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Bahadurgarh. 6.3 HISTORY The foundations of the present Punjab were laid by Banda Singh Bahadur, a hermit who became a military leader and, with his fighting band of Sikhs, temporarily liberated the eastern part of the province from Mughal rule in 1709–10. Banda Singh’s defeat and execution in 1716 were followed by a prolonged struggle between the Sikhs on one side and the Mughals and Afghans on the other. By 1764–65 the Sikhs had established their dominance in the area. Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) subsequently built up the Punjab region into a powerful Sikh kingdom and attached to it the adjacent provinces of Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar (all of which are now fully or partially administered by Pakistan). In 1849 the Punjab kingdom fell to the troops of the British East India Company and subsequently became a province under British rule. By the late 19th century, however, the Indian nationalist movement took hold in the province. One of the most significant events associated with the movement was the 1919 Massacre of Amritsar, which resulted from an order given by the British general Reginald Edward Harry Dyer to fire on a group of some 10,000 Indians who had convened to protest new anti-subversion regulations enacted by the British administration; according to one report, nearly 400 died and about 1,200 were injured in the conflict. When India gained its independence in 1947, the British province of Punjab was split between the new sovereign states of India and Pakistan, and the smaller, eastern portion became part of India. After independence, the history of the Indian Punjab was dominated by Sikh agitation for a separate Punjabi-speaking state, led by Tara Singh and later by his political successor, Sant Fateh Singh. In November 1956, however, rather than being divided along linguistic lines, the Indian state of Punjab was enlarged through incorporation of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), an amalgamation of the pre-independence princely territories of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Faridkot, Kapurthala, Kalsia, Malerkotla (Maler Kotla), and Nalagarh. Political and administrative leadership for the enlarged Punjab was provided by Sardar Pratap Singh Kairon, chief minister of the state from 1956 to 1964. The call for a separate Indian state containing the predominantly Punjabi-speaking areas intensified in the wake of Punjab’s expansion. Eventually, the government of India met the demand. On November 1, 1966, Punjab was divided on the basis of language into the mostly Hindi-speaking state of Haryana and the new, primarily Punjabi-speaking state of Punjab; meanwhile, the northernmost districts were transferred to Himachal Pradesh, and the newly constructed city of Chandigarh and its immediate surroundings became a separate union territory. Though not a part of either state, the city of Chandigarh was retained as the joint administrative headquarters, or capital, of both Haryana and Punjab. 94 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Although Sikhs had won the use of Punjabi within the state, by the 1980s militant factions of the Shiromani Akali Dal (Supreme Akali Party) and the All India Sikh Students’ Federation were demanding the establishment of an autonomous Sikh homeland, or Khalistan (“Land of the Pure,” a term introduced as early as 1946 by Tara Singh). In order to attain their goal, those groups began to use terrorism, including the indiscriminate killing of Punjabi Hindus and even those Sikhs who opposed the creation of Khalistan. In June 1984, in an effort to dislodge Sikh militants fortified in the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple (the Sikhs’ holiest shrine), the Indian army carried out an attack. The Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and most of his armed followers were killed, as were at least 100 Indian soldiers. In retaliation, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated at her Delhi home by two of her Sikh bodyguards, which in turn led to violence against Sikhs in Delhi and elsewhere. A climate of violence and disorder persisted in Punjab through the 1980s, but by the early 1990s the state had returned to relative stability. The general peace there continued into the early 21st century, helped by the naming of Manmohan Singh, a Sikh, as the prime minister of India in 2004. 6.4 CAPITAL-CHANDIGARH Chandigarh, city and union territory of India. Located about 165 miles (265 km) north of New Delhi, the territory is bounded by the state of Haryana on the east and by the state of Punjab on all other sides. It is situated on the Indo-Gangetic Plain a short distance southwest of the Shivalik Range (Shivalik Range), between two seasonal hill torrents, the Sukhna and Patialirivers. The land is a flat and fertile tract of alluvial soils, and its rural farmland produces such crops as wheat, corn (maize), and rice. In the summer months (April to June) temperatures may rise above 120 °F (about 50 °C), while in the winter months (November to February) temperatures may dip into the mid-30s F (about 2 °C), with frequent rain showers. The monsoon season (July to September) is hot and humid. Lying within the territory of Chandigarh are the city of Chandigarh, several towns, and a number of adjoining villages. Administration of the territory’s government is provided by the governor of Punjab, who is assisted by a senior officer; both are appointed by the national government. Chandigarh city is the capital of the territory and of the states of Haryana and Punjab. Chandigarh’s name, meaning “stronghold of the goddess Chandi,” is derived from the ChandiMandir, a temple dedicated to the goddess that is located near the town of Mani Majra. Area union territory, 44 square miles (114 square km). Pop. city, (2001) 808,515; union territory, (2001) 1,063,000; city, (2011) 960,787; union territory, (2011) 1,054,686. 6.4.1 History With the partition of India in 1947, the old British province of Punjab was divided into two 95 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

parts. The larger western part, including the Punjabi capital of Lahore, went to Pakistan. The eastern part was granted to India, but it was without an administrative, commercial, or cultural centre. Consequently, plans to find a suitable site for the capital of the new Indian Punjab were undertaken soon after partition. The Indian government considered several options—including Amritsar, Jalandhar (Jullundur), Phillaur, Ludhiana, Shimla (Simla), Ambala, and Karnal—and selected the present site of Chandigarh in 1948. It was hoped that a magnificent new state capital, scenically located at the foot of the Himalayas, would become a symbol of modernity, would heal the wounded pride of Indian Punjabis, and would house thousands of mostly Hindu and Sikh refugees who had fled from Muslim-dominated Pakistan. The city was planned by the Swiss-born architect Le Corbusier, assisted by Maxwell Fry, Jane Drew, and several Indian architects and town planners. Construction began in the early 1950s, and most of the city was completed in the early 1960s. The project ultimately required the relocation of some 21,000 people from 58 villages. The Chandigarh union territory was constituted on November 1, 1966, when the Indian Punjab was reorganized along linguistic lines into two new states—predominantly Hindi- speaking Haryana and Punjabi-speaking Punjab. Straddled between Haryana and Punjab, the city of Chandigarh was made the shared capital of the two states and of the union territory itself. Under the terms of the 1986 Punjab Accord, the entire union territory was to become part of Punjab, whereas the agriculturally productive, mostly Hindi-speaking areas of Fazilka and Abohar, both in Punjab, were to be transferred to Haryana; by the early 21st century, however, this plan had yet to come to fruition. 6.4.2 The Contemporary City and Territory The city of Chandigarh, with its well-developed infrastructure and relatively low population density, covers more than half of the union territory. It consists of more than 50 rectangular sectors, which are separated from one another by broad streets carrying the city’s fast-moving arterial traffic. The main government buildings are in the northern part of the city. In the southeast are the industrial areas, separated from the residential sectors by a greenbelt planted with mango trees. Among the city’s principal industries are electronics, pharmaceuticals, ceramic plumbing fixtures, and electrical appliances. Most of the population of the territory is concentrated in the southern sector of Chandigarh city. Hindus constitute by far the predominant religious group, although Sikhs form a significant minority. There also is a sprinkling of Muslims, Christians, and Jains. Hindi and Punjabi are the most widely spoken languages in the territory. The territory has many notable educational and cultural institutions, including Panjab 96 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

University (founded 1947), the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, the Punjab Engineering College, the Government College of Art, and the Government Medical College and Hospital. There also are several specialized arts academies. Chandigarh’s local museum houses a rich collection of Gandhara sculptures and Pahari and Sikh paintings, while archaeological digs in the area have yielded ancient Indus civilization (c. 2500–1700 BCE) artifacts, particularly pottery. The city also is known for its extensive rose garden and for its unusual rock garden, which contains numerous statues created from broken objects by the self-taught artist Nek Chand. Chandigarh has a multitude of sports and recreation facilities. In the northeast is the large, artificial Lake Sukhna, which has become the main spot in the city for promenading and evening recreation. There also are many government-supported sports complexes and community centres. These have served as the training grounds for numerous nationally and internationally competitive athletes in field hockey, cricket, rowing, and other sports. 6.5 TOURIST CIRCUITS OF PUNJAB Amritsar - Ram Tirath - Sarai Amanat Khan -Wagha Border - Amritsar Among the various tourist circuits of Punjab, Amritsar - Ram Tirath - Sarai Amanat Khan - Wagha Border - Amritsar is one of the important one. We start our trip from the holy city of Amritsar by visiting the famous places like Golden Temple, DurgianaMandir, Jallianwala Bagh, Company Bagh, Gobindgarh Fort, Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Deep Singh. Now we move towards Ram TirathMandir, which is 11 km from Amritsar. The temple is one of the oldest temples dating back to the time of Ramayana. According to Hindu Mythology, Sita gave birth to her twin sons Luv and Kush at this place, which was an ashrama of Maharishi Valmiki. There's an ancient tank, temples and a hut. Our next destination is Sarai Amanat Khan located nearly 46 km on the Tarn Taran-Attari road. It was built by a Mughal noble Amanat Khan. The site has been announced as a \"monument of national importance\" under the 'Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958'. The sarai has a mosque, well and an open space within the courtyard for horses and bullocks. Remains of decorated arches with glazed tile-work reflect the Mughal architecture. The exciting journey to WaghaBorder, becomes memorable if we see the exchange of salutes between the armies of India and Pakistan. Our journey ends at Amritsar, which is 28 Kms. away from Wagha Border. Amritsar - Dera Baba Nanak -Qadian-Kala naur-Gurdaspur-Pathankot If you are interested in a pilgrimage trip to the Gurudwaras of Punjab, Amritsar - Dera Baba 97 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Nanak -Qadian-Kala naur-Gurdaspur-Pathankot is one of the best tourist circuits in Punjab. This tourist circuit commences at Amritsar, where you can visit the holy places like Golden Temple, DurgianaMandir, and Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Deep Singh. We have to travel for 55km from Amritsar to reach Dera Baba Nanak. This place is popular among Sikhs because Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru of the Sikhs spent the last days of his life at this place. It is situated in the Gurdaspur district, on the banks of river Ravi Dera Baba Nanak are Sri Darbar Sahib and Sri Chola Sahib are two Gurudwaras located here. This place is popular among Sikhs because Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru of the Sikhs spent the last days of his life at this place. It is situated in the Gurdaspur district, on the banks of river Ravi Dera Baba Nanak are Sri Darbar Sahib and Sri Chola Sahib are two Gurudwaras located here. From Dera Baba Nanak we travel towards Qadian, 18 Kilometers on the east of Batala city. If we access the town from Gurdaspur viaKahnuwan-Kot-Todarmal, the distance is 26 Kilometers. Qadian is a holy place of the Ahmedyia Sect of the Muslims, spread all over the world. The Messiah of the sect HazratMirrzaGulam Ahmad was born here. It is believed that Qadian was constituted in 1530 AD. The town was named as Qazi after Mirza HadiBaig, the first Qazi of the region. It was later transformed into Islam PurQazi, then it became QaziMaji and from qadi it became Quadian. Some of the popular tourist places in Gurdaspur are Mahakaleshwar Temple AtKalanaur, Barath Sahib, Baradari the Summer Resort of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji at Dina Nagar, PandoriDham Temple at PandoriMahantan, Achaleshwar Temple, Gurudwara Sri Kandh Sahib, Shrine of Brave Haqiqat Rai. Amritsar-Tarn Taran-Hari-Ke-Pattan - Goindwal Sahib - SultanpurLodhi - Kapurthala (Kanjli lake) -Jalandhar Amritsar-Tarn Taran-Hari-Ke-Pattan - Goindwal Sahib - SultanpurLodhi - Kapurthala (Kanjli lake) -Jalandhar is one of the popular tourist circuits in Punjab. The trip starts from the Amritsar after visiting the holy shrine of Harminder Sahib. To reach Tarn Taran we have to 20 km., set up by the fifth guru of Sikhs, Guru Arjan Dev ji. The architecture of the Gurudwara was inspired by Mughals, consisting of a Tomb covered with copper. It is located near Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar and has the largest pond of all the gurudwaras. When we move to the outskirts of Amritsar, we reach Hari-ke-Pattan, a Bird Sanctuary, at the confluence of rivers Beas and Sutlej. After traveling thirty kilometers southeast of Amritsar we reach Govindwal Sahib. This beautiful Gurudwara Samadhi of the second Guru of the Sikh, Guru Angad Dev ji. It has a deep well with 84 steps. 98 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

It is believed that if you take a bath in the well and recites Japji Sahib (divine writings of Guru Nanak Dev ji) at each step attains moksh. SultanpurLodhi is a city in Kapurthala district of Punjab, founded by Sultan Khan Lodhi. SultanpurLodhi derives its name from its founder. It is situated on the banks of river Kali Bein, running 6 miles north to the convergence of Beas and Sutlej. The Kanjli Lake of Kapurthala is a wonderful lake, which is a home for migratory birds in winter. The lake has developed as a popular tourist destination which has facilities for fishing and boating. The tourist circuit ends at Jalandhar. Amritsar - Baba Bakala - Kartarpur - Jalandhar The tourist circuit of Amritsar - Baba Bakala - Kartarpur - Jalandhar provides an exciting journey in the famous destinations of Punjab. The tourist circuit starts at the famous city of Amritsar. Amritsar is an important pilgrimage center for the Sikhs. People from far off places come to visit famous Harmandir Sahib established by the fourth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Ramdasji. The various tourist places of Amritsar are the Golden Temple, DurgianaMandir, Jallianwala Bagh, Company Bagh, Gobindgarh Fort, Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Deep Singh etc. The tourist circuit starts at the famous city of Amritsar. Amritsar is an important pilgrimage center for the Sikhs. People from far off places come to visit famous Harmandir Sahib established by the fourth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Ramdasji. The various tourist places of Amritsar are the Golden Temple, DurgianaMandir, JallianwalaBagh, Company Bagh, Gobindgarh Fort, Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Deep Singh etc. Sikhs consider Baba Bakala as a holy place because the ninth Guru of Sikhs, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji was discovered by Makhan Shah Lobana. Kartarpur is a town in Punjab, nearly 15 km from Jalandhar, established by Guru Arjan Sahib. The foundation of this town was laid on November 24, 1594 by Guru Arjan Sahib. Presently, Kartarpur has established itself as an important center of furniture industry. Chandigarh, Ropar (Rup Nagar), Anandpur Sahib, Bhakra - Nangal, Ropar, Chandigarh The tourist circuit of Chandigarh, Ropar (Rup Nagar), Anandpur Sahib, Bhakra - Nangal, Ropar, Chandigarh is a closed circuit, it starts from Chandigarh and finally ends at Chandigarh. After starting the journey from Chandigarh, we travel towards Ropar. The next destination, Anandpur Sahib is located 40 km from Rupnagar town. It lies on the left bank of the river Sutlej and it has Naina Devi range at its background. Anandpur Sahib was established by, the ninth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Teg Bahadur. One of the most important shrines at Anandpur Sahib is GurudwaraKeshgarh Sahib. 99 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

It is the place where the \"Khalsa\" was born. It is among one of the five sacred \"Takhats\" of Sikhs. On the day of Baisakhi on 13th April, 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji formed Khalsa by christening five Sikhs and called them \"PanjPiaras\". Bhakra Nangal Dam is famous all over the world as it is one of the highest straight gravity dam made of concrete. The dam is 96 km in length and can store 7.8 million-acre feet of water. At the back of the dam there’s a lovely lake called 'Gobind Sagar'. On the downstream of the dam, two power houses are located with the capacity of producing 1050 MW of electricity. To encourage tourism water sports are promoted in the Gobind Sagar. The trip ends at Chandigarh. Ludhiana - Moga - Ferozepur - Bhatinda - Malout - Muktsar-Faridkot Ludhiana - Moga - Ferozepur - Bhatinda - Malout - Muktsar-Faridkot is a tourist circuit of Punjab attracting tourists from all over India. The city of Ludhiana has derived its name from its ruling dynasty, Lodhi dynasty. Presently it enjoys the distinction of being the one of the most industrialized cities of Punjab. On 24th day of November 1995, Moga became the 17th District of Punjab. The place is also remembered as the birth place of the great freedom fighter, Lala Lajpat Rai is in Moga district. The Gurdwaras namely Mehdeyana Sahib, Dina Sahib, Takhtupura are located in Moga District. Famous parks like Kashmiri Park and Nehru Park are also situated in this district. At the center of Malwa region lies the Bathinda District. Some of the historical and important tourist places of the region are Damdama Sahib, MaiserKhana, Zoological Park, Qila Mubarak, Rose Garden etc. The Malout city is a municipal council in Muktsar district of Punjab. Maloutis situated in southern Punjab and is known for its agriculture industry. Muktsar is associated with the victory of the Sikh forces over the Mughal forces in 1705. Faridkot is popular among the tourists for its forts and palaces. Patiala-Nabha- Malerkotla - Ludhiana - Fatehgarh Sahib - Chandigarh The tourist circuit of Patiala-Nabha- Malerkotla - Ludhiana - Fatehgarh Sahib - Chandigarh covers the important tourist destinations of Punjab. Patiala is well known for its magnificent palaces, and museums. The popular tourist attractions in Patiala are Qila Mubarak Complex, QilaAndroon, Rang Mahal and Sheesh Mahal, Darbar Hall (Divan Khana), ShahiSamadhan, MotiBagh Palace, RajinderaKothi, Baradari Gardens, Ijlas-e Khas, GurudwaraDukhniwaranSahib,Kali Temple, Qila Bahadurgarh, Panj Bali Gurdwara, Maiji Di Sarai etc. 100 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Nabha is a small town in Patiala District, located to the south-east of Punjab. It is historically important as Pandit Nehru came here for court arrest. Malerkotla is a town in Sangrur District of Punjab. In the history of Sikhreligion, it occupies a place of prominence. The Governor of Sir hind ordered to kill the two younger sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, which was protested by the ancestor of the Nawab of Malerkotla. The region is famous for its embroidery and handicrafts. Ludhiana city was established during the rule of Lodhi dynasty, ruled Delhi from 1451-1526 A.D. And derived its name from its ruler. The famous tourist places of Ludhiana are as follows: Nehru Rose Garden Hardy's World (Amusement park) Guru Nanak Bhawan Tiger Safari, Amaltas Maharaja Ranjit Singh War Museum GurdwaraCharankanwal Sahib Machhiwara Guru Nanak (Sports) Stadium Jalandhar-Hoshiarpur, either back to Jalandhar or Ropar-Chandigarh The Jalandhar-Hoshiarpur, either back to Jalandhar or Ropar-Chandigarh route is an exciting tour option. The Hoshiarpur Town will please a visitor with its old world charm and places of interest. The town of Hoshiarpur is blessed with exciting tourist spots like the Vedic Research Institute, the fruit gardens, the Archaeological Museum and it’s a shopper's delight with a wide range of handicrafts, lacquer treated furniture’s and musical instruments. The town is very well connected with bus services from Jalandhar and other cities of Punjab and other nearby states. Jalandhar is another ancient city of Punjab, which is a very important industrial center of the state. Although old, it has emerged as one of the modern cities and the city is famous for its textile and sport goods manufacturing plants. It has immense potential as a tourism destination with places like Imam Nasir Mausoleum, Jama Masjid, St. Mary's Cathedral Church, Shiv Mandir, TulsiMandir, GurdwaraChevinPadsahi, SodalMandir and few others. The historical town of Ropar is a favorite destination for history lovers. It is the home to 101 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

several interesting archaeological sites. The most popular tourist spots in Ropar are Gurdwara Sri Bhatha Sahib, Gurdwara Sri PataalPuri Saab, Anandpur Sahib, Kirtpur Sahib etc. Chandigarh is among the most well planned and modern cities of the country. The uniqueness of the city is that it serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana beside being a Union Territory itself. This beautiful city has numerous places of tourist’s interest like the Capitol Complex, Rose Garden, Rock Garden, International Doll Museum and many more. 6.6 MAJOR TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS OF PUNJAB Amritsar Golden Temple of Amritsar Amritsar is the spiritual capital of the Sikhs and a must-visit place due to the exquisite Golden Temple. It attracts pilgrims from all over the world, and looks particularly arresting at night when it’s beautifully lit up with its imposing pure gold dome illuminated. The memorial at Jallianwala Bagh near the Golden Temple is one of India's top historical sites and is also worth seeing along with Gobindgarh Fort, and the new Partition Museum dedicated to preserving the experiences of those affected by the 1947 Partition of India. Amritsar is renowned for its street food as well, making it a foodie's delight! A heritage walk is interesting too. Plan your trip there with this Amritsar travel guide. Wagah Border flag lowering. The Wagah Border, between India and Pakistan, is a popular side trip from Amritsar. Every day of the year, just before sunset, a flag lowering ceremony takes place there as the border is closed for the day. It starts with high patriotic spirits from both sides of the border and lasts for about 45 minutes. Here's more information about it and how to best experience it. Farms and Farm stays Farming is at the heart of Punjab, and the state has some outstanding boutique farm stays where you can experience rural living (and at the right time of year, even frolic among the yellow mustard fields like in a Bollywood movie). It's possible for guests to participates in farming activities and go for tractor rides. Punjabiyat, about an hour northeast of Amritsar, is a unique tribute to Punjabi culture with four cottages surrounded by fields. Farmer's Villa is conveniently located about 20 minutes north of Amritsar. Citrus County is set on a sprawling kinnow fruit orchard in Hoshiarpur, a couple of hours east of Amritsar and northeast of Chandigarh. It has luxury tents for glamping. Kailash Farms is also popular (and less costly) in Hoshiarpur, and is great for families. Prakriti Farms, about an hour southeast of Chandigarh, is another recommended option with luxury tents and huts. 102 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Chandigarh Statues in Nek Chand's Rock Garden, Chandigarh. Capital city Chandigarh is a modern-day planned city that's different to any other in India. It lacks chaos and color but has some interesting attractions. The highlight is the extraordinary 25 acre Fantasy Rock Garden, open daily. Artist Nek Chand used all kinds of urban and industrial waste, as well as local stone, to personally create a multitude of quirky sculptures (including more than 2,000 statues) over 20 years. It's junk art at its finest! The city's other off-beat attractions include the iconic Open Hand Monument (located in the UNESCO World Heritage Capitol Complex) and a 56 foot tall replica of Paris's Eiffel Tower (located in Leisure Valley, in front of the Government Museum and Art Gallery). If you enjoy nature, visit Sukhna Lake (which has paddle boats), and the city's various parks and gardens as well. There's a Rose Garden with 1,500 varieties, and a Bougainvillea Garden. The convenient and inexpensive Hop on Hop Off Bus stops at many of these places. Chandigarh has also been undergoing a hip transformation in recent years, with the opening of a number of microbreweries (try Malt & Co at the Piccadilly Hotel, and Hops N Grains at Sector 9 in Panchkula) and the luxurious Oberoi Sukhvilas spa resort. CASE STUDY Tourism as a latest term is used to domestic and international tourism both. It is known as temporary movement of people from one place to another outside their normal place of work and residence. They travel these destinations for the purpose of leisure. The flow of tourist from one place to another depends on the attractiveness of one country for another and business or cultural connections. Modern international tourism industry includes travelers mostly for the purpose of leisure. Thus holiday and leisure based international tours are more visible today. Mostly countries around the world are promoting their tourism to achieve their economic and social targets. So, tourism in India has become an important part of Indian economy that is contributing to sustainable development of the country. And India has succeeded in becoming the most preferable place amongst domestic and overseas traveler. Today tourism industry has become 3.5 lakh crore business in India. India diverse culture exposes international tourists to travel India. The tourism sector has significant role in providing foreign exchange and employment in India. So, the development of tourism sector seems to be important for the development of other sectors of the Indian economy. Punjab is the 16th largest state in India in terms of area and 15th in terms of population. The word Punjab is compound of two persian words Panj (\"Five\") and Aab (\"Water\") signifying the land of five rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej, Chinab, Jhelum and Beas. However owing to the territorial divisions, following the partition of the country in 1947, only two of the five rivers 103 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

referred to above the (Sutlej and Beas) now lie within the boundaries of India in Punjab. Punjab has a recorded history beginning from the annexation of Punjab and Sindh to the persianempire by Darius (c. 518 B.C). Many mughal emperors’ rules over Punjab before the mughal entered the political scene in 1526. British rule took over Punjab after a period of strong struggle by the Sikhs against the foreign domination. When India at last attained independence in 1947, Punjab was split into two parts, the larger portion became the part of Pakistan the present provincial boundaries of Punjab were drawn in 1970. Punjab is situated in the north-western corner of the country and has an area 50362 sq.km. It has been divided into 4 divisions and 17 districts. The climate in Punjab ranges from bracing cold in winter of scorching heat in summer with winter and summer monsoons. During summer the temperature ranges from 21.4 o C to 41.2 o C and in winters temperature ranges from 30.7 °C – 1 °C. The annual average rainfall in the state is 900mm. 2. Current status of tourism in Punjab While India is rich in diversity to offer visiting tourists, some of the states encompasses all the richness, which the country possesses and Punjab is one of among these states and Punjab is the unique state which provides such richness. Punjab provides a variety of tourist attractions as Punjab is known as the land of great gurus, has a great heritage of famous religious shrines, palaces, monuments, and historical embodiments, wetlands and much more to attract all categories of tourists. Punjab is also endowed with music and melody, gaiety and colors, history and legend. It is also famous for its handicrafts, woodcrafts and intricately designed in rich traditional patterns and motifs and needlework products which are much more sought after by the domestic as well as foreign tourist. Punjab is primarily an agrarian state and 70% people are engaged in agriculture. Agriculture is the main stay of Punjab economy and Punjab is known as the \"Granary of India\" Human resource in Punjab With the annual growth rate of 1.4%, the population of Punjab is 29.2 million, an increase from figure of 27.7 million in 2011 census. In actual numbers the total no. of population in 2015 is 29,288,557. In 2011 total population of Punjab was 27,704,234, in which males were 14,634,819 and females were 13,069,417. The literacy rate of population in 2015 is 75.84% in which 80.4% are males and 70.7% are females. In 2011 the literacy rate was 75%. Major tourist destinations and Products of Punjab:Punjab is rich in its tourist destinations. There are different categories of tourist places for different categories of tourists. As Punjab is known as land of Gurus, so there are innumerable important places of interest for tourists of all religions in the country. The Punjab state has no. of Gurudwara's like Golden Temple, Akal Takhat (Amritsar), Gurudwara Dera Baba Nanak (Gurdaspur), Gurudwara founded by Guru Arjun Dev ji (Tarntarn), Talwandi Sabo (Bathinda) which is related to Guru Gobind Singh ji, Manji Sahib (Ludhiana), Nanaksar Sahib (Jagraon), Anandpur Sahib (Rupnagar- Anandpur Sahib), Keshgarh sahib, Dam Dama Sahib (Kiratpur Sahib), Gurudwara Fatehgarh sahib (Fatehgarh Sahib), Gurudwara Dukhniwaran Sahib (Patiala). Temples are Ram Tirath 104 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(Amritsar), Sri Durgiana Tirath(Amritsar), Jain Temple, (Ferozpur), Bhagwati (Bathinda), Kali Devi Temple (Patiala), Panch Mandir (Kapurthala), Devi Talab Mandir, Shiv Mandir and Sodal Mandir (Jalandhar), Durgiana Mandir (Amritsar), Cave Temples (Gurdaspur). Mosque and Mausoleums are Rauza Sharif (Sarhind), Jamma Masjid (Jalandhar), King Jaman of Afganistan Cenotaph (Shirhind), Chilla Baba Sheikh Farid (Faridkot City), Quadian (Gurdaspur), Idgah (Malerkotla), Moorish Mosque (Kapurthala), Marbal Baradari (Sangrur), Akbari Masjid (Gurdaspur), Mughal Sarai (Ludhiana), Imam Nasir Mausoleum (jaladhar). And other places of pilgrimage are Radhaswami Dera (Beas), Hussainwala, Swetamber jain Temple, Zira (Ferozpur). Churches are Saint Paul Church (Amritsar). There are also large no. of historical Buildings, heritage and archeological sites. The Museums are Maharaja Ranjit Singh museum (Amritsar), Sanghol Museum (Ludhiana), Anglo Sikh War Memorial (Ferozeshah), Government Museum (Hoshiarpur), Rural Museum, Punjab Agricultural University, Art Gallery at sheeshmahal (Patiala), Sports Museum, National Institute of Sports (Patiala), Guru Teg Bahadur Museum (Ropar), Central Sikh Museum (Amritsar). Archeological Sites are Ghuram (Patiala), Sanghol (Fatehgarh sahib). Punjab state has lots of Freedom trails i.e. Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar), Chotta Ghallughara (Gurdaspur), Ropar Treaty Place (Rupnagar), Wadda Ghallughara (Sangrur), Kuka Memorial (Sangrur), Martyr's Memorial Hussainwala (Jalandhar). Forts are Bahadur Garh Fort (Patiala), Shahpur Kandi Fort (Pathankot), Phillaur Fort (Jalandhar), Gobindgarh Fort (Amritsar), Anandgarh Fort (Sri Anandpur Sahib), Faridkot Fort (Faridkot), Banasar Bagh (Sangrur), Qila Mubarak (Nabha). Sarai's are Sarai Amanat Khan (Amritsar), Nur Mahal Sarai (Jalandhar), Dakhni Sarai (Jalandhar), Mughal Sarai (Shambhu). Heritage sites are Sanghol (Sri Fatehgarh Sahib), Rupnagar Archeological site. Palaces are Qila Mubarak (Patiala), Sheesh Mahal (Patiala), Jagatjit Palace (Kapurthala). Punjab is also gifted with many wetlands. Among 26 National Ramsar Sites in India 3 are located in Punjab state. These are Hari-Ke-Pattan, which is located between Ferozpur and Amritsar. Kanjli Wetland, which is located in Kapurthala. Ropar Wetland, which is located in Ropar district and other two sites have been declared as National Wetlands, these are Nangal Wetland, which is situated across the river Satluj and Keshopur Wetland in the district of Gurdaspur. Punjab is also rich in Leisure sites for eco- tourism, which included Greenland’s and Gardens. These gardens are Bansar garden (Sangrur), Aam Khas Bagh (Sirhind), Ram Bagh Gardens (Amritsar), Shalimar Gardens (Kapurthala), Bara Dari Garden (Patiala). In wildlife, Punjab has lots of sites like Tiger safari (Ludhiana), Chattbir Zoo (SAS nagar, Mohali), Deer safari (Bathinda), Wildlife sanctuary (Abohar). There is one another type of tourism which is Known as Border Tourism. It includes those sites which are located at the border of country. These sites are Attari Wagha Border (Amritsar), Hussainiwala Border (Ferozpur). Travel Circuits As there are lots of tourist’s attractions for different categories of tourists. Thus, Punjab provides different circuits which provides mixture of different tourist’s attractions. These circuits are: 105 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Local Routes 1. Amritsar circuit (Amritsar - Ram Tirath - Sarai Amanat Khan -Wagha Border) 2. Pathankot circuit (Amritsar - Dera Baba Nanak - Qadian -Kalanaur- Gurdaspur) 3. Jalandhar circuit (Amritsar - Tarntarn - Hari - Ke - Pattan - Goindwal Sahib - Sultanpur Lodhi - Kapurthala Kanjli lake) 4. Jalandhar circuit (Amritsar - Baba Bakala - Kartarpur) 5. Chandigarh circuit (Chandigarh, Ropar (Rup Nagar) - Anandpur Sahib, Bhakra- Nangal, Ropar) 6. Faridkot circuit (Ludhiana - Moga - Ferozepur - Bhatinda - Malout- Muktsar) 7. Chandigarh circuit (Patiala-Nabha-Malerkotla - Ludhiana - Fatehgarh Sahib - Chandigarh Jalandhar - Hoshiarpur, either back to Jalandhar or Ropar) New Circuits about to be included 1. Sikh Circuit (Akal Takht in Amritsar, Sri Keshgarh Sahib in Anandpur and Sri Damdama Sahib at Talwandi Sabo Bhatinda district) 2. Eco tourism circuit (Chandigarh - Ropar - Hoshiarpur - Talwara - Ranjit Sagar Dam) 3. Heritage circuit (Nabha - Patiala -Sangrur - Bathinda - Faridkot - Kapurthala) 4. Freedom trail (Patiala - Nabha - Malerkotla - Jagraon - Ferozpur - Amritsar - Ajnala) 5.2 Identified National Routes I. Amritsar-Hoshiarpur-Himachal Pradesh II. Amritsar-Muktsar- Rajasthan III. Amritsar- Jalandhar-Chandigarh-Haryana 6. Growth and Performance of Tourism in Punjab The arrival prototype of tourists is a key factor of current demand scenario and suggests the potency of tourism industry together with the supply side. India's earnings from foreign exchange from tourism sector in 2015 is about 3.85 million with the growth rate of 3.4% and likely to grow 5 million in 2020. India has increased its foreign tourists inflow from 6.31 million in 2011 to 7.68 million in 2014 [6] and the domestic tourist recorded as 864.53 million in 2011 to 1281.95 million in 2014 [6] Earnings from Foreign Exchange from tourism during the year 2014 was 1,20,083 crore with the growth of 11.5%. Punjab is the fastest growing state in tourism. There is 114% increase in foreign tourists and 147% increase in domestic tourists in year 2008-2012 [6]. In year 2014 24.25 million domestic and foreign tourists visits Punjab. Figure 1 shows the comparative analysis of states based on growth rate of tourists visited. Figure 2 compares the yearly statistics of tourists that visits Punjab. It shows that total arrival of tourists has increased in year 2014. Although Punjab is gifted with a wealth of lots of amazing tourists’ places that can get the attention of foreign tourists. But Punjab Tourism needs more development and high level of infrastructure for gaining the attention of foreign tourists and local tourists as well. Thus, the Punjab government should scrutinize the strengths and weakness of Punjab tourism industry and should search for the upcoming opportunities. Also, Punjab tourism needs more promotion to sell their tourist destinations worldwide. It will supply more revenue to Punjab economy. 6.7 SUMMARY  Tourism in Indian Punjab centresaround the historic palaces, battle sites, and the great 106 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Sikh architecture of the state and the surrounding region. Examples include various sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, the ancient fort of Bathinda, the architectural monuments of Kapurthala, Patiala, and Chandigarh, the modern capital designed by Le Corbusier.  The Golden Temple in Amritsar is one of the major tourist destinations of Punjab and indeed India, attracting more visitors than the Taj Mahal. Lonely Planet Blue list 2008 has voted the Harmandir Sahib as one of the world's best spiritual sites. Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city at Heritage Walk Amritsar that can be booked for overnight stays. Devi Talab Mandir is a Hindu temple located in Jalandhar.  This temple is devoted to Goddess Durga and is believed to be at least 200 years old. Another main tourist destination is religious and historic city of Sri Anandpur Sahib where large number of tourists come to see the Virasat-e-Khalsa (Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) and also take part in HolaMohalla festival. Kila Raipur Sports Festival is also popular tourist attraction in Kila Raipur near Ludhiana.  Shahpurkandi fort, Ranjit Sagar lake and Sikh Temple in Sri Muktsar Sahib are also popular attractions in Punjab. Punjab also has the world's first museum based on the Indian Partition of 1947, in Amritsar, called the Partition Museum. 6.8 KEYWORDS  The Indus River: It is one of the longest rivers in Asia. It flows through China, India (Ladakh) and Pakistan.  A union territory: It is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India.  Gurmukhi: Language which is an abugida developed from the Laṇḍa scripts, standardized and used by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad (1504–1552).  The Jhelum River: It is a river in northern India and eastern Pakistan. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region, and passes through the Kashmir Valley  The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC):It was a Bronze Age civilization in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. 107 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discus the cultural life of Punjab. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Draw your own favourite tourist circuit for Punjab. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Identify location of Punjab state in India’s map. Explain in brief history of Chandigarh- the capital of Punjab state. 2. Explain the word tourist circuit.List down famous tourist circuits in Punjab. 3. Discuss the cultural life of Punjab. 4. Describe the history of Punjab in 500 words. 5. Identify and list major tourist attractions in Punjab. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which State known as ˜Steel City of Punjab”? a. MandiGobindgarh b. Ludhiana c. Amritsar d. Ropar 2. Total Population Punjab in the year 2011 is 108 a. 27,704,236 b. 19,871,392 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. 22,41,782 109 d. 30,967,352 3. The largest city of Punjab is a. Amritsar b. Ferozepur c. Ludhiana d. Jalandhar 4. The total population density of Punjab is a. 482/sq Km b. 550/sq Km c. 503/sq Km d. 450/sq Km 5. The total area of Punjab is a. 50632 km2 b. 50840 Km2 c. 66250 Km2 d. 42480 Km2 6. When Akal Takht was built a. 1606 b. 1609 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. 1607 d. 1608 Answer 1. a 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 6.11 REFERENCES  A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House.  Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing.  A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers.  National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers  D. R. Bhandarkar, 1989, Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture: Sir William Meyers Lectures, 1938-39, Asia Educational Services, p. 2.  A.S. valdiya, \"River Sarasvati was a Himalayan-born river\" Archived 24 September 2018 at the Way back Machine, Current Science Archived 10 July 2018 at the Way back Machine, vol 104, no.01, ISSN 0011-3891.  \"Yule, Henry, Sir. Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. New ed. edited by William Crooke, B.A. London: J. Murray, 1903\". Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. 110 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT -7TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURE 7.0. Learning objectives 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Meaning of Transportation 7.3. Rail Transport 7.4. Road Transport 7.5. Water Transport 7.6. Air Transport 7.7. Summary 7.8. Keywords 7.9. Learning activity 7.10.Unit end questions 7.11.References 7.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able:  Discussthe transportation system in India  Explain its types and advantages-disadvantages  Discuss Air transport and its importance  Explain water transport and its importance  State about rail and road transports and its importance 7.1 INTRODUCTION Transport in India consists of transport by land, water and air. Public transport is the primary mode of road transport for most of the Indian citizens, and India's public transport systems are among the most heavily used in the world. 111 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

India's road network is the second-largest and one of the busiest in the world, transporting 8.225 billion passengers and over 980 million tonnes of cargo annually, as of 2015. India's rail network is the fourth largest and second busiest in the world, transporting 8.44 billion passengers and 1.23 billion tonnes of freight annually, as of 2019. Aviation in India is broadly divided into military and civil aviation which is the fastest-growing aviation market in the world (IATA data) and Bangalore with 65% national share is the largest aviation manufacturing hub of India. India's waterways network, in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks, is the ninth largest waterway network in the world. Freight transport by waterways is highly under-utilized in India with the total cargo moved (in tonnekilometres) by inland waterways being 0.1 percent of the total inland traffic in India. Roads in India are maintained by (NHAI)-National Highway Authority of India. In total, about 21 percent of households have two wheelers whereas 4.7 percent of households in India have cars or vans as per the 2011 Census. The automobile industry in India is currently rapidly growing with an annual production of over 4.6 million vehicles, with an annual growth rate of 10.5% and vehicle volume is expected to rise greatly in the future 7.2 MEANING OF TRANSPORTATION: It has been aptly remarked by Dr. Marshall, “Most effective economic fact of our times is not the development of manufacturing industries but that of the transport services.” It is clear that the property of a country does not depend on the development of agriculture, industry and mines alone but also on the development of means of transport. Transport system of a country refers to the different means which carry men and material from one place to the other. Transportation is the foundation stone of economic infrastructure. It helps in the development of trade, commerce and industry. Transportation removes the hindrance of place and facilitates the movement of goods from producers to consumers. It also helps in removing regional inequalities. Transportation has assumed much importance in developing economy like ours for rapid economic growth. If agriculture and industries are supposed to be the body of the country, transportation may be said to be the nerves and veins of the economy. These days transportation is known as the symbol of civilization. Advantages of Transport: The advantages of transport can be realised from the social and economic progress of the nation which have been generated by this sector in India during the plan periods. 112 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

However, following points highlights its significance: A. Economic Benefits: (i) Better Production in both Agriculture and Industrial Sectors: Transport system has helped in the growth in industrial and agricultural production. It has been transporting raw materials and labour to the places of production and by carrying the products produced by these sectors to different parts of the country and other countries of the world. (ii) Reduction in Cost of Production: The transportation network reduces the cost of manufactured goods and lowers the price in the markets. (iii) Reduction in Scarcity: It helps in solving the problem of scarcity of goods and factors in different regions of the country. (iv) Growth in Foreign Trade: It helps in promoting foreign trade of the country. A country’s exports/imports cannot develop without good parts, shipping and cargo facilities. Thus, transportation system makes a network for transactions among different regions as well as with other countries. (v) Specialization of Labour and Mobilization of Resources: By the efficient and effective transportation system, the benefits of specialization of labour and proper mobilization can be achieved. Thus, an economic system makes the best use of resources through good transport system. (vi) Promotion of Tourism: An ideal transportation promotes tourism system or services all over the country. (vii) Expands the Market: Markets for both industrial and agricultural produce expand both on the domestic and international front with the expansion of transport network. For example, through the expansion of road, rail and water transport, it got good success making links between different parts of the country and with other countries of the world. 113 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

B. Social Benefits: (i) More Employment Opportunities: Transport helps to create employment opportunities and thus, it provides employment through helping mobility of workers. About 18 lakhs people are employed in Indian railways. In the same way, lakhs of people are employed in roadways, shipping and air transport. (ii) Education Expansion: Developed means of transport helps in the expansion of education even in remote areas of the country. It provides mobility to teachers, students and teaching aids. Means of transport are the source of advertisement also. In this way, they also help in expanding education. (iii) Social and Cultural Spirit: Means of transport brings together persons living at different corners of the country. They exchange their views. They have the common problems, because of their living together. Consequently social and cultural unity emerges. Thus, developed means of transportation are also responsible for international brotherhood. (iv) Higher Standard of Living: Transportation has reduced distance. As a result, we enjoy the position to use various varieties of things produced in different corners of the world. These standard commodities increase our standard living which depends upon goods and services, we consume. (v) Relationship between Villages and Cities: Means of transport has reduced distance between villages and cities. Men and materials move from villages to cities and from cities to villages. Villagers can now avail of the employment opportunities available in cities. Villages, in close contact of cities develop faster. 7.3 RAIL TRANSPORT In India, railway is the most important form of transport system. The first railway line was laid between Bombay and Thane in 1853. After that, rail services have developed a lot. At the time of independence, the total route length was 53,596 km with 8,209 engines, 19,536 passenger bogies and 2, 06,000 goods wagons. The Britishers had built up an extensive network of railways to exercise and maintain a tight control over the vast Indian Territory and to open to the country as a source of food and raw materials for their industries. 114 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Indian railway at present is the country’s single largest undertaking with a total capital investment of around Rs. 20,000 crores. It is the largest in Asia and ranks fourth in the world. It provides direct employment to nearly 18 lakh persons. Advantages or Importance of Railway Transport: Following are the main advantages of Railway transport: 1. Development of Agriculture: Spread of Railways in India has contributed a great deal to the development of agriculture. Before the development of Railways, agriculture was largely subsistence-oriented. Railways have commercialised it. Our farmers do not produce for self-consumption only but also for sale in the market. 2. New Sources and New Areas of Production: Railways have installed new sources and new areas of production. They have not only provided knowledge of the new areas, but also helped in reaching the inaccessible areas. 3. Growth of Markets and Specialization: Railways have extended the size of market and thus stimulated the process of specialization. Bulky goods can easily be transported by Railways. 4. Help in the Internal Trade: By joining together different areas of the country, railways have made internal trade convenient. They carry goods and passengers to distant places easily. 5. Mobility of Labour and Capital: Railways have increased the mobility of labour and capital which in its turn has contributed to the rapid industrialisation of the country. 6. Check on the Fluctuations of Prices: Railways have checked those fluctuations in prices that were detrimental to the economic, political and social stability of the country. Price fluctuations cause misery, disturb trade and give rise to many problems. 7. Elimination of Famines: Railways have helped in diluting the intensity of famines by carrying the food-grains from 115 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

surplus to famine-stricken areas. 8. Employment: Railways are an important source of employment in India. Lakhs of skilled and unskilled people are employed in operating the railways. In addition, this means of transport creates so many opportunities of employment. Railways provide employment to 17 lakh people in the country. 9. Encouragement to Tourism: Tourist traffic has also been encouraged. Railways sell circular tickets to the tourists and thereby promote tourism. 10. Strategic Importance: Strategic importance of the railways cannot be ignored. They are instrumental in providing internal security and in making goods and efficient arrangements of defence of the country against any external threat. 11. Social Importance: Railways have made possible a basic change in the social attitude of the people. They are no longer tied to old customs and traditions, nor to fatalism and orthodoxy. Disadvantages or Problems of Railways: Although the development of railways in our country took place rapidly, still there are numberless problems in the path of steady growth. The main problems are stated as under: 1. Old Track and Poor State of Rolling Stock: The major problem faced by Indian railways is that the tracks are old and out-dated. These old tracks cause many serious railway accidents. This has also resulted in speed restrictions. Virtually, every new timetable, running time of all trains has been increased while railways in other advanced countries are reducing it drastically. 2. Travel without Tickets: Another problem that is being faced in India is that a large number of passengers travel without purchasing tickets. Indian railways have to bear extra loss of about Rs. 5 crore every year on account of travelling without tickets. 116 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Railway Accidents: The incidence of railway accidents in our country is greater as compared to other countries of the world. Accidents occur due to the errors and negligence of the employees. 4. Attack on Railways: The Indian railways had to suffer a heavy loss of crores of rupees. The railways are attacked during the time of disturbances and violence’s that arise in any part of the country. For instance, there was heavy loss of railways in the movements of West Bengal, Telangana and Assam etc. 5. Lack of Modern Management: There is a lack of modern management as railway failed to attract adequate incentives and suitable talent. In addition to it, it could not make economic analysis for perspective planning tariff. 6. Outmoded Technology: The rolling stock technology is absolutely outmoded. The system is beset with excessive man-power and manpower development has not kept pace with technology up-gradation. This has made railways incapable of coping with increasing transport demand and of raising and improving the traffic volume and flows at lower unit cost of operation. 7. Problem of Replacement: The problem of replacement of old and obsolete railways engines, wagons and other equipment’s has created a serious problem in India. 8. Problem of Laying Double Lines: Most of the railway lines are single lines which create great inconvenience to the railway organisation and passengers. 9. Inadequate Investment: The railway transport has lagged behind the requirement due to inadequate investment. The shortcoming has been highlighted by different committees. The National Transport Policy Committee. The Rail Tariff Enquiry Committee and The Railway Reforms Committee. 10. Competition with Road Transport: The competition with road transport is growing in intensity, both in passenger and in goods 117 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

transport. The lack of co-ordination between railways and road transport has lowered the earning capacity of the railways. This has further caused delay in traffic movement and inconvenience to passengers. Progress of Railway: Indian railway system is the biggest public undertaking in the country. It has about 16 lakh employees and more than 2 lakh casual workers. It runs daily about 13500 trains connecting around 7000 stations-big and small, halt and flag ones. It carries 1.2 crore passengers and 12 lakh tones of goods daily. In 1950-51, total route length was of 53.6 thousand kilometers, running track of 59.3 thousand kilometers while total track of 77.6 thousand kilometers. During 2000-01, route length increased to 63.0 thousand kilometers, 81.2 thousand kilometers of running track against 108.0 thousand kilometers. This means that the track density increased from 1.1 in 1950-51 to 1.7 in 2000-01. The electrified route in terms of kilometers was 0.4 thousand against 53.6 kilometers in 1950- 51 which increased to 10.0 thousand kilometers out of 62.4 thousand routes in 1990-91 and further, it was recorded to be 14.9 thousand kilometers out of 63.0 thousand kilometers in 2000-01. The railway had achieved originating revenue earning freight loading 492.50 million tonnes in 2000-01 against 318.4 million tonnes in 1990-91 and 73.2 million tonnes in 1950-51. The earning from goods carried was Rs. 139.3 in 1950-51 which rose to Rs. 8247.0 crore in 1990-91 and Rs. 24586.8 crore in 2000-01. The goods carried was 37.6 billion tone km in 1950-51 which increased to 235.8 billion tone km. in 1990-91 and further to 331.9 billion tone km in 2000-01. However, average lead to all goods traffic in terms of km was registered to be 711.0 km in 1990-91 against 470.0 km in 1950-51. During 2000-01, its number has reduced to 645.0 km. The passengers originating was 1284.0 million in 1950-51 which rose to 5093.0 million in 2000-01. While passenger in terms of kilometers was 66.5 billion in 1950-51 which increased to 295.6 billion in 1990-91 and 493.5 billion in 2000-01. The total earnings was recorded to be Rs. 98.2 crore in 1950-51 which increased to Rs. 3144.7 crore in 1990-91 and Rs. 11196.5 crore in 2000-01. Here, it must be remembered that Indian Railway, being a public utility service, has been undertaking certain uneconomical operations in the larger interest of the nation, have also afforded transport facilities to the common man and to carry certain essential commodities for mass consumption. During 2000-01, losses incurred on such social service obligations are estimated at Rs. 3413 118 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

crore. During August 2002, Govt., of India has drawn up a non-budgeting investment initiative for the development of Railway to be called National Rail Vikas Yojana. 7.4 ROAD TRANSPORT Next to railways, road transport plays a pivot role in the country’s transport system. Besides the fact-that social and economic progress of the country depends on the development of road, there is also a significant link of bringing about the sentimental integration of the common masses. In the words of Benthan “roads are the veins and arteries of a country through whose channels every improvement takes circulation.” In fact, roads reach the door steps. Classification of Roads: Roads in India have been classified into following: 1. National Highways: These refer to the main roads which connect the state, capitals, ports and big cities. Constructions and maintenance of these roads are the responsibility of Centre Govt. 2. State Highways: These are the main roads of the state. These connect the capital and the cities of the state. State Govts., are responsible for their maintenance. 3. District Roads: These roads connect district man-dies and production areas. These are maintained by District Boards. 4. Village Roads: These roads connect the villages with district roads. Panchayats construct these roads. 5. Border Roads: These roads are constructed with the help of Border Road Organisation. This organisation has constructed 18,500 kms long border roads. Means of Road Transport: Two main means of Road Transport in India are: 119 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. Bullock Carts: It is the main mode of transport of Indian villages. According to F.P. Bhatia there are about 1 crore bullock carts in India. They provide work to 1 crore persons. 2 crore bullocks are there in India and there is one bullock cart per 68 persons. 2. Motor Transport: It was after 1913 that motor transport commenced in India. To keep proper control over it, Motor Vehicles Act 1939 was passed. It has now been replaced by Motor Vehicles Act 1988. It has been amended in 1994. At present, there are 303 lakh motor vehicles whereas in 1947 their number was about 2 lakhs. Advantages of Road Transport: 1. Extension of Agriculture is Possible: There are many areas in the country lacking efficient means of transport. But these are fit for growing all types of crops including cash crops. According to “Indian Road and Transport Development Institute”, by extending roads to the rural areas, it is possible to increase cultivable area by 25 percent. 2. Production of Perishable Goods: According to Road Reorganisation Committee’s Report, road-system encourages the sale of such perishable goods as vegetable, fruits, milk, butter, etc. in the wide markets where from the farmer returns with the knowledge of fertilisers, implements and improved methods of agricultural production. 3. Advantage of Industries: Industries are also benefitted from the development of roads. It is through roads that raw materials reach the factories and finished products of the consumers. 4. Employment: Road transport provides employment to large number of people. According to Road Transport Development Committee, an outlay of Rs. 3,500 crore on roads can generate employment for 170 lakh persons. 5. Less Capital: Roads need less capital than the railways. Countries facing shortage of capital have added importance of road development. 120 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6. Flexibility: It is a most flexible means of transport. Motor vehicles can run not only between two places but also from one door to the other. 7. Saving of Time and Cost: Goods in small quantity can be transported daily through quick means of road transport whereas, the railway department waits till they book full-wagon load of goods. 8. Small Units: As against railways, road transport service is performed through small units, like trucks, tempos etc. Thus not much capital is needed to buy these vehicles. 9. Personal Service: Personal service is another special feature of road transport which is made possible because of small units. 10. Multi-purpose Tendency: Roads are not built for specific vehicles. Different types of vehicles can be pressed into service. Roads can be used by bullock-cart, tongas, rickshaws, cycles, motors etc., whereas rail-tracks are meant only for railway trains. Similarly, water and air-transport are also meant for special type of vehicles. Problems of Road Transport: 1. Inadequate Roads: Roads are bad and inadequate in India. There are 34 km long roads per 100 sq. km area in India while in Japan 270 km and in West Germany 167 km long roads per 100 sq. km area are there. Government should spend more on the development of roads. 2. Heavy Taxes: There is heavy tax burden on motor transport in India. Tax burden per motor vehicle in India is Rs. 3500 while in America it is Rs. 860 and in Britain Rs. 470. This tax burden should be lowered. 3. No proper Maintenance: Roads are not maintained properly in India. Less than 0.1 percent of the national income is 121 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

spent on the maintenance of roads in India, while in Japan it is 3 percent of the national income. 4. Lack of Co-ordination: There is little co-operation and coordination among different states with regard to motor transport. As such, motor transport faces lot of difficulties. The states should pursue a coordinated policy in this matter. 5. Less Roads in Rural Areas: Sixty percent of villages are without roads in India. It adversely affects our agriculture and rural economy. Government should develop roads speedily in rural areas. 6. Lack of Guest Houses: There is lack of great houses and hotels along the roadside in India. More guest houses should be built along the roads sides, so that people may undertake long road journeys easily. 7. Inefficient Management and Services: According to ‘Road Transport Re-organisation Committee’, 90 percent of the operators are small operators owning five vehicles or less. Owing to this small number, satisfactory and efficient service is not being provided to the people. 8. Rising Prices of Petrol/Diesel: Due to high prices of petroleum products and diesel operational costs of road transport are rising and making the mode of transport costlier. 9. Undisciplined Driving and Accidents: Most of the drivers on the roads are unskilled and untrained. They also drink alcohol while driving. As such, road accidents are more frequent in India. 10. Bad Conditions of Road: In India, roads are not well-maintained as there are no timely repairs. It causes discomfort and quick depreciation of vehicles. Progress of Road Transport: In 1950-51, road network i.e., total length of roads was of about four lakh km. Out of it, 19.8 thousand km was national highway. During 1990-00, total length of road increased to 1998.2 122 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

thousand km and 2526.0 thousand km in 1999-00. However, national highway was 52.0 thousand km in 1999-00. The length of state highway was around 137.9 thousand km in 1998-99 against 56.8 thousand km in 1970-71. The number of registered vehicles was 306.0 thousand in 1950-51, 21374.0 thousand in 1990-91 and 48393.0 thousand in 1997-00. Out of it, number of good vehicles was 2681.0 thousand and buses was of 559.0 thousand in 1999-00 against 82.0 thousand and 34.0 thousand respectively in 1950-51. Regarding revenue, it was hardly Rs. 34.8 crore for central and Rs. 12.6 crore for states in 1950-51 which increased to Rs. 20952.5 crore for centre and Rs. 12980.5 crore for states during 1999-00. The road network comprises of national highways, state highways, district roads, rural roads and special purpose roads for military and ports etc. National highways are the prime arterial routes throughout the country. It caters the need of about 45 percent of total road transport demand. Recently, a key innovation has been created of major new source of funding for National, State and rural roads. It has been named Central Road Fund (CRF). Moreover, National Highway Development Project (NHDP) has been set up for the expansion of roads. 7.5 WATER TRANSPORT: Water transport is the cheapest mode of traffic for both long and short distance. It does not use the costliest resources as in the case of air transport. However, in ancient period, shipping was one of the big industries of India, perhaps known as the Queen of Eastern Seas. Indians were much skilled in the building of ships and used to go to different distant countries like Persia, East Africa, Malaya and Eastern Island on their ships. In this context, Shri S.L. Haja has rightly stated that ‘Indian Naval power was undoubtedly a great achievement of Indian civilization. During 1860 to 1925, there were 102 Indian Shipping Industries but gradually all of them were destroyed by the British. Scindia Team Navigation Company was established in 1919. The history of Indian Shipping Companies from 1925 to 1945 is in-fact the history of Scindia Shipping company. In 1945, Government of India constituted a “Reorganisation Policy Sub Committee” under the chairmanship of Shri C.P. RamaswamiAiyyar who suggested that all the coastal trade of India should be reserved for Indian ships and suitable opportunity should be given to the Indian ships in foreign trade. 123 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In 1947, the Shipping Act was enacted. It was compulsory for the ships to obtain licences. Eastern Shipping Corporation was established with a capital of Rs. 10 crores in March, 1950. In June, 1956, Western Shipping Corporation was set up. Similarly, in 1961 two corporations were merged into Indian Shipping Corporation. New Shipping Corporation of India and Mogul Lines are operating under public sector and 33 companies under private sector. Kinds of Water Transport: It is of three kinds: 1. Inland Water Transport 2. Coastal Transport (coastal shipping). 3. Oceanic Transport (overseas shipping). 1. Inland Water Transport: It has played a very important role in Indian Transport System since ancient times. Its length is 14544 Kms. Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna rivers are navigable. Transportation of goods in an organised form is confined to West Bengal, Assam and in some parts of North Eastern Region and Goa. In 1945, Central Irrigation and Power Commission was set up to develop inland water transport. Later on Central Inland Water Transport Corporation was set up in 1967 and finally Inland Waterway Authority of India was set up in 1986 which is a step forward and should help in accelerating development. We have 5200 kms navigable but only 1700 kms are without. 2. Coastal Transport: India has a long coastline of 7516 kms. with 11 major and 139 minor working ports and a vast hinter-land. Inspite of its importance (being cheapest and energy efficient mode of transport) there has been a sharp decline in coastal shipping operations. Number of ships declined from 97 in 1961 to 56 in 1980 and GRT (Gross Registered Tonnage) reduced from 3.1 lakh to 2.5 lakh over the same period. It went up to 6.3 lakh in 1995-96. We have large overseas trade and 5560 kms coastline. We have also navigational aids such as lighthouses and lightships indicating submerged rocks and other dangers to the shipping. In 1950-51 we had 5 major ports at Mumbai, Chennai, Cochin, Kolkata and Vishakhapatnam. After independence seven major ports at Kandla in Gujarat, Haldia near Kolkata, NhavaSheva in Mumbai, Paradip in Orissa, TulicamMangaldi in Karnataka, and Marmugas 124 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

in Goa were built. Major ports are being modernised, expanded and re-equipped. We have at present 450 vessels containing of tankers, liners and cargo carriers. 3. Oceanic Transport: India has developed merchant fleet from scratch. In 1951 there were 24 Indian ships of 0.17 million GRT engaged in overseas trade. The fleet strength at the end of December 1994 was 438 vessels of 6.3 million GRT. Overseas trade was 122.3 million tonnes during 1993-94, which formed 34 percent of the total sea borne cargo. The Government of India is taking a lot of interest in the development of shipping sector by establishing a ship building industry in public sector, granting subsidy on the acquisition of ships from domestic shipyards to offset highest cost, supporting the public sector Shipping Corporation of India to expand its fleet and building up adequate facilities for the training of officers and men for the merchant fleet. Eighth Plan aimed to achieve the objective of acquisition of a modern diversified fleet. It may help in achieving the objective of export promotion and improved balance of payments. Advantages of Water Transport: Importance of water transport is evident from the following: 1. Important for Foreign Trade: Current volume of India’s trade is quite large and it is likely to further expand for the sake of economic development of the country. So, its importance cannot be under-rated. 2. Foreign Exchange: Shipping has also enabled the country to save enough of foreign exchange. Foreign exchange is of utmost importance for country’s economic development. India has already been facing acute foreign exchange shortage. 3. Defence: Development of shipping is essential for the defence of the country also. It is regarded as second line of defence. 4. Cheap Means of Transport: Water transport is the cheapest means of transport. Oceans and rivers are the free gifts of nature. No cost is involved in their construction unlike that of railways and roads. 125 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Transport of Heavy Goods: Heavy and bulky goods can be transported at little cost through water transport. 6. Useful during Natural Calamities: During natural calamities like floods, heavy downpour etc. when rail or road transport is disrupted, water transport alone is possible. 7. Less Maintenance Cost: Compared to other means of transport, maintenance cost of water transport is very little. Disadvantages of Water Transport: Main disadvantages of water transport are as under: 1. Limited Area: Area of water transport is restricted. Rivers and oceans are free gifts of nature. Accordingly the operational area remains fixed. Unlike railways and roads, man cannot construct waterways. 2. Slow Speed: It is a slow means of transport. Failure of monsoon results into fall in the water-level of rivers making navigation difficult. 3. Less Safety: As against other means of transport, it is less safe. Danger of sinking of boats and ships always looms large. 7.6 AIR TRANSPORT: Fastest means of transport is Air Transport. There are several favourable circumstances for the development of Air Transport in India. Credit goes to India for inaugurating the first Air Service Asia in 1914 by Post and Telegraph Department by carrying mail from Allahabad to Naini across the Ganga River. But the real progress was made during World War II. In 1947, we had 27 airways companies in India and these covered a distance of about 22 crore kilometers on their scheduled flights and carried about 3 lakh passengers. Now they cover a distance of about 10 crore kilometers and carry more than 72 lakh passengers per year. 126 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The number of aerodromes/airports increased to 91 by 1990-91. It includes 5 international airports at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi and Trivandrum. International Airport Authority of India was established in 1972 in the public sector. National Airport Authority of India was formed in June 1986. Vayudoot and Pawan Hans are the two airlines added to civil aviation recently. Previously Air India International for international services and Indian Airlines for domestic services were established in 1953. Vayudoot operates to inaccessible remote stations not touched by Indian Airlines. Pawan Hans provides helicopter services to remote places. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Urban Academy (GRUA) has been set up to train commercial pilots. In 1950, Air Transport Enquiry Committee was appointed. On the recommendations of this committee, in 1953 air transport was nationalized and three corporations were set up. (i) Air India International Corporation (ii) Indian Airline Corporation (iii) Private Airline Advantages of Air Transport: Main advantages of air transport are: 1. High Speed: It is a high speed means of transport. Passengers and goods can be transported speedily from one place to the other. 2. Transport of Costly and Light Goods: It is convenient to send costly, light and perishable goods through air transport. 3. Minimum Cost: Unlike railways and road transport there is no need to spend any money on the construction of any track or road. One has only to construct air-ports. 4. Free from Geographical Constraints: Mountains oceans and rivers create no obstruction to air transport. 6. Strategic Importance: 127 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

It has great strategic significance. Soldier, arms and ammunition can be airlifted to the troubled spots. Disadvantages or Problems of Air Transport: Air transport faced undernoted problems/disadvantages: 1. High Costs: Air transport in India is becoming very costly day by day with rising operational costs. 2. Non co-operation of Staff: Indian airlines are facing problems due to non-co-operation of the staff, such as, strikes by pilots, etc. 3. Out-dated Planes: Aviation technology is changing very fast. But our planes are out-dated and not very safe. Consequently Indian airlines find it difficult to compete with the world airlines. 4. Huge Investments: Creation of aviation facilities requires huge investments. The Government is least capable of increasing the number of planes and airports in the country. The private sector has its own limitations. 5. Inadequate Training Facilities: There are no adequate facilities to train a large number of pilots in the country. On privatization of airlines we are again facing the problem of sufficient trained staff. 6. Maximization of Risks: In air transport, risks are increasing day by day due to crime and terrorism, violence, hijacking, etc. all over the world. Progress of Civil Aviation: The total fleet strength consisting Air India and India Air Lines was 13 and 88 in 1960-61. The strength of Air India increased to 28 in 2001-02 while in case of Indian Air Lines reduced to 53. The revenue tone in terms of kilometers was recorded to be Rs. 7.56 crore for Air India and Rs. 10.00 crore for Indian Air Lines in 1950-51 which stood at Rs. 139.80 crore and Rs. 75.55 crore respectively during 2001-02. 128 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Regarding passengers carried by Air India and Indian Air Lines was 31.30 lakh and 55.25 lakh during 2001-02 while it was barely 1.25 lakh and 7.90 lakh respectively in 1950-51. Therefore, total number of passengers handled at AAI Airport was 107.38 lakh in 1980-81, 177.23 lakh in 1990-91 and 399.83 lakh in 2001-02. 5. Pipe Line Transport: This is a special type of transport system, suitable only for certain commodities. Its inherent advantages are low energy consumption, lower transit and low running cost. A number of pipe line systems have been built in India for transport of crude petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas. Important pipe lines for transporting crude petroleum are: (i) From Assam oil fields to Guwahati and Barauni. (ii) Imported crude from West Coast to Koyali (near Vadodara in Gujarat) and to Mathura (from Salaya port). A pipe line under construction will transport crude oil from Viramgram (Gujarat) to Karnal refinery (Haryana). The petroleum products from refineries are carried by pipe lines from: (i) Barauni to Kanpur, (ii) Mathura to Delhi, Ambala and Jalandhar and (iii) Bombay to Pune. The Indian Oil Corporation has constructed an extensive system of pipelines for crude oil and petroleum products. A 950 km long pipe line, from Hazira via Bijapur to Jagadishpur (BHJ) carries natural gas to gas-based nitrogenous fertilizer plants located in M.P., U.P. and Rajasthan. The natural gas is also utilized for generation of power. This project is being attended to by the Gas Authority of India which was set up in August 1984. There are plans for several other pipelines for transporting natural gas utilizing it at other places. A pipeline system based on fluidization has been constructed to transport iron-ore in slurry form (mixture of five iron ore suspended in water) from Kudremukh ore mines (Karnataka) to Mangalore port. In near future, there is every possibility of transporting coal pieces in slurry form but its economics of operation is to be worked out in detail. This may open new avenues in pipe transport systems. 129 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.7 SUMMARY  India’s transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the needs of 1.1 billion people. In 2007, the sector contributed about 5.5 percent to the nation’s GDP, with road transportation contributing the lion’s share.  Good physical connectivity in the urban and rural areas is essential for economic growth. Since the early 1990s, India's growing economy has witnessed a rise in demand for transport infrastructure and services.  However, the sector has not been able to keep pace with rising demand and is proving to be a drag on the economy. Major improvements in the sector are therefore required to support the country's continued economic growth and to reduce poverty.  Roads. Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 85 percent of the country’s passenger traffic and more than 60 percent of its freight. The density of India’s highway network -- at 0.66 km of roads per square kilometer of land – is similar to that of the United States (0.65) and much greater than China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20). However, most roads in India are narrow and congested with poor surface quality, and 33 percent of India’s villages do not have access to all-weather roads.  Rural Roads-A Lifeline for Villages in India: Connecting Hinterland to Social Services and markets  Railways. Indian Railways is one of the largest railways under the single management. It carried some 19.8 million passengers and 2.4 million tonnes of freight a day in year 2009 and is one of the world’s largest employer. The railways play a leading role in carrying passengers and cargo across India’s vast territory. However, most of its major corridors have capacity constraint requiring capacity enhancement plans.  Ports. India has 13 major and 199 minor and intermediate ports along its more than 7500 km long coastline. India’s seaborne foreign trade being 95% by volume and 67% by value, the ports play a very significant role in improving foreign trade in a growing economy. These ports serve the country’s growing foreign trade in petroleum products, iron ore, and coal, as well as the increasing movement of containers. Indian ports handled cargo of 850 million tonnes and about 9.0 million TEU container traffic in year 2010. Over the last decade, the average annual growth rate of port cargo volume has been about 10%. The future potential for port sector, particularly container ports is huge considering that the container traffic is projected to grow to 40 130 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

million TEU by 2025. Inland water transportation also remains largely undeveloped despite India's 14,000 kilometers of navigable rivers and canals.  Aviation. India has 128 airports, including 15 international airports. Indian airports handled 142 million passengers in 2010-11 and 1.6 million tonnes of cargo in year 2009-10. The CAGR for the domestic passenger and freight growth over the last decade has been 14.2% and 7.8% respectively. The dramatic increase in air traffic for both passengers and cargo in recent years has placed a heavy strain on the country's major airports. Passenger traffic is projected to grow more than 15% annually over 2011-13 and it is estimated that the aviation industry, currently 9th largest in the World, will require 30 billion USD investment in the next 15 years to keep pace with the growing demand. 7.8 KEYWORDS  Water transport: Mode of transport in India which has played a significant role in the country's economy and is indispensable to foreign trade. It has the largest carrying capacity of any form of transport and is most suitable for carrying bulky goods over long distances  A backwater:It is a part of a river in which there is little or no current. It can refer to a branch of a main river, which lies alongside it and then rejoins it, or to a body of water in a main river, backed up by the tide or by an obstruction such as a dam  IATA: The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world's airlines founded in 1945.  Cargo and Freight: It refers in particular to goods or produce being conveyed— generally for commercial gain—by water, air or land. Cargo was originally a shipload  A pedestrian: is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically. 7.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss about the mode of transport used by tourists majorly in India. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which is the cheapest means of transport? 131 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Discuss the means of transport in India. 2. State the advantage and disadvantages of rail transport. 3. Identify different types of water transport.List down its advantages. 4. Comment on the progress needed by civil aviation in current scenario. 5. Discuss the problems face by road transports. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not the management category of roads in India? a. National Highways b. State Highways c. Border Roads d. District Highways 2. Which organization constructs and manages the Border Road? a. Border Road Development Board b. National Highways Authority of India c. State Government where Border lies d. Defense Ministry 3. Which among the following national highways are collectively called as the Grand Trunk Road? 132 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. NH 1 and NH 2 b. NH 2 and NH 5 c. NH 4 and NH1 d. NH 7 and NH 1 4. Which national highway is called as ‘lifeline of Myanmar’? a. NH 37 b. NH 27 c. NH 29 d. NH 39 5. India’s first Aeroplane Post Service was started between: a. Allahabad to Naini b. Allahabad to Bombay (Now Mumbai) c. Allahabad to Calcutta (Now Kolkata) d. Allahabad to Delhi Answer 1. d 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. a 7.11 REFERENCES  A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House.  Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing.  A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. 133 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers  N. Ramakrishnan. \"SUVs set to blaze new trail\". Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2003-03-13. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 7 June 2009.  Duggan, Chris (15 August 2006). \"India's 'Amby' notches up half century\". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 23 June 2009.  \"Your PREMIER ride is arriving now | Uber Blog\". Uber Blog. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.  \"uberXL: more room with more seats | Uber Blog\". Uber Blog. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2018.  \"Hop onto a MOTO during early morning and late night hours | Uber Blog\". Uber Blog. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018. 134 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT -8 TOURISTS CIRCUIT 135 Structure 8.0. Learning objectives 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Tourism circuits 8.3. Major circuits in India 8.4. North-East Circuit 8.5. Himalayan Circuit 8.6. Krishna Circuit 8.7. Buddhist Circuit 8.8. Tribal Circuit 8.9. Coastal Circuit 8.10. Eco Circuit 8.11. Tirthankara Circuit 8.12. Wildlife Circuit 8.13. Desert Circuit 8.14. Ramayana Circuit 8.15. Spiritual Circuit 8.16. Rural Circuit 8.17. Sufi Circuit 8.18. Heritage Circuit 8.19. The Golden triangle 8.20. Summary CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8.21. Keywords 8.22. Learning activity 8.23. Unit end questions 8.24. References 8.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able:  Explain tourist circuits in India.  State the famous Indian tourist’s circuit.  Discuss Golden circuit in India.  Describe Heritage circuits, Ramayana circuit, wildlife circuit in India.  Identify Desert circuit in India. 8.1 INTRODUCTION India has, for years, remained a hot destination for tourists, domestic as well as international, with its vast culture and diversity. Tourism in India, places to visit when in India, unknown places for tourism in India, tourism circuits in India, theme-based tourism circuits, tourism development in India, boost for tourism in India With the development of these circuits, several lesser-known places of cultural and historical importance will come into the limelight. (Photo: Website/ Swadesh Darshan) India Tourism: Big boost for Indian tourism! In order to give a boost to the tourism sector in India, the Union Ministry of Tourism has decided to develop 15 thematic circuits across the country in a planned and prioritized manner under the Swadesh Darshan scheme, Union Minister of Tourism Prahalad Singh Patel informed the Lok Sabha in a written reply on Tuesday. The circuits set to be developed are the North-East Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Krishna Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, Tribal Circuit, Coastal Circuit, Eco Circuit, Tirthankara Circuit, Wildlife Circuit, Desert Circuit, Ramayana Circuit, Spiritual Circuit, Rural Circuit, Sufi Circuit and Heritage Circuit. 8.2 TOURISM CIRCUITS A tourist Circuit is defined as a route on which at least three major tourist destinations are 136 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

located such that none of these are in the same town, village or city. At the same time they are not separated by a long distance. It should have well defined entry and exit points. A tourist who enters at the entry point should get motivated to visit all the places identified on the circuit. The objective of having a tourist circuit is to increase the total number of visits to all the destinations on the circuit on the one hand and to provide to the tourist the attractions of all the destinations located on the circuit. 8.3 MAJOR CIRCUITS IN INDIA There are several major circuits in India: 1. North east circuit 2. Himalayan circuit 3. Krishna circuit 4. Buddhist circuit 5. Tribal circuit 6. Coastal circuit 7. Eco circuit 8. Tirthankara circuit 9. Wildlife circuit 10. Desert circuit 11. Ramayana circuit 12. Spiritual circuit 13. Rural circuit 14. Sufi circuit 15. Heritage circuit Now, let’s discuss this one by one 137 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8.4 NORTH-EAST CIRCUIT The North-East Circuit focuses on developing tourism-centric sites in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim, in order to offer the tourists an experience of the stunning beauty of the North-East, along with its mesmerizing landscape, Buddhist monasteries, its exotic and rare flora and fauna, refreshingly unique culture, indigenous sports and folk arts and handicrafts. Out of the many destinations included in the circuit, some are the Orchid Lake Resort, Umiam Lake View and Krang Suri Waterfall in Meghalaya, Gunabati Temple, Mahadeb Bari Udaipur and Bhubaneshwari Temple in Tripura, Khongjom and Imphal in Manipur, Sarong Monastery and Sela lake in Arunachal Pradesh and Sapta Kanya Waterfall in Sikkim. 8.5 HIMALAYAN CIRCUIT The Himalayan Circuit focuses on the beautiful tourist sites that line the Indian Himalayan Region, which covers the strategic position of the northern border of India and spans across Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the North-East. Due to the wide variety of the flora and fauna it has to offer, the Indian Himalayan Region is among the Natural World Heritage Sites. The Himalayan circuit covers destinations like Khardung Village, Skuru Village, Zorawar Fort at Kargil, Tral, Naristan, Manasbal Lake, Rajouri Nature Park, Shimla, Manali and Dharamshala. 8.6 KRISHNA CIRCUIT Several people in India often travel for religious purposes. Keeping this in mind, the Krishna Circuit focuses on developing those sites which are linked to the legends of Lord Krishna. The Circuit includes developing certain places in Kurukshetra that are linked to Mahabharata and equipping them with facilities like WIFI, CCTVs and security systems. It also includes the development of Govind Devji Temple and Charan Mandir in Rajasthan. 8.7 BUDDHIST CIRCUIT The Buddhist Circuit includes pilgrimage destinations for Buddhist tourists. Though Lord Buddha was born in Lumbini, which now falls in Nepal, he grew up in India, attained enlightenment here, delivered sermons across India and also attained Mahaparinirvana in India itself. Therefore, for Buddhist pilgrims, India is an important country and the circuit focuses on developing important sites linked to Lord Buddha in India. 138 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Some of the destinations included in the circuit are Bodh Gaya in Bihar, Srawasti, Kapilwastu, and Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh, Sanchi, Mandasaur and Dhar in Madhya Pradesh, Baba Pyare Caves and Khapara Kodiya in Gujarat, and Amaravati and Anupu in Andhra Pradesh. 8.8 TRIBAL CIRCUIT India has a vast tribal culture, which spans across several states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. These tribes have, for decades, been maintaining their indigenous culture, not letting it get diluted due to the modern world. The Tribal Circuit attempts to allow tourists a glimpse into the world of Indian tribes and their traditions, culture, art, etc. The Indian Tribal Circuit currently covers the states of Telangana, Chhattisgarh and Nagaland. 8.9 COASTAL CIRCUIT The Coastal Circuit covers the 7,517-km-long coastline of India and covers the different beaches that India has to offer in states and Union Territories like Goa, Maharashtra, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha and West Bengal. It also covers the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. The destinations include Dubrayapet in Puducherry, Cellular Jail and National Memorial in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Barkul in Odisha, Rua De Orum Creek and Anjuna Beach in Goa, Vijaydurg Beach in Maharashtra, Kanyakumari and Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Irrakum Island and Venadu Island in Andhra Pradesh. 8.10 ECO CIRCUIT With an aim to bridge the gap between tourists and nature, the Eco Circuit covers the nature and environment-friendly tourist destinations across Kerala, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram. The destinations include Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Betla National Park and Koel River View Point in Jharkhand, Singotam Reservoir and Akka Mahadevi Caves in Telangana, Vagamon, Idduki and Thekkady in Kerala, Sirain, Tehri Lake and Chamba in Uttarakhand, Sailani Island, Gandhisagar Dam and Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rawpuichhip and Berawtlang in Mizoram. 8.11 TIRTHANKARA CIRCUIT The Jain religion has its roots in India and so there are numerous shrines in India for the 139 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Jains. This circuit aims to provide the tourists with the unique architecture of the Jain structures, their cuisine and crafts. 8.12 WILDLIFE CIRCUIT India has a vivid range of flora and fauna, and is the wildlife hub. It is then natural that a circuit would cover the various wildlife that our diverse country has to offer. It covers the various national and state wildlife preserves and sanctuaries. The circuit so far covers only Assam and Madhya Pradesh. It includes destinations like Manas, Kaziranga and Dibru in Assam and Panna National Park, Sanjay National Park and Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh. 8.13 DESERT CIRCUIT India is a land of numerous terrains, and just like its mountains and coasts, it has great deserts too. The deserts span from the sand dunes-marked Thar to the arid lands in Kutch and the dry and cold valleys of Leh and Himachal. So far, the destinations only include Rajasthan. Some of the places in Rajasthan covered in the circuit are Shakambhari Mata Temple and the Sambhar Salt Lake. 8.14 RAMAYANA CIRCUIT Much like the Krishna Circuit, the Ramayana Circuit traces the places that are linked to the legends of Lord Rama. So far, this only includes Uttar Pradesh. Some of the UP destinations include Ayodhya, Laxman Qila and Chitrakoot. 8.15 SPIRITUAL CIRCUIT All over the world, India is known as the land of spirituality. It is a must-go-to place for all spiritual tourists. It would then be odd if India did not have a spiritual circuit. Some of the destinations included in the circuit are Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple and Vinorpu Annai Church in Puducherry, Sabarimala Temple and Caldian Syrian Church in Kerala, Patna and Vaishali in Bihar, Kaushambi and Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, Waki and Adasa in Maharashtra, Kaina Temple and Shri Kiana Gopinath Temple in Manipur and Bharthari Temple and Gopinath Ji Temple in Rajasthan. 140 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8.16 RURAL CIRCUIT It is no secret that the real, true India resides in its villages. The original cultures and traditions of India are still preserved in the places which are surrounded by kuchcha roads and a sense of home. Rural India is the heart and the soul of the country, and anyone who wishes to State India in its true sense ought to visit these villages. With this in mind, the government is developing the Rural Circuit. The destinations covered in the circuit include Turkanlia and Chandrahia Theme Park in Bihar. 8.17 SUFI CIRCUIT While no destination has yet been added to this circuit, its aim is to make available to tourists the age-old Sufi culture of India. The culture emphasizes on diversity and communal harmony and has its own unique music and art. 8.18 HERITAGE CIRCUIT India is a land of a rich heritage that has built over the country over centuries. The land of Taj Mahal, India has as many as 36 UNESCO recognized world heritage sites and another 36 are in the tentative list. With this backdrop, the government’s Heritage Circuit gives the tourists glimpses of the lesser-known but abundantly available heritage sites. These include the Paigah Tombs and Hayat Bakshi Mosque in Telangana, Nahargarh Fort, Bala Quila, Chittorgarh Fort and Jaisalmer Fort in Rajasthan, Bamuni Hills and Samuguru Satra in Assam, Sholam Chaupal and Kalinjar Fort in Uttar Pradesh, Sharmishtha Lake and Ambaji Kotha Lake in Gujarat, Franco Tamil Village in Puducherry, Sri Anandpur Sahib and Mir Mian Tomb in Punjab, Jogeshwar in Uttarakhand and Baija Taal, Italian Garden and Gwalior Fort in Madhya Pradesh. With the development of these circuits, several lesser-known places of cultural and historical importance will come into the limelight and benefit from the boost in the tourism industry. India has, for years, remained a hot destination for tourists, domestic as well as international, and it is time that these undermined places also get discovered for the rich culture they have to offer by way of these thematic tourism circuits. 8.19 THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE India's golden triangle is a tourist circuit which connects the national capital Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. The Golden Triangle is so called because of the triangular shape formed by the 141 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

locations of New Delhi, Agra and Rajasthan on a map. The trips usually start in Delhi moving south to the site of Taj Mahal at Agra, then west, to the desert landscapes of Rajasthan. It is normally possible to do the trip by coach or private journey through most tour operators. The Golden Triangle is now a well-travelled route providing a good spectrum of the country's different landscapes. The circuit is about 720 km by road. Each leg is about 4 to 6 hours of drive. The Shatabdi express train also connects Delhi with Agra and Jaipur. Keeping the Golden Triangle golden is probably the biggest responsible tourism issue for most people, as these busy areas are notorious for pollution, overcrowding and a quite a few negative fallouts from the impact of mass tourism. Some of the overcrowding issues are out of the individual’s control, of course. However, by travelling with a responsible holiday company, you will at least ensure that your money is directed to small, local enterprises, that you walk instead of taking diesel taxis, and that you avoid unethical tourist traps such as elephant rides. You will also aim to preserve one of the most golden aspects of the Triangle: its culture. 8.20 SUMMARY  India is blessed with abundant scenic beauty, heritage, and cultural diversity, each having its own lure. For this reason, travel circuits in India are designed to cherish the vivid experiences in one go. Highlighting particular themes, these travel circuits include, heritage walks, religious tours, adventure or wildlife, yoga trips and many more. In other words, India’s travel circuits beguile the travelers by portraying the matchless charm of the country like nothing else.  India has, for years, remained a hot destination for tourists, domestic as well as international, with its vast culture and diversity.  Tourism in India, places to visit when in India, unknown places for tourism in India, tourism circuits in India, theme-based tourism circuits, tourism development in India, boost for tourism in India  With the development of these circuits, several lesser-known places of cultural and historical importance will come into the limelight.  India Tourism: Big boost for Indian tourism! In order to give a boost to the tourism sector in India, the Union Ministry of Tourism has decided to develop 15 thematic circuits across the country in a planned and prioritized manner under the Swadesh Darshan scheme, Union Minister of Tourism Prahalad Singh Patel informed the Lok Sabha in a written reply on Tuesday. The circuits set to be developed are the North- East Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Krishna Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, Tribal Circuit, 142 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Coastal Circuit, Eco Circuit, Tirthankara Circuit, Wildlife Circuit, Desert Circuit, Ramayana Circuit, Spiritual Circuit, Rural Circuit, Sufi Circuit and Heritage Circuit. 8.21 KEYWORDS  Indigenous peoples: groups specially protected in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory, and their cultural or historical distinctiveness from other populations  Indigenous tourism: a synonym for Aboriginal tourism, the more commonly used term in BC  Loss reduction: a risk control technique that reduces the severity of the impact of the risk should it occur  Marketing orientation: the learning that a company needs to engage with its markets in order to refine its products and services, and promotional efforts  Meeting Professionals International (MPI): a membership-based professional development organization formeeting and event planners 8.22 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. List out the five-tourist circuitsnear New Delhi. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Discuss about the Sufitourists’ circuits in India. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8.23 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Types Questions 143 1. Describe Krishna circuit and the golden triangle. 2. List down all sanctuaries coming under wildlife circuit. 3. Write a short note on Spiritual circuits in India. 4. List out all monuments coming under Heritage circuits. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)