CU-SEM-III-BA-English-III-Second Draft-converted

UNIT – 11: VOCABULARY: ANALOGIES Structure 11.0 Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction 11.2 To introduce the student to Vocabulary: Analogies 11.3 Summary 11.4 Keywords 11.5 Learning Activity 11.6 Unit End Questions 11.7 References 11.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you should be able to: ● Enrich their critical thinking skills ● Enhance vocabulary ● Solve analogies 11.1 INTRODUCTION Word analogies are not only effective at building vocabulary, they also develop critical thinking skills. Unlike vocabulary activities that require students to memorize word definitions, word analogies develop a deep understanding of words by exploring meaningful relationships. When students from logical connections between words, they create a mental network of ideas—this deepens understanding and increases retention. 11.2 ANALOGY DEFINITION What Is an Analogy? An analogy is something that shows how two things are alike, but with the ultimate goal of making a point about this comparison. The purpose of an analogy is not merely to show, but also to explain. For this reason, an analogy is more complex than a simile or a metaphor, which aim only to show without explaining. (Similes and metaphors can be used to make an analogy, but usually analogies have additional information to get their point across.) 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

What Is an Example of an Analogy? Consider this analogy, meant to communicate futility: “What you’re doing is as useful as rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic.” Here, the speaker is using a simile to compare the task being done to the task of rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic. But the ultimate goal is not just to compare one task to another, it is to communicate that the first task is useless—by comparing it to a similarly useless task, such as rearranging deck chairs on a ship that famously sank into the sea on its maiden voyage. Analogy requires connection and comparisons which demands a flexible use of language. It is quite possible that a metaphor or complex analogy may not make much sense on the surface however, with a little effort to understand the relationships between the things being compared will usually clear things up. There are two symbols in an analogy viz the colon and the double colon. The colon (:) stands for is related to, and the double colon (: :) can be read as in the same way that. For example- Pigs: Sty; Horses: Stable [Here the words express the relationship of an animal and their habitat, thus the analogy here is habitat] Cardiologist: Heart; Nephrologists: Kidney [Here cardiologist treats heart and a specialist for kidneys is known as Nephrologist.] The key to solving any question on analogy is to first establish a relationship between the pair given and then find a similar relationship in the options that are given. Different Types of Analogy Analogy of antonyms: Herein we compare the opposite attribute the words in question. It may contain two opposing actions, elements, feelings, thoughts, and phenomena. Example: Sweet : Sour; Impartial : Biased Analogy of synonym: In this case, we establish nexus between words of similar meaning. Here we find words of parallel meaning. 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Example: Great: Wonderful; Alleviate: Reduce Analogy of characteristic or attribute: This is the case where trait or characteristic of an element or object or person is compared. These are also called descriptive analogy because one word describes the other. Example: Dog: Loyal; Heir: Inherit Analogy of definition: In this kind of analogy one of the words defines the other or is the synonym of the other. Example: Archipelago: Island; Constellation: Star Analogy of Part to whole: This analogy is focused where one word is the part of the other. The order can be part to whole or whole to part. Example: Keyboard: Computer; School: Classroom Analogy of member and class: In this kind of analogy a word is the element of the class which the other word generally describes. The order is a member and the class generally but could be vice versa. Example: Apple: Fruit; Tree: Flora Analogy of performer and related action: This kind of analogy usually pertains to the relationship where one is a performer and the other is the action that the performer renders. The order can be the other way round as well. Example: Arbitrator: Judge; Artist: Sketch 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Analogy of performer and tool: In this analogy, the relationship between the performer and his tool is traced. The order is liable to change. Example: Artist: Brush; Carpenter: Hammer Analogy of tool and object: This analogy traces the relationship between the tool and the object which it uses. Example: Hammer: Nails; Car: Fuel Cause and effect analogy: In this analogy, one word describe the cause of a particular action or event whereas the other word describes the effect of the given cause. Example: Detonation: Explosion; practice: improve Analogy of manner: This kind of analogy the manner, way and style by which the action is accomplished is described. Example: Winnow: Wheat; Refine: Oil Analogy of Symbol: Here one would witness a relationship where one word represents a concept, action or thing. Example: Aside: Parentheses; Olive branch: Peace Analogy of action and significance: It is an analogy wherein one word describes an action whereas the other word reflects the significance of the action. Example: Fidget: Uneasiness, Curtsey: Reverence 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Example: Thrifty: Miserly; Tepid: Hot Analogy of pair: This analogy reflects on objects that are incomplete without the existence of the other. This helps us put things together in an easier fashion. Example: Pen: Ink; Letter: Envelope Analogy of gender: In this analogy, we describe the gender relationship. Example: Duck: Drake; Lion: Lioness Analogy of grammatical relationship: This kind of analogy establishes the grammatical relationship. Example: He: His; Noun: Pronoun Analogy of Composition: This analogy implies that when a large number of a single element is clubbed together, they make a whole new entity. Example: Page: Book; Stanza: Poem Analogy of location: In this kind of analogy, one seeks to establish a relationship between the location of the subject matter. Example: Apples: Orchard; Books: Library Analogy of offspring: In this analogy, one word defines the creature and the other the offspring. The order of the words may vary. Example: Chick: Hen; Frog: Tadpole Analogy of function: This analogy traces the relationship where one word is the purpose or function of the other word. Example: Nose: Olfactory; Eyes: Vision 11.3 SUMMARY • To solve an analogy, always try and establish a relationship between the given pair of words. There is in all cases a direct and necessary relationship between the words in the question. • Once you have the relationship formulated, try making a simple sentence about the given pair of words. Follow the same step for answer choices. • In case the more than words in the answer choices fit the criteria of relationship, try establishing a narrower relationship between the words in question and then apply the new relationship to the answer choices. 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Avoid the obvious relationship between more than one answer choices for these are given to confuse you. In such answer choices, you may find words that are related in a similarity of meanings but are different once you establish a grammatical or logical connection. You must re-read the question and try to establish a specific relationship rather than the obvious because it is impossible that a question will have two or more correct answer. • One is required to establish a direct and necessary relationship in the analogy. Resultantly it is advisable to eliminate the choices that do not establish a direct and necessary connection. Try making informed guesses whilst you are at it. • Sometimes it is a secondary meaning or a close synonym that is the rick to answer. Therefore, in order to establish a direct relationship, try using the secondary meaning of the words to arrive at a more sensible relationship. 11.4 KEYWORDS • Analogy of antonyms: Herein we compare the opposite attribute the words in question. It may contain two opposing actions, elements, feelings, thoughts, and phenomena. • Analogy of characteristic or attribute: This is the case where trait or characteristic of an element or object or person is compared. • Analogy of definition: In this kind of analogy one of the words defines the other or is the synonym of the other. • Analogy of Part to whole: This analogy is focused where one word is the part of the other. The order can be part to whole or whole to part. • Analogy of member and class: In this kind of analogy a word is the element of the class which the other word generally describes. • Analogy of performer and tool: In this analogy, the relationship between the performer and his tool is traced. The order is liable to change. • Analogy of tool and object: This analogy traces the relationship between the tool and the object which it uses. • Cause and effect analogy: In this analogy, one word describe the cause of a particular action or event whereas the other word describes the effect of the given cause. • Analogy of manner: This kind of analogy the manner, way and style by which the action is accomplished is described. • Analogy of intensity: This type of relationship pertains to the words in each pair have similar meanings, but one word is stronger, more intense, than the other. • Analogy of pair: This analogy reflects on objects that are incomplete without the existence of the other. 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Analogy of location: In this kind of analogy, one seeks to establish a relationship between the location of the subject matter. 11.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Ask the students to practice various types of analogies problems and explain them to the class. __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 11.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions Solve and explain the following analogies. 1. Odometer is to mileage as compass is to a. speed b. hiking c. needle d. direction 2. Marathon is to race as hibernation is to a. winter b. bear c. dream d. sleep 3. Window is to pane as book is to a. novel b. glass c. cover d. page 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Cup is to coffee as bowl is to 208 a. dish b. soup c. spoon d. food 5. Yard is to inch as quart is to a. gallon b. ounce c. milk d. liquid Long Questions 1. What are analogy questions? 2. How do you solve analogy questions? 3. What is the easiest way to solve an analogy question? 4. How many types of analogies are there? 5. What is the easiest way to solve an analogy question? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Question 1 River : Stream : : Ocean : ? a. Pond b. Current c. Dam d. Sea 2. Question: 2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Coins : mint : : Bricks : ? 209 a. Foundry b. Furnace c. Cemetery d. Kiln 3. Question: 3 Moderate : Intensify : : Nominal : ? a. Memorial b. Chacs c. Distance d. Expensive 4. Question Maharashtra : India : : Texas : ? a. Brazil b. Mexico c. USA d. Canada 5. Question Sitar : Guitar : : Tanpura: ? a. Trumpet b. Mridanga c. Harmonium d. Violin Answers 1-b; 2-d; 3-d; 4-c; 5-d CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

11.7 REFERENCES Reference’s book • Murphy, R., English Grammar in Use -Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Learners of English, Cambridge University Press (2013), UK. • Hewing, Martin, Advanced Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, 3rd Edition (2013), UK. Web Sources: • https://www.smart-words.org/list-of-synonyms/ • https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/basic-grammar • https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/ • https://journals.openedition.org/lexis/478 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)