BTT-110 BSC-TTM-SEM-II-INDIAN TOURISM DESTINATION_Final

Best time to visit Bhedaghat – November to March Top attractions in Bhedaghat – Dhandhar waterfalls, Bandar Kodini, river Narmada, Chaunsath Yogini temple and others Location of Bhedaghat – 30km from Jabalpur Nearest airport in Bhedaghat – Jabalpur Bhedaghat is a small town that can be scaled in a day or two. The city has got its place in this list for some of the exotic attractions that it has in its reign. The main attraction here is Bandar Kodini. To reach the spot, one has to travel between marble rocks on the river Narmada on a boat. You can spot monkeys at very close quarters. Taking this trip in moonlight is a wonderful attraction Bandhavgarh National Park 194 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Best time to visit Bandhavgarh National Park – November to March Top attractions in Bandhavgarh National Park – Elephant rides, Jeep safari, Lodge stay, Baghel museum, Bandhavgarh fort, Climbers point and others. Location of Bandhavgarh National Park – 165 km from Jabalpur Nearest airport in Bandhavgarh National Park – Jabalpur This is a cliché national park destination. You can find many attractions in and around the destination. Jeep safari through the park helps you spot tigers, deer and other mammals. You can also trek on elephants. Bird watching is also a common activity here. There are 22 mammals in this park including monkeys, tigers, deer, mongoose, hyena, boars and others. Kanha National Park Best time to visit Kanha National Park – February to June Top attractions in Kanha National Park – Spotting wildlife including Tigers, Bird watching, Jeep safari and others Location of Kanha National Park – 160 km away from Jabalpur Nearest airport in Kanha National Park – Jabalpur Famous for leopards, tigers, wild cats, foxes and other mammals. You can find hundreds of local and migration birds here. The land forms found here are meadows, open forest, grassland and others. Jeep safari is an iconic attraction here. Ujjain 195 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Best time to visit Ujjain – October to March Top attractions of Ujjain – Bhaironath temple, Chintaman temple, Gopal Mandir, Bhartrihari caves, Jantar Mantar, Mahakaleshwar temple, Ram Mandir Ghat, palaces and other. Location of Ujjain – 56 km from Indore Nearest airport in Ujjain – Indore Located on the banks of holy Shipra River, this city is linked with history and religion. The city was at prime beauty because of its location on the trade route. The city is best visited during festivals like Maha Shivratri, Kumbh Mela and others. Ujjain tour will take you close to history, architecture and culture of the land. There are many getaway spots around Ujjain, if you are ready to travel a little more. Pench National Park 196 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Best time to visit Pench National Park – November to May Top attractions of Pench National Park – Gypsy safari, jungle home stay, bird watching, tiger spotting, owl breeding and others Location of Pench National Park – 92 km from Nagpur Nearest airport in Pench National Park – Nagpur Pench National Park is a good destination to bring out the photographer in you. Pench National Park is a good spot for those who love photography and nature. Elephant rides, jungle walks, night safari, gypsy safari and bird watching are very common activities here. You can buy musk right outside the park. Some resorts near the park allow camping and other activities. Indore 197 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Best time to visit Indore – October to March Top attractions of Indore – Rajawada, Lal Baag palace, Bada Ganapathi, KanchMandir, Town Hall, Bapna statue, Chhatris, Central museum and others Location of Indore – 593 km away from Delhi Nearest airport in Indore – Indore Located on the Malwa Plateau, this destination is for those who want to enjoy the rich culture of the land. Indore is the right place for sightseeing. You can enjoy a long list of temples, monuments and museums to enjoy. Apart from those, you can find migration birds in Sipur Lake, amusement park, Regional Park and others. Top items to buy are craft items and fabrics Sanchi Best time to visit Sanchi – July to March Top attractions of Sanchi – stupas, Buddha temples, archaeological museum, Udayagiri caves, Gupta temple, Ashoka pillar and others Location of Sanchi – 46km from Bhopal Nearest airport in Sanchi – Bhopal 198 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Sanchi lies on the footpath of Lord Buddha. It is a very famous Buddhist pilgrim spot in Madhya Pradesh. The main tourism attractions of this city are linked with pilgrimage. It is a good spot to enjoy Natu. 13.8 SUMMARY  West India is a region in the western part of India. It includes the states Gujarat, Maharashtra Rajasthan, and Goa and Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman and Diu. This region has dominant industries, and dense with the urban population.  Maharashtrian culture derives from the ancient Hindu Vedic culture influenced deeply by the Maratha Empire. Maharashtrians take great pride in the Maratha Empire, and many places in Maharashtra are named after the founder of the Empire, Shivaji. Marathi literature and cinema are popular in the state as well as across India. Bollywood has had a huge impact on the lifestyle and culture of this part of India as the industry is primarily located in Mumbai.  Gujarati culture is a blend of Indian culture and foreign influence. It has been influenced by the Parsis, who migrated to Gujarat from Persia about a 1000 years ago. Gujarat also saw Turkic and Mughal conquests, as well as a constant stream of back and forth migrations to and from Sindh and Rajasthan, which helped shape the unique cultural landscape of the state. Cultural Events like RannUtsav, International Kite Festival and Global Garba festivals have been started in Gujarat to showcase its culture internationally.  Central India is simply the heart of the country, a soft and mystical land peppered with ancient temples and majestic forts, whose forests and jungle teem with wildlife and punctuated by some of her most vibrant and historical cities.  Although one of the least explored regions of the country, Central India has a huge amount to offer the modern traveller. Jumping off the busier tourist trails of Rajasthan and the Ganges River plain, here you will find many stunning historical monuments, a plethora of national parks and a rural life-style that will take you back to the Kipling- esque India of our childhood. 13.9 KEYWORDS  Scheduled Tour – A Tour That Is Set in A Tour Operator’s Regular Schedule of Tour Departures and That Is Often Sold to The General Public.  Shoulder Season – Those Periods Between the Peak and Off Season When Destination Demand Is Moderate. 199 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Tourist/Visitor/Traveler – Any Person Who Travels Either for Leisure or Business Purposes More Than 100 Miles (Round-Trip) In A Day or Who Stays Overnight Away fromHis/her Primary Domicile.  Trade Show – A Product Showcase for A Specific Industry. Generally It Is Not Open To The Public. Differs From A “Consumer Show” In That A Trade Show Targets The Professional Industry, While A Consumer Show Targets Consumers.  Waitlist – A List of Clients Awaiting Transportation or Accommodations at Times When They Are Unavailable. Waitlist Clients Are Confirmed As A Result Of Subsequent Cancellations. 13.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. With help of statistics identify tourism footfall in West & Central India. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. List out the tourism attractions in West India ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13.11 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Question 1. Explainthe history of West India. 2. Discuss major tourist circuits of Central India? 3. Describe the culture of west India 4. State the significance of Ajanta and Ellora caves. 5. List major tourist attractions in Goa. B. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1. Hidden in the Sahyadri Hills of Western Ghats, ……….is a relatively less explored hill station of West India. 200 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Amboli b. Ellora c. Goa d. Diu 2. Despite being a small island, ……offers entertainment big size. a. Ellora b. Goa c. Diu d. Kutch 3. ……………. , with its cool climate and pleasant walking trails as well as spectacular valley and forest views, is indeed among the most visited hill stations in the region. a. Goa b. Dwarka c. Amboli d. Mahabaleshwar 4. ……….. culture is a blend of Indian culture and foreign influence. a. Maharashtra b. Delhi c. UP d. Gujarati 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. To experience the world-famous Gujarati hospitality, choose ……….which is known as ‘the Manchester of the East’ for its well-established textile industry. a. Ahmedabad b. Bharuch c. Gandhinagar d. None of these Answer 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. a 13.12REFERENCES  A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House.  Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing.  A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers.  National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers  Mohamad Riad El Ghonemy, \"The Dynamics of Rural Poverty\", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...  V. G. Rastyannikov, \"Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India\", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, ISBN 0-7100- 0755-8.  B. M. Bhatia, \"Food Security in South Asia\", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.  Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, \"The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects\", Westview Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8133-7505-3. 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT -14CLIMATE STRUCTURE 14.0. Learning objectives 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Definition 14.2.1 Climatic Zone of India and main tourist destination in different climatic zones 14.3. Seismic Zones in India 14.3.1 Seismic Waves, Richter Scale and Mercalli scale 14.4. Direction of Monsoon wind 14.5. Southwest Monsoon – North East Monsson 14.6. Summary 14.7. Keywords 14.8. Learning activity 14.9. Unit end questions 14.10. References 14.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able:  Define climate  Explain the climate of India.  Describe the Seismic zones in India  Identify main tourist destinations as per climatic zones.  State significance of the monsoon winds 14.1 INTRODUCTION Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, which includes the ocean and ice on Earth. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. More generally, the \"climate\" of a region is the general state of the climate system at that 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

location at the current time. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region. Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since very few direct observations of climate are available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming. Global warming results in redistributions. For example, \"a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones\" 14.2 DEFINITION Climate (from Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination) is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 glossary definition is as follows: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the \"average weather,\" or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) describes \"climate normals\" (CN) as \"reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered typical. A CN is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period. A 30 year period is used, as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies, but also short enough to be able to 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

show longer climatic trends.” The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normal, and these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990. The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase \"Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.\" Over historical time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. All of these variables change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as plate tectonics. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption, water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned. 14.2.1 Climatic Zone of India and main tourist destination in different climatic zones India possesses a large variety of climates ranging from extremely hot desert regions to high altitude locations with severely cold conditions similar to northern Europe. Within India it is possible to define six regions with distinct climates. The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months. In cases where none of these categories can be identified for six months or longer, the climatic zone is called Composite. On this basis, Bansal and Minke, 1988, originally produced the Climatic Zones in India Map by evaluation of the mean monthly data from 233 weather stations, and then delineating the six climatic zones. 1. Hot and dry 2. Cold and Sunny 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Warm and Humid 4. Cold and Cloudy 5. Composite 6. Moderate Hot and Dry Very high daytime temperatures, with very little precipitation and a short and mild winter season characterize this climate. Another important characteristic is a high diurnal temperature variation. You can be boiling during the day and cold at night. This is due to the rapid radiative heat loss from the ground or the building to the clear night sky. The desert town of Jaisalmer deals with this by building homes that abut against each other, with the inner rooms opening towards small courtyards and the front rooms opening through screened openings towards narrow shaded streets. This pattern minimizes the exposure of building surfaces to the outside. The buildings are of heavy mass and the windows small, because of which the indoor temperature changes very little through the day or night, staying close to a more comfortable daily mean temperature. In summers, even though the day is hot, nights are cool, and people spend time out on the roof terrace. Because humidity is low, if water was available, cooling by evaporation of water would be an easy and effective way of obtaining thermal comfort. Cold and Sunny Leh in Ladakh is a \"mountain desert.\" There is very little precipitation and the temperatures vary greatly between the day and night and also from summer to winter. The traditional Ladhaki settlement is usually built on steep slopes facing southward. This allows good insolation during the day. Heavy walls (mud) and a well-insulated roof (timber & mud) dampen the variations of indoor temperatures. The use of glass and nowadays, trombe- wall is very successful as heat can be stored in the building mass during the day, to stay warm indoors at night. Warm and Humid High humidity, strong sun, glare from the sky and horizon characterize this climate. There are 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

long monsoon periods with heavy rain. But the breezes, especially in coastal areas, can alleviate discomfort considerably. The Padmanabhapuram Palace in Trivandrum, responds to the climate with steep sloping high tiled roofs, with deep eaves. The sides are open to the breeze, and air ventilates up through the porous tile roofs, ensuring that the indoor temperature does not build up. Using open slatted or perforated timber screens on sides of verandahs cuts out glare, ensures privacy but allows the breeze flow across the rooms. Walls are white to reflect the sun, and often completely shaded by the verandas. For a cluster of buildings, an openness of planning, to allow the natural breeze to flow through them is of paramount importance. Cold and Cloudy Winters are prolonged and summers are short in this climate. There is also a fair amount of precipitation- snow or rain, often spread across the year. The traditional homes and villages of the sub - Himalayan region are built on hill slopes that would receive a fair amount of sunshine. The lower floor is occupied by cattle and used for storage. The upper floor which is away from cold and damp ground has the living rooms. The cooking area is a part of it, in order to benefit from the heat generated by it. Low timber ceiling provide insulation and conserve the warmth. Windows face the sun. Composite New Delhi has a Composite climate. It has a very hot and dry summer, followed by a humid season with monsoon rains. With the departure of the monsoon it gradually becomes comfortable in autumn, followed by a short winter with the cloudy and wet as well as sunny periods. Before the summer returns there is a comfortable but short spring season. The Rang Mahal at the Red Fort royal palace has spaces suitable for every season. Rooms have thick walls and small openings for summer days and winter nights. Verandas are for evenings and mornings. There is a screened balcony that will cut out the sun but enjoy the monsoon breeze during the humid season. Additionally, there is water stream flowing through the middle and the screens and awnings that can be raised or lowered to modulate the light, provide shade, or insulate against the heat or cold. Moderate 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

This is a climate which is generally comfortable; neither too hot, nor too cold, and where all of us should be staying! All you need to do is be shaded and insulated from direct sun, let in a little breeze when you feel stuffy or warm: and shut the window if it is chilly or wear some light woollens. In Bangalore, the ideal comfortable house is built of heavy walls with high ceiling rooms, with windows that you can shut and open, surrounded by a shade giving veranda. High ceilings reduce the effect of heat that would radiate down from the roof which would get hot under the sun. This will also allow the warm air to rise and escape through ventilators, high up in the walls. 14.3 SEISMIC ZONES IN INDIA There are four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) in India based on scientific inputs relating to seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region. Previously, earthquake zones were divided into five zones with respect to the severity of the earthquakes but the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) grouped the country into four seismic zones by unifying the first two zones. BIS is the official agency for publishing the seismic hazard maps and codes. Seismic Zone II: Area with minor damage earthquakes corresponding to intensities V to VI of MM scale (MM-Modified Mercalli Intensity scale). 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Seismic Zone III: Moderate damage corresponding to intensity VII of MM scale. Seismic Zone IV: Major damage corresponding to intensity VII and higher of MM scale. Seismic Zone V: Area determined by pro seismically of certain major fault systems and is seismically the most active region. Earthquake zone V is the most vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country’s most powerful shocks have occurred. Earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0 have occurred in these areas, and have had intensities higher than IX. 14.3.1 Seismic Waves, Richter Scale and Mercalli scale Seismic waves are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through the Earth and are recorded on instruments called seismographs. Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. The earthquake events are scaled either according to the magnitude or intensity of the shock. The magnitude scale is known as the Richter scale. The magnitude relates to the energy released during the earthquake which is expressed in absolute numbers, 0-10. The intensity scale or Mercalli scale takes into account the visible damage caused by the event. The range of intensity scale is from 1-12. 14.4 DIRECTION OF MONSOON WIND, Indian monsoon, the most prominent of the world’s monsoon systems, which primarily affects India and its surrounding water bodies. It blows from the northeast during cooler months and reverses direction to blow from the southwest during the warmest months of the year. This At the Equator the area near India is unique in that dominant or frequent westerly winds occur at the surface almost constantly throughout the year; the surface easterlies reach only to 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

latitudes near 20° N in February, and even then they have a very strong northerly component. They soon retreat northward, and drastic changes take place in the upper-air circulation (see climate: Jet streams). This is a time of transition between the end of one monsoon and the beginning of the next. Late in March the high-sun season reaches the Equator and moves farther north. With it go atmospheric instability, convectional (that is, rising and turbulent) clouds, and rain. The westerly subtropical jet stream still controls the flow of air across northern India, and the surface winds are northeasterlies. Monsoon Onset and Early Developments As the high-sun season (that is, the Northern Hemisphere summer) moves northward during April, India becomes particularly prone to rapid heating because the highlands to the north protect it from any incursions of cold air. There are three distinct areas of relative upper tropospheric warmth—namely, (1) above the southern Bay of Bengal, (2) above the Plateau of Tibet, and (3) across the trunks of the various peninsulas that are relatively dry during this time. These three areas combine to form a vast heat-source region. The relatively warm area above the southern Bay of Bengal occurs mostly at the 500–100-millibar level. (This atmospheric pressure region typically occurs at elevations between 5,500 and 16,100 metres [18,000 and 53,000 feet] but may vary according to changes in heating and cooling.) It does not appear at a lower level and is probably caused by the release of condensation heat (associated with the change from water vapour to liquid water) at the top of towering cumulonimbus clouds along the advancing intertropical convergence. In contrast, a heat sink appears over the southern Indian Ocean as the relatively cloud-free air cools by emitting long-wavelength radiation. Monsoon winds at the surface blow from heat sink to heat source. As a result, by May the southwest monsoon is well-established over Sri Lanka, an island off the south eastern tip of the Indian peninsula. Also in May, the dry surface of Tibet (above 4,000 metres [13,100 feet]) absorbs and radiates heat that is readily transmitted to the air immediately above. At about 6,000 metres (19,700 feet) an anticyclonic cell arises, causing a strong easterly flow in the upper troposphere above northern India. The subtropical jet stream suddenly changes its course to the north of the anticyclonic ridge and the highlands, though it may occasionally reappear southward of them for very brief periods. This change of the upper tropospheric circulation above northern India from westerly jet to easterly flow coincides with a reversal of the vertical temperature and pressure gradients between 600 and 300 millibars. On many occasions the easterly wind aloft assumes jet force. It anticipates by a few days the “burst,” or onset, of the surface south westerly monsoon some 1,500 km (900 miles) farther south, with a definite sequential relationship, although the exact cause is not known. Because of India’s inverted triangular shape, the land is heated progressively as the sun moves northward. This accelerated spread of heating, combined with the general direction of heat being transported by winds, results in 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a greater initial monsoonal activity over the Arabian Sea (at late springtime), where a real frontal situation often occurs, than over the Bay of Bengal. The relative humidity of coastal districts in the Indian region rises above 70 percent, and some rain occurs. Above the heated land, the air below 1,500 metres (5,000 feet) becomes unstable, but it is held down by the overriding easterly flow. This does not prevent frequent thunderstorms from occurring in late May. Peak Period During June the easterly jet becomes firmly established at 150 to 100 millibars, an atmospheric pressure region typically occurring at elevations between 13,700 and 16,100 metres (45,000 and 53,000 feet). It reaches its greatest speed at its normal position to the south of the anticyclonic ridge, at about 15° N from China through India. In Arabia it decelerates and descends to the middle troposphere (3,000 metres [9,800 feet]). A stratospheric belt of very cold air, analogous to the one normally found above the intertropical convergence near the Equator, occurs above the anticyclonic ridge, across southern Asia at 30°–40° N and above the 500-millibar level (6,000 metres [19,700 feet]). These upper-air features that arise so far away from the Equator are associated with the surface monsoon and are absent when there is no monsoonal flow. The position of the easterly jet controls the location of monsoonal rains, which occur ahead and to the left of the strongest winds and also behind them and to the right. The surface flow, however, is a strong, south westerly, humid, and unstable wind that brings humidities of more than 80 percent and heavy squally showers that are the “burst” of the monsoon. The overall pattern of the advance follows a frontal alignment, but local episodes may differ considerably. The amount of rain is variable from year to year and place to place. Most spectacular clouds and rain occur against the Western Ghats in India, where the early monsoonal airstream piles up against the steep slopes, then recedes, and piles up again to a greater height. Each time it pushes thicker clouds upward until wind and clouds roll over the barrier and, after a few brief spells of absorption by the dry inland air, cascade toward the interior. The windward slopes receive 2,000 to 5,000 mm (80 to 200 inches) of rain in the monsoon season. Various factors, especially topography, combine to make up a complex regional pattern. Oceanic air flowing toward India below 6,000 metres (19,700 feet) is deflected in accordance with the Coriolis Effect. The converging moist oncoming stream becomes unstable over the hot land and is subject to rapid convection. Towering cumulonimbus clouds rise thousands of metres, producing violent thunderstorms and releasing latent heat in the surrounding air. As a result, the upper tropospheric warm belt migrates north-westward from the ocean to the land. The main body of air above 9,000 metres (29,500 feet) maintains a strong easterly flow. 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Later, in June and July, the monsoon is strong and well-established to a height of 6,000 metres (less in the far north), with occasional thickening to 9,000 metres. Weather conditions are cloudy, warm, and moist all over India. Rainfall varies between 400 and 500 mm (16 and 20 inches), but topography introduces some extraordinary differences. On the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills at only 1,300 metres (4,300 feet), where the moist airstreams are lifted and overturned, the village of Cherrapunji in Meghalaya state receives an average rainfall of 2,730 mm (107 inches) in July, with record totals of 897 mm (35 inches) in 24 hours in July 1915, more than 9,000 mm (354 inches) in July 1861, and 16,305 mm (642 inches) in the monsoon season of 1899. Over the Ganges valley the monsoon, deflected by the Himalayan barrier, becomes a southeasterly airflow. By then the upper tropospheric belt of warmth from condensation has moved above northern India, with an oblique bias. The lowest pressures prevail at the surface. It is mainly in July and August that waves of low pressure appear in the body of monsoonal air. Fully developed depressions appear once or twice per month. They travel from east to west more or less concurrently with high-level easterly waves and bursts of speed from the easterly jet, causing a local strengthening of the low-level monsoonal flow. The rainfall consequently increases and is much more evenly distributed than it was in June. Some of the deeper depressions become tropical cyclones before they reach the land, and these bring torrential rains and disastrous floods. 14.5 SOUTHWEST MONSOON – NORTH EAST MONSSON The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches called the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The Arabian Sea side monsoon of the southwest monsoon first hits the western ghats of Kerala, India. It moves northwards providing rain to the coastal areas of the Western Ghats. The Bay of Bengal side of monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal and heads towards North-Eastern India and Bengal. It reaches then to the Eastern Himalaya and gives rain to the North-East India, Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Arabian Sea side monsoon creates a low-pressure area on the Thar Desert. It is quite stronger than the Bay of Bengal side monsoon. 14.6 SUMMARY  The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalizations difficult. Climate in south India is generally hotter than north India. Most parts of the nation don't experience temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in winter, and the temperature usually tends to exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during summer. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Based on the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic sub types, ranging from arid deserts in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rain forests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (January and February), summer (March, April and May), monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a post-monsoon period (October to December).  There are four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) in India based on scientific inputs relating to seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region.  Previously, earthquake zones were divided into five zones with respect to the severity of the earthquakes but the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) grouped the country into four seismic zones by unifying the first two zones.  BIS is the official agency for publishing the seismic hazard maps and codes.  The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches called the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The Arabian Sea side monsoon of the southwest monsoon first hits the western ghats of Kerala, India. It moves northwards providing rain to the coastal areas of the Western Ghats. The Bay of Bengal side of monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal and heads towards North-Eastern India and Bengal. It reaches then to the Eastern Himalaya and gives rain to the North-East India, Bangladesh and West Bengal. 14.7 KEYWORDS  Climate: in a narrow sense is usually defined as the \"average weather,\" or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands of years  A seismic zone: is used to describe an area where earthquakes tend to focus; for example, the New Madrid Seismic Zone in the Central United States.  Climate Change: Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among others, that occur over several decades or longer.  Climate Feedback: A process that acts to amplify or reduce direct warming or cooling effects. 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Climate Lag: The delay that occurs in climate change as a result of some factor that changes only very slowly.  Climate Model: A quantitative way of representing the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. Models can range from relatively simple to quite comprehensive. 14.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss and compare the climatic zones in India. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Compare the monsoonsin India with other countries. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 14.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Question 1. Define Climate and Explain climatic zones in India? 2. Differentiate between climate and weather. 3. State importance of directions of monsoon wind. 4. Compare the southwest monsoon – north east monsoon. 5. Identify and list main tourist attractions based on climatic zones in India. B. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 214 1. Which of the following reason for the tropical climate of India? a. Seasonal influence of jet streams b. Location of the Himalayas in its north c. Over-powering influence of Indian Ocean CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Country being a part of Asian landmass 2. Which of the following region is famous for the Asiatic wild Ass? a. Rann of Kutch b. Baghelkhand c. Sundarbans d. Shivalik’s 3. Which part of India receives rains from both the south-west, and north-west? a. Andaman and Nicobar Island b. Daman and Diu c. Odisha d. Lakshadweep 4. The paddy field of India are located in the area of annual rainfall? a. 130 b. 120 c. 100 d. 80 5. Which of the following States has the longest coastline? 215 a. Goa b. Gujarat c. Andhra Pradesh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Kerala Answer 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 14.10 REFERENCES  A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House.  Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing.  A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers.  National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers  Susan Woodward. Tropical Savannas. Archived 2008-02-25 at the Way back Machine Retrieved on 2008-03-16.  \"Cloud Fraction (1 month – Terra/MODIS) – NASA\". Cloud Fraction (1 month – Terra/MODIS) – NASA. Retrieved 2015-05-18.  Central, Brian. \"The Bright Side of 13 Years of Clouds in 1 Map\". Retrieved 2015- 05-18.  \"Humid subtropical climate\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-14.  Michael Ritter. Humid Subtropical Climate. Archived October 14, 2008, at the Way back Machine Retrieved on 2008-03-16. 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)