM dks çsepanksÙkj dky ;k f}rh; ;qx dgk tk ldrk gSA bl ;qx esa fganh dgkuh ds {ks= dk fodkl gqvkA tSusaæ vkSj bykpaæ tks'kh us euksfo'ys\"k.koknh dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA jkaxs; jk?ko vkSj Q.kh'ojukFk js.kq us vkapfyd dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA ;'kiky us çxfroknh fopkj/kkjk dks vk/kkj cukdj dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA bl dky[kaM esa ;FkkFkZijd&lkekftd ijaijk] ,sfrgkfld&lkaL—frd ijaijk] ;kSuoknh ijaijk] gkL;&jl ijaijk vkSj lkgfld ijaijk dh dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh xbZaA bu ijaijkvksa dk foLrkj vkSj fodkl vkus okys le; esa gqvkA bl dky[kaM esa vKs;] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ] misaæukFk v'd] ukxktqZu] fo\".kq çHkkdj vkSj m\"kknsoh fe=k vkfn dgkuhdkjksa us fganh dgkuh ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lu~ 1947 bZ- ls orZeku rd ds LokraR;ksZÙkj ;qx esa fganh dgkuh esa vusd okn] foe'kZ vkSj vkanksyuksa dk vkxeu gqvkA blesa ubZ dgkuh] lpsru dgkuh] lekarj dgkuh] v&dgkuh vkSj lfØ; dgkuh vkfn /kkjkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl nkSj esa deys'oj] ekdaZMs;] eksgu jkds'k] jktsaæ ;kno] —\".kk lkscrh] /keZohj Hkkjrh] vejdkar vkfn dgkuhdkjksa us viuh dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls fganh dFkk&lkfgR; dks le`) fd;kA L=h foe'kZ] nfyr foe'kZ vkSj vkfnoklh foe'kZ tSls foe'kksaZ ds ek/;e ls fganh dgkuh ds {ks= dks cgqr foLrkj feykA gfj'kadj ijlkbZ] johaæ R;kxh vkSj 'kjn tks'kh tSls dgkuhdkjksa us gkL;&O;aX; dh 'kSyh esa dgkfu;k¡ fy[kdj le; vkSj lekt dh leL;kvksa dks çdV fd;kA fganh dgkuh dh mRifÙk gkyk¡fd miU;kl fo/kk ls ckn esa gqbZ Fkh] exj de le; esa gh fganh dgkuh lcls T;knk çpfyr fo/kk ds :i esa LFkkfir gks xbZA vkt dh fganh dgkuh dk {ks= cgrq foLr`r gS; D;ksafd dgkuh esa thou] le; vkSj lekt ls tqM+k dksbZ Hkh i{k vNwrk ugha jg x;k gSA fganh dgkuh ds ys[ku esa efgykvksa ds lkFk gh vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds yksxksa dk vkxeu gqvk gSA vkt bathfu;fjax] i=dkfjrk] v/;;u] fpfdRlk vkSj ,sls gh nwljs {ks=ksa esa dke djus okys lkfgR;dkj Hkh dgkuh&ys[ku esa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

58 fgUnh lkfgR; lfØ; utj vkrs gSAa bl dkj.k fganh dgkuh esa vuqHko vkSj ;FkkFkZ dh O;kidrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA vkt ds dgkuhdkjksa esa e`nqyk xxZ] dk'khukFk flag] xksfoan feJ] mn; çdk'k] çHkk [ksrku] Kku jatu vkSj lq/kk vjksM+k tSls vusd lkfgR;dkjksa dh lfØ;rk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA vkt çoklh dgkuh ds :i esa çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dh jpuk,¡ Hkh [kwc pfpZr gks jgh gSaA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkt dh fganh dgkuh viuh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dks fuHkkrs gq, thou ds vusd i{kksa dk lexz vkSj lVhd fp=.k dj jgh gSA ewyr% fdlh dks fy[kus ds fy, ik¡p rRoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 1. dFkkoLrq 2. pfj= fp=.k 3. dFkksidFku 4. Hkk\"k'kSyh 5. mís'; fcuk buds fdlh dgkuh dh jpuk gks gh ugha ldrh] ysfdu miU;klksa esa Hkh yxHkx bUgha rRokas dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu nksuksa esa ewy fHkUurk ;g gS fd miU;kl dgkuh dk ,d foLr`r :i gksrk gS ftlesa çR;sd lw{e ?kVukvksa dks foLr`r o.kZu gksrk gSA 2.3 vk/kqfud dgkuh vkSj Ásepan çsepan ]eqa'kh th] uokc jk;] /kuir jk; vki pkgs ftl uke ls Hkh dye ds bl tknwxj dks ;kn djsa muds dF; vkSj dFkkud vkids vkl ikl gh fopj.k djrh utj vk,xhA gYdw vkSj xkscj tSls ik= vHkh Hkh xk¡o dh rax xfy;ksa esa fdlh lkgwdkj ls C;kt ekaxrs fufoZdYi Hkko esa fey tk;saxsA çsepanth loZçFke uokcjk; ds uke ls mnwZ esa dgkfu;k¡ fy[kk djrs FksaA mudk mnwZ esa fy[kk ^^lkstsoru^^ uked dgkuh laxzg vxzst ljdkj us tCr dj fy;k FkkA rc ls og çsepan ds uke ls fy[kus yxsA mudh igyh dgkuh ^lalkj dk vueksy jRu^ 1907 esa tekuk esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA çsepanth dh çkjfEHkd dgkfu;ka tks lu~ 1917 ls 1920 ds njE;ku fy[kh xbZ] mlesa lqnh?kZ dFkkud ,oa ?kVukvksa dk vR;f/kd foLrkj çkIr gksrk gSA budk dgkfu;ksa esa vkn'kZokn vkjksfir :i esa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 59 çrhr gksrk gSA bu dgkfu;ksa esa ^lqtku Hkxr^] ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh^] ^iap ijes'oj] ^'kjkc dh nqdku^] ^ued dk nkjksxk^ tSlh dgkfu;ka blh dksfV ds vUrxZr vkrh gSaA lu~ 1921 ls 1930 ds e/; fy[kh budh dgkfu;ksa esa dyk dh –f\"V ls vR;f/kd ifjiDork vkbZA bl nkSjku fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;ksa esa mUgksaus vkjksfir vkn'kZokn dks R;kxdj ;FkkFkZokn dks viuk;k ysfdu vkn'kZ dk dqN çHkko vHkh Hkh mudh dgkfu;ksa esa fo|eku FkkA bl dky esa fy[kh xbZ dgkfua;ks esa ^'krjat dk f[kykM+h] ^bZnxkg^ ^ekrk dk ân;^] ^ijh{kk^] ^vk¡lqvksa dh gksyh^] ^if.Mr eksVkjke 'kkL=h^] ^'kkafr^ tSlh dgkfu;ksa esa ;g çHkko Li\"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA lu~ 1931 ls 36 rd fy[kh xbZ mudh dgkfu;ka vkn'kZokn ls iw.kZ :i ls eqä gksdj ;FkkFkZ dh vksj mUeq[k gks xbZ FkhaA bu dgkfu;ksa esa ekuo euksfoKku dk lw{e fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ^dQu^]^ea=^] ^iwl dh jkr^ u'kk^] ^fel in~ek^ blh nkSjku fy[kh xbZ csgn egÙoiw.kZ dgkfu;ka gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ds vUrxZr mudh dFkk psruk viuh lEiw.kZ loksZR—\"Vrk ds :i esa mtkxj gksrh gSA çsepan ds vkxeu ls fgUnh dk dFkk&lkfgR; dh fn'kk dqN gn rd Þvkn'kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZoknß dh vksj eqM+ xbZ vkSj Þçlknß ds vkxeu ls ÞjksekafVd ;FkkFkZoknß dh vksjA lu 1922 esa Þmxzß dk fgUnh&dFkk&lkfgR; esa ços'k gqvkA mxz u rks Þçlknß dh rjg jkseSafVd Fks vkSj u gh çsepan dh Hkk¡fr vkn'kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZoknhA os dsoy Þ;FkkFkZoknhß FksA ç—fr ls gh mUgksaus lekt ds uaxs ;FkkFkZ dks l'kä Hkk\"kk&'kSyh esa mtkxj fd;kA 1927 ls 1928 vk vklikl tSusUæ us dgkuh fy[kuk vkjaHk fd;kA muds vkxeu ds lkFk gh fgUnh&dgkuh dk u, ;qx vkjEHk gqvkA 1936 rd Þçxfr'khy ys[kd la?kß dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh FkhA bl le; ds ys[kdksa dh jpukvksa esa çxfr'khyrk ds rÙo dk tks lekos'k gqvk mls ;qx/keZ le>uk pkfg,A Þ;'kikyß jk\"Vªh; laxkz e ds ,d lfØ; Økafrdkjh dk;ZdrkZ Fks] vr% og çHkko mudh dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh vk;kA ÞvKs;ß ç;ksxoknh dykdkj Fks] muds vkxeu ds lkFk dgkuh ubZ fn'kk dh vksj eqM+hA ftl vk/kqfudrk cks/k dh vkt cgqr ppkZ dh tkrh gS mldk Js; vKs; dks gh tkrk gSA Þv'dß çsepan ijaijk ds dgkuhdkj gSaA v'd ds vfrfjä o`ankouyky oekZ] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ] bykpUæ tks'kh] ve`ryky ukxj vkfn miU;kldkjksa us Hkh dgkfu;ksa ds {ks= esa dke fd;k gSA fdUrq budk okLrfod {ks= miU;kl gS dgkuh ughaA blds ckn lu 1950 ds vklikl ls fgUnh dgkfu;k¡ u, nkSj ls xqtjus yxhaA ftlesa vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk dh Nki utj vkrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

60 fgUnh lkfgR; 2.3.1 Ásepan dk thou ifjp; eqa'kh çsepan fganh lkfgR; ds çeq[k dFkkdkj ekus tkrs gSAa budk tUe 31 tqykbZ lu 1880 bZ- esa okjk.klh ds lehi yegh uked xkao esa gqvkA buds cpiu dk uke /kuir jk; FkkA buds firk vtk;c jk; Mkd[kkus esa fdjkuh FksA tc mudh vk;q ek= lkr o\"kZ Fkh] rHkh budh ek¡ Jherh vkuanhckbZ dk nsgkar gks x;kA buds firk us nwljk fookg dj fy;k] ijarq foekrk bUgsa çse dh ctk; ?k`.kk dh –f\"V ls ns[krh FkhA bUgksaus viuh çkjafHkd f'k{kk xkao esa gh çkIr dhA 15 o\"kZ dh vk;q esa mudk fookg dj fn;k x;k] ijarq og iRuh ds yM+kdw ço`fÙk dh gksus ds dkj.k lQy ugha jgkA mUgksaus tSls&rSls nloha d{kk ikl djds çkFkfed Ldwy esa v/;kiu dk;Z fd;kA ukSdjh ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus ch, dh ijh{kk ikl dh vkSj f'k{kk foHkkx esa fMIVh bLisDVj fu;qä gq,A bl chp 1905 bZ- esa bUgksaus cky&fo/kok f'kojkuh nsoh ls nwljk fookg fd;kA f'kojkuh nsoh ls budk fookg lQy jgkA budh iRuh us budk dne&nj&dne lg;ksx fd;kA 1922 bZ- esa ;s dk'kh fo|kihB esa Ldwy foHkkx ds gsM ekLVj fu;qä gq,A mUgksaus uokcjk; ds uke ls mnwZ esa ys[ku fd;kA ijarq ckn esa os çsepan ds uke ls fganh esa fy[kus yxsA mUgksaus vusd i=&if=dkvksa dk laiknu fd;k rFkk viuk ,d Nkik[kkuk Hkh yxk;kA 1936 bZLoh esa y[kuÅ esa gqbZ çFke ^çxfr'khy ys[kd la?k^ dh cSBd dh v/;{krk dh rFkk blh o\"kZ 8 vDVwcj dks ;g egku dFkkdkj gels lnk ds fy, fcNqM x;kA lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku eqa'kh çse pan dh igyh çdkf'kr fganh if=dk dk uke ÞlkSrß gS- eqa'kh çsepan us miU;kl] ys[k] lEikndh;] dgkuh] ukVd] leh{kk] laLej.k vkfn dbZ jpuk,¡ fy[kha- eqa'kh çsepan us dqy 15 miU;kl fy[ks Fks ftues ls çeq[k miU;kl deZHkwfe] fueZyk] xksnku] xcu] vyadkj] çsek] çsekJe] jaxHkwfe] çfrKk vkfn gSa- eqa'kh çsepan us dqy 300 ls dqN vf/kd dgkfu;k]¡ 3 ukVd] 10 vuqokn] 7 cky&iqLrdsa rFkk gtkjksa i`\"Bksa ds ys[k] lEikndh;] Hkk\"k.k] Hkwfedk] i= vkfn fy[ks gS-a ftues ls eq[; dgkfu;ka ^iap ijes'oj*] ^xqYyh MaMk*] ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk*] ^bZnxkg*] ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc*] ^iwl dh jkr*] ^dQu*] ^Bkdqj dk dqvk¡*] ^ln~xfr*] ^cw<+h dkdh*] ^rkoku*] ^fo/oal*] ^nw/k dk nke*] ^ea=* vkfn gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 61 2.3.2 cM+s ?kj dh csVh & ewyikB csuhek/ko flag xkSjhiqj x‚¡o ds tehankj vkSj uEcjnkj FksA muds firkeg fdlh le; cM+s /ku&/kkU; laiUu FksA x‚¡o dk iDdk rkykc vkSj eafnj ftudh vc ejEer Hkh eqf'dy Fkh] mUgha ds dhfrZ&LraHk FksA dgrs gSa bl njokts ij gkFkh >werk Fkk] vc mldh txg ,d cw<+h HkSal Fkh] ftlds 'kjhj esa vfLFk&iatj ds flok vkSj dqN 'ks\"k u jgk Fkk; ij nw/k 'kk;n cgqr nsrh Fkh; D;ksafd ,d u ,d vkneh g‚¡M+h fy, mlds flj ij lokj gh jgrk FkkA csuhek/ko flag viuh vk/kh ls vf/kd laifÙk odhyksa dks HksaV dj pqds FksA mudh orZeku vk; ,d gtkj #i;s okf\"kZd ls vf/kd u FkhA Bkdqj lkgc ds nks csVs FksA cM+s dk uke JhdaB flag FkkA mlus cgqr fnuksa ds ifjJe vkSj m|ksx ds ckn ch-,- dh fMxzh çkIr dh FkhA vc ,d n¶rj esa ukSdj FkkA NksVk yM+dk yky&fcgkjh flag nksgjs cnu dk] lthyk toku FkkA Hkjk gqvk eq[kM+k]pkSM+h NkrhA HkSal dk nks lsj rktk nw/k og mB dj lcjs s ih tkrk FkkA JhdaB flag dh n'kk fcydqy foijhr FkhA bu us=fç; xq.kksa dks mUgksaus ch.,. bUgha nks v{kjksa ij U;ksNkoj dj fn;k FkkA bu nks v{kjksa us muds 'kjhj dks fucZy vkSj psgjs dks dkafrghu cuk fn;k FkkA blh ls oS|d xzaFkksa ij mudk fo'ks\"k çse FkkA vk;qosZfnd vkS\"kf/k;ksa ij mudk vf/kd fo'okl FkkA 'kke&lcsjs muds dejs ls çk;: [kjy dh lqjhyh d.kZe/kqj /ofu lquk;h fn;k djrh FkhA ykgkSj vkSj dydÙks ds oS|ksa ls cM+h fy[kk&i<+h jgrh FkhA JhdaB bl v¡xjsth fMxzh ds vf/kifr gksus ij Hkh v¡xjsth lkekftd çFkkvksa ds fo'ks\"k çseh u Fks; cfYd og cgq/kk cM+s tksj ls mldh fuank vkSj frjLdkj fd;k djrs FksA blh ls x‚¡o esa mudk cM+k lEeku FkkA n'kgjs ds fnuksa esa og cM+s mRlkg ls jkeyhyk gksrs vkSj Lo;a fdlh u fdlh ik= dk ikVZ ysrs FksA xkSjhiqj esa jkeyhyk ds ogh tUenkrk FksA çkphu fganw lH;rk dk xq.kxku mudh /kkfeZdrk dk ç/kku vax FkkA lfEefyr dqVqEc ds rks og ,d&ek= mikld FksA vkt&dy fL=;ksa dks dqVqEc dks dqVqEc esa fey&tqy dj jgus dh tks v#fp gksrh gS] mls og tkfr vkSj ns'k nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd le>rs FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd x‚¡o dh yyuk,¡ mudh fuand Fkha ! dksbZ&dksbZ rks mUgsa viuk 'k=q le>us esa Hkh ladksp u djrh Fkha ! Lo;a mudh iRuh dks gh bl fo\"k; esa muls fojks/k FkkA ;g blfy, ugha fd mls vius lkl&llqj] nsoj ;k tsB vkfn ?k`.kk Fkh; cfYd mldk fopkj Fkk fd ;fn cgqr dqN lgus vkSj rjg nsus ij Hkh ifjokj ds lkFk fuokZg u gks lds] rks vk;s&fnu dh dyg ls thou dks u\"V djus dh vis{kk ;gh mÙke gS fd viuh f[kpM+h vyx idk;h tk;A vkuanh ,d cM+s mPp dqy dh yM+dh FkhA mlds cki ,d NksVh&lh fj;klr ds rkYyqdsnkj FksA fo'kky Hkou] ,d gkFkh] rhu dqÙks] ckt] cgjh&f'kdjs] >kM+&Qkuwl] vkujsjh eftLVsªV vkSj _.k] tks ,d CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

62 fgUnh lkfgR; çfrf\"Br rkYyqdsnkj ds HkksX; inkFkZ gS]a lHkh ;g‚¡ fo|eku FksA uke Fkk HkwiflagA cM+s mnkj&fpÙk vkSj çfrHkk'kkyh iq#\"k Fks; ij nqHkkZX; ls yM+dk ,d Hkh u FkkA lkr yM+fd;‚¡ gqbZa vkSj nSo;ksx ls lc dh lc thfor jghaA igyh meax esa rks mUgksaus rhu C;kg fny [kksydj fd;s; ij iaæg&chl gtkj #i;ksa dk dtZ flj ij gks x;k] rks v‚a[ksa [kqyha] gkFk lesV fy;kA vkuanh pkSFkh yM+dh FkhA og viuh lc cguksa ls vf/kd :iorh vkSj xq.korh FkhA blls Bkdqj Hkwiflag mls cgqr I;kj djrs FksA lqUnj larku dks dnkfpr~ mlds ekrk&firk Hkh vf/kd pkgrs gSaA Bkdqj lkgc cM+s /keZ&ladV esa Fks fd bldk fookg dg‚¡ djsa\\ u rks ;gh pkgrs Fks fd _.k dk cks> c<+s vkSj u ;gh Lohdkj Fkk fd mls vius dks HkkX;ghu le>uk iM+sA ,d fnu JhdaB muds ikl fdlh pans dk #i;k e‚¡xus vk;sA 'kk;n ukxjh&çpkj dk pank FkkA Hkwiflag muds LoHkko ij jh> x;s vkSj /kwe/kke ls JhdaBflag dk vkuanh ds lkFk C;kg gks x;kA vkuanh vius u;s ?kj esa vk;h] rks ;g‚¡ dk jax&<ax dqN vkSj gh ns[kkA ftl Vhe&Vke dh mls cpiu ls gh vknr iM+h gqbZ Fkh] og ;gka uke&ek= dks Hkh u FkhA gkFkh&?kksM+ksa dk rks dguk gh D;k] dksbZ lth gqbZ lqanj cgyh rd u FkhA js'keh Lyhij lkFk yk;h Fkh; ij ;g‚¡ ckx dg‚¡A edku esa f[kM+fd;‚¡ rd u Fkha] u tehu ij Q'kZ] u nhokj ij rLohjsaA ;g ,d lh/kk&lknk nsgkrh x`gLFkh dk edku Fkk; fdUrq vkuanh us FkksM+s gh fnuksa esa vius dks bl u;h voLFkk ds ,slk vuqdwy cuk fy;k] ekuksa mlus foykl ds lkeku dHkh ns[ks gh u FksA ,d fnu nksigj ds le; ykyfcgkjh flag nks fpfM+;k fy;s gq, vk;k vkSj Hkkot ls cksyk tYnh ls idk nks] eq>s Hkw[k yxh gSA vkuanh Hkkstu cukdj mldh jkg ns[k jgh FkhA vc og u;k O;atu cukus cSBhA gkaM+h esa ns[kk] rks ?kh iko&Hkj ls vf/kd u FkkA cM+s ?kj dh csVh] fdQk;r D;k tkusA mlus lc ?kh ekal esa Mky fn;kA ykyfcgkjh [kkus cSBk] rks nky esa ?kh u Fkk] cksyk&nky esa ?kh D;ksa ugha NksM+k\\ vkuanh us dgk& ?kh lc e‚¡l esa iM+ x;kA ykyfcgkjh tksj ls cksyk& vHkh ijlksa ?kh vk;k gSA bruk tYn mB x;k\\ vkuanh us mÙkj fn;k& vkt rks dqy iko& Hkj jgk gksxkA og lc eSaus ekal esa Mky fn;kA ftl rjg lw[kh ydM+h tYnh ls ty mBrh gS] mlh rjg {kq/kk ls ckoyk euq\"; tjk&tjk lh ckr ij frud tkrk gSA ykyfcgkjh dks Hkkot dh ;g f<BkbZ cgqr cqjh ekywe gqbZ] frud dj cksyk& eSds esa rks pkgs ?kh dh unh cgrh gks ! CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 63 L=h xkfy;‚¡ lg ysrh gSa] ekj Hkh lg ysrh gSaA ij eSds dh fuank muls ugha lgh tkrhA vkuanh eq¡g Qsj dj cksyh& gkFkh ejk Hkh] rks ukS yk[k dkA og‚¡ bruk ?kh fuR; ukbZ&dgkj [kk tkrs gSaA ykyfcgkjh ty x;k] Fkkyh mBkdj iyV nh] vkSj cksyk& th pkgrk gS] thHk idM+ dj [khap yw¡A vkuan dks Hkh Øks/k vk x;kA eq¡g yky gks x;k] cksyh& og gksrs rks vkt bldk etk p[kkrsA vc vi<+] mtì Bkdqj ls u jgk x;kA mldh L=h ,d lk/kkj.k tehankj dh csVh FkhA tc th pkgrk] ml ij gkFk lkQ dj fy;k djrk FkkA [kM+kÅ¡ mBkdj vkuanh dh vksj tksj ls Qsadh] vkSj cksyk& ftlds xqeku ij Hkwyh gqbZ gks] mls Hkh ns[kw¡xk vkSj rqEgas HkhA vkuanh us gkFk ls [kM+kÅ¡ jksdh] flj cp x;k; ij v¡xyh esa cM+h pksV vk;hA Øks/k ds ekjs gok ls fgyrs iÙks dh Hk‚¡fr d‚¡irh gqbZ vius dejs esa vk dj [kM+h gks x;hA L=h dk cy vkSj lkgl] eku vkSj e;kZnk ifr rd gSA mls vius ifr ds gh cy vkSj iq#\"kRo dk ?keaM gksrk gSA vkuanh [kwu dk ?kw¡V ih dj jg x;hA JhdaB flag 'kfuokj dks ?kj vk;k djrs FksA o`gLifr dks ;g ?kVuk gqbZ FkhA nks fnu rd vkuanh dksi&Hkou esa jghA u dqN [kk;k u fi;k] mudh ckV ns[krh jghA var esa 'kfuokj dks og fu;ekuqdwy la/;k le; ?kj vk;s vkSj ckgj cSB dj dqN b/kj&m/kj dh ckrsa] dqN ns'k&dky laca/kh lekpkj rFkk dqN u;s eqdneksa vkfn dh ppkZ djus yxsA ;g okrkZyki nl cts jkr rd gksrk jgkA x‚¡o ds Hkæ iq#\"kksa dks bu ckrksa esa ,slk vkuan feyrk Fkk fd [kkus&ihus dh Hkh lqf/k u jgrh FkhA JhdaB dks fiaM NqM+kuk eqf'dy gks tkrk FkkA ;s nks&rhu ?kaVs vkuanh us cM+s d\"V ls dkVs ! fdlh rjg Hkkstu dk le; vk;kA iapk;r mBhA ,dkar gqvk] rks ykyfcgkjh us dgk& HkS;k] vki tjk HkkHkh dks le>k nhft,xk fd eqg¡ l¡Hkky dj ckrphr fd;k djsa] ugha rks ,d fnu vuFkZ gks tk;xkA csuhek/ko flag us csVs dh vksj lk{kh nh& g‚¡] cgw&csfV;ksa dk ;g LoHkko vPNk ugha fd enksaZ ds ew¡g yxsaA ykyfcgkjh& og cM+s ?kj dh csVh gS]a rks ge Hkh dksbZ dqehZ&dgkj ugha gSA JhdaB us fpafrr Loj ls iwNk& vkf[kj ckr D;k gqbZ\\ ykyfcgkjh us dgk& dqN Hkh ugha; ;ksa gh vki gh vki my> iM+haA eSds ds lkeus ge yksxkas dks dqN le>rh gh ughaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

64 fgUnh lkfgR; JhdaB [kk&ihdj vkuanh ds ikl x;sA og Hkjh cSBh FkhA ;g gtjr Hkh dqN rh[ks FksA vkuanh us iwNk& fpÙk rks çlUu gSA JhdaB cksys& cgqr çlUu gS; ij rqeus vktdy ?kj esa ;g D;k miæo epk j[kk gS\\ vkuanh dh R;ksfj;ksa ij cy iM+ x;s] >q¡>ykgV ds ekjs cnu esa Tokyk&lh ngd mBhA cksyh& ftlus rqels ;g vkx yxk;h gS] mls ikÅ¡] eq¡g >qyl nw¡A JhdaB& bruh xje D;ksa gksrh gks] ckr rks dgksA vkuanh& D;k dgw¡] ;g esjs HkkX; dk Qsj gS ! ugha rks x¡okj Nksdjk] ftldks pijklfxjh djus dk Hkh 'kÅj ugha] eq>s [kM+kÅ¡ ls ekj dj ;ksa u vdM+rkA JhdaB& lc gky lkQ&lkQ dgk] rks ekywe gksA eq>s rks dqN irk ughaA vkuanh& ijlksa rqEgkjs ykM+ys HkkbZ us eq>ls ekal idkus dks dgkA ?kh g‚¡Mh esa iko&Hkj ls vf/kd u FkkA og lc eSaus ekal esa Mky fn;kA tc [kkus cSBk rks dgus yxk& ny esa ?kh D;ksa ugha gS\\ cl] blh ij esjs eSds dks cqjk&Hkyk dgus yxk& eq>ls u jgk x;kA eSaus dgk fd og‚¡ bruk ?kh rks ukbZ&dgkj [kk tkrs gSa] vkSj fdlh dks tku Hkh ugha iM+rkA cl bruh lh ckr ij bl vU;k;h us eq> ij [kM+kÅ¡ Qsad ekjhA ;fn gkFk ls u jksd yw¡] rks flj QV tk;A mlh ls iwNks] eSua s tks dqN dgk gS] og lp gS ;k >wBA JhdaB dh v‚a[ksa yky gks x;haA cksys& ;g‚¡ rd gks x;k] bl Nksdjs dk ;g lkgl ! vkuanh fL=;ksa ds LoHkkokuqlkj jksus yxh; D;ksafd v‚alw mudh iydksa ij jgrs gSaA JhdaB cM+s /kS;Zoku~ vkSj 'kkafr iq#\"k FksA mUgsa dnkfpr~ gh dHkh Øks/k vkrk Fkk; fL=;ksa ds v‚alw iq#\"k dh Øks/kkfXu HkM+dkus esa rsy dk dke nsrs gSaA jkr Hkj djoVsa cnyrs jgsA mf}Xurk ds dkj.k iyd rd ugha >idhA çkr:dky vius cki ds ikl tkdj cksys& nknk] vc bl ?kj esa esjk fuckg u gksxkA bl rjg dh foæksg&i.w kZ ckrsa dgus ij JhdaB us fdruh gh ckj vius dbZ fe=ksa dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;k Fkk; ijUrq nqHkkZX;] vkt mUgsa Lo;a os gh ckrsa vius eq¡g ls dguh iM+h ! nwljksa dks mins'k nsuk Hkh fdruk lgt gS! csuhek/ko flag ?kcjk mBs vkSj cksys& D;ksa\\ JhdaB& blfy, fd eq>s Hkh viuh eku& çfr\"Bk dk dqN fopkj gSA vkids ?kj esa vc vU;k; vkSj gB dk çdksi gks jgk gSA ftudks cM+ksa dk vknj& lEeku djuk pkfg,] os muds flj p<+rs gSaA eSa nwljs CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 65 dk ukSdj Bgjk ?kj ij jgrk ughaA ;g‚¡ esjs ihNs fL=;ksa ij [kM+kÅ¡ vkSj twrksa dh ckSNkjsa gksrh gSaA dM+h ckr rd fpUrk ughaA dksbZ ,d dh nks dg ys] og‚¡ rd eSa lg ldrk gw¡ fdUrq ;g dnkfi ugha gks ldrk fd esjs Åij ykr&?kw¡ls iM+sa vkSj eSa ne u ek#¡A csuhek/ko flag dqN tokc u ns ldsA JhdaB lnSo mudk vknj djrs FksA muds ,sls rsoj ns[kdj cw<+k Bkdqj vokd~ jg x;kA dsoy bruk gh cksyk& csVk] rqe cqf)eku gksdj ,slh ckrsa djrs gks\\ fL=;‚a bl rjg ?kj dk uk'k dj nsrh gSA mudks cgrq flj p<+kuk vPNk ughaA JhdaB& bruk eSa tkurk gw¡] vkids vk'khokZn ls ,slk ew[kZ ugha gwA¡ vki Lo;a tkurs gSa fd esjs gh le>kus&cq>kus ls] blh x‚¡o esa dbZ ?kj l¡Hky x;s] ij ftl L=h dh eku&çfr\"Bk dk bZ'oj ds njckj esa mÙkjnkrk gw¡] mlds çfr ,slk ?kksj vU;k; vkSj i'kqor~ O;ogkj eq>s vlá gSA vki lp ekfu,] esjs fy, ;gh dqN de ugha gS fd ykyfcgkjh dks dqN naM ugha gksrkA vc csuhek/ko flag Hkh xjek;sA ,slh ckrsa vkSj u lqu ldsA cksys& ykyfcgkjh rqEgkjk HkkbZ gSA mlls tc dHkh Hkwy& pwd gks] mlds dku idM+ks ysfdu- JhdaB& ykyfcgkjh dks eSa vc viuk HkkbZ ugha le>rkA csuhek/ko flag& L=h ds ihNs\\ JhdaB& th ugha] mldh Øwjrk vkSj vfoosd ds dkj.kA nksuksa dqN nsj pqi jgsA Bkdqj lkgc yM+ds dk Øks/k 'kkar djuk pkgrs Fks] ysfdu ;g ugha Lohdkj djuk pkgrs Fks fd ykyfcgkjh us dksbZ vuqfpr dke fd;k gSA blh chp esa x‚¡o ds vkSj dbZ lTtu gqDds&fpye ds cgkus og‚¡ vk cSBsA dbZ fL=;ksa us tc ;g lquk fd JhdaB iRuh ds ihNs firk ls yM+us dh rS;kj gSa] rks mUgsa cM+k g\"kZ gqvkA nksuksa i{kksa dh e/kqj okf.k;‚¡ lquus ds fy, mudh vkRek,¡ fryfeykus yxhaA x‚¡o esa dqN ,sls dqfVy euq\"; Hkh Fks] tks bl dqy dh uhfriw.kZ xfr ij eu gh eu tyrs FksA os dgk djrs Fks JhdaB vius cki ls ncrk gS] blhfy, og nCcw gSA mlus fo|k i<+h] blfy, og fdrkcksa dk dhM+k gSA csuhek/ko flag mldh lykg ds fcuk dksbZ dke ugha djrs] ;g mudh ew[kZrk gSA bu egkuqHkkoksa dh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ vkt iwjh gksrh fn[kk;h nhaA dksbZ gqDdk ihus ds cgkus vkSj dksbZ yxku dh jlhn fn[kkus vk dj cSB x;kA csuhek/ko flag iqjkus vkneh FksA bu Hkkoksa dks rkM+ x;sA mUgksaus fu'p; fd;k pkgs dqN gh D;ksa u gks] bu æksfg;ksa dks rkyh ctkus dk volj u nw¡xkA rqjar dksey 'kCnksa esa cksys& csVk] eSa rqels ckgj ugha gw¡A rEq gkjk tks th pkgs djks] vc rks yM+ds ls vijk/k gks x;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

66 fgUnh lkfgR; bykgkckn dk vuqHko&jfgr >Yyk;k gqvk xzstq,V bl ckr dks u le> ldkA mls fMcsfVax&Dyc esa viuh ckr ij vM+us dh vknr Fkh] bu gFkdaMksa dh mls D;k [kcj\\ cki us ftl eryc ls ckr iyVh Fkh] og mldh le> esa u vk;kA cksyk& ykyfcgkjh ds lkFk vc bl ?kj esa ugha jg ldrkA csuhek/ko csVk] cqf)eku yksx ew[kksaZ dh ckr ij /;ku ugha nsrsA og csle> yM+dk gSA mlls tks dqN Hkwy gqb]Z mls rqe cM+s gksdj {kek djksA JhdaB mldh bl nq\"Vrk dks eSa dnkfi ugha lg ldrkA ;k rks ogh ?kj esa jgsxk] ;k eSa ghA vkidks ;fn og vf/kd I;kjk gS] rks eq>s fonk dhft,] eSa viuk Hkkj vki lWHa kky yw¡xkA ;fn eq>s j[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlls dfg,] tg‚¡ pkgs pyk tk;A cl ;g esjk vafre fu'p; gSA ykyfcgkjh flag njokts dh pkS[kV ij pqipki [kM+k cM+s HkkbZ dh ckrsa lqu jgk FkkA og mudk cgqr vknj djrk FkkA mls dHkh bruk lkgl u gqvk Fkk fd JhdaB ds lkeus pkjikbZ ij cSB tk;] gqDdk ih ys ;k iku [kk ysA cki dk Hkh og bruk eku u djrk FkkA JhdaB dk Hkh ml ij gkfnZd Lusg FkkA vius gks'k esa mUgksaus dHkh mls ?kqM+dk rd u FkkA tc og bykgkckn ls vkrs] rks mlds fy, dksbZ u dksbZ oLrq vo'; ykrsA eqxnj dh tksM+h mUgksaus gh cuok nh FkhA fiNys lky tc mlus vius ls MîkS<+s toku dks ukxiapeh ds fnu naxy esa iNkM+ fn;k] rks mUgksaus iqyfdr gksdj v[kkM+s esa gh tk dj mls xys yxk fy;k Fkk] i‚¡p #i;s ds iSls yqVk;s FksA ,sls HkkbZ ds eq¡g ls vkt ,slh ân;&fonkjd ckr lqudj ykyfcgkjh dks cM+h Xykfu gqbZA og QwV&QwV dj jksus yxkA blesa lansg ugha fd vius fd;s ij iNrk jgk FkkA HkkbZ ds vkus ls ,d fnu igys ls mldh Nkrh /kM+drh Fkh fd ns[kw¡ HkS;k D;k dgrs gSaA eSa muds lEeq[k dSls tkÅ¡xk] muls dSls cksyw¡xk] esjh v‚a[ksa muds lkeus dSls mBsxhA mlus le>k Fkk fd HkS;k eq>s cqykdj le>k nsaxsA bl vk'kk ds foijhr vkt mlus mUgsa funZ;rk dh ewfrZ cus gq, ik;kA og ew[kZ FkkA ijarq mldk eu dgrk Fkk fd HkS;k esjs lkFk vU;k; dj jgs gSaA ;fn JhdaB mls vdsys esa cqykdj nks&pkj ckrsa dg nsrs; bruk gh ugha nks&pkj rekps Hkh yxk nsrs rks dnkfpr~ mls bruk nq%[k u gksrk; ij HkkbZ dk ;g dguk fd vc eSa bldh lwjr ugha ns[kuk pkgrk] ykyfcgkjh ls lgk u x;k ! og jksrk gqvk ?kj vk;kA dksBkjh esa tk dj diM+s igus] v‚a[ksa iksaNh] ftlesa dksbZ ;g u le>s fd jksrk FkkA rc vkuanh ds }kj ij vkdj cksyk& HkkHkh] HkS;k us fu'p; fd;k gS fd og esjs lkFk bl ?kj esa u jgsaxsA vc og esjk eq¡g ugha ns[kuk pkgrs; blfy, vc eSa tkrk gw¡A mUgsa fQj eq¡g u fn[kkÅ¡xk! eq>ls tks dqN vijk/k gqvk] mls {kek djukA ;g dgrs&dgrs ykyfcgkjh dk xyk Hkj vk;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 67 ftl le; ykyfcgkjh flag flj >qdk;s vkuanh ds }kj ij [kM+ Fkk] mlh le; JhdaB flag Hkh v‚a[ksa yky fd;s ckgj ls vk;sA HkkbZ dks [kM+k ns[kk] rks ?k`.kk ls v‚a[ksa Qsj yha] vkSj drjk dj fudy x;sA ekuksa mldh ijNkgh ls nwj Hkkxrs gksaA vkuanh us ykyfcgkjh dh f'kdk;r rks dh Fkh] ysfdu vc eu esa iNrk jgh Fkh og LoHkko ls gh n;korh FkhA mls bldk rfud Hkh /;ku u Fkk fd ckr bruh c<+ tk;xhA og eu esa vius ifr ij >q¡>yk jgh Fkh fd ;g brus xje D;ksa gksrs gSaA ml ij ;g Hk; Hkh yxk gqvk Fkk fd dgha eq>ls bykgkckn pyus dks dgsa] rks dSls D;k d#x¡ hA bl chp esa tc mlus ykyfcgkjh dks njokts ij [kM+s ;g dgrs lquk fd vc eSa tkrk gw¡] eq>ls tks dqN vijk/k gqvk] {kek djuk] rks mldk jgk&lgk Øks/k Hkh ikuh gks x;kA og jksus yxhA eu dk eSy /kksus ds fy, u;u&ty ls mi;qä vkSj dksbZ oLrq ugha gSA JhdaB dks ns[kdj vkuanh us dgk &ykyk ckgj [kM+s cgqr jks jgs gSaA JhdaB& rks eSa D;k d:¡\\ vkuanh &Hkhrj cqyk yksA esjh thHk esa vkx yxs ! eSaus dg‚¡ ls ;g >xM+k mBk;kA JhdaB& eSa u cqykÅ¡xkA vkuanh& iNrkvksxsA mUgsa cgqr Xykfu gks x;h gS] ,slk u gks] dgha py nsaA JhdaB u mBsA brus esa ykyfcgkjh us fQj dgk& HkkHkh] HkS;k ls esjk ç.kke dg nksA og esjk eq¡g ugha ns[kuk pkgrsA blfy, eSa Hkh viuk eq¡g mUgsa u fn[kkÅ¡xkA ykyfcgkjh bruk dg dj ykSV iM+k] vkSj 'kh?kzrk ls njokts dh vksj c<+kA var esa vkuanh dejs ls fudyh vkSj mldk gkFk idM+ fy;kA ykyfcgkjh us ihNs fQj dj ns[kk vkSj v‚a[kksa esa v‚alw Hkjs cksyk& eq>s tkus nksA vkuanh dg‚¡ tkrs gks\\ ykyfcgkjh& tg‚¡ dksbZ esjk eq¡g u ns[ksA vkuanh& eSa u tkus nw¡xh\\ ykyfcgkjh& eSa rqe yksxksa ds lkFk jgus ;ksX; ugha gw¡A vkuanh& rqEgsa esjh lkSx/a k vc ,d ix Hkh vkxs u c<+kukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

68 fgUnh lkfgR; ykyfcgkjh& tc rd eq>s ;g u ekywe gks tk; fd HkS;k dk eu esjh rjQ ls lkQ gks x;k] rc rd eSa bl ?kj esa dnkfi u jg¡wxkA vkuanh& eSa bZ'oj dks lk{kh ns dj dgrh gw¡ fd rqEgkjh vksj ls esjs eu esa rfud Hkh eSy ugha gSA vc JhdaB dk ân; Hkh fi?kykA mUgksaus ckgj vkdj ykyfcgkjh dks xys yxk fy;kA nksuksa HkkbZ [kwc QwV&QwV dj jks;sA ykyfcgkjh us flldrs gq, dgk& HkS;k] vc dHkh er dguk fd rqEgkjk eq¡g u ns[kw¡xkA blds flok vki tks naM nsxa s] eSa lg\"kZ Lohdkj d:¡xkA JhdaB us d‚¡irs gq, Loj esa dgk& yYyw ! bu ckrksa dks fcYdqy Hkwy tkvksA bZ'oj pkgsxk] rks fQj ,slk volj u vkosxkA csuhek/ko flag ckgj ls vk jgs FksA nksuksa Hkkb;ksa dks xys feyrs ns[kdj vkuan ls iqyfdr gks x;sA cksy mBs& cM+s ?kj dh csfV;‚¡ ,slh gh gksrh gSaA fcxM+rk gqvk dke cuk ysrh gSaA x‚¡o esa ftlus ;g o`Ùkkar lquk] mlh us bu 'kCnksa esa vkuanh dh mnkjrk dks ljkgk& ^cM+s ?kj dh csfV;‚¡ ,slh gh gksrh gSaA* 2.3.4 dgkuh dk lkjka’k ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dgkuh esa xkSjhiqj xk¡o ds tehankj vkSj uacjnkj Bkdqj csuh ek/ko flag ds ifjokj dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gS tks fdlh tekus esa /ku&/kkU; lEiUu ,oa çfl) [kkunku Fkk] fdUrq vc og ckr ugha jg xbZ Fkh] vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh vPNh ugha FkhA bl dgkuh esa çeq[k ik= pkj gSa& cM+s ?kj dh csVh vkuanh] tks dgkuh dh ukf;dk gS] mldk ifr Jhd.B] vkuanh dk nsoj ykyfcgkjh flag rFkk ifjokj ds eqf[k;k Bkdqj csuh ek/ko flagA Jhd.B dk ifjp;–Bkdqj lkgc ds cM+s csVs Jhd.B flag ch-,- ikl] ifjJeh] vkn'kZoknh vkSj xk¡o esa lEekfur] ljdkjh n¶rj esa ukSdj FksA vaxzsth fMxzh/kkjh gksdj Hkh vaxzsth çFkkvksa ls çse ugha j[krs FksA Hkkjrh; lkekftd ijEijkvksa ds iks\"kd vkSj i{k/kj FksA la;qä ifjokj ds çcy leFkZd FksA Jhd.B vius NksVs HkkbZ ls cgqr Lusg j[krs FksA ykyfcgkjh flag Bkdqj csuhek/ko flag dk NksVk csVk ykyfcgkjh flag nksgjs cnu dk lthyk toku FkkA og mtì LoHkko dk ;qod Fkk ijUrq vius cM+s HkkbZ Jhd.B dk og cgrq lEeku djrk FkkA vkuanh&vkuUnh ds firk Hkwiflag ,d NksVh fj;klr ds rkYyqdsnkj FksA mPp dqy] fo'kky Hkou vkSj lHkh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 69 çdkj ds jktlh BkB ekStwn FksA mudh lkr csfV;ksa esa vkuanh pkSFkh csVh FkhA mUgksaus Jhd.B dks ;ksX; ;qod ekudj vkuUnh dk fookg mlls dj fn;kA nsoj&HkkStkbZ ds chp dyg dh ?kVuk–,d fnu ykyfcgkjh flag nksigj ds le; nks fpfM+;k¡ ysdj vk;k vkSj HkkHkh ls mUgsa idkus ds fy, dgkA vkuanh Hkkstu cukdj mldh çrh{kk dj jgh Fkh] vc iqu% ekal idkus cSBhA ?kh ds crZu esa iko Hkj ds yxHkx ?kh Fkk tks mlus ekal esa Mky fn;k vr% nky esa Åij ls Mkyus dks ?kh ugha cpk FkkA blh ckr dks ysdj nsoj&HkkStkbZ esa rdjkj c<+ xbZA ykyfcgkjh flag us vkuanh ds ihgj dks ysdj O;aX;fä dh vkSj vkos'k esa vkdj mlus ml ij [kM+kÅ Qsadh] ftls vkuUnh us gkFk ls jksdkA bl ?kVuk ls vkuanh [kwu dk pwaV ihdj jg xbZ vkSj 'kfuokj dks Jhd.B dk ?kj vkus dk bUrtkj djus yxhA Jhd.B ls vkuanh dh f'kdk;r&'kfuokj dks tc Jhd.B ?kj vk;s rks ykyfcgkjh flag us ,dkar ikdj mlls vkuanh dh f'kdk;r dhA csuhek/kko us Hkh lk{kh nh vkSj dgk fd cgw&csfV;ksa dks enksZ ds eq¡g ugha yxuk pkfg,A Jhd.B tc vkuUnh ds d{k esa x;s] rks mlus nsoj ds nqoZ~;ogkj dk iwjk fooj.k lquk;kA blls Jhd.B Øks/kkos'k esa vk x;sA Jhd.B dh firk ls ckrphr ,oa ukjktxh& lqcg gksrs gh Jhd.B us vius firk ls tkdj dgk fd nknh vc bl ?kj esa esjk fuokZg ugha gksxkA ;gk¡ ?kj esa cM+ksa dk eku&lEeku ugha jg x;k gSA bl ?kj esa vc ;k rks ykyfcgkjh jgsxk ;k ogh jgsxkA bl ckr dks lqudj ykyfcgkjh us viuh HkkHkh ls dgk fd og ?kj NksM+dj tk jgk gSA vkuanh us ns[kk fd ?kj fc[kj jgk gS] ?kj dh eku&çfr\"Bk feêh esa feyus okyh gS] rks mlus rqjUr viuk vieku Hkwydj ykyfcgkjh dks tkus ls jksd fy;kA bl çdkj ,d cM+s ?kj dh csVh us viuk cM+Iiu fn[kkrs gq, ?kj dks fc[kjus ls cpk fy;kA xko¡ esa ftlus Hkh ;g o`ÙkkUr lquk] mlh us vkuanh ds O;ogkj dh ljkguk djrs gq, dgk fd cM+s ?kj dh csVh ,slh gh gksrh gS tks fcxM+rk gqvk dke cuk ysrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

70 fgUnh lkfgR; 2.3.5 egRoiw.kZ ç’uksÙkj Á’u- 1 vfr y?kwÙkjh; Á’uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A 1. vkuanh dk vius ifr ls fdl ckr ij fojks/k Fkk\\ mÙkj& JhdaB dk lfEefyr dqVqEc ;k la;qä ifjokj dk leFkZu djus dh ckr ij vkuanh dk mlls fojks/k FkkA 2. JhdaB dk xk¡o ds yksx vf/kd lEeku D;ksa djrs Fks\\ mÙkj& JhdaB vaxzsth fMxzh çkIr djds Hkh vaxzsth lkekftd çFkkvksa dh fuUnk vkSj frjLdkj fd;k djrs Fks] blfy, xk¡o ds yksx mudk vf/kd lEeku djrs FksA 3. ÞeSds esa pkgs ?kh dh unh cgrh gksAß ykyfcgkjh ds bl dFku ds mÙkj esa vkuanh us D;k dgk Fkk\\ - mÙkj& vkuanh us dgk Fkk fd ogk¡ mlds eSds esa bruk ?kh rks ukbZ&dgkj [kk tkrs gSaA 4. vktdy dh fL=;ksa dh fdl eukso`fÙk dh vksj dgkuhdkj us ladsr fd;k gS\\ mÙkj& vktdy dh fL=;ksa esa la;qä ifjokj dh vis{kk ,dy ifjokj ds çfr #fp jgrh gS] mudh blh eukso`fÙk dh vksj dgkuhdkj us ladsr fd;k gSA Á’u- 2 y?kwÙkjh; Á’uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A 1. ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dgkuh dk mís'; crkb;sA mÙkj& çsepUn th dh dgkfu;ksa esa vkn'kksZUeq[kh ;FkkFkZ ds n'kZu gksrs gSAa çLrqr dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* esa Hkh blh mís'; dh iwfrZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ys[kd us ,d vkn'kZ csVh] tks fdlh ?kj esa cgw cudj tkrh gS] mlds drZO; dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr çLrqfr nh gSA cgw ml ?kj dks VwVus ls cpkrh gSA ;gk¡ vkuanh us vius nsoj ds vijk/k dks {kek fd;k] vius foosdiw.kZ fu.kZ; ls ?kj dks fc[kjus ls cpk fy;k A vPNs laLdkjksa okyh csVh vius ihgj vkSj llqjky nksuksa dk eku j[krh gS] çsepUnth us vkuanh ds pfj= ls le>nkjh j[kus dk mís'; O;ä fd;k gSA 2. mf}Xurk ds dkj.k iyd rd ugha >idh*;g mf}Xurk fdldks] fdl ckr ls gqbZ Fkh\\ mÙkj& ;g mf}Xurk JhdaB dks gqbZ FkhA vkuanh us tc JhdaB dks muds NksVs HkkbZ ykyfcgkjh flag }kjk fd;s x;s vU;k;iw.kZ nqoZ~;ogkj ds ckjs esa crk;k fd ?kj esa tks ?kh Fkk og mlus vius CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 71 nsoj ds fy, idk;s x;s ekal esa Mky fn;k Fkk] nky esa Mkyus ds fy, vkSj ?kh ugha cpk FkkA blh ckr dks ysdj nsoj&HkkStkbZ esa rdjkj c<+ xbZ vkSj nsoj us bruh&lh ckr ij vkuanh dh vksj [kM+kÅ¡ Qsad ekjhA blh ckr ls Jhd.B dks mf}Xurk gqbZ Fkh vkSj os jkrHkj lks ugha lds] djoVsa cnyrs jgsA 3. vkuanh vU; fL=;ksa dh rjg vius ifr ds fdl fopkj ls lger ugha Fkh\\ blds laca/k-esa mldh D;k /kkj.kk Fkh\\ mÙkj& vkuanh ds ifr JhdaB la;qä ifjokj esa feytqydj jgus ds çcy i{k/kj FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd xk¡o dh fL=;k¡ mudh fuand FkhaA Lo;a vkuanh Hkh muds bl fopkj ls lger ugha FkhA bl laca/k esa vkuanh ds Li\"V fopkj Fks fd ;fn la;qä ifjokj esa jgus ds fy, cgqr lgu'khyrk j[krs gq, Hkh] vius ifjtuksa dks cgqr egÙo nsrs gq, Hkh ifjokj ds lkFk fuokZg u gks lds] rks çfrfnu dh dyg ls thou dks cckZn djus dh vis{kk ;gh mÙke mik; gS fd vyx gksdj jgsaA 4. ykyfcgkjh ds çfr Lusg j[krs gq, Hkh JhdaB Øksf/kr D;ksa gks mBk Fkk\\ mÙkj& ykyfcgkjh vius cM+s HkkbZ Jhd.B dk cgqr vknj djrk FkkA JhdaB Hkh ykyfcgkjh ds çfr vxk/k gkfnZd Lusg j[krk FkkA ykyfcgkjh }kjk vkuanh dk vieku djrs gq, mls [kM+kÅ¡ Qsaddj ekjus dk vU;k;iw.kZ vijk/k djuk JhdaB tSls /kS;Zoku] lgu'khy vkSj {kek'khy O;fä dks Hkh Øks/k dh vfXu esa tyus dks foo'k dj x;kA og vPNh rjg le>rk Fkk fd iRuh dh eku&çfr\"Bk dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ifr dk gSA mlds çfr ,slk ?kksj vU;k;iw.kZ O;ogkj ns[kdj Jhd.B Øksf/kr gks mBk FkkA 5. Þdgrs gSa bl njokts ij dHkh gkFkh >werk Fkk] vc mldh txg ,d cw<+h HkSal FkhAß çLrqr iafä fdl fLFkfr dh vksj ladsr djrh gS\\ mÙkj& bl iafä ds }kjk ys[kd us Bkdqj csuhek/ko flag dh igys dh /ku/kkU; vkSj eku&çfr\"Bk ls ifjiw.kZ fLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrs gq, orZeku dh lkekU; ;k dgsa fd cnrj n'kk dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA igys Bkdqj lkgc ds njokts ij gkFkh >werk jgrk Fkk tks le`f) vkSj lEiUurk dk çrhd FkkA vc mlds LFkku ij ,d cw<h HkSal dk c¡/kk gksuk Bkdqj csuhek/ko flag dh nhu&ghu fLFkfr dks çdV djrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

72 fgUnh lkfgR; 6. Þbu us=fç; xq.kksa dks mUgksaus ch-,- bUgha nks v{kjksa ij U;kSNkoj dj fn;k FkkAß bl iafä dk vk'k; Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& dgkuhdkj us JhdaB ds nqcZy 'kjhj vkSj dkfUrghu psgjs dk ftØ djrs gq, dgk gS fd mudh ;g fLFkfr ch-,- dh fMxzh gkfly djus ds fy, dh xbZ dBksj esgur dk ifj.kke FkhA ch-,- ikl djus ds fy, mUgksaus fnu&jkr dM+h esgur dh] vius [kkus&ihus ij /;ku u nsus ds dkj.k viuh lsgr fcxkM+ yh FkhA blh dkj.k vc mudh vk¡[ksa detksj gks xbZ Fkha] psgjk dkfUrghu Fkk vkSj 'kjhj nqcZy gks x;k FkkA QyLo:i os vkS\"kf/k;ksa dk fujUrj lsou djrs jgrs FksA 7. Jhd.B fdl ckr dks tkfr vkSj ns'k nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd le>rs Fks\\ mÙkj& Jhd.B la;qä ifjokj ds i{k/kj FksA çkphu fgUnw lH;rk dk xq.kxku djuk mudh /kkfeZdrk dk ç/kku vax FkkA muds vuqlkj feytqydj lfEefyr ifjokj esa jgdj O;fä vius ifjokj] lekt vkSj ns'k dh mUufr dj ldrk gS] ijUrq la;qä ifjokj ds çfr v#fp dk Hkko lekt vkSj ns'k nksuksa ds fo?kVu dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA blfy, os ,dy ifjokj esa jguk ;k la;qä ifjokj dk VwVuk lekt vkSj ns'k nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd le>rs FksA 8. ykyfcgkjh flag ds Øksf/kr gksus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ mÙkj& ?kj esa vf/kd ?kh ugha gksus ds dkj.k vkuanh ykyfcgkjh flag ds fy, cukbZ x;h nky esa Åij ls ?kh ugha Mky ldh FkhA blh ckr dks ysdj nsoj&HkkStkbZ esa dgk&lquh gks xbZA tc ykyfcgkjh us vkuanh ds ihgj ds çfr O;aX;iw.kZ dFku fd;k rks vkuanh us Hkh pqHkrh ckr dg nhA bl dkj.k mtì LoHkko okyk ykyfcgkjh Øks/k ls vkx ccwyk gks mBkA 9. ^ogk¡ bruk ?kh fuR; ukbZ&dgkj [kk tkrs gSaA* bl dFku dks lqudj ykyfcgkjh flag us D;k çfrfØ;k dh\\ mÙkj& mä O;aX;ksfä lqurs gh ykyfcgkjh flag vkuanh ij mcy iM+kA Øks/k esa ikxy gksdj Hkkstu dh Fkkyh dks myV fn;k vkSj cksyk fd th pkgrk gS rqEgkjh thHk idM+dj [khap ysaA vkuanh us tc ;g dgk fd og ¼JhdaB½ vkt gksrs rks bldk etk p[kkrsA ;g lqudj ykyfcgkjh flag vR;Ur Øksf/kr gks x;k vkSj [kM+kÅ¡ mBkdj vkuanh dh vksj Qsaddj ekjhA 10. ^ij rqeus vktdy ?kj esa ;g D;k miæo epk j[kk gS\\* Jhd.B ds mä dFku dk vkuanh us D;k mÙkj fn;k\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 73 mÙkj& JhdaB dk ;g dFku lqudj igys ls gh Øks/k ls Hkjh cSBh vkuanh dh R;ksfj;k¡ p<+ xbZaA Øks/kkfXu esa tyrh gqbZ cksyh fd ftlus rqels ;ag vkx yxkbZ gS] og lkeus gksrk rks mldk eq¡g >qyl nsrhA og dgus yxh fd ;g rks esjk HkkX; dk Qsj gS] vU;Fkk ;g xWokj Nksdjk ftls pijklhfxjh djus dk Hkh 'kmj ugha gS og eq>s [kM+kÅ¡ ls ekj dj ,sls ugha vdM+rkA 11. vkuanh ds eq[k ls lkjk ?kVukØe tkudj Jhd.B us vius firk ls D;k dgk\\ mÙkj& Jhd.B us vius firk ls dgk fd vc bl ?kj esa mldk fuokZg ugha gks ldrkA ;g blfy, fd eq>s Hkh viuh eku&çfr\"Bk dk fopkj gSA vc vkids ?kj esa vU;k; vkSj gB dk çdksi gks x;k gSA ;gk¡ cM+ksa dk eku&lEeku ugha jg x;k gSA eSa ukSdjh dh otg ls ?kj ls ckgj jgrk gw¡A ;gk¡ esjs ihNs ls fL=;ksa ij [kM+kÅ¡ vkSj twrksa dh ckSNkj gksus yxh gSA ;g lc esjs fy, vlguh; gSA 12. JhdaB ds foæksgiw.kZ rsoj ns[kdj csuhek/ko flag ij D;k çHkko in~e\\ mÙkj& JhdaB tSls vkn'kZ iq= ds foæksgh rsoj ns[kdj Bkdqj csuhek/ko ?kcjk mBsA muls dksbZ tokc ugha cu ldk] os vokd~ jg x;sA dsoy bruk gh dg ik;s fd csVk rqe cqf)eku~ gksdj ,slh ckrsa djrs gksA bl çdkj fL=;ksa dks flj ij ugha p<+kuk pkfg,] os ?kj dk uk'k dj nsrh gSAa 13. xk¡o dh fL=;ksa dks fdl ckr dk cM+k g\"kZ gqvk vkSj D;ksa\\ mÙkj& xk¡o dh fL=;ksa dks tc ;g irk pyk fd Jhd.B iRuh ds ihNs firk ls yM+us dks rS;kj gSa rks mUgsa cM+k g\"kZ gqvk] D;ksafd xkSjhiqj xk¡o esa la;qä ifjokj ds os ,dek= mikld FksA blh dkj.k xko¡ dh yyuk,¡ mudh cM+h fuUnd FkhaA dbZ fL=;k¡ rks Jhd.B dks mä fopkj/kkjk ds dkj.k viuk 'k=q rd le>rh FkhaA ijUrq vkt fLFkfr fcydqy foijhr FkhA Lo;a Jhd.B la;qä ifjokj ds lkFk fuokZg u gksus dh ckr dg jgs FksA 14. Þcsuhek/ko iqjkus vkneh FksA bu Hkkoksa dks rkM+ x;sAß çLrqr iafä;ksa esa fufgr Hkko dks Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& tc firk&iq= ds chp xr fnol dh ?kVuk dks ysdj xeZ ekgkSy esa ckrphr gks jgh Fkh] rc vkl&iM+kSl ds yksx dksbZ gqDdk&fpye ihus ds cgkus] rks dksbZ yxku dh jlhn fn[kkus ds cgkus ogk¡ vkdj cSB x;sA dbZ vU; dqfVy yksx ml uhfriw.kZ vkSj çfrf\"Br ifjokj ds firk&iq= ds chp gksus okys dVqrkiw.kZ okrkZyki dks lquus vkSj etk ysus dh dkeuk fy, ogk¡ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

74 fgUnh lkfgR; vk tes FksA Bkdqj csuhek/ko o`) vkSj vuqHkoh O;fä Fks A os mu yksxksa ds Hkkoksa dks le> x;s FksA mUgksaus eu gh eu fu'p; dj fy;k Fkk fd mUgsa rkyh ctkus dk volj ugha nwaxkA 15. Þbykgkckn dk vuqHkoghu xzstq,V bl ckr dks u le> ldkAß ;gk¡ dkSu] fdl ckr dks ugha le> ldk\\ mÙkj& ;gk¡ bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ls Lukrd dh fMxzh çkIr djus okyk JhdaB vius firk dh ckr dks ugha le> ldkA tc firk&iq= esa xekZxeZ okrkZyki gksA jgk Fkk rc vkl&iM+kSl ds cgqr ls dqfVy yksx vkuan ysus ds fy, ogk¡ vk tek gks x;s Fks A csuhek/ko iqjkus vuqHkoh vkneh Fks] muds Hkkoksa dks le> x;s FksA mUgsa rkyh ctkus dk volj u nsus dh xjt ls JhdaB dks cM+s dksey 'kCnksa esa le>kus yxs] ftlls ckr u c<+sA ijUrq JhdaB vuqHkoghu ;qod Fkk tks vius firk ds Hkkoksa dks ugha le> ldkA 16. ykyfcgkjh flag dk vius cM+s HkkbZ JhdaB ds çfr dSlk O;ogkj Fkk\\ mÙkj& ykyfcgkjh vius cM+s HkkbZ JhdaB dk cgqr vknj djrk FkkA og dHkh mlds lkeus pkjikbZ ij ugha cSBrk Fkk] /kweziku ugha djrk Fkk] iku ugha [kkrk FkkA bl çdkj vius cM+s HkkbZ dk firk ls Hkh vf/kd lEeku djrk FkkA vius cM+s HkkbZ ds lkeus tkus ;k utjsa feykus rd esa mls ladksp gksrk FkkA 17. vkuanh vius eu esa D;ksa iNrk jgh Fkh\\ mÙkj& vkuanh us ykyfcgkjh flag ds viekutud ,oa Øwjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj dh f'kdk;r rks dh Fkh] ijUrq mls bl ckr dk vuqeku ugha Fkk fd ckr bruh c<+ tk;sxhA og LoHkko ls n;korh vkSj {kek'khy ukjh FkhA JhdaB ds brus xje gksus ij Hkh og >qa>yk jgh FkhA mldh f'kdk;r ds dkj.k gh mldk nsoj ?kj NksM+dj tkus dks foo'k Fkk rFkk mldk ifr vius LoHkko vkSj vkpj.k ds foijhr ?kj ls vyx gksus rFkk firk ls yM+us dks m|r FkkA ;g lc c[ksM+k ns[kdj vkuanh eu esa iNrk jgh FkhA 18. ÞcM+s ?kj dh csfV;k¡ ,slh gh gksrh gSaAß ;g ckr fdlus vkSj D;ksa dgh\\ mÙkj& ;g ckr Bkdqj csuhek/ko flag us rFkk xk¡o ds ftl O;fä us Hkh o`ÙkkUr lquk Fkk] mu lc us dghA D;ksafd vkuanh us ?kj NksM+dj tkrs gq, ykyfcgkjh flag dks jksddj u dsoy ?kj dks fc[kjus ls cpk;k] cfYd nksuksa Hkkb;ksa ds vxk/k çseiw.kZ&ân; esa njkj iMsus ls jksdk rFkk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 75 firk&iq= dks vyx gksus ls Hkh cpk fy;kA vkuanh ds foosdiw.kZ dne ls ?kj dh çfr\"Bk cuh jg xbZ rFkk dqfVy yksxksa dks rkyh ctkus dk volj Hkh ugha fn;kA Á’u 3 nh?kZ mÙkjh; Á’u 1. ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ds ukedj.k dh lkFkZdrk ij fopkj dhft,A mÙkj& çsepUn dh çfl) dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* ,d pfj= ç/kku dgkuh gSA dgkuh dh ukf;dk vkuanh ,d cM+s Å¡ps dqy dh ;qorh FkhA mlds firk Hkwiflag ,d fj;klr ds tehankj FksA os cgqr gh çfrf\"Br] mnkjfpÙk vkSj çfrHkk'kkyh O;fä FksA bl çdkj tUe ls rks vkuanh cM+s ?kj dh csVh Fkh gh] og ân; ls] pfj= ls vkSj drZO; ikyu dh –f\"V ls laLdkj&lEiUu FkhA og ftl ?kj esa cgw cudj vk;h Fkh] ml ?kj dh eku&e;kZnk dh j{kk djrs gq, mls VwVus ls cpkus esa mlus iw.kZ mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu fd;k FkkA mlus vieku djus okys nsoj dks {kek djrs gq, ?kj NksM+dj tkus ls jksddj ?kj dks fc[kjus ls cpk fy;kA mldks ;g foosdiw.kZ ,oa mnkjrkiw.kZ fu.kZ; gh mls cM+Iiu çnku djrk gSA vkuanh ds bl —R; ds ckjs esa ftlus Hkh lquk] mlh us mldh mnkjrk dh ljkguk djrs gq, mls cM+s ?kj dh csVh dgkA vr% dgkuh 'kh\"kZd ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* iw.kZ:is.k lkFkdZ gSA 2. vkidh –f\"V esa bl ikB esa dkSu lh ckr lcls xyr gqbZ\\ bl ckr dh ppkZ djrs gq, vius fopkj fy[ksa fd vki ml ckr dks cqjh D;ksa ekurs gS\\a foLr`r foospuk dhft,A mÙkj& esjh –f\"V esa ykyfcgkjh flag }kjk viuh HkkHkh ij Øks/k djuk] mlds ek;ds dh fuUnk djuk ;k vi'kCn dgdj [kM+kÅ Qsaduk lcls xyr dqaR; FkkA ykyfcgkjh dh ;g gjdr cgqr gh uhprkiw.kZ ,oa v{kE; FkhA mlus ,d ,slh ukjh dk vieku fd;k Fkk tks pfj= ls egkU] mnkjân;k] drZO;ijk;.k] {kek'khyrk vkfn xq.kksa ls vksr&çksr FkhA HkkHkh tSls xfjeke; in ij vklhu L=h dk bl rjg vieku djuk gekjh –f\"V esa ?kksj vijk/k gSA gekjh laL—fr esa rks çR;sd ukjh dks iwtuh;k ekuk x;k gSA tSlk fd dgk tkrk gS&^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs] jeUrs r= nsork*] vr% ykyflag dk mä —R; cgqr gh v'kksHkuh; vkSj vR;Ur fuUnuh; FkkA 3. Þ?kj dh NksVh&NksVh ckrsa lnL;ksa ds vge~ ds dkj.k fo?kVu dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSaAßcM+s ?kj dh csVh* dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij bl dFku dh lkFkZdrk ij çdk'k Mkfy,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

76 fgUnh lkfgR; mÙkj& mä dFku iw.kZ lR; gS fd ?kj&ifjokj esa NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dks ysdj lnL;ksa ds chp Vdjko gks tkrk gSaA os vius vge~ dks ysdj la;qä ifjokj rd dks fc[ksj nsrs gSaA çLrqr dgkuh esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA ykyfcgkjh flag vkSj vkuanh ds chp ,d&nwljs ds dqy ij fd, x;s O;aX;iw.kZ dFkuksa ls nksuksa gh ik= Øks/k ds vkos'k esa vkdj ifjokj dks VwVus ds dxkj ij igqp¡ k nsrs gSaA ykyfcgkjh ds nqoZ~;ogkj ls vkgr JhdaB Hkh mls viuh utjksa ls nwj dj nsuk pkgrk gSA tc ykyfcgkjh ?kj NksM+dj tkus yxrk gS rks vkuanh gh vieku dk pwaV ihdj mls {kek djrs gq, tkus ls jksd ysrh gSA vkSj ifjokj VwVus ls cp ikrk gSA vr% ys[kd ;gh lans'k nsuk pkgrk gS fd ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks vge~ dks R;kxdj esytksy cukdj jguk pkfg,A 4. vkuanh ds firk Hkwiflag dh vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr ij çdk'k Mkfy,A mÙkj& vkuanh ds firk Hkwiflag cM+s mPp dqy ds FksA os ,d NksVh&lh fj;klr ds rkYyqdsnkj FksA lkekftd –f\"V ls mudk ifjokj cgqr çfrf\"Br FkkA Lo;a Hkwiflag mnkjfpÙk vkSj çfrHkk'kkyh iq#\"k FksA os vkfFkZd –f\"V ls le`) vkSj lEiUu FksA muds ikl fo'kky Hkou] ,d gkFkh] rhu dqÙks] ckt] cgjh f'kdjs] >kM+&Qkuwl] v‚ujsjh eftLVsªVh vkSj _.k] tks ,d çfrf\"Br rkYyqdsnkj ds HkksX; inkFkZ gSa] lHkh fo|eku FksA nqHkkZX; ls yM+dk ,d Hkh u FkkA nso;ksx ls lkr yM+fd;k¡ gqbZa vkSj lkrksa gh thfor jghaA igyh meax esa viuh rhu iqf=;ksa ds fookg Hkh mUgksaus cM+h mnkjrk ls fd;s FksA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkwiflag ,d oSHko'kkyh rkYyqdsnkj FksA 5. vkuanh us Lo;a dks u;s ?kj ds vuqdwy dSls <kyk\\ mÙkj& vkuanh cgqr gh xq.korh vkSj :iorh ;qorh FkhA og vius firk Hkwiflag ds oSHko'kkyh ?kj ls xkSjhiqj xk¡o ds tehankj vkSj uacjnkj csuhek/ko flag ds cM+s csVs JhdaB dh iRuh cudj u;s ?kj esa vk;h FkhA vkuanh us ;gk¡ vkdj ns[kk fd ;gk¡ dk rks jax&<ax gh dqN vkSj FkhA ftl 'kku vkSj 'kkSdr ls thus dh mls cpiu ls vknr Fkh] og ;gk¡ ukeek= dks Hkh u FkhA gkFkh&?kksM+ksa dk rks dguk gh D;k] dksbZ lth gqbZ lqUnj cgyh rd u FkhA og js'keh Lyhij lkFk ykbZ Fkh] ijUrq ;gk¡ ?kweus ds fy, ckx gh ugha FkkA edku esa f[kM+fd;k¡ rd ugha FkhaA tehu ij Q'kZ ugha Fkk vkSj nhokjksa ij rLohjsa Hkh ugha FkhaA ;g ,d lk/kkj.k nsgkrh x`gLFk dk edku Fkk] fdUrq FkksM+s gh fnuksa esa vkuanh us vius dks bl ubZ fLFkfr ds vuqdwy ,sls cuk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 77 fy;k Fkk tSls mlus foykflrk dk thou dHkh ns[kk gh u gksA og lq[k&lqfo/kk ds lk/kuksa ls jfgr vius u;s ?kj esa iw.kZ larfq \"V vkSj çlUurk ds lkFk jgus yxhA 6. ÞJhdaB dks vius NksVs HkkbZ ykyfcgkjh flag ds çfr vxk/k gkfnZd Lusg FkkAß bl dFku dks mnkgj.k lfgr Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& JhdaB ds çfr ykyfcgkjh flag ds ân; esa cgqr vf/kd vknj Hkko Fkk rks JhdaB ds ân; esa mlds çfr vxk/k Lusg FkkA mUgksaus mls dHkh Mk¡Vk rd ugha FkkA tc os bykgkckn ls vius xk¡o vkrs] rks mlds fy, dksbZ u dksbZ oLrq vo'; ykrs FksA mUgksaus ykyfcgkjh ds fy, dsljr djus ds eqxæ dh tksM+h Hkh cuok nh FkhA xr o\"kZ ukx iapeh ds naxy esa tc ykyfcgkjh us vius ls Ms<+ xquk Hkkjh toku dks dq'rh esa iNkM+ fn;k Fkk rks JhdaB us iqyfdr gksdj v[kkM+s esa gh tkdj mls xys ls yxk fy;k Fkk vkSj ik¡p #i;s ds iSls yqVk, FksA dgkuh ds vUr esa Hkh ;gh crk;k x;k gS fd tc ?kj NksM+us dks m|r yky fcgkjh dks vkuUnh us jksd fn;k Fkk] rc Jhd.B us LusgiwoZd mls xys yxk;k vkSj Hkfo\"; esa çse&Hkko u VwVus dk opu Hkh fn;k FkkA bl çdkj Jhd.B dks vius NksVs HkkbZ ds çfr vxk/k gkfnZd Lusg FkkA 7. JhdaB ds eq[k ls ykyfcgkjh flag ds lkFk ,d gh ?kj esa fuokZg u gks ldus dh ckr luq dj mlds ân; esa mBs Hkkoksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;ä dhft,A mÙkj& JhdaB ykyfcgkjh ls cgqr vf/kd Lusg j[krs FksA ykyfcgkjh }kjk vkuanh ds çfr fd;s x;s nqoZ~;ogkj dh ?kVuk ls O;fFkr gksdj JhdaB us vius firk ls dg fn;k fd bl ?kj esa ykyfcgkjh ds lkFk mldk fuokZg ugha gks ldrkA ;g lqudj ykyfcgkjh ds ân; dks cM+k vk?kkr yxk FkkA ,d fnu igys ls gh mldks ân; /kM+d jgk Fkk fd og HkS;k ds lkeus dSls tk;sxk] dSls muls cksysxk rFkk muds lkeus utjsa dSls mBk ik;sxkA mlds ân; esa Xykfu vkSj i'pkrki dk Hkko FkkA mldk ân; jks jgk Fkk] og vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ik jgk Fkk rFkk vijk/k&cks/k ls mldk flj >qdk gqvk FkkA mls vius fd;s ij ?kksj iNrkok Fkk vkSj {kek&;kpuk dk Hkko mlds ân; esa FkkA 8. xkSjhiqj xko¡ ds dqfVy yksx csuhek/ko flag ds ifjokj ds ckjs esa dSlh ckrsa fd;k djrs Fks\\ mÙkj& xkSjhiqj xk¡o esa dqN ,sls dqfVy euq\"; Hkh Fks tks bl ifjokj dh uhfriw.kZ xfr vkSj e;kZnkiw.kZ O;ogkj ij eu gh eu tyrs FksA os dgk djrs FksJhdaB vius cki ls ncrk gS] blfy, og nCcw gSA mlus fo|k i<+h] blfy, og fdrkcksa dk dhM+k gSA csuhek/ko flag mldh lykg ds CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

78 fgUnh lkfgR; fcuk dksbZ dke ugha djrs] ;g mudh ew[kZrk gSA bl çdkj vPNs laLdkfjr vkSj e;kZfnr vkpj.k esa Hkh dqfVy yksx cqjkbZ <wa<rs jgrs FksA xk¡o dh fL=;k¡ Hkh JhdaB ds lfEefyr ifjokj ds i{k/kj gksus dh cM+h fuUnk djrh Fkha vkSj dbZ rks mUgsa viuk 'k=q gh le>us yxh FkhaA 9. ^cM+s?kj dh csVh*dFkk dh ukf;dk vkuanh dh pkfjf=d fo'ks\"krkvksa dks la{ksi esa fyf[k,A mÙkj& vkuanh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dgkuh ukf;dk rFkk vdsyh L=h ik= gSA mldh pfj= dh çeq[k fo'ks\"krkvksa dks fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa esa i<+k tk ldrk gS& 1. xq.korh vkSj :iorh& vkuUnh lqUnj] lq'khy vkSj xq.korh ;qorh FkhA blh dkj.k mlds ekrk&firk rFkk ifr Hkh mls dkQh pkgrs FksA 2. n;korh ,oa Jek'khy& vkuUnh n;kyq- ,oa {kek'khy ukjh FkhA mlus vius ifjokj dks fc[kjrs ns[kdj nsoj ykyfcgkjh dks {kek dj fn;k FkkA 3. LokfHkekuh ukjh& vkuUnh LokfHkekuh ukjh gksus ls viuk vieku pqipki ugha lg ldrh FkhA og vius ek;ds dh fuUnk Hkh ugha lquuk pkgrh FkhA og vius LokfHkeku dh j{kk ds fy, l{ke FkhA 4. vkn'kZ cgw ,oa vkn'kZ iRuh& vkuUnh dks vius firk ds ?kj esa lkjs lq[k çkIr gq, Fks] ijUrq llqjky esa lknxh ls jguk iM+kA fQj Hkh mlus Lo;a dks u;s ?kj ds vuqlkj <ky fn;k FkkA og vius ifr Jhd.B dk iwjk [k;ky j[krh FkhA og ifjokj dh ,drk ,oa Lusg&O;ogkj dh i{k/kj FkhA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkuanh ,d vkn'kZ ukjh ik= gS] ftldk pfj= çsj.kkLin gSA 10. ÞJhdaB ,d vkn'kZ iq#\"k ik= gSAa ß bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A vFkok JhdaB dh pkfjf=d fo'ks\"krkvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A mÙkj& JhdaB* cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dgkuh esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ iq#\"k ik= gSAa mudk pfj= vusd Js\"B xq.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS tks bl çdkj gS& 1. f'kf{kr ;qod& Jhd.B ch-,- ikl f'kf{kr ,oa laLdkjoku~ ;qod gSA vaxzsth lH;rk ds dqçHkko ls eqä rFkk Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa dk leFkZd gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 79 2. la;qä ifjokj dk i{k/kj& Jhd.B la;qä ifjokj dk i{k/kj gSA bl dkj.k og ,dy ifjokj dks gkfudkjd ekurk gSA xk¡o dh uo;qofr;k¡ blh dkj.k mlls ukjkt jgrh gSaA 3. vkn'kZ iq= ,oa vkn'kZ ifr& Jhd.B vius firk dk iwjk lEeku djrk gS rFkk iRuh ds lEeku dh j{kk djuh viuh drZ~rO; ekurk gSA 4. Lusg'khy& Jhd.B Lusgh LoHkko dk gSA og vius NksVs HkkbZ ls vxk/k Lusg j[krk gSA bl dkj.k og vkn'kZ HkkbZ gSA 5. vU;& Jhd.B lekt l/q kkjd] Hkkjrh;rk dk leFkZd] vk;qosZn ls yxko j[kus okyk] ifjJeh vkSj ljy LoHkko dk O;fä gSA bl çdkj JhdaB dk pfj= vusd xq.kksa ls xzf.Mr crk;k x;k gSA 11. ÞcM+s ?kj dh csVh* ,d vkn'kksZUeq[kh çsj.kkLin dgkuh gSAß Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* çsepUn dh Js\"B dgkfu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ys[kd us la;qä ifjokjksa ds fc[kjus dh leL;k ds dkj.kksa dks çLrqr djrs gq, mudk lQyrkiwoZd lek/kku Hkh çLrqr fd;k gSA NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dks ysdj] lnL;ksa ds vge~ ds dkj.k çk;% ifjokj VwV tkrs gSAa ys[kd us la;qä ifjokj ds egÙo dks çfrikfnr djrs gq, lnL;ksa ds R;kxiw.kZ O;ogkj ,oa HkkokRed yxko dks ifjokj esa tks ,dtqV j[kus dk mik; l>q k;k gS] lkFk gh {kek'khyrk] n;kHkko vkSj vius vge~ dks R;kxdj ifjokj ds fgr dks egÙo nsus ij cy fn;k gSA vkuanh dk pfj= cgqr cM+h çsj.kk nsus okyk fl) gqvk gS tks ifjokj ds fo?kVu dks jksdrk gSA bl çdkj ;g dgkuh ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k gS tks ikfjokfjd dyg dks Hkqykdj ,drk dh felky çLrqr djrh gSA 2.4 Bkdqj dk dq¡vk dgkuh % eqa’kh izsepan Ekqa’kh çsepan dh dgkuh ^Bkdqj dk dq¡vk* ds jpuk&f'kYi dks ckjhdh ls tkusxsA eqa’kh th vius laosnukRed mís'; dks dgkuh esa cquh xbZ fLFkfr;ksa vkSj çlaxkas ds ek/;e ls mtkxj djrs gSa vkSj pw¡fd bu fLFkfr;ksa vkSj çlaxksa dk lEcU/k mudh dYiuk ls u gksdj thou ds ;FkkFkZ vkSj thou dh lPpkb;ksa ls gksrk gSA fo|kFkhZ bl rF; ls voxr gksxa sA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

80 fgUnh lkfgR; 2.4.1 Bkdqj dk dqavk% mís’; 1. Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfrçFkk ds dkj.k xSj&cjkcjh] vHkko] foiUurk] frjLdkj] mRihM+u dks lg jgs reke vNwr oxZ dh =klnh dks tku ldsaxsA ml ij xgjkbZ ls lkps ldsaxsA 2. balku us gh tkfrxr HksnHkko ds vk/kkj ij xSjcjkcjh dks c<+kok nsdj mls LFkk;h :i nsus ds fy, vusdkusd /kkfeZd] ikjaikfjd] lukruh <dkslyksa dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj fdl çdkj djksM+ksa vNqrksa dks bUlku gksus ds ntsZ ls uhps fxjkdj xqykeksa dk thou thus ij etcwj fd;k] bl okLrfodrk dks vki tku ldsaxsA 3. vNwr xaxh dks ikuh ds fy, tkfrçFkk vkSj NqvkNwr ijaijk dh ck/kkvksa dks ikj djds] thou dks nkao ij yxkuk iM+rk gS] bl lPpkbZ ls vki ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA 4. xaxh dh vNwr cfLr esa mudk viuk dqvka u gksuk vNwrksa dh xjhch vkSj vkfFkZd foiUurk dh fLFkfr dks n'kkZrh gSA vNwr cfLr vkfFkZd :i ls bruh foiUu D;ksa gS\\ ds loky dks Hkh le>us esa ;g bdkbZ vkidh lgk;rk djsxhA 5. vLi`';rk dk O;ogkj djus okys fganqvksa ls la?k\"kZ djus ds LFkku ij xaxh dk iyk;u djuk] leL;k dk lek/kku ugha gS] cfYd tkfrçFkk vkSj vLi`';rk fuewZyu ds fy, xaxh }kjk dM+k la?k\"kZ djus dh vko';drk FkhA 2.4.2 Bkdqj dk dq¡vk & ewyikB1 tks[kw us yksVk eq¡g ls yxk;k rks ikuh esa l[r cncw vk;hA xaxh ls cksyk& ;g dSlk ikuh gS\\ ekjs ckl ds fi;k ugha tkrkA xyk lw[kk tk jgk gS vkSj rw lM+k ikuh fiyk;s nsrh gS! xaxh çfrfnu 'kke ikuh Hkj fy;k djrh FkhA dqvk¡ nwj Fkk] ckj&ckj tkuk eqf'dy FkkA dy og ikuh yk;h] rks mlesa cw fcydqy u Fkh] vkt ikuh esa cncw dSlh ! yksVk ukd ls yxk;k] rks lpeqp cncw FkhA t#j dksbZ tkuoj dq,¡ esa fxjdj ej x;k gksxk] exj nwljk ikuh vkos dgk¡ ls\\ Bkdqj ds dq,¡ ij dkSu p<+us nsxk \\ nwj ls yksx Mk¡V crk;saxsA lkgw dk dqvk¡ xk¡o ds ml fljs ij gS] ijarq ogk¡ Hkh dkSu ikuh Hkjus nsxk \\ dksbZ rhljk dqvk¡ xko¡ esa gS ughaA 1 http://www.hindisamay.com/content/193/9/ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 81 tks[kw dbZ fnu ls chekj gSA dqN nsj rd rks I;kl jksds pqi iM+k jgk] fQj cksyk& vc rks ekjs I;kl ds jgk ugha tkrkA yk] FkksM+k ikuh ukd can djds ih yw¡A xaxh us ikuh u fn;kA [kjkc ikuh ls chekjh c<+ tk;xh bruk tkurh Fkh] ijarq ;g u tkurh Fkh fd ikuh dks mcky nsus ls mldh [kjkch tkrh jgrh gSaA cksyh& ;g ikuh dSls fi;ksxs \\ u tkus dkSu tkuoj ejk gSA dq,¡ ls eSa nwljk ikuh yk;s nsrh gwA¡ tks[kw us vk'p;Z ls mldh vksj ns[kk& ikuh dgk¡ ls yk;sxh \\ Bkdqj vkSj lkgw ds nks dq,¡ rks gSaA D;k ,d yksVk ikuh u Hkjus nsaxs\\ *gkFk&ik¡o rqM+ok vk;sxh vkSj dqN u gksxkA cSB pqids lsA czã&nsork vk'khokZn nsax]s Bkdqj ykBh ekjsxsa] lkgwth ,d ds ik¡p ysaxsA xjhcksa dk nnZ dkSu le>rk gS ! ge rks ej Hkh tkrs gS] rks dksbZ nqvkj ij >k¡dus ugha vkrk] da/kk nsuk rks cM+h ckr gSA ,sls yksx dq,¡ ls ikuh Hkjus nsaxs \\* bu 'kCnksa esa dM+ok lR; FkkA xaxh D;k tokc nsrh] fdUrq mlus og cncwnkj ikuh ihus dks u fn;kA 2 jkr ds ukS cts FksA Fkds&ek¡ns etnwj rks lks pqds Fks] Bkdqj ds njokts ij nl&ik¡p csfQØs tek FksA eSnkuh cgknqjh dk rks vc u tekuk jgk gS] u ekSdkA dkuwuh cgknqjh dh ckrsa gks jgh FkhaA fdruh gksf'k;kjh ls Bkdqj us Fkkusnkj dks ,d [kkl eqdnes esa fj'or nh vkSj lkQ fudy x;sAfdruh vDyeanh ls ,d ekdsZ ds eqdnes dh udy ys vk;sA ukftj vkSj eksgrfee] lHkh dgrs Fks] udy ugha fey ldrhA dksbZ ipkl ek¡xrk] dksbZ lkSA ;gk¡ csiSls& dkSM+h udy mM+k nhA dke djus <ax pkfg,A blh le; xaxh dq,¡ ls ikuh ysus igq¡phA dqIih dh /kq¡/kyh jks'kuh dq,¡ ij vk jgh FkhA xaxh txr dh vkM+ esa cSBh ekSds dk bartkj djus yxhA bl dq,¡ dk ikuh lkjk xk¡o ihrk gSA fdlh ds fy, jksdk ugha] flQZ ;s cnulhc ugha Hkj ldrsA xaxh dk foæksgh fny fjokth ikcafn;ksa vkSj etcwfj;ksa ij pksVsa djus yxk& ge D;ksa uhp gSa vkSj ;s yksx D;ksa Å¡p gSa \\ blfy, fd ;s yksx xys esa rkxk Mky ysrs gSa \\ ;gk¡ rks ftrus gS] ,d& ls&,d N¡Vs gSaA pksjh ;s djsa] tky&Qjsc ;s djsa] >wBs eqdnes ;s djsaA vHkh bl Bkdqj us rks ml fnu cspkjs xM+fj;s dh HksM+ pqjk yh Fkh vkSj ckn es ekjdj [kk x;kA bUgha iafMr ds ?kj esa rks ckjgksa ekl tqvk gksrk gSA ;gh lkgw th rks ?kh esa rsy feykdj csprs gSA dke djk ysrs gSa] etwjh nsrs ukuh ejrh gSA fdl&fdl CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

82 fgUnh lkfgR; ckr esa gels Å¡ps gSa] ge xyh&xyh fpYykrs ugha fd ge Å¡ps gS] ge Å¡psA dHkh xk¡o esa vk tkrh gw¡] rks jl&Hkjh vk¡[k ls ns[kus yxrs gSaA tSls lcdh Nkrh ij lk¡i yksVus yxrk gS] ijarq ?keaM ;g fd ge Å¡ps gSa! dq,¡ ij fdlh ds vkus dh vkgV gqbZA xaxh dh Nkrh /kd&/kd djus yxhA dgha ns[k ysa rks xtc gks tk;A ,d ykr Hkh rks uhps u iM+sA mlus ?kM+k vkSj jLlh mBk yh vkSj >qddj pyrh gqbZ ,d o`{k ds va/ksjs lk;s es tk [kM+h gqbZA dc bu yksxkas dks n;k vkrh gS fdlh ij ! cspkjs eg¡xw dks bruk ekjk fd eghuks ygw Fkwdrk jgkA blhfy, rks fd mlus csxkj u nh FkhA bl ij ;s yksx Å¡ps curs gSa \\ dq,¡ ij fL=;k¡ ikuh Hkjus vk;h FkhA buesa ckr gks jgh FkhA ^[kkuk [kkus pys vkSj gqDe gqvk fd rktk ikuh Hkj ykvksA ?kM+s ds fy, iSls ugha gSaA* ^ge yksxksa dks vkjke ls cSBs ns[kdj tSls ejnksa dks tyu gksrh gSA* *gk¡] ;g rks u gqvk fd dyfl;k mBkdj Hkj ykrsA cl] gqdqe pyk fn;k fd rktk ikuh ykvks] tSls ge ykSafM;k¡ gh rks gSaA* *ykSfMa;k¡ ugha rks vkSj D;k gks rqe\\ jksVh&diM+k ugha ikrha \\ nl&ik¡p #i;s Hkh Nhu& >iVdj ys gh ysrh gksA vkSj ykSfM;k¡ dSlh gksrh gSa!* *er ytkvks] nhnh! fNu&Hkj vkjke djus dks th rjldj jg tkrk gSA bruk dke fdlh nwljs ds ?kj dj nsrh] rks blls dgha vkjke ls jgrhA Åij ls og ,glku ekurk ! ;gk¡ dke djrs& djrs ej tkvks; ij fdlh dk eq¡g gh lh/kk ugha gksrkA* nksuksa ikuh Hkjdj pyh x;ha] rks xaxh o`{k dh Nk;k ls fudyh vkSj dq,¡ dh txr ds ikl vk;hA csfQØs pys x,s FksA Bkdqj Hkh njoktk can dj vanj vk¡xu esa lksus tk jgs FksA xaxh us {kf.kd lq[k dh lk¡l yhA fdlh rjg eSnku rks lkQ gqvkA ve`r pqjk ykus ds fy, tks jktdqekj fdlh tekus esa x;k Fkk] og Hkh 'kk;n bruh lko/kkuh ds lkFk vkSj le>&cw>dj u x;k gksA xaxh ncs ik¡o dq,¡ dh txr ij p<+h] fot; dk ,slk vuqHko mls igys dHkh u gqvk FkkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 83 mlus jLlh dk Qank ?kM+s esa MkykA nk;s&a ck;sa pkSdUuh –f\"V ls ns[kk tSls dksbZ flikgh jkr dks 'k=q ds fdys esa lqjk[k dj jgk gksA vxj bl le; og idM+ yh x;h] rks fQj mlds fy, ekQh ;k fj;k;r dh jÙkh&Hkj mEehn ughaA var es nsorkvksa dks ;kn djds mlus dystk etcwr fd;k vkSj ?kM+k dq,¡ esa Mky fn;kA ?kM+s us ikuh esa xksrk yxk;k] cgqr gh vkfgLrkA tjk Hkh vkokt u gqbZA xaxh us nks& pkj gkFk tYnh&tYnh ekjsA?kM+k dq,¡ ds eq¡g rd vk igq¡pkA dksbZ cM+k 'kgtksj igyoku Hkh bruh rsth ls u [khap ldrk FkkA >qdh fd ?kM+s dks idM+dj txr ij j[ks fd ,dk,d Bkdqj lkgc dk njoktk [kqy x;kA 'ksj dk eq¡g blls vf/kd Hk;kud u gksxkA xaxh ds gkFk ls jLlh NwV x;hA jLlh ds lkFk ?kM+k /kM+ke ls ikuh esa fxjk vkSj dbZ {k.k rd ikuh esa fgydksjs dh vkoktsa lqukbZ nsrh jghaA Bkdqj dkSu gS] dkSu gS \\ iqdkjrs gq, dq,¡ dh rjQ vk jgs Fks vkSj xaxh txr ls dwndj Hkkxh tk jgh FkhA ?kj igq¡pdj ns[kk fd tks[kw yksVk eq¡g ls yxk;s ogh eSyk&xna k ikuh ih jgk gSA 2.4.3 dgkuh dk lkjka’k xzkeh.k ifjos'k dks ysdj Å¡ph rFkk uhph tkfr laL—fr dks mdsjrh gSA bl dgkuh esa lkekftd –f\"V ls nks Lrjksa dk ftØ fd;k gSA 1. mPp oxZ &ftls dkuwu ls dksbZ Mj ugha vkSj 2. fuEu oxZ &ftlds fy;s dksbZ dkuwu gS gh ughaA dgkuh bUgha nks oxZ esa fopj.k djrh gSA tks[kw vkSj xaxh fuEu oxZ ds çfrfuf/k gSa vkSj Bkdqj lkgc mPp oxZ ds çfrfuf/kA dgkuh dh ukf;dk xaxh xkao ds Bkdqjksa ds Mj ls vius chekj ifr dks LoPN ikuh rd ugha fiyk ikrh gSA bl foo'krk dks ikBd vius varj rd eglwl djrk gS] ;gh ys[kd dh egkurk dk ifjpk;d gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

84 fgUnh lkfgR; 2.4.4 egRoiw.kZ ç’uksÙkj Á’u- 1 vfry?kwÙkjh; Á’uksa ds mÙkj nhft, 1. ^dqvk¡ nwj FkkA ckj&ckj tkuk eqf'dy FkkA* ;gk¡ xaxh dh dkSu&lh foo'krk çdV gksrh gS\\ mÙkj& ;gk¡ xaxh dh xjhch dk fp= mHkj vkrk gSA xjhch ds dkj.k mUgsa viuk dqvk¡ ugha gSA xk¡o ds vU; nks gh dqvksa ls ikuh ysuk iM+rk gSA os dq,¡ ?kj ls cgqr nwj Hkh FksA 2. ^[kjkc ikuh ls chekjh c<+ tk,xh] bruk tkurh FkhA ijarq ;g u tkurh Fkh fd ikuh dks mcky ysus ls mldh [kjkch tkrh jgrh gSA* &blls dkSu&lh lkekftd okLrfodrk çdV gksrh gS\\ mÙkj& ;gk¡ xaxh dh vf'k{kk dk ladsr gSA fuEu vkSj xjhc yksx f'k{kk ls Hkh oafpr jg tkrs gSaA blfy, muesa vutkuh] va/kfo'okl vkfn Hkh ns[ks tkrs gSaA ;g lkekftd okLrfodrk ;gk¡ çdV gksrh gSA 3. ^gkFk&ik¡o rqM+ok vk,xh vkSj dqN u gksxkA* bl dFku ij vkidk fopkj D;k gSa\\ mÙkj& tkfr çFkk ,d vfHk'kki gSaA Å¡p tkfr fuEu tkfr ls dbZ çdkj ds Øwj O;ogkj djrs gSaA fuEu tkfr Å¡p tkfr ds dq,¡ ls ikuh ysuk euk gSaA 4. ^czkã.k nsork vk'khokZn nsax]s Bkdwj ykBh ekjsaxs] lkgwth ,d ds ik¡p ysaxsA xjhcksa dk nnZ dkSu le>rk gS\\* &tks[kw ds bl dFku dk eryc D;k gS\\ mÙkj& lekt esa xjhc yksx lHkh çdkj ds 'kks\"k.k ds f'kdkj gSA pkgs czkã.k gks] Bkdqj gks] lkgqdkj gks lc xjhcksa dks yqVk jgs gSaA xjhcksa ds nq[k&nnZ dks le>usokys dksbZ ugha gSA dksbZ lgk;rk nsusokys Hkh ugha gSaA ;s lkjh ckrsa tks[kw ds dFku ls Li\"V gksrh gSaA 5. ^xaxh dk foæksgh fny fjokth ikcafn;kas vkSj etcwfj;ksa ij pksVsa djus yxkA* &;gk¡ çLrqr fjokth ikcanh vkSj etcwjh D;k&D;k gSa\\ mÙkj& tkfr ds uke ij lekt esa cM+k vyxko FkkA fuEu dgs tkusokys yksxksa ls Nqvk ikuh ihuk] Hkkstu [kkuk] dq,¡ ls ikuh Hkjuk] jkLrs esa muls feyuk vkfn ckrksa esa ikcna h FkhA fuEu oxZ ds yksx ;s lc lgdj thus dks foo'k FksA mPp oxZ ds yksxksa ds fgrkuqlkj viuh ftanxh dh çkFkfedrkvksa dks r; djus ds fy, Hkh os foo'k FksA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 85 6. ^'ksj dk eq¡g blls Hk;kud u gksxk* &;gk¡ Bkdqj ds njokts dh rqyuk 'ksj ds eq¡g ls D;ksa dh xbZ gS\\ mÙkj& 'ksj ,d [kw[kkj tkuoj gSA blds eq¡g ds lkeus iM+usokyksa dks cpus dh mEehn ughaA blh çdkj Bkdqj dk ?kj Hkh xaxh tSls yksxksa ds fy, Mjkouk txg gSA Bkdqj ds lkeus iM+us ij cpuk eqf'dy gSA blfy, ,slh rqyuk dh xbZ gSA 7. dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij ekuoh; foo’krk dks Li\"V dhft,A mÙkj& xaxh ds ?kj igqp¡ us ij tks[kw I;kl ij dkcw ugh j[k ikrk vkSj ogh eSyk&xUnk ikuh dks fool gksdj ihrk gSA ekuoh; fooLrk dk ;s mnkgj.k gSA 8. uaxh Å¡ps yksxksa ds fo\"k; esa D;k fparu djrh gS\\ mÙkj& ;s yksx Å¡ps D;ksa gSa\\ pksjh ;s djrs gS]a tky&Qjsc ;s djsa] twBs eqdnes ;s djsaA lkgqth feykokV ds lkeku csprs gSaA ckjgksa ekl tqvk ;s [ksyrs gSaA dke ij etwjh ugha nsrs gSaA xjhc ukfj;ksa dks jl Hkjh vk¡[kksa ls ns[krs gSaA 9. ^ge yksxksa dks vkjke ls cSBs ns[kdj tSls ejnksa dks tyu gksrh gSA* &;gk¡ fdl lkekftd fLFkfr dh vksj ladsr gS\\ mÙkj& ;g ,d vfyf[kr dkuwu gS fd vkSjrsa ?kjsyw dke ds fy, gSaA [kkuk cukuk] crZu ekatuk] ikuh Hkjuk] diM+k /kksuk] cPpksa dks ikyuk vkfn ckrksa esa mudh ftanxh Q¡lh jgrh gSaA vxj dHkh blesa dksbZ pwd gksrh gS rks fiVus rd ukScr vkrh gSA enZ pkgs vkjke djsa] ysfdu vkSjrksa dks vkjke djus dk gd ugha gSA ;g fodV fLFkfr ;gk¡ O;ä gksrh gSA 10. dgkuh esa uaxh ds vanj fdruk Hk; gS mls 'kCnksa esa vfHkO;Dr dhft,A mÙkj& xaxh us vius ifr tks[kw ds I;kl ds dkj.k Mj ds Bkdqj ds dq,¡ ls ikuh rc ysus dh fgEer tqVkbZ tc mls dksbZ ns[k u jgk gks]ij fu;fr dks dqN vkSj eatwj FkkA dq,¡ esa ?kM+s ds tkrs gh ikuh Hkjus dh vkokt ls Bkdqj dk njoktk [kqyk] xaxh dks yxk oks idM+h tk;sxh mlds gkFk ls ikl vk;k ikuh dk ?kM+k Hkh NwV tkrk gS] Hkjk ikuh dk ?kM+k iqu% dq,¡ ds ikuh esa gh fxj tkrk gS vkSj xaxh Mj ds ekjs ogk¡ ls Hkkx tkrh gSA 11. ^xaxh ncs ik¡o dq,¡ dh txr ij p<+h] fot; dk ,slk vuqHko mls igys u gqvk FkkA* xaxh dks ,slk vuqHko D;ksa gqvk gksxk\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

86 fgUnh lkfgR; mÙkj& xaxh dk eu lkekftd jhfr&fjoktksa ds fo#) la?k\"kZ djusokyk gSA pqids ls lgh] og mPp oxZ ds yksxksa dks ijkLr djuk pkgrh gSA 'kq) ikuh dh t:jr vc mldh foo'krk gSA vc lkjh ck/kkvksa dks rksM+dj og ikuh Hkjus tk jgh gSA mlds fopkj esa ;g mPp oxZ ds yksxksa ds Åij mldk fot; gSA 2.4.5 fuca/kkRed Á’uksa ds mÙkj nhft, 1. xaxh ds pfj= ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaA mÙkj& xaxh çsepan dh dgkuh ^Bkdwj dk dqvk¡* dk çeq[k ik= gSaA og tkfr çFkk ls =Lr lekt dh çfrfuf/k gSaA dgkuh ds vkajHk esa og ifr dks ihus dk ikuh nsrh gSaA ysfdu ikuh ihus dk ;ksX; ugha Fkk] ml esa l[k~ cncw¡ FkhA nwj ds dq,¡ ls og jkst 'kke dks ikuh Hkj ykrh FkhA dy og ikuh ykbZ Fkh rks ml esa cncw¡ FkhA ifr tks[kw chekj Fkk og I;kl jksd u ldus ij [kjkc ikuh ihus dks rS;kj gks x;kA ysfdu xaxh u ikuh nsrhA og tkurh Fkh fd [kjkc ikuh ihus ls ifr dk chekj i<+ tk,xkA tkfr&çFkk tksjksa ij FkhA fuEu tkfr gksus ds dkj.k Bkdqj ;k lkgwdkj ds dq,¡ ls og ikuh u Hkj ldrhA tkfr çFkk ds ckjs esa lkps rs le; ge xaxh esa ,d foæksgh dk eu ns[krs gSaA mldh 'kadk ;g Fkh fd og D;ksa uhp gSa\\ vkSj ;s yksx D;ksa Å¡ps gSa\\ dgrs gS tkfr ls Å¡p ij fuEu ckrsa djrs gSaA ,sls lkspdj cMh lko/kkuh ls dq,¡ dh vkSj pyhA nsorkvksa dks ;kn djds mlus ?kM+k dq,¡ esa MkykA ?kM+s dks idM+dj txr ij j[kus og >qdh fd ,dk,d Bkdqj dk njoktk [kqy x;kA xaxh dk /kS;Z VwV x;k vkSj mlds gkFk ls jLlh VwV x;hA jLlh ds lkFk ?kMk ikuh esa fxj x;kA dkSu gS dkSu gS iqdkjrs Bkdqj dq,¡ dh vksj vkus yxsA blh le; xaxh txr ls dwndj HkkxhA bl çdkj ifr ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa lkspusokyh /khj vkSj tkfr&çFkk dks ?k`.kk djusokuh ukjh gS] xaxhA 2. ^tkfr çFkk ,d vfHk'kki gS* ÁLrqr fo\"k; ij vkys[k rS;kj fyf[k,A mÙkj& tkfr çFkk lekt dh ,d fodV leL;k gSA blds dkj.k lekt esa vlekurk],dkf/kdkj] fo}s\"k vkfn nks\"k mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA tkfr çFkk dh lcls cM+k nks\"k NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk gSA blds dkj.k ladh.kZrk dh Hkkouk dk çlkj gksrk gS vkSj lkekftd jk\"Vªh; ,drk esa ck/kk vkrh gSA tkfr ds uke ij fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa dks dbZ çdkj dh ;kruk,¡ lguh iM+rh gSaA mUgsa viuh ftanxh Lora= :i ls thus esa ck/kk gksrh gSA vke txgksa dks bLrseky djus ls muds fy, CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 87 ikcanh gSA fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa ls Nqvk ikuh ihuk] mudk cuk Hkkstu [kkuk] jkLrs esa nwljksa ds lkeus iM+uk vkfn ckrksa dks cqjk le>k tkrk gSA dbZ yksxksa us tkfr çFkk dks lekIr djus dh ckr dhA Hkkjr lafo/kku esa tkfr ds vk/kkj ij volj esa HksnHkko djus ij jksd Hkh yxkbZ gSA fiNyh dbZ lfn;ksa ls fiNM+h jgh dbZ tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa dks blls dbZ Qk;nk gq,A ysfdu tgk¡ tkfr O;oLFkk dk;e gS ogk¡ uhp tkfr okyksa dks ,d rjg ls vkj{k.k ds uke ij mudh uhprk dh ;kn fnykbZ tk jgh gSA vly esa vkj{k.k tgk¡ fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks volj ns jgk gS] ogha os mUgsa ;s ,glkl Hkh ;kn djokrk gS fd os misf{kr gSaA dkuwuh jksdFkke] f'k{kk esa gqbZ mUufr vkfn ds dkj.k bl dêjiu esa FkksM+h lh deh t:j vkbZA ysfdu tkfr çFkk u, :iksa esa orZeku gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa] 'kkld oxksaZ] jktuhfrKksa vkfn ds chp vkt Hkh ;g u,&u, :i /kjdj ekStwn gSA vxj ge bls lQy :i ls jksd u ik,¡ rks gekjh lkekftd mUufr laHko ugha gksxhA 2.5 eq[; 'kCnkoyh rfud ¾ FkksMk lkA uacjnkj ¾ xk¡o dk eqf[k;kA naxy ¾ v[kkM+kA >Yyk;k gqvk ¾ dzks/k ds dkj.k fp<+fp<+k;k gqvkA vokd~ ¾ u cksyus dh fLFkfrA dkafr&'kksHkk] pedA >kM&Qkuwl ¾ f'k'ks ds >kM] gf¡ M;k¡ vkSj fxykl rkYyqdsnkj ¾ fdlh Hkw&Hkkx dk tehankjA vkfnA Ckgjh ¾ ckt dh rjg ,d f'kdkjh fpfM;kA iqyfdr ¾ çse ;k g\"kZ ds osx ls ftlds jks,¡ mHkj vk,s gks] xnxnA Vhe&Vke ¾ cuko flaxkj] vkMEcjA vdLekr~ ¾ vpkudA fBBd x;k ¾ #d x;kA Lkjkguk ¾ ç'kalkA fljk ¾ NksjA fuxkg ¾n`f\"VA csfQØ ¾ fuf'par yksxA Ckl ¾ cncwA ukfTkj ¾ fyfidksa dk Áca/ku vf/kdkjhA nqvkj ¾ }kj&njokTkkA ekdkZ ¾ O;kikj&fpg~uA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

88 fgUnh lkfgR; Eksgrfee ¾ Áca/kdA fjokTkh ¾ jhfrxrA ikcanh ¾ jksd] Áfrca/kA etwjh ¾ eTknwjhA Ykr ¾ iSjA lk;k ¾ vkM+A csxkj ¾ tcju dke ysukA dyfl;k ¾ NksVk dy'kA ykSafM;k ¾ nklhA fNu Hkj ¾ {k.k HkjA fjvk;r ¾ NwVA 'kgtksj ¾ 'kfDr'kkyh&rkdrojA gydksjk ¾ fgydksjk @NksVh ygjA 2.6 vf/kxe xfrfofèk 1. ?kj dh lEgky esa ,d ifjokj ds lnL;ksa esa fdu xq.kksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA 2. vius uxj ds fdlh vkn’kZ ifjokj dks [kkstdj mlds vkn’kZ gksus ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst dhft,A 3. ikfjokfjd ifjizs{; esa {kek vkSj /kS;Z xq.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.kksa dksa vius lekt ds p;u dhft,A 4. NksVs HkkbZ ds :i esa ykyfcgkjh ds pkfjf=d xq.kksa dk fp=kadu vius vanj ds xq.kksa ls dhft, D;k gekjs vanj Hkh xyfr;ksa ds izfr bl rjg vijk/k cks/k dHkh gqvk gS\\ 5. tkfrxr Hksn&Hkko D;k gksuk pkfg,\\ bl fo\"k; ij ,d okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu viuh d{kkLrj ij dhft,A 6. ^^tkfrxr Hksn&Hkko nkuork dks tuu djrk gS** bl dFku ds leFkuZ esa dqN mnkj.k vius lkfgfR;d ifjizs{; ls pqfu,A 7. tkfrxr Hksn&Hkko esa vc dkSu dkSu lh dkuwu dh /kkjk, yxrh gSa\\ ,d pkVZ rS;kj dhft,A 8. yksxksa esa Ekkuokf/kdkj dh tkx:drk esa fdl Lrj rd Kku gqvk\\ rFkk i{kksa dks vkSj mtkxj djus dh vko’drk gS\\ 2.7 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. HkSal dk nks lsj rktk nw/k losjs mBdj dkSu ih tkrk Fkk& (a) Hkwi flag (b) csuhek/ko flag CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 89 (c) ykyfcgkjh flag (d) Jhd.B flag 2. ykyfcgkjh QwV&QwV dj jksus yxk Fkk& (a) xyrh ds vglkl ls (b) HkkbZ dh ckr lqudj (c) ?kj ls tkus dh ckr ls (d) ?kj esa jgus dh ckr ls 3. Þog cM+s ?kj dh csVh gS] rks ge Hkh dksbZ dqehZ&dgkj ugha gSAa ß ykyfcgkjh ds bl dFku esa dkSulk euksHkko O;ä gqvk gS& (a) viuRo (b) vgEk~ (c) vdqykgV (d) bZ\";kZ 4. ÞeSa bZ'oj dks lk{kh nsdj dgrh gw¡ fd rqEgkjh vksj ls esjs eu esa rfud Hkh eSy ughaAß ;g okD; vkuanh ds fdl Hkko dks O;ä djrk gS& (a) Lusg Hkko (b) ,dRo Hkko (c) i'pkrki dk Hkko (d) {kekHkko 5. csuhek/ko flag viuh vk/kh ls vf/kd lEifÙk HksaV dj pqds FksA (a) lk/kqvksa dks (b) efUnjksa dks (c) xjhcksa dks (d) odhyksa dks 6. blls Bkdqj Hkwiflag mlls cgqr I;kj djrs FksAß Hkwiflag viuh iq=h vkuanh ls vf/kd I;kj D;ksa djrs Fks& (a) og cgqr f'kf{kr FkhA (b) og lsokHkkoh Fkh (c) og vf/kd :iorh vkSj xq.korh FkhA(d) og lcls NksVh Fkh 7. JhdaB igyh ckj Hkwiflag ds ?kj x;s Fks& (a) yM+dh ns[kus (b) feBkbZ nsus (c) ukxjh&çpkj dk pank ysus (d) gksyh [ksyus 8. ÞL=h xkfy;k¡ lg ysrh gSa] ekj Hkh lg ysrh gSa ij çsepan ds vuqlkj D;k lgu ugha dj ikrh gSa& (a) ifr dh fuUnk (b) ek;ds dh fuUnk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

90 fgUnh lkfgR; mÙkj% (c) lkl dh fuUnk (d) iM+kSlh dh fuUnk 1. (c)] 2. (a)] 3. (b)] 4. (d)] 5. (d)] 6. (c)] 7. (c)] 8. (b) 2.8 lUnHkZ 1. jkeLo:i prqosZnh % fgUnh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl] yksd Hkkjrh izdk’ku 1996 2. jkeLo:i prqosZnh % fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj laons uk dk fodkl] Hkkjrh izdk’ku 1999 3. y{ehukjk;.k yky% vk/kqfud fgUnh dgkuh] ck.kh izdk’ku] 1089 4. e/kqjs’k] fgUnh dgkuh dk fodkl] lqfer izdk’ku bykgkokn 2000 5. MkW- bUnq jf’e % ubZ dgkuh dk Lo:i foospu] tu f’k{k.k laLFkku] fnYyh 2001 6. cPpu flag fgUnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl] jk/kkd`\".k izdk’ku] 2001 7. jktsUnz ;kno % la?k\"kZ’khy vke tu dh dgkfu;kW] gal fo’ks\"kkad] vxLr 2006 8. izsepan ,d v/;;u MkW- jkts'oj xq: 9. dgkuh&ubZ dgkuh MkW- ukeoj flag 10. izsepan ds thou] dyk vkSj d`frRo galjkt jgcj CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy vkSj fuca/k 91 bdkbZ 3 vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy vkSj fuca/k Lakjpuk 3.1 mís’; 3.2 ÁLrkouk 3.3 vk/kqfud fgUnh vkSj fuca/k 3.4 vk/kqfud fuca/k vkSj vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy 3.5 vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dk thou ifjp; 3.6 mRlkg 3.7 Øks/k fuca/k 3.8 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 3.9 vf/kxe xfrfofèk 3.10 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 3.11 lUnHkZ 3.1 mís’; ;g Lukrd Lrj ds ÁFke o\"kZ ds vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk fgUnh dh r`rh; bdkbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud fgUnh ds varxZr ^vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy* }kjk jfpr fuca/kksa ds ckjs esa tkusxsaA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy* ds fo\"k; esa tkusaxsA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn&  fuca/k dh fo/kkxr fo'ks\"krkvksa dk mYys[k dj ldsaxsA  fuca/kksa ds Ádkj ,oa blds Lo:i dks le> ldsaxsA  fuca/k&f’k{k.k dh fof/k ,oa f’k{k.k&ÁfØ;k dk fo'ys\"k.k dj ldsaxsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

92 fgUnh lkfgR;  fuca/k f’k{k.k ds fy, ikB&;kstuk dk fuekZ.k dj d{kk f’k{k.k esa Á;ksx dj ldsaxsA  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkn'kZ okpu dh dq'kyrk fodflr djukA ftlesa 'kq)rk] ;fr& xfr] vkjksg& vojksg] Hkko&Hkafxek vkfn ds ç;ksx dj ldsaxsA  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vFkZ xzg.k djrs gq, rhoz xfr ls ekSu iBu ,oa okpu dj ldsaxsA  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fo\"k;oLrq dk dsUæh; cks/k xzg.k dj ldsaxsA  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fo\"k;& foe'kZ dh dq'kyrk fodflr dj ldsaxsA  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa 'kCn&HkaMkj esa o`f) dj ldsaxAs  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkk\"kk dh yk{kf.kdrk] O;atdrk vkfn dh le> fodflr dj ldsaxsA  fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa yksdksfä;ksa] eqgkojksa] i;kZ;okph] foykse] Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa vkfn dh le> ,oa uoç;ksx dh dq'kyrk fodflr dj ldsaxsA  lkfgR; ds foLr`r v/;;u }kjk jlkLoknu dh vifjfer {kerk çnku djukA  lkfgR; ys[ku dh çsj.kk çnku djuk vFkkZr lkfgR; l`tu dh çsj.kk çnku djukA  Hkk\"kk ij iw.kZ vf/kdkj çkIr djds lkfgR; ys[ku ds çfr mlesa #fp çnku djukA 3.2 ÁLrkouk ;g Lukrd Lrj ds ÁFke o\"kZ ds vk/kqfud fgUnh dk Hkk\"kk dk ikB~;dze gSA ftu Nk=ksa us vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk ds varxZr fgUnh dk p;u fd;k gS muds fy, blesa vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy* }kjk jfpr iwoksZDr nksuksa fuca/kksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA 3.3 vk/kqfud fgUnh vkSj fuca/k yksdfç; x| fo/kk fuca/k ds v/;kiu dks le>rs gSaA igys ;g le>s fd fuca/k dgrs fdls gSa\\ Hkkjrh; ijaijk x| dks dfo;ksa dh dlkSVh dgrh gSA vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy dk fopkj gS ;fn x| dfo;ksa dh dlkSVh gS rks fuca/k x| dh dlkSVh gSA bl fo/kk esa x| dk futh :i fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA fuca/k dk {ks= vR;ar O;kid gSA bfrgkl] iqjkrÙo] n'kZu] foKku] vkykspuk] thou&ehekalk fdlh Hkh fo\"k; ij fuca/k ys[ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA çR;sd fuca/k ys[kd dh ,d fof'k\"V 'kSyh gksrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy vkSj fuca/k 93 fgUnh fuca/k ys[ku if'pe ds laidZ esa fo'ks\"k rkSj ij fodflr gqvkA fuca/k dks ifjHkkf\"kr djus ds fofo/k ç;kl gq,A xqykc jk; us viuh cgqpfpZr jpuk dkO; ds :i esa dgk gS& ^fuca/k ml x|& jpuk dks dgrs gSa ftlesa ,d lhfer vkdkj ds Hkhrj fdlh fo\"k; dk o.kZu ;k çfriknu ,d fo'ks\"k futhiu] LoPNanrk] lkS\"Bo vkSj lthork rFkk vko';d lxa fr vkSj lac)rk ds lkFk fd;k x;k gksA rdjhcu lok lkS o\"kksaZ ds bfrgkl esa fuca/k us vusd csgrjhu jpukdkjksa ls vius vfHkO;fä lalkj dk foLrkj fd;kA dqN çeq[k uke gSa& jktk y{e.k flag] jktk f'ko çlkn flrkjs fgan] nsodh uanu [k=h] çrki ukjk;.k feJ] ykyk Jhfuokl nkl] cky—\".k HkV~V] ckyeqdqan xqIr] cæh ukjk;.k pkS/kjh] ek/koçlkn feJ] egkohj çlkn f}osnh] paæ/kj 'kekZ xqysjh] iw.kZflag] xksikyjke xgejh] vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy] ';kelqanj nkl] ckcw xqykc jk;] ineq yky iqUukyky c['kh] Jh fo;ksxh gfj] ihrkacjnÙk cM+Foky] fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr] gtkjhçlkn f}osnh] fo|kfuokl feJ] ukeoj flag] gfj'kadj ijlkbZ] dqcsjukFk jk;] foosdh jk;] xq.kkdj eqys vkfnA Hkkjrsanq dky dh Hkk\"kk&fo\"k;d LoPNanrk rFkk O;kdj.k f'kfFkyrk dks feVkdj fganh&Hkk\"kk dh fLFkjrk rFkk x|&lkfgR; dk oSfo/; çnku fd;k] vkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh vkSj ^ljLorh* if=dk usA blh dky esa dkerk çlkn xq# fyf[kr fganh dk çkekf.kd O;kdj.k xzaFk çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA fganh&xzaFk ds ifj\"dkj ds lkFk vkpk;Z f}osnh us çpfyr fo/kkvksa ds vykok fofo/k lkef;d rFkk foKku&fo\"k;d fuca/k] laLej.k] vkRedFkk] i=dkfjrk vkfn fo\"k;ksa ij fy[kus dh çsj.kk nh FkhA leh{kk fo/kk esa fofo/k 'kSfy;ksa dk Hkh çorZ~ru fd;k x;k Fkk; tSls&fo'ys\"k.kkRed xos\"k.kkRed fu.kZ;kRed 'kSfy;kA¡ bl ;qx esa vuqokn dk Hkh dke c<+&p<+dj gqvkA bl çdkj f}osnh ;qx esa x|&lkfgR; lokZxh.k rFkk cgqeq[kh cukA bl ;qx ds x|dkjksa esa çsepan] ';kelqanj nkl] paæ/kj 'kekZ ^xqysjh i| flag 'kekZ] ljnkj iw.kZ flag] vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy vkfn çeq[k gSaA bl ;qx ds dfo;ksa esa v;ks/;k flag mik/;k; ^gfjvkS/k*] t;'kadj çlkn] lw;Zdkar f=ikBh ^fujkyk*] lqfe=kuanu iar vkfnA Nk;kokn dks e/;oxhZ; psruk dk foæksg dgk tkrk gSA dkO;&fo/kk esa gh ugha] vfirq x|&fo/kkvksa esa Hkh foæksg dh og NVk æ\"VO; gSA Hkk\"kk esa yk{kf.kd vkSj dykRed 'kCnkoyh dks çJ; feyk FkkA x|&lkfgR; esa thou ds var}a}ksa dh euksoSKkfud ij[k dk Lokxr gqvkA leh{kk&fo/kk esa jpukvksa ds ewY;kadu esa dfo ds –f\"Vdks.k vkSj okrkoj.k dks Hkh ekU;rk çkIr gqbZA jsfM;ks&ukVdksa rFkk Hkko&fp=ksa dk i;kZIr fodkl gqvkA ;s fo'ks\"krk,¡ egknsoh] çlkn] prqjlsu 'kkL=h] ia- CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

94 fgUnh lkfgR; cspu 'kekZ ^mxz*] jke dqekj oekZ] uannqykjs oktis;h] fo;ksxh gfj rFkk jk;—\".k nkl dh x|&—fr;ksa esa çLdqfVr gSA 3.4 vk/kqfud fuca/k vkSj vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy Hkkjrh; ijaijk x| dks dfo;ksa dh dlkSVh dgrh gSA vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy dk fopkj gS ;fn x| dfo;ksa dh dlkSVh gS rks fuca/k x| dh dlkSVh gSA bl fo/kk esa x| dk futh :i fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA fuca/k dk {ks= vR;ar O;kid gSA bfrgkl] iqjkrÙo] n'kZu] foKku] vkykspuk] thou&ehekalk fdlh Hkh fo\"k; ij fuca/k ys[ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA çR;sd fuca/k ys[kd dh ,d fof'k\"V 'kSyh gksrh gSA fuca/k dks x| dh ,d mRÑ\"V jpuk ekuk tkrk gSA Hkk\"kk dh Ákatyrk] lkS\"Bo rFkk rdZlaxr fopkj J`a[kyk dk fun’kZu geas fuca/k lkfgR; eas feyrk gSA fuca/k dh jpuk dh ÁÑfr gh bl Ádkj dh gksrh gS fd geas fo\"k; dh xgjkbZ eas mrjus ij gh vFkZxzg.k laHko gks ikrk gSA fuca/k&f’k{k.k ÁfØ;k vkSj Áfof/k ds ifjp; ds fy;s ;g Hkh vko’;d gS fd ge fgUnh x| lkfgR; eas fuca/k dh fofo/k :ikRed 'kSfy;ksa] Ádkjksa vkSj v/;;u&v/;kiu dh n`f\"V ls eq[; fcUnqvksa ds ckjs eas Hkh tkudkjh ÁkIr djsaA bl n`f\"V ls fuca/k f'k{k.k Áfof/k dh i`\"BHkwfe ds :Ik eas budk laf{kIr ifjp; bl bdkbZ eas ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 3.5 vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dk thou ifjp; vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy dk tUe lu~ 1884 esa mÙkj çns'k ds cLrh ftys ds vxksuk xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA ckY;dky ls gh vkius laL—r dk Kku çkIr fd;k ,oa baVjehfM,V rd f'k{kk çkIr dhA rHkh ls vkidh lkfgfR;d ço`fÙk;k¡ ltx jghaA 26 o\"kZ dh mez esa* fgUnh&'kCn&lkxj* ds lgdkjh laiknd gq, ,oa ukS o\"kksaZ rd ^ukxjh çpkfj.kh* if=dk ds laiknd Hkh jgsA fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dk'kh esa vki fgUnh foHkkx esa v/;kid gks x, vkSj ckn esa foHkkxk/;{k Hkh cuk, x,A lu~ 1937 rd vki ogha jgsA fQj vodk'k xzg.k dj lkfgR;&lsok djus yxsA lu~ 1940 esa 56 o\"kZ dh mez esa 'kqDy th LoxZoklh gq,A vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy dh jpuk,¡& ^f=os.kh*] ^jl&ehekalk*] ^fpUrkef.k* Hkkx&1 o 2] ^fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* vkfnA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)