CU-BA-SEM-III-Sociology-III- Second Draft

The term modernisation has been severally defined by several eminent scholars and one of them is the Indian sociologist Prof. Y. Singh who writes, “Modernisation symbolizes a rational attitude towards issues and their evaluation from universalistic, not particularistic point of view. To him, Modernisation involves diffusing scientific and technological know- how. C.E. Black in his book ‘Dynamics of Modernisation suggests modernisation as a process by which historically evolved institution are adopted to the rapidly changing function that reflect the unprecedented increase in man’s knowledge, permitting control over his environment in the recent centuries that accompanies the scientific revolution. Thus, modernisation emphasizes upon the diffusion of new standards like scientific outlook, rationalism based on reasoning, universalism, humanism, individualism, secularization, democratic liberalism and the like. Application of scientific know-how to meet human requirements is also another aspect of modernisation. From Psychological point of view, modernisation brings about changes in individuals motivation temperament attitude personality and role-perception. 7.3.3 Dimensions of Modernization: Modernisation is multi-dimensional in character. One may categories it into social, psychological, intellectual, demographic, cultural, economic and political dimensions. Modernisation at Political level is also known as Political modernisation or Political development. Political modernisation has its own distinct features. It rejects the traditional authorities like Feudal lords, religious heads & god- heads and Traditional community leaders. Rather it implies the emergence of a single secular rational authority in a political system to which people render habitual obedience. Political modernisation, therefore involves increasing people’s participation in the political process through Business groups, interest groups, political parties, N.G.Os and voluntary organizations. Thus, political modernisation includes: (a) Increase in the capacity of the political system to find and utilize the resources of the society. 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(b) Increase in the need for coordinated social action to solve all kinds of problems that a political system faces and (c) Increase in political participation. Broadly speaking, modernisation has following salient features: (1) A Scientific temper outlook. (2) Reasoning and rationalism (3) Secularization (4) High aspirations (5) Total change in attitude, norms and values, (6) Developed economy, (7) Broader national interest (8) Democratization (9) An open society. (10) A challenging personality and finally (11) Dynamic leadership to organize socio-economic cultural & political movement and undertake reforms. 7.3.4 Steps to Be Taken for Modernisation According to Rustow and Ward, steps to be taken for modernisation include the following: 1. Faster industrialisation of economy and adoption of scientific knowledge and technical know-how to make industry, agriculture more productive and profitable in modernisation process. 2. Secularization of Ideas, values and rites 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Increased social mobility. 4. Spread of scientific & technical education. 5. Higher standard of living and thinking 6. High degree of Urbanisation. 7. High level of literacy 8. Growing per-capita income. 9. Developed and wide spread mass media. 10. Better health & hygienic conditions for women & children. 11. Eradication of Poverty and Unemployment 12. Broader outlook to fight out superstition and blind-faith. 7.3.5 Preconditions of Modernisation Modernisation of society through a switch-over, from traditionalism requires certain essential pre-conditions. Those are: (1) Awareness of the people to accommodate to the new technology conditions (2) A sense of urgency (3) Availability of opportunities (4) An emotional preparedness to accommodate the changeover from traditionalism to modernism either slow or fast. (5) Emergence of devoted, dynamic and committed leadership to lead the modernized society (6) Society’s inbuilt capacity for accommodating such transformation. 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

According to Myron wiener, the main instrume nts which make modernisation possible are: (a) Education (b) Developed Mass Communication both Print & Electronic Media (like Telephone Radio, TV, Cinema, Newspaper, Book and Journals) (c) Nationalist ideology and sense of Patriotism (d) Charismatic national leadership, (e) Strong and stable governmental authority to implement policies & programmes directed for modernisation and to compel & force people to accept such policies. (f) Seminars and workshops to be held to highlight the influence & impact of modernisation. How to achieve Modernisation? Modernisation can be achieved by two ways: (1) by modifying the tradition and (2) by criticizing the odd aspect of tradition. Both these methods are regulated by two guidelines —such as: (a) unity and integrity of the Nation are not endangered (b) Benefits of the modernisation Process are available to the society and community as a whole and in no case, should one alienate himself from the society and tradition. It should be strictly ensured that all contemporary changes like ragging in educational institution, eve- teasing, divorce, living together without being married are not modern. 7.3.6 Whom Should We Call Modernizers The elaborate list of modernizers includes the following. (a) Elites: Elite constitute those who are more equal than others. They may also be called First among the Equals. Elites include political elites, religious elites, social elites. Business elites, academic elites and the like. These Elites contribute new ideas to rep lace the old ones. 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Circulation of Elites make changes in the ‘elite-structure’. Make their political elites contribute to political modernisation. 1. Intellectuals: Are the ‘think-tanks’ or store house of new ideas, new experiences and new strategies of change from tradition to modernity. 2. Political Leadership: In India, eminent Nationalist and Political leaders have also played role as modernizers with their belief and faith on certain ideologies and political techniques. For example: (1) Gandhi and his concept of Non-Violence. (2) Tilak’s concept of Swaraj as “birth-right” (3) Nehru’s concepts of Democratic socialism, secularism, Nationalism and Internationalism, Non-Alignment. (4) Indira Gandhi’s concept of ‘Garibihatao’ (Abolish poverty) and ‘protectio n of weaker sections of the society’. (5) L.B. Shastri’s slogan of ‘Jai Kishan, Jai Jawan’. (6) Rajiv’s Mera Bharat Mahan’ emergence of computer and I.T. era. (7) V.P. Singh’s concept of Mandalisation or ‘Reservation Policy’. 3. Army having spirit of devotion, service to the nation and sacrifice also acts as agents of modernisation. 4. Neutral Bureaucracy having clear-cut objectives, efficiency and universality act as modernisers. Social Reformers with their modern outlook expedite modernisation process through various socio-religious reforms. Abolition of child marriage system, introduction of Widow- remarriage, abolition of ‘Sati’ system is a few such instances. Eminent socio- religious reformers like Raja Rammohun Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekanand, Swami Dayanand Saraswathi have fought for casting off orthodoxy and socio-religious superstition and creating foundational base for change over to modernity. Law Makers: 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Law makers who actively participate in the law- making process in the legislative have a constructive role to play as modernisers. They deliberate and contribute new ideas for the overall socio-economic development of the people. Electorate: India exhibits progressive democratization during the last half-a-century. Right to vote has been given to all adult citizens of 18 years of age to elect their representatives through periodic elections. These voters who have this sacred duty and obligation to vote are required to be wise, intelligent and vigilant to ensure the democratization process moving and to adhere to democratic values and norms thus making political modernisation a success. Conclusion: Modernisation involves transformation towards progress democratic, socio-economic and scientific ideals. Modernisation as a process of change requires both structural and functional changes. Mutual tolerance, respect for other’s views and equality among all are the essential requisites of modernity. Modernisation does not mean elimination of all traditional and ancient values. Those ancient values are to be preserved and protected along with induction and modernity has to be intelligently solved to accommodate overall progress. Conflicts and problems are bound to arise, but a dynamic leadership with a progressive and modern outlook is required to solve these problems in time. Ultimately, the choice of proper leadership is the sole responsibility of the conscious voters. India possesses vast cultural heritage and it is the overall responsibility of the people of India at large and the popularity elected government. No Nation, not even India, can be modernized without protection and preservation of its cultural heritage. No tradition bound society is a backward society because a few traditional elements have universal appreciation. India’s policy of non-alignment is founded upon the Ancient India’s traditions of Non-Violence, peace and Fraternity. Modernisation in India is a continuous process of transformation from tradition to modernity and these has to be a synthesis of tradition and modernity in India. Not all, but a few traditions in India are partial to modernity and those traditions have to be preserved and protected. Three views describe the tradition- modernity relationship one of them is the optimistic outlook that supports faster westernization. The other view, obscurantism believes in tradition and orthodoxy which are considered to be eternal and hence not to be spared. 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The third and the most balanced view between the two, is called Progressivism’ which believes in progress towards modernity without sacrificing the least traditional elements. Only these orthodoxy elements which prevent progressivism have to be abandoned to achieve modernity and socio-economic development quicker and in a planned manner. In India, Progressivism implies well-planned-Socio-Economic changes for the community- welfare. It is debatable to identify which traditional and orthodox elements in India have to be cast off and which have to be retained. Yet, the agreed view favours a synthesis of tradition and modernity. Lastly it is relevant and wise to cast off misconception of modernity in India and to ban blindly aping the misconceived modernity and westernization. But, that has to be done through scientific outlook, tolerance and respect for others point of view and without any coercive imposition. Hence in India, Modernity has to be belonged to coexist with rationality based tradition and cultural heritage. Modernity and Traditions are not poles apart and there has to be an agreed and well-accepted synthesis between the two in India. India has to be modernized and not westernized at the cost of the cultural past and tradition. 7.4 SECULARISATION It is generally felt that the growth of modernism and modern civilisation has affected religion, its functions and the religiosity of the people. Developments in the fields of science, technology and education have also adversely affected religion and its traditional functions. There is a growing trend towards secularism and secularisation today. ‘Secularism is a system of social or political philosophy that rejects all forms of religious faiths’ – Random House Dictionary. ‘Secularism……. means liberation of politics from the hegemony of religion’ – Sri Asghan Ali Engineer, Indian Express, dated 30-4-1991. Secularism: “Belief that morality, education, etc. should not be based on religion” – Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.4.1 Meaning of Secularisation “The term ‘secularisation’ implies that what was previously regarded as religious is now ceasing to be such, and it also implies a process of differentiation which results in the various aspects of society, economic, political, legal and moral, becoming increasingly discrete in relation to each other”. M.N. Srinivas in “Social Change in Modern India” ii. “Secularisation is the process by which traditional religious beliefs and institutions lose their influence in society” – Ian Robertson in “Sociology” – Page 384 As industrialisation advances, the general historical tendency is for societies to become in- creasingly secular, or worldly, in their values, beliefs and institutions. The principal cause of secularisation is to be’ found in the complexity of modern urbanised industrialised society. In simple societies, religion extends to every aspect of experience. In a complex society many new specialised institutions arise. As a result, religion becomes a separate and a distinct institution with a limited fie ld of influence, and may find itself in competition with other institutions such as science or government. Religious belief is no longer self-evidently true. Religion loses its monopoly of faith and has to compete with alternative belief systems, including even atheism. Religious commitment tends to become part time rather than full time. 1. Differentiation is one of the salient features of Secularisation. The ethical, political and economic issues are separated from each other. For example, the economic issues are decided on the basis of economic principles only in a true secular state. 2. Rationality, scientific attitude, and humanistic outlook – are some other characteristics of secularisation. Modern education lays stress upon scientific attitude towards human problems. It has also contributed to the development of humanitarian outlook. 3. Development in the means of transport and communication, urbanisation, legislation, so- cial and reformative movements – all these have added to the secular thinking. Secularism, like the other two Sanskritization and determinisation also has accelerated the process of social change. To a layman, secularisation involves separation of matters ecclesiastical from matters temporal and religion stays off politics. Secularization or 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

rationalization is a revolt against ritualism, priestism, superstition, and concept of purity and impurity. In the Upanishad was heard for the first two a voice of revolt against ritualism. The Bhagavad-Gita, not only eliminated sacrifice and ceremony, but also stressed upon the basic concept that every action of the individual is governed by JNAN, ‘Bhakti and ‘Karma’. The Bhakti movement challenged priestism and ritualism very successfully. Buddhism eliminates God and considers ‘Dharma’ as absolutely secular in its contents. Blind faith in unscientific ritualism had a gradual decline because of the emergence of Biological Sciences, and dominance of conscience and rationalism over ritualism. The term ‘Secularization’ was born in Europe a few centuries back, privately in 1648 A.D. as a process of transfer of properties of church to the control of the Princes. Steady decline in the influence of religion in all areas of social and individual life was identified with secularization process. Peter Berger used the term secularisation to indicate the process by which sectors of society and culture arc removed from the domination of religious institutions and symbols. Most definite and to the point definition of secularism has been given by an eminent Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas, who connotes, “the term secularisation implies that what was previously regarded as religious is now ceasing to be such and it also implies the process of differentiation. Which results the various aspects of socio-economic, political, legal, moral becoming increasingly discrete to each other.” Y. Singh in his book ‘Modernisation of Indian Tradition’ Precisely explains secularization as a “sub-process of modernisation.” 7.4.2 Definitions of Secularization Steven Bruce: Secularization is a social condition manifest in (a) the declining importance of religion for the operation of non-religious roles and institutions such as those of the state and the economy; (b) a decline in the social standing or religious roles and institutions; and (c) a decline in the extent to which people engage in religious practices, display beliefs of a religious kind, and conduct their lives in a manner informed by such beliefs. 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Peter Berger: “Secularization is the process by which sectors of society and culture are removed from the domination of religious institutions and symbols” This process operates on three levels: 1) Social structural, where religious institutions lose functions that are now performed by secular agencies 2) Cultural, in which the religious content of art, music, literature, philosophy has hugely declined, while science promotes a secular perspective on the world. 3) Individual Consciousness, where fewer and fewer people think in a religious mode and the faithful become a cognitive minority. Brian Wilson: “Secularization is the process whereby religious thinking, practice and institutions lose social significance.” 7.4.3 Principles of Secularization Secularization as a process of social change is based upon the following principles: (i) It conforms to workly matters (ii) It involves separation of state from religious affairs (iii) It distances society from religion (iv) It personalizes or individualizes religious affair (v) It considers all rituals purely artificial & man-made. 7.4.4 Basic Features of Secularization Secularizationn has the following characteristics: Secularism as a Western concept is defined as separation of powers of church and state. In context of other societies, it is near-complete freedom of religion and lack of authority of religious leaders over political matters. 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. Dei ne of Religion. Secularization process weakened the feelings of religiosity and all religious formalities were tested with the touch-stone of rationalism in an increasing secularized society. All social institutors’ and individual actions stayed away from religious influences. 2. Rationalization and Reasonableness play an important role in accelerating secularization process. Rationalism implies the influence of ‘reason’ of conscience’ over all blind faith. Every secular man is a rational man began applying lo gic, wisdom, reason, intelligence and conscience to outcome ’emotion’- ‘and sentiments, associated with ritualism. Thus secularisation and nationalisation stay are twin. 3. Curiosity and inquisitiveness guide every secular man to inquire into the cause and effect relationship associated with all rituals. No more does the secular man blindly follow the rituals. 4. Scientific temper and outlook force the modern man to be secular and anti- fatalist. Every ritual passes through a scientific inquiry of rationalisation. Scientific attitude revolts against religious outlook of a modern man. 5. Secularisation has thus become a sub-process of modernisation and has kept away the modern society from the influences of religious faiths, symbols and institutions. 7.4.5 Causes of Secularization Among the causes of secularization the following ones deserve mention: (i) Modern Education: The foremost cause of secularization in India is the western education which brought in western culture and diminished the influence of India n culture. It may be said that the process of secularization in India started with the advent c f Britishers in the country. The modern education encouraged scientific attitude towards human problems. The educated youth tried to find out scientific explanations to the numerous traditional beliefs regarding women’s role in society. A secular attitude was adopted towards marriage, occupations and other human activities. (ii) Development of the Means of Transport and Communication: The changes in the modes of transport and communication have increased physical mobility. The inter-mixing of people belonging to different parts of the country led to the removal of 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

much of misunderstanding and growth of liberal ideas. The caste system got a blow and the views in regard to caste based untouchability also underwent a change. The growth of the means of transport has greatly helped in the secularization of the rural community. (iii) Social and Religious Reform Movements: The various social and religious reform movements started by Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Keshav Chandra Sen, Swami Dayanand, Devenaranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi also encouraged the process of secularization in India. (iv) Urbanization: Secularization is more prominent in urban life than in rural life. The housing shortage, the multiplicity of the means of transport and communication, the economic problems, fashion, education, urban, political and social structure, influence of western culture on urban life, individualism all these factors have secularized the urban outlook. (v) Legislation: The Britishers enacted various laws like the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850, Special Marriage Act, 1872 which attacked the orthodox beliefs of the Indian people. In modern times the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1956, the Maintenance Act, the Adoption of Children Act have led to the secularization of the Hindu institutions of marriage and family. (vi) The Indian Constitution: The constitution of India has accelerated the process of secularization. The amended Preamble declares India to be a secular republic. All the citizens have been guaranteed equal rights without any discrimination on the bases of caste, sex or creed. Public wells and places of entertainment have been thrown open to all the castes. The citizen; are free to adopt any profession and move in any part of the country. Untouchability has been declared to be an offence. Articles 27-30 dealing with the right to freedom of religion make India a secular state. The Indian Constitution has made a notable contribution to the secularization of Indian life. (vii) Western culture: The influence of western culture has secularized the Indian life. The western culture lays emphasis on materialism, individualism, sensualism, non-religionism, and licence. It has 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

influenced the outlook and family relations of the people in India. Religion does not now solely determine their economic pursuits or matters regarding marriage, education, sex and family life. The Indian culture under the influence of western culture has assimilated new ideas. The religious interpretation of cultural activities has given place to secular interpretation. The influence of secularization can also be seen in the spheres of literature and art whose themes now depict secular, scientific, rational and democratic ideas. India is a secular state; hence all the publicity media of the state propagate secularism. Every political leader and every political party speaks the vocabulary of secularism. 7.5 MEASURES OF THE PROCESS OF SECULARISATION The process of secularisation may be measured in several ways. Ian Robertson has mentioned the following measures: 1. The establishment of religion as a separate and distinct institution with a limited role in society- is a true measure of secularisation. The process is occurring in all industrial societies. 2. A second measure of secularisation is the extent to which the religious institutions such as churches, temples, mosques, etc. which have modified their teachings and rituals in order to come to terms with secular society. “As Peter Berger [1970] suggests, the churches and secular society are engaged in a bargaining process, but the compromise inevitably favours the stronger party, secular society. The churches may thus become more concerned with preserving themselves than with their original mission”. 3. A third measure of secularisation is the declining membership of the churches and the de- creasing attendance at worship and other rituals. This process is in fact very difficult to measure. How many people are going to the church or temple or mosque regularly? How many are going there with real religious commitment? These questions cannot be answ ered satisfactorily. However, the evidence from all industrial societies points to a steady decline in church membership and attendance. 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.6 GLOBALISATION: Globalisation has been in the air. It has now come to be one of the most frequently used terms in Politics and Economics. It is being projected as the common objective of the whole humankind. 7.6.1 Definition of Globalisation: The aim of globalisation is to secure socio- economic integration and development of all the people of the world through a free flow of goods, services, information, knowledge and people across all boundaries. Globalisation is seen as a conscious and active process of expanding business and trade across the borders of all the states. It stands for expanding cross-border facilities and economic linkages. This is to be done with a view to secure an integration of economic interests and activities of the people living in all parts of the world. The objective of making the world a truly inter-related, inter-dependent, developed global village governs the on- going process of globalisation. Globalisation is the concept of securing real social economic, political and cultural transformation of the world into a real global community. It is considered to be the essential means for securing sustainable development of all the people of the world. “Globalisation represents the desire to move from national to a global sphere of economic and political activity”. It seeks to transform the existing international economic system into a unified system of global economics. In the existing system, national economies are the major players. In the new system, the globalized economic and political activity will ensure sustainable development for the whole world. “Globalisation is both an active process of corporate expansion across borders and a structure of cross border facilities and economic linkages that has been steadily growing and changing.” —Edward S.Herman “Globalisation is the process whereby social relations acquire relatively distance-less and borderless qualities.” —Baylis and Smith 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.6.2 Difference Between Globalisation and Internationalism: Till very recently, we have been frequently using the term internationalism to refer to the process of increasing connections and relations among nations. It denotes the concept of increasing social economic, cultural and political cooperation among nations. Now instead of advocating internationalism, we have started advocating globalisation which refers to a broader and integrated process of transformation o f the world into a global village characterised by free world trade, freedom of access to world markets and increased social, economic, and cultural linkages and relations among the people of the world. Whereas internationalism stands for increasing scope and intensity of cooperation among nations, globalisation refers to a free and integrated world system. Globalisation is neither a purely economic process nor is related to communications only. It is a broad process of increasing socio-economic- industrial-trade-cultural relations among the people living in all parts of the globe. It refers to the process which is considered essential for transforming the world into an inter- related and inter-dependent global village. It is aimed at securing the benefits of free trade, open access to markets and equal participation in securing sustainable development for all the people. It involves the attempts aimed at the development of rules and procedures for making and enforcing all decisions required for securing globalisation. In simple words, the aim of globalisation is to secure socio- economic integration and development of all the people of the world through a free flow of goods, services, information, knowledge and people across all boundaries. 7.6.3 Nature of Globalisation: Salient Features of Globalisation: 1. Liberalisation: It stands for the freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or abroad. 2. Free trade: It stands for free flow of trade relations among all the nations. Each state grants MFN (most favoured nation) status to other states and keeps its business and trade away from excessive and hard regulatory and protective regimes. 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Globalisation of Economic Activity: Economic activities are be governed both by the domestic market and also the world market. It stands for the process of integrating the domestic economy with world economies. 4. Liberalisation of Import-Export System: It stands for liberating the import- export activity and securing a free flow of goods and services across borders. 5. Privatisation: Keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and distribution and letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity across borders. 6. Increased Collaborations: Encouraging the process of collaborations among the entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid modernisation, development and technological advancement. 7. Economic Reforms: Encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a view to give strength to free world trade, free enterprise, and market forces. Globalisation accepts and advocates the value of free world trade, freedom of access to world markets and a free flow of investments across borders. It stands for integration and democratization of the world’s culture, economy and infrastructure through global investments. 7.6.4 Globalisation: Historical Background: The progress of industrial resolution is the 20th century was accompanied by a replacement of the police state by a welfare state. The state came to be an active actor in the economic life of the society. In the socialist states, state ownership of means of production and distribution became the rule and state controlled command economies were operationa lized and regarded as the best means for rapid socio-economic development. In many other countries, nationalization of key industries and enterprises was undertaken with a view to provide goods and services to the people. State began performing several socioeconomic functions. In India, the decision to adopt a mixed economic model was taken and ownership and control over key industries was entrusted to the public sector. 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Even insurance and banking were nationalized for securing a better mobilization of resources, and consequently for rendering better services to the people. State regulation of economy and industry was practised and the public sector was patronized by the state as the sector committed to provide essential goods and services to the public. The state, acting in the name of checking monopolies, undue concentration of wealth in some hands and economic inequalities, formulated and enforced strict regulation and control systems. However, the experience with the working of common economies and mixed economic model, with a distinct leaning in favour of public sector was found to be inadequate slow and unproductive of desired results. Around 1985, Indian economy began showing big strains. Indian public sector now appeared to be a liability and foreign exchange reserves came to be in very bad shape. Industrial growth became regressive and inflation was assuming alarming proportions. Around this time the world was heading for several big changes. The socialist economies, in particular, the Soviet economy and political system, was collapsing. Even Perestroika and Glasnost could not save the USSR. It collapsed as a state. The weaknesses of the socialist economic model became fully clear. All the socialist countries of Europe began witnessing a process of overthrow of socialist systems. Liberalisation of politics and economy came to be recognized as the necessity of the day. All countries of the world began realizing the merits of the market economy, free trade, privatisation, liberalisation, deli censing and deregulation of trade, industry and business. In July 1991 the Government of India decided to go in for liberalisation of economy. A new economic policy was formulated and implemented with an emphasis new upon economic reforms. These were governed by the principles of liberalisation, privatisation, market economy, free trade, deregulation and de-licensing. These reforms paved the way for initiating the process of liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. It began developing as an outwardly opening economy, with the aim of linking, integrating and unifying domestic economy with world economy. Similar changes were adopted by other states. Impact of Globalisation on the Functions of the State: In the era of globalisation, the functions of the State be gan undergoing a change. With the increasing disinvestment of public sector, privatisation was encouraged. Public sector was made to compete with the private sector, and as a whole open competition, free trade, market 217 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

economy and globalisation were practiced. The role of state began emerging as that of a facilitator and coordinator, in place of an owner and controller. In fact, the process of globalisation involves a change in the role of the state. However, this does not in any way mean re-adoption of Laisses faire or reversion to the principle of police state. Unde r Globalisation, the state continues to be a welfare state. However, its economic activity is getting confined to two main types of activities: (i) The activities which are essentially needed for the operation of economy. It acts as a facilitator and coordinator and refrains from acting as an owner and regulator. It acts to ensure a smooth and orderly functioning of the market. It tries to secure stability in the market through macro-economic policies. (ii) Activities aimed at providing social services such as education, health, social security etc., to the people. Globalisation has necessitated a change in the role of state. The state continues to be a welfare state performing all the protection functions as well as several social functions. It continues to act as a facilitator and coordinator of economy. It however, does not mean a reversion back to the police state. State continues to act as a welfare state, a natural and necessary institution performing protection and social welfare functions with some role in protecting and improving economic life of the people. 7.6.5 Advantages of Globalisation: The following are some of the important advantages of globalisation for a developing country like India: (i) Globalisation helps to boost the long run average growth rate of the economy of the country through: (a) Improvement in the allocative efficiency of resources; (b) Increase in labour productivity; and (c) Reduction in capital-output ratio. (ii) Globalisation paves the way for removing inefficiency in production system. Prolonged protective scenario in the absence of globalisation makes the production system careless about cost effectiveness which can be attained by following the policy of globalisation. 218 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(iii) Globalisation attracts entry of foreign capital along with foreign updated technology which improves the quality of production. (iv) Globalisation usually restructure production and trade pattern favouring labour- intensive goods and labour-intensive techniques as well as expansion of trade in services. (v) In a globalized scenario, domestic industries of developing country become conscious about price reduction and quality improvement to their products so as to face foreign competition. (vi) Globalisation discourages uneconomic import substitution and favour cheaper imports of capital goods which reduces capital-output ratio in manufacturing industries. Cost effectiveness and price reduction of manufactured commodities will improve the terms of trade in favour of agriculture. (vii) Globalisation facilitates consumer goods industries to expand faster to meet growing demand for these consumer goods which would result faster expansion of employment opportunities over a period of time. This would result trickledown effect to reduce the proportion of population living below the poverty line (viii) Globalisation enhances the efficiency of the banking insurance and financial sectors with the opening up to those areas to foreign capital, foreign banks and insurance companies. 7.6.6 Disadvantages of Globalisation: Globalisation has its disadvantages also. The following are some of these disadvantages: (i) Globalisation paves the way for redistribution of economic power at the world level leading to domination by economically powerful nations over the poor nations. (ii) Globalisation usually results greater increase in imports than increase in exports leading to growing trade deficit and balance of payments problem. (iii) Although globalisation promote the idea that technological change and increase in productivity would lead to more jobs and higher wages but during the last few years, such technological changes occurring in some developing countries have resulted more loss of jobs than they have created leading to fall in employment growth rates. (iv) Globalisation has alerted the village and small-scale industries and sounded death-knell to it as they cannot withstand the competition arising from well-organized MNCs. 219 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(v) Globalisation has been showing down the process to poverty reduction in some developing and underdeveloped countries of the world and thereby enhances the problem of inequality. (vi) Globalisation is also posing as a threat to agriculture in developing and underdeveloped countries of the world. As with the WTO trading provisions, agricultural commodities market of poor and developing countries will be flooded farm goods from countries at a rate much lower than that indigenous farm products leading to a death-blow to many farmers. (vii) Implementation of globalisation principle becoming harder in many industrially developed democratic countries to ask its people to bear the pains and uncertainties of structural adjustment with the hope of getting benefits in future. Globalisation in India: India became independent as one of the poorest countries of the world. The British colonial rule had destroyed the self-sufficient agrarian economy. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru preferred mixed economy for planned economic development of the country. Public sectors were set up along with a number of private enterprises. But like the socialistic model of economy, the mixed economy of India has not produced profitable results. A number of public sectors became sick and the growth rates of production had begun to fall. The government was compelled to sanction subsidy to make the price of some essential commodities low, despite the rising burden on state exchequer. While the poverty of the people continued to grow to an alarming extent, there was an acute balance of payment crisis. Due to low domestic savings, there was no adequate capital for investment. There was also shortage of resources to provide educational and health facilities to a large growing population. Moreover, there was high rate of inflation and the balance of payment deficit was around $10 bn. In such a situation P.V. Narsingh Rao government was compelled to introduce the policy of liberalisation and privatisation. Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister was instrumental in the adoption of new economic policy in 1991. 7.7 SUMMARY  In this unit you studied various aspects of social change in India from colonial rule to the advent of globalisation as an important factor of social change. It is true that, like any other society, Indian society, too, has been changing even before the ad vent of British rule. Yet, the British rule released such new forces of change that contributed 220 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

to much faster pace than ever before. It can be said that the British rule contributed immensely to the cultural and technological modernisation of India.  Globalisation and Multiculturalism are comparatively new actors but they have started impacting the Indian society in a variety of ways. Just to make it clear, the impact of globalisation on various segments of Indian society such as tribal communities, Dalits, and women has been explained with the help of suitable examples scattered all around us. 7.8 KEY WORDS  Globalization - is an ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society.  Secularisation -is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.  Modernity - the quality or condition of being modern. 7.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Identify the main features of globalisation. ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the concept of Modernization ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 7.10 UNIT END QUESTION A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Difference between Globalisation and Internationalism 2. Definitions of Secularization 3 write down Principles of Secularization: 4. explain the Dimensions of modernization: 221 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. List down the Causes of Secularization. Long Questions 1. Discuss the impact of globalisation on various sections of Indian society 2. Distinguish between Westernisation and Modernisation. 3. Delineate how the process of Globalisation is affecting various segments of Indian society? 4. What is the relationship between Modernisation and Secularisation 5. 5.Explain the concept of Secularisation in Indian context B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which process stands for the freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or abroad. a. Liberalisation: b. free trade c. free market d. Globalisation 2. Which process means keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and distribution and letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity across borders. a. Globalisation b. Privatisation c. Modernisation d. Secularisation 3. Modernization is that the side-impact of the Latin expression …....… a. Modo b. Mono c. Mode 222 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. …........... and philosophy in pleasant alternate may also resemble the opposite the same. a. Innovation b. Invention c. Discovery d. Development 5. who expressed this, \"Modernization represents an ordinary point of view closer to problems and their research from universalistic, now no longer centering purpose of read? a. Yogendra Singh b. M. N .Shrinivas c. Ghurey d. A K Boss Answers 1-a, 2-a,3-a,4-a,5-a 7.11 REFERENCES Reference Books:  Singh, Yogendra. 1996. Modernisation of Indian Tradition. Jaipur: Rawat Publication.  Hasnain, Nadeem. 2006. Indian Society and Culture: Continuity and Change. New Delhi:  Jawahar Publishers and Distributors. Hasnain, Nadeem. 2009. Indian Anthropology. New Delhi: Palaka Prakashan  Mahajan, Gurpreet. 1988. Identities and Rights: Aspects of Liberal Democracy in India. New York: Oxford University Press. 223 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

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