Participant Handbook - Digital Literacy - 24 Hours

["PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) e.g: google.com, yahoo.com etc. Domain Abbreviation: Domain are organised by the type of organisation and by the country. A three letter abbreviation indicating the organisation and usually two letter abbreviation indicating the country name. Most common domain abbreviations for organisation are as follows: \uf0b7 info Informational organisation \uf0b7 com Commercial \uf0b7 gov Government \uf0b7 edu Education \uf0b7 mil Military \uf0b7 net Network resources \uf0b7 org Usually non-profit organisation Some domain abbreviations for country are as follows: \uf0b7 in India \uf0b7 au Australia \uf0b7 fr France \uf0b7 nz New Zealand \uf0b7 uk United Kingdom Domain Name System (DNS) \uf0b7 It translates domain names (computers host names) into IP addresses. It also stores and associates many types of information with domain names. It provides world wide keyword based redirection service. \uf0b7 DNS can be quickly updated and specifies the technical functionality of database service. The naming scheme by which servers are identified is known as the domain name system. e.g. the domain name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4. Numeric Computer IP Address \uf0b7 IP addresses are in aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa format, where each aaa is a number from 0 to 255. The length of IP address is 4 bytes. IP addresses identify the host computers, so that packets of information reached to the correct computer, e.g. 162.192.1.89 \uf0b7 The IP address has the following characteristics: o IP addresses are unique. o No two machines can have the same IP address. o IP addresses are also global and standardised. o All machines connected to the Internet agree to use the same scheme for establishing an address. E-MAIL ADDRESS \uf0b7 E-mail stands for \u2018Electronic Mail\u2019. It is a paperless method of sending messages, notes, pictures and even sound files from one place to another using the Internet as a medium. It is 51","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) an individual name, which is used to send and receive E-mail on the Internet. It is used to specify the source or destination of an E-mail message. \uf0b7 The format of an E-mail address is user@domain. Where, o the first part (user) identifies a unique user name. o \u201c@\u201d separates the user from the domain, which identifies the mail server. \uf0b7 Some sites which provide the E-mail services are Gmail, Yahoo! mail, Rediffmail etc. BLOGS \uf0b7 A blog is a Website or a Web page, in which an individual records opinion links to other sites on regular basis. A blog content is written frequently and added in a chronological order. It is written online and visible to everyone. \uf0b7 A typical blog combines text, images and links to other blogs, Web page? and other media related to its topic. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs. The entries of blog are also known as posts. \uf0b7 A person who writes a blog or a Weblog is known as blogger. Blogging is the act of posting content on a blog. Advantages of Blogs \uf0b7 You can work at any time of the day and work with your ease. \uf0b7 Blogger does not require more efforts to write articles for his\/her blog. \uf0b7 Easy and quick to update or add new posts. \uf0b7 People can leave comments on your blog. \uf0b7 It increases blog revenue. \uf0b7 Blogs can be set-up quickly. \uf0b7 It is all about being social. You (blogger) need to answer to peoples\u2019 queries and for that, reading should be a part of day-to-day tasks. Disadvantages of Blogs \uf0b7 The common problem of full time blogger is isolation from society. \uf0b7 Mostly people love blogging but they don\u2019t have a fix source of income. Some choose freelance writing job for earning money and few chooses to depend on their parents to fulfil the need of money. \uf0b7 If the blogger get ill, then they don\u2019t get time to update their blog and it ultimately results in loss of blog income and traffic. NEWSGROUP \uf0b7 An area on a computer network especially the Internet, devoted to the discussion of a specified topic is known as Newsgroup. \uf0b7 Newsgroup is an online discussion group that allows interaction through electronic bulletin board system (Usenet) and chat sessions. \uf0b7 To simplify the selection of suitable newsgroup, they are divided into subject classification which are as follows: 52","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o rec \u2013 Recreation and entertainment topics. o news \u2013 Matter related to the functionality of Usenet itself. o sci \u2013 Science related topics. o soc \u2013 Discussion related to society and social subcultures. o comp \u2013 Computer related topics. \uf0b7 A newsgroup is a world wide platform for exchanging its content, ideas and information by common minded people. Newsgroup and contents are stored on special servers called Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) servers. The groups can be either \u201cmoderated\u201d, where a person or group decides which postings will become part of the discussion \u201cunmoderated\u201d, where everything posted is included in the discussion. e.g. alt.tennis, alt.astrology, comp.lang. C++ etc. Advantages of Newsgroup \uf0b7 Newsgroup is similar in some ways to mailing lists, but it has a better structure. \uf0b7 It is also easier to access a newsgroup. \uf0b7 Usually, you will be able to find a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questio ) section on a newsgroup, which is always helpful tor those who are not sure of certain things. \uf0b7 Free to subscribe and post. Disadvantages of Newsgroup \uf0b7 A newsgroup is not as quick as an E-mail or even a mailing list. \uf0b7 The information on newsgroup is submitted by people who may have no real idea of what they are talking about. \uf0b7 It is not user friendly and the risk of viruses is high. HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) \uf0b7 It is the protocol used to transfer data over the World Wide Web. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions should be taken by the Web servers and browsers in response to various commands. \uf0b7 e.g. when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends a HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed. HTTP is a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently without any knowledge of the commands that came before it. HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML) \uf0b7 It is used for designing Web pages. A markup language is a set of markup (angular bracket, <>) tags, which tells the Web browser, how to display a Web page\u2019s words and images for the user. Each individual markup code is referred to as an element or a tag. The text placed between a pair of angular brackets (<>) defines an HTML element. \uf0b7 HTML elements have two basic properties, i.e. attributes and content. 53","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Attributes are used to apply the desired style on the text and content refers to the text that you want to display on the browser. When a Web page is opened in a Web browser, then the formatted content is displayed. 3.3 Internet Jargons \uf0b7 URL: Stands for \\\"Uniform Resource Locator.\\\" It's the web address used to access resources on the internet. \uf0b7 Domain: The main part of a web address that identifies a specific website or organization (e.g., \\\"google\\\" in www.google.com). \uf0b7 Browser: A software application used to access and view websites on the internet (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox). \uf0b7 Search Engine: A website or tool (e.g., Google, Bing) that allows users to search for information on the internet using keywords. \uf0b7 Hyperlink: A clickable element on a web page that takes you to another web page or resource when clicked. \uf0b7 Webpage: A single document or content displayed on the web. Websites are made up of multiple webpages. \uf0b7 HTML: Stands for \\\"Hypertext Markup Language.\\\" It's the standard language for creating webpages and content on the internet. \uf0b7 HTTP and HTTPS: Acronyms for \\\"Hypertext Transfer Protocol\\\" and \\\"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure,\\\" respectively. They define how data is transferred between a browser and a website, with HTTPS indicating a secure connection. \uf0b7 Cookie: A small piece of data stored on your computer by a website to track your browsing behavior and preferences. \uf0b7 Cache: Temporary storage on your device that stores copies of web files to speed up page loading. \uf0b7 Bookmark: A saved link to a specific webpage, allowing you to easily access it later without searching. \uf0b7 Download: The process of saving a file from the internet onto your device. \uf0b7 Upload: The process of sending a file from your device to the internet, often to share with others. \uf0b7 Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transmitted over an internet connection in a given amount of time. 54","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Social Media: Online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) that allow users to create, share, and interact with content and other users. \uf0b7 Online Privacy: The protection of personal information and data when using the internet, often involving settings, policies, and practices to control data sharing. \uf0b7 Cybersecurity: Practices and measures taken to protect digital devices, networks, and data from unauthorized access and attacks. \uf0b7 Phishing: A fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information, often through fake emails or websites that appear legitimate. \uf0b7 Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic to protect against unauthorized access. \uf0b7 Social Engineering: Manipulative tactics used to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security. 3.4 Internet and Intranet Internet Internet is a system that interconnects the different computer systems across the world. It uses the Internet protocol suite to link devices located in different corners of the world. The Internet system carries an extensive range of information resources and services including World Wide Web (WWW), telephony, electronic mail, etc. It uses standard internet protocols, such as TCP\/IP and HTTP, etc. An internal web comprises of all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) nodes on a private network; for example, an organization\u2019s LAN or WAN. Features of Internet: The features are described below \u2212 1 \uf0b7 Accessibility: An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people located in a remote part of an island or interior of Africa can also use Internet. \uf0b7 Easy to Use: The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser), is designed very simple; therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy to develop. \uf0b7 Interaction with Other Media: Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media. For example, News and other magazine, publishing houses have extended their business with the help of Internet services. 55","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Low Cost: The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are comparatively low. \uf0b7 Extension of Existing IT Technology: This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in organizations and even facilitates other trading partners to use. \uf0b7 Flexibility of Communication: Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates communication through text, voice, and video too. These services can be availed at both organizational and individual levels. \uf0b7 Security: Last but not the least, Internet facility has to a certain extent helped the security system both at the individual and national level with components such as CCTV camera, etc. Internet Software: Internet Software comprises of all the tools needed for networking through computer. Following are a few important components of the Internet Software \u2212 \uf0b7 Transmission Control Protocol\/ Internet Protocol (TCP\/IP) \uf0b7 Dialer Software \uf0b7 Interment Browser Internet Applications: Internet applications are server-based applications. Following are a few Internet Applications \u2212 \uf0b7 World Wide Web (WWW) \uf0b7 Electronic mail (e-mail) \uf0b7 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) \uf0b7 Telnet (i.e., log-in to the computer located remotely) \uf0b7 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) (Real time video chatting) Every computer in Internet is identified by a unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer\u2019s location. A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to provide a name to the IP Address so that the user can locate a computer by a name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name https:\/\/www.facebook.com to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. Intranet Intranet is the system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other. PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside the intranet. Usually, each organization has its own Intranet network and members\/employees of that organization can access the computers in their intranet. Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address which is unique among the computers in that Intranet. 56","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Similarities between Internet and Intranet \uf0fc Intranet uses the internet protocols such as TCP\/IP and FTP. \uf0fc Intranet sites are accessible via the web browser in a similar way as websites in the internet. However, only members of Intranet network can access intranet hosted sites. \uf0fc In Intranet, own instant messengers can be used as similar to yahoo messenger\/gtalk over the internet. \uf0b7 Differences between Internet and Intranet \uf0fc Internet is general to PCs all over the world whereas Intranet is specific to few PCs. \uf0fc Internet provides a wider and better access to websites to a large population, whereas Intranet is restricted. \uf0fc Internet is not as safe as Intranet. Intranet can be safely privatized as per the need. USES OF INTERNET Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern time, which helps us not only in our daily lives, but also in our personal and professional lives developments. Thus, some uses of Internet are as follows: \uf0b7 E-Commerce (auction, buying, selling products etc.) \uf0b7 Research (online journals, magazines, information etc.) \uf0b7 Education (E-learning, distance learning etc.) \uf0b7 E-Governance (online filling of application, Income Tax, Sales Tax etc.) \uf0b7 E-Reservation (online reservation, online ticket booking etc.) \uf0b7 Online Payments (credit and debit card payments etc.) \uf0b7 Video Conferencing \uf0b7 Exchange of Views (files, music, folders etc.) \uf0b7 Social Networking Sites (facebook, twitter etc.) \uf0b7 Entertainment (play music, videos, games etc.) Advantages of Internet \uf0b7 Greater access to information reduces research time. \uf0b7 Allows you to easily communicate with other people. \uf0b7 Global reach enables one to connect everyone on the Internet. \uf0b7 Publishing documents on the Internet saves paper. \uf0b7 A valuable resource for companies to advertise and conduct business. Disadvantages of Internet \uf0b7 Cyber frauds may take place involving credit\/ debit card numbers and details. \uf0b7 Unsuitable and undesirable material is available that sometimes can be used by notorious people such as terrorists. \uf0b7 It is a major source of computer viruses. 57","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Messages sent across the Internet can be easily intercepted and are open to abuse by others. \uf0b7 It is difficult to check the accuracy of information available on the Internet. Who Governs the Internet? \uf0b7 Internet is not governed by any single organisation. Some volunteer groups had been formed to help, co-ordinate and wrist with the development of the Internet. \uf0b7 These organisations are as follows: o Internet Architecture Board (IAB) It is a technical advisory group of the Internet society and is chartered to provide oversight of the architecture of the Internet, its protocols and resources. o Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) It develops and maintains the Internet\u2019s communication protocols. o Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) It looks into long-term research problems that could be critical in five or ten years. o Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) o It provides various registry services needed for the Internet to operate effectively. o World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) It develops standards for the evolution of the Web. o Internet Society (ISOC) It concerns with the growth and evolution of the Internet and the way in which the Internet can be used. Connecting To the Internet There are mainly 3 ways of connecting to the Internet, which are as follows: 1. Dial-up Connection \uf0b7 It is a temporary connection, set-up between your computer and ISP server. \uf0b7 Dial-up connection uses the telephone line (Public Switched Telephone Network-PSTN) and modem to connect to the Internet. The modem connects the computer through the standard phone lines, which serves as the data transfer medium. When a user initiates a dial-up connection, user need to enter the password and specify a username and modem dials a phone number of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that is designated to receive dial- up calls. \uf0b7 The ISP then establishes the connection, which usually takes about 10 sec and is accompanied by several beeping and buzzing sounds. 2. Broadband Connection \uf0b7 The term broadband commonly refers to high speed Internet access that is always ON and faster than the traditional dial-up access. It is the short form of broadband width that uses a telephone line to connect to the Internet. Speed of broadband connection is measured in Mbps (Megabits per second). 58","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Broadband access allows users to connect to the Internet at greater speed than a standard 256 Kbps (Kilobits per second) modem or dial-up access. Broadband access requires the use of a broadband modem. \uf0b7 Broadband includes several high-speed transmission technologies, which are as follows: \uf0fc Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) o It is a popular broadband connection which provides Internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network. It uses the existing copper telephone lines for Internet access. o A special modem is necessary in order to be able to use a DSL service over a standard phone line. o Faster forms of DSL, typically available to businesses are as follows: \uf0a7 High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) \uf0a7 Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VHDSL) \uf0a7 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) \uf0a7 Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) \uf0fc Cable Modem o This service enables cable operators to provide broadband using the same co-axial cables, that deliver pictures and sound to your TV set. o A cable modem can be added to or integrated with a set-top box that provides your TV set for Internet access. They provide transmission speed of 1.5 Mbps or more. \uf0fc Broadband over Power Line (BPL) o It is the delivery of broadband over the existing low and medium voltage electric power distribution network. Its speed is comparable to DSL and cable modem speeds. o BPL can be provided to homes using existing electrical connections and outlets. It is also known as power-band. BPL is good for those areas, where there are no broadband connections, but power infrastructure exists, e.g. in rural areas. \uf0a7 ARPANET was the world\u2019s first operational packet switching network. \uf0a7 An Internet backbone is a point, where one or more networks are connected. \uf0a7 ISP refers to the company that provides Internet connections to the users. \uf0a7 A modem changes the digital data into analog data and vice-versa at source computer in a format that can be carried by telephone lines. Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator. \uf0a7 Bandwidth is the amount of data that a circuit or a signal can carry. \uf0a7 TCP\/IP was designed in 1973, which in 1983 became the standard for communicating between computers over the Internet. \uf0a7 Some popular ISPs of India are: \uf0e0 Data Communication Ltd. \uf0e0 Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL) \uf0e0 Airtel \uf0e0 Reliance 3. Wireless Connection 59","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio link between the customer\u2019s location and the service provider\u2019s facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed. Unlike DSL and cable, wireless broadband requires neither a modem nor cables. \uf0b7 The distance between the\u2019 devices connected to each other through a wireless Internet connection does not affect the rate of data transfer between them. \uf0b7 Some ways to connect the Internet wirelessly are as follows: \uf0fc Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) o It is a universal wireless networking technology that utilises radio frequencies to transfer data. Wi-Fi allows high speed Internet connections without the use of cables or wires. Wi-Fi networks can be designed for private access within a home or business. It can be used for public Internet access at \u2018hot spots\u2019 that offers Wi-Fi access such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, airports, convention centres and city parks. \uf0fc Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) o Today, it is one of the hottest broadband wireless technology. These systems are expected to deliver Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) services upto 31 miles (45 km) for fixed stations and 3-10 miles (5-15 km) for mobile stations. o WiMAX It would operate similar to Wi-Fi but at higher speed, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. It has the ability to provide services even in areas that are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach. Also, it has the ability to overcome the physical limitations of traditional wired infrastructure. \uf0fc Mobile Wireless Broadband Services o These services are also becoming available from mobile telephone service providers and others. These services are generally appropriate for mobile customers and require a special PC card with a built-in antenna that plugs into a user\u2019s laptop computer. Generally, they provide lower speeds in the range of several 100 Kbps. o Some advantages and disadvantages of different connection types are as follows: Satellites which are orbiting around the earth, provide necessary links for telephone and television service. They can also provide links for broadband. Satellite broadband is another form of wireless broadband and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas. 3.5 Using Internet via Different Devices Connecting to the internet can vary slightly depending on the device you're using, such as a computer, smartphone, tablet, or other smart devices. Here's a general guide on how to connect to the internet using different devices: Connecting to the Internet on a Computer: \uf0b7 Wired Connection: 60","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Connect one end of an Ethernet cable to your computer and the other end to a router or modem. o Your computer should automatically detect the wired connection and connect to the internet. \uf0b7 Wireless Connection (Wi-Fi): o Click on the Wi-Fi icon in the system tray (usually found in the bottom-right corner of the screen). o Select your Wi-Fi network from the list of available networks. o Enter the Wi-Fi password if prompted, and your computer will connect to the internet. \uf0b7 Mobile Hotspot: o If you have a smartphone with mobile data, you can enable the mobile hotspot feature in the settings. o On your computer, search for available Wi-Fi networks and select your phone's hotspot network. Enter the password if required. Connecting to the Internet on a Smartphone or Tablet: \uf0b7 Wi-Fi Connection: o Open the device's settings and find the Wi-Fi section. o Select your Wi-Fi network from the available options and enter the password if prompted. \uf0b7 Mobile Data Connection: o Ensure that your mobile data is turned on in the device's settings. 61","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Your device should automatically connect to your mobile carrier's data network. \uf0b7 Tethering or Hotspot: o Turn on the mobile hotspot or tethering feature in the device's settings. o On other devices like computers or tablets, search for available Wi-Fi networks and select your phone's hotspot network. Enter the password if required. Connecting Smart Devices (e.g., Smart TVs, Smart Speakers): \uf0b7 Wi-Fi Connection: o Follow the device's setup instructions to connect to your Wi-Fi network. This usually involves navigating through on-screen menus. \uf0b7 Mobile App Setup: o Many smart devices require a mobile app for initial setup. Download the app, follow the instructions, and connect the device to your Wi-Fi network through the app. Note: The exact steps and interface may vary based on the device's brand, model, and operating system. Always refer to the device's user manual or online support resources for specific instructions. Additionally, some devices, like gaming consoles, may have slightly different methods for connecting to the internet. For these cases, consult the manufacturer's instructions or support resources. 3.6 Advantages & Uses of the Internet The internet has become an integral part of modern life, offering numerous advantages and a wide range of uses. Here are some of the key advantages and common uses of the internet: Advantages of the Internet: \uf0b7 Access to Information: The internet provides access to an immense amount of information on a wide variety of topics, enabling users to learn, research, and stay informed. \uf0b7 Communication: The internet enables instant communication through email, messaging apps, social media, and video conferencing, connecting people across the globe. 62","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Global Connectivity: The internet has eliminated geographical barriers, allowing people to connect, collaborate, and share ideas internationally. \uf0b7 Entertainment: The internet offers a plethora of entertainment options, including streaming movies, music, online gaming, and interactive content. \uf0b7 E-Commerce: Online shopping has revolutionized the way goods and services are bought and sold, providing convenience and access to a global marketplace. \uf0b7 Education and Learning: The internet serves as a valuable educational tool, offering online courses, tutorials, and resources for learners of all ages. \uf0b7 Remote Work and Telecommuting: The internet has facilitated remote work, allowing individuals to work from home or other locations outside the traditional office setting. \uf0b7 News and Updates: Instant access to news websites and social media platforms enables users to stay up-to-date with current events around the world. \uf0b7 Research and Innovation: Researchers and innovators can collaborate, share findings, and access academic resources online, accelerating progress in various fields. \uf0b7 Social Networking: The internet has given rise to social networking platforms that enable users to connect with friends, family, colleagues, and interest groups. Common Uses of the Internet: \uf0b7 Information Seeking: Users can search for information on virtually any topic using search engines like Google or Bing. \uf0b7 Communication: Email, instant messaging, and social media platforms allow people to connect and communicate in real-time. \uf0b7 Online Banking and Finance: Users can manage their finances, pay bills, and conduct online transactions through banking websites and apps. \uf0b7 Entertainment: Streaming platforms like Netflix, YouTube, and Spotify provide access to movies, TV shows, music, and videos. \uf0b7 Social Media Sharing: Users share photos, videos, thoughts, and experiences on social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok. \uf0b7 E-Commerce: Online shopping allows users to buy products and services from various vendors without leaving their homes. 63","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Education and E-Learning: Online courses, educational websites, and virtual classrooms provide opportunities for distance learning and skill development. \uf0b7 Telemedicine: Medical consultations, diagnoses, and prescription services can be provided remotely through telemedicine platforms. \uf0b7 Job Searches and Recruitment: Online job boards and professional networking sites assist job seekers in finding employment opportunities. \uf0b7 Content Creation and Sharing: Individuals create and share content through blogs, vlogs, podcasts, and social media, expressing their creativity and expertise. These advantages and uses showcase the transformative impact the internet has had on various aspects of modern society, making it an indispensable tool for communication, information, and progress. 64","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1) What is the World Wide Web, and how does it relate to the internet? 2) Who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web, and what was its initial purpose? 3) What was ARPANET, and why was it significant in the history of the internet? 4) Who developed the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)? 5) Describe the concept of Web 2.0 and its impact on the internet. 6) What does the term \\\"URL\\\" stand for, and what is its role in web addresses? 7) Define the term \\\"cookie\\\" in the context of internet usage. 8) How can you connect to the internet using a wired connection? 9) What is a mobile hotspot, and how can it be used to connect devices to the internet? 10) Name two advantages of using the internet for communication and collaboration. 65","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Module 4: Communications using the Internet Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to understand\/use: \uf0b7 Web Browsing \uf0b7 Different types of web browsers \uf0b7 Search engines and their use \uf0b7 E-Mail, Web & client \uf0b7 Messenger services 4.1 Web Browsing Web browsing, also known as internet browsing or simply browsing, refers to the activity of navigating and exploring the World Wide Web using a web browser. It involves accessing websites, viewing web pages, and interacting with online content. Web browsing is a fundamental activity for accessing information, entertainment, communication, and various online services. Here's an overview of web browsing: Key Aspects of Web Browsing: \uf0b7 Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and view websites on the internet. Common web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari. \uf0b7 URL: Stands for \\\"Uniform Resource Locator.\\\" It's the address used to locate a specific webpage on the internet. URLs consist of the protocol (e.g., \\\"http\\\" or \\\"https\\\"), the domain name (e.g., \\\"www.example.com\\\"), and additional path or query parameters. \uf0b7 Hyperlinks: These are clickable elements within web pages that, when clicked, take users to another webpage or resource. Hyperlinks are a fundamental aspect of web browsing, allowing users to navigate between different pages. \uf0b7 Web Page: A web page is a document that can contain text, images, videos, links, and interactive elements. Web pages are displayed within the browser window when a URL is entered or a hyperlink is clicked. 66","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Navigation: Web browsing involves navigating between web pages using various navigation tools such as back and forward buttons, tabs, bookmarks, and history. \uf0b7 Searching: Search engines like Google and Bing enable users to find specific information by entering keywords or phrases. Search results display a list of relevant web pages. \uf0b7 Bookmarks: Bookmarks, also known as favorites, allow users to save the URLs of web pages they want to revisit later. Bookmarks help users keep track of their favorite sites. \uf0b7 Tabs: Tabs enable users to have multiple web pages open within the same browser window. This facilitates multitasking and switching between different websites. \uf0b7 Browser Extensions: Extensions or add-ons are small software programs that enhance the functionality of web browsers by adding features such as ad blockers, password managers, and productivity tools. Web Browsing Process: \uf0b7 Open a Web Browser: Launch a web browser on your computer or mobile device. \uf0b7 Enter a URL or Search: Enter a URL in the address bar or use a search engine to find specific content. \uf0b7 Navigate: Click on hyperlinks to navigate between pages, use back and forward buttons, and open new tabs for multitasking. \uf0b7 View Content: The web browser displays the content of the web page, including text, images, videos, and interactive elements. \uf0b7 Interact: Users can interact with web page elements, fill out forms, comment, share, and perform various actions based on the page's content. \uf0b7 Bookmarks and Tabs: Save bookmarks for easy access and use tabs to keep multiple pages open simultaneously. Web browsing is a fundamental skill for using the internet effectively, whether for research, entertainment, online shopping, communication, or staying informed. 4.2 Different types of web browsers There are several web browsers available, each with its own features, user interface, and functionalities. Here are some of the most popular web browsers used today: 67","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Google Chrome: Known for its speed and simplicity, Google Chrome is one of the most widely used web browsers. It offers a clean user interface, supports extensions, and integrates with other Google services. \uf0b7 Mozilla Firefox: Firefox is an open-source browser that focuses on privacy and customization. It offers a range of extensions and a \\\"Private Browsing\\\" mode that doesn't store browsing history. \uf0b7 Microsoft Edge: Edge is developed by Microsoft and comes pre-installed on Windows devices. It's known for its performance and integration with Windows features. It's available in both the classic version and the newer Chromium-based version. \uf0b7 Apple Safari: Safari is the default web browser for Apple devices, offering speed and efficiency. It's known for its energy-saving features on macOS devices and strong privacy controls. \uf0b7 Opera: Opera is a feature-rich browser that includes a built-in ad blocker, VPN, and various customization options. It's available on multiple platforms and offers a unique user interface. \uf0b7 Brave: Brave is focused on privacy and security, blocking ads and trackers by default. It also offers a way for users to reward content creators using cryptocurrency. \uf0b7 Vivaldi: Vivaldi is designed for power users who want extensive customization options. It allows users to tailor the browser's appearance, behavior, and features to their preferences. \uf0b7 Tor Browser: The Tor Browser is designed for anonymity and privacy. It routes your internet traffic through the Tor network, which helps protect your identity and location. \uf0b7 Maxthon: Maxthon is known for its cloud integration, allowing users to sync bookmarks, passwords, and settings across devices. \uf0b7 UC Browser: UC Browser is popular on mobile devices and offers fast browsing speeds, a download manager, and various customization options. \uf0b7 Epic Privacy Browser: This browser focuses on privacy and security, blocking ads, trackers, and even encrypting your data. \uf0b7 DuckDuckGo Privacy Browser: Built with privacy in mind, this browser prioritizes user data protection and blocks third-party trackers. Each browser has its strengths and caters to different preferences, such as speed, privacy, customization, and integration with specific platforms. Users can choose the browser that aligns with their needs and priorities when browsing the internet. 4.3 Search engines and their use Search engines are powerful online tools that help users find information on the internet by indexing and organizing vast amounts of web content. They play a crucial role in information retrieval, enabling users to search for a wide range of topics, websites, images, videos, and more. Here's an overview of search engines and their use: How Search Engines Work: 68","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Crawling: Search engines use automated programs called \\\"spiders\\\" or \\\"crawlers\\\" to scan and index web pages. These spiders follow links on websites to discover and collect content. \uf0b7 Indexing: Once the spiders collect information from web pages, search engines create an index of keywords, phrases, and other content elements to facilitate quick retrieval. \uf0b7 Ranking: When a user enters a search query, the search engine's algorithm analyzes the index to determine the relevance and ranking of web pages. Pages that are deemed more relevant are displayed higher in search results. Popular Search Engines and Their Use: \uf0b7 Google: Google is the most widely used search engine globally. It provides fast and accurate search results, often accompanied by features like \\\"Featured Snippets\\\" and \\\"Knowledge Graph\\\" for quick information. \uf0b7 Bing: Microsoft's Bing offers web search, image search, video search, and maps. It's known for its visually appealing homepage and integration with Microsoft products. \uf0b7 Yahoo: Yahoo offers a search engine along with a variety of other services like news, email, and finance. Its search results are powered by Bing. \uf0b7 DuckDuckGo: DuckDuckGo emphasizes privacy by not tracking users' search history. It offers anonymous search results without personalized ads. \uf0b7 Baidu: Baidu is the dominant search engine in China, offering web search, image search, and maps with features tailored to the Chinese audience. \uf0b7 Yandex: Yandex is a popular search engine in Russia, offering search, maps, email, and cloud storage services. Using Search Engines: \uf0b7 Entering Queries: Users enter keywords or phrases related to the topic they're searching for in the search engine's search bar. \uf0b7 Refining Queries: Users can refine their search results by using specific phrases, adding filters, using advanced search operators, or specifying a particular date range. 69","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Reviewing Results: The search engine displays a list of search results based on relevance. Users can click on the results to visit the respective web pages. \uf0b7 Exploring Features: Many search engines offer additional features, such as image search, video search, news search, and local business information. \uf0b7 Evaluating Results: Users should critically evaluate the credibility of the sources found in search results and verify information from multiple sources. Search engines are essential tools for research, learning, entertainment, shopping, and staying informed in the digital age. Effective use of search engines involves crafting relevant queries, understanding search operators, and critically assessing the reliability of information found. 4.4 Create an e-mail account E-mail is a great way to send and receive information over the Internet. However, as there are many different e-mail and webmail clients, the steps used to start an account differ. To learn how to create a new e-mail account in various programs, choose from the list below and follow the instructions. Google Gmail 1) Go to the Gmail website. 2) At the bottom of the sign in screen, click the Create an account link. 3) On the account creation screen, fill out all the fields (A) and then click Next (B). 70","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 4) On the next screen, fill out your birth date and gender (A) and any other information you are comfortable with, then click Next (B). 5) Read Google's Privacy and Terms, then click the I agree button. 6) Click the Next button in Gmail. button until you've moved through the features menu. 7) Click the Go to gmail button. button and you'll be able to access your new account. Outlook.com (formerly Hotmail) 1) Open an Internet browser and head to Outlook.com. 2) Click the Create free account button. 3) On the next screen, choose a username (A) and a domain (B), and then click Next (C). 4) Create account prompt on Outlook.com. 71","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 5) Choose a password, and then click the Next button. 6) Type in your name, and then click the Next button. 7) Choose a country, type in your birthdate, and then click the Next button. 8) Choose a country code, type in a phone number, and then click the Send code button. 9) Enter the access code and click the Next button. 10) Navigate through the rest of the prompts and your account will be opened. Yahoo! Mail To access Yahoo! mail, you'll need to create a Yahoo! account. Here's how. 1) Head over to the Yahoo! account sign up page. 2) Fill out the required fields (A) and then click the Continue (B) button. 3) Click the Text me an Account Key button. 4) Enter the five-digit key, and then click the Verify button. 5) Click the Continue button. 6) Click the yahoo mail icon. Microsoft Outlook Note: These instructions only work with Outlook 2007, 2010, and 2013. 72","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 1) Open Outlook. 2) In the Add Account Setup window, make sure the circle next to E-mail Account is filled in. 3) Fill out the form and then click the Next button. 4) Once the setup process is done, check the box next to Change account settings, and then click the Next button. 5) Click on More settings... 6) Click the Advanced tab. 7) Next to Root folder path: type Inbox. 8) Click OK, and then Finish. Mozilla Thunderbird 1) Open Thunderbird. 2) Click Tools, and then select Account settings from the drop-down menu that appears. 3) Click the circle next to Email account and then click Next. 4) Enter your name and an e-mail address that you'd like to use. 5) Select POP or IMAP for your server. 6) Enter your e-mail address for the incoming and outgoing user names, and then click Next. 7) Choose an Account Name. 8) Verify your account information and then click Finish. 9) Choose an Outgoing server. 4.5 Internet and Email Etiquettes - Netiquette Etiquette helps individuals behave in a socially responsible way. In simpler words, etiquette transforms a man into a gentle man. Remember employees need to behave sensibly and appropriately to make their position secure at the workplace. No organization likes to have someone who lacks etiquette. Respect the place where you earn a living for yourself. Communication plays a pivotal role in getting things done in the right way. Employees should pass on information in its desired form across all related departments. Playing with information is considered strictly unethical. Prefer written modes of communication over verbal communication. Email is considered a reliable mode of communication as there is written record of transaction for future reference. What is Netiquette (Network + Etiquette)? Netiquette also called Internet Etiquette refers to a set of rules an individual needs to follow while communicating through mails, writing blogs, sharing views on online portals or any other online forum. Let us go through some Internet Etiquette: 73","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Make sure emails are self-explanatory. The other person should understand your views and ideas. \uf0b7 Don\u2019t use capital letters in emails unless and until it is the first alphabet of a word. Turn off the CAPS lock key. Emails written in all capitals are considered rude and loud. \uf0b7 Be crisp. Lengthy emails are seldom read. Never ever deviate from the actual topic. \uf0b7 The subject line ought to be meaningful and relevant. Through subject line employees can quickly know what is written in the email. \uf0b7 Start your mail with formal greetings. \uf0b7 Format your emails correctly. Justify your text. Break the complete message into short paragraphs with equal spaces in between. Use bullets -points wherever required. \uf0b7 Keep all related members in loop. Do mark a blind copy to your reporting boss for him to know what you are up to? \uf0b7 All official emails must have signatures at the bottom. Your signature should include your name, your company\u2019s name, your designation and contact details. Make sure your signatures do not have incorrect information. \uf0b7 Avoid writing offensive emails to anyone. It worsens the situation. It is always better to sit with the other person and discuss issues face to face. \uf0b7 Take care of your font style and size. Official emails should ideally be written in Arial style with a font size of twelve. Emails written in various colours and designer styles are considered unprofessional and childish. \uf0b7 Make sure you reply to all your mails. Don\u2019t add members just for the sake of it. Don\u2019t send mails to individuals who have nothing to do with your information. It is a sheer waste of yours as well as their time. \uf0b7 Don\u2019t write anything in your mail which might fall back on you. Read your mail twice before hitting the send button. \uf0b7 Employees should not open illegal or porn sites at workplace. Read carefully the terms and conditions before opening any website. Do not open any site which might harm your office computer. \uf0b7 Take care of spelling errors, punctuation marks and grammer. Wrong spellings irritate the readers. Be polite and soft in your communication. \uf0b7 Avoid using short forms or abbreviations in official mails. \uf0b7 It is important to respect other\u2019s privacy. Don\u2019t check anyone\u2019s mails in his absence. \uf0b7 The mail meant for a particular individual should be marked only to him. Do not mark anyone else in bcc. Communicate with him in private. \uf0b7 Use words like \u201cregards\u201d, \u201cthanks\u201d, \u201cyours sincerely\u201d to close your mails. \uf0b7 Avoid attaching heavy files to your mail. \uf0b7 Do not upload objectionable photographs in any networking site. \uf0b7 Respect the other person\u2019s views while sharing information on various online forums. 4.6 Basic features of Microsoft Outlook Microsoft Outlook 74","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. Although often used mainly as an email application, it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, note taking, journal, and web browsing. You need to fill in the appropriate information about your email account. Here\u2019s a brief explanation of the different fields and what you should add in them: \uf0b7 Your Name: provide your name in this field; \uf0b7 E-mail address: type in your email address \u2013 [email protected] for example; \uf0b7 Account Type: select whether you want to use the IMAP or the POP3 protocol. We recommend that you use the IMAP protocol since it keeps your emails on the server and it\u2019s harder to lose information; \uf0b7 Incoming mail server: the server for incoming mails should be the mail subdomain of your domain name \u2013 yourdomain.com for example; \uf0b7 Outgoing mail server: again, use yourdomain.com as you entered for the incoming server; \uf0b7 User name: the username is your full email address. It will be used for both incoming and outgoing connections; \uf0b7 Password: enter the password for your email account; Create a new email message 75","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 1. From any mail folder (such as your Inbox), choose New Email. Keyboard shortcut: To create an email message, press Ctrl+Shift+M. 2. When you\u2019re done composing your email, choose Send. Add an email signature to messages Create personalized signatures that appear at the bottom of your messages. Signatures can include text, images, your Electronic Business Card, a logo, or even an image of your handwritten signature. Create a signature 1) In a new message, choose Signature >Signatures. 2) On the Email Signature tab, choose New. 3) Type a name and then choose OK. 4) Under Choose default signature, do the following: \uf0b7 In the E-mail account list, choose an email account to associate with the signature. \uf0b7 In the New messages list, choose the signature that you want to be added automatically to all new email messages. If you don't want to auto sign your email messages, you can ignore this option as (none) is the default value. \uf0b7 In the Replies\/forwards list, choose the signature that you want to be added automatically (auto sign) when you reply to or forward messages. Otherwise, accept the default option of (none). 5) Under Edit signature, type the signature, and then choose OK. Add a signature \uf0b7 In a new message, choose Signature, and then choose the signature that you want. 76","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Forward or reply to an email message 1. On the ribbon or in the reading pane, choose Reply, Reply All, or Forward 2. In the To, Cc, or Bcc box, do one of the following: \uf0b7 To add a recipient, click in the appropriate box and enter the recipient's name. \uf0b7 To remove a recipient, click in the appropriate box, choose the recipient's name, and then press Delete. Add an attachment to an email message To share a file, you can attach it to your message. You can also attach other Outlook items, such as messages, contacts, or tasks. 1) Create a new message, or choose an existing message and choose Reply, Reply All, or Forward. 2) In the message window, choose Message > Attach File. Open or save an email message attachment You can open an attachment from the reading pane or from an open message. After opening and viewing an attachment, you can save it. If a message has more than one attachment, you can save them as a group or one at a time. Open an attachment Depending on the version of Outlook you're using, there might be multiple options available to open an attachment. \uf0b7 Double-click the attachment. Save an attachment 1) Choose the attachment in the reading pane or the open message. 77","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 2) On the Attachments tab, in the Actions group, choose Save As. You can also right-click the attachment, and then choose Save As. Create a calendar appointment In Outlook, appointments aren\u2019t the same as meetings. Appointments are activities that you schedule in your calendar that don\u2019t involve inviting other people or reserving resources, such as a conference room or equipment. Click Calendar: In a Calendar folder, choose New Appointment. You can also right-click a time block in your calendar grid, and then choose New Appointment. Keyboard shortcut: To create an appointment, press Ctrl+Shift+A. Schedule a meeting: In Outlook, a meeting includes other people and can include resources such as conference rooms. You\u2019ll get responses to your meeting requests in your Inbox. \uf0b7 In a Calendar folder, choose New Meeting. Keyboard shortcut: To create a new meeting request from any folder in Outlook, press Ctrl+Shift+Q. Set a reminder Reminders pop-up in an alert window so you don\u2019t miss an important deadline. You can set or remove reminders for almost anything in Outlook, including email messages, appointments, and contacts. For appointments or meetings 78","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Open an Appointment or Meeting, and then in the Reminder list box, choose the amount of time before the appointment or meeting when you want the reminder to appear. To turn off a reminder, choose None. For email messages, contacts, and tasks \uf0b7 Choose Follow Up > Add Reminder. Print an email message, contact, or calendar item In Outlook, you can print items such as email messages, contacts, calendar items, or larger views, such as calendars, address books, or content lists for Mail folders. 1) Choose an item or folder in Outlook that you want to print. 2) Choose File > Print. 79","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 4.7 Messenger Services Messenger services, also known as instant messaging services, are platforms that allow individuals to exchange real-time text messages, multimedia, and other forms of communication over the internet. These services have become increasingly popular for both personal and professional communication due to their convenience, speed, and ability to facilitate instant conversations. Here are some key aspects of messenger services: Features of Messenger Services: \uf0b7 Real-Time Communication: Messenger services enable users to exchange messages in real- time, allowing for quick and immediate interactions. \uf0b7 Multimedia Sharing: Users can share various types of media, including photos, videos, voice messages, and documents. \uf0b7 Group Chats: Messenger services often allow users to create group chats, where multiple individuals can participate in a single conversation. \uf0b7 Emojis and Stickers: Emojis and stickers add a visual element to messages, helping convey emotions and reactions. \uf0b7 Read Receipts: Some messenger services indicate when a message has been read by the recipient. \uf0b7 Voice and Video Calls: Many messenger apps offer voice and video calling features, allowing users to have audio and video conversations. \uf0b7 Encryption: Many messenger services implement end-to-end encryption to ensure that only the sender and intended recipient can access the message content. \uf0b7 Status Updates: Users can share their current status or mood with contacts through status updates or stories. Popular Messenger Services: \uf0b7 WhatsApp: Acquired by Facebook, WhatsApp is known for its user-friendly interface, end-to- end encryption, and widespread global usage. \uf0b7 Facebook Messenger: Integrated with Facebook, this service offers text and video chats, as well as the ability to interact with Facebook contacts. \uf0b7 Telegram: Praised for its privacy-focused features and customizable settings, Telegram offers secret chats and self-destructing messages. \uf0b7 Signal: Focused on privacy and security, Signal is known for its strong encryption and commitment to user data protection. \uf0b7 WeChat: Popular in China, WeChat combines messaging with social media, payments, and other services. 80","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Snapchat: Known for its disappearing photo and video messages, Snapchat also offers messaging and multimedia sharing. \uf0b7 Viber: Viber offers free voice and video calls, as well as messaging and multimedia sharing. \uf0b7 Skype: Originally known for video calls, Skype offers messaging, voice calls, and file sharing. Uses of Messenger Services: \uf0b7 Personal Communication: Friends and family can keep in touch, share updates, and exchange media. \uf0b7 Professional Communication: Businesses use messenger services for team communication, collaboration, and customer support. \uf0b7 Group Collaboration: Team members can communicate, share files, and coordinate projects. \uf0b7 Social Interaction: Messenger services allow users to connect with new people who share similar interests. \uf0b7 Global Communication: These platforms bridge geographical gaps, enabling international conversations. \uf0b7 Multimedia Sharing: Users can share photos, videos, and documents with ease. \uf0b7 Customer Support: Many businesses use messenger services to provide customer service and answer queries. \uf0b7 Messenger services have revolutionized the way people communicate, offering versatile tools for instant interactions and sharing of information. 81","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1) What is web browsing, and how does it differ from other online activities? 2) How do hyperlinks enhance the experience of web browsing? 3) Name three popular web browsers and their unique features. 4) How can users customize their experience in a web browser? 5) What is the primary function of a search engine? 6) Explain the purpose of using search operators when using a search engine. 7) What is the role of an email client in managing emails? 8) How does a web browser differ from an email client? 9) What are messenger services, and how do they facilitate communication? 10) Name two key features of messenger services that enhance user interactions. 82","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Chapter 5: Applications of Internet Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: \uf0b7 E-commerce \uf0b7 Web Portals \uf0b7 Travel and Tourism \uf0b7 Social Network \uf0b7 Different social networks \uf0b7 Entertainment 5.1 E-commerce E-commerce, short for \\\"electronic commerce,\\\" refers to the buying and selling of goods, services, and products over the internet. It involves conducting commercial transactions electronically, without the need for physical presence at a brick-and-mortar store. E-commerce has transformed the way businesses operate and how consumers shop, providing convenience, accessibility, and global reach. Here are some key aspects of e-commerce: Types of E-commerce: \uf0b7 Business-to-Consumer (B2C): In B2C e-commerce, businesses sell products and services directly to individual consumers. Examples include online retail stores, clothing brands, and food delivery services. o Example: Amazon 83","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Description: Amazon is a well-known B2C e-commerce platform where individuals can purchase a wide range of products, from electronics to books, directly from the online store. \uf0b7 Business-to-Business (B2B): B2B e-commerce involves transactions between businesses. Companies purchase products and services needed for their operations, such as raw materials, software, and office supplies. o Example: Alibaba o Description: Alibaba is a B2B e-commerce platform that connects businesses looking to source products with manufacturers and suppliers. It facilitates wholesale transactions between businesses. \uf0b7 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): C2C e-commerce involves transactions between individual consumers. Online marketplaces and platforms enable individuals to buy and sell items directly to each other, often in an auction-style format. o Example: eBay o Description: eBay is a C2C e-commerce platform where individuals can buy and sell a variety of items, including collectibles, electronics, and clothing, through auction- style listings. \uf0b7 Consumer-to-Business (C2B): In C2B e-commerce, individual consumers offer products or services to businesses. Examples include freelance services, influencer marketing, and user- generated content. o Example: Upwork o Description: Upwork is a C2B e-commerce platform that allows freelancers to offer their services to businesses and individuals seeking specific skills, such as graphic design, writing, and programming. \uf0b7 Business-to-Government (B2G): B2G e-commerce refers to businesses providing products or services to government entities, such as government procurement processes. o Example: FedBid o Description: FedBid is a B2G e-commerce platform that facilitates government procurement processes by connecting businesses with government agencies for goods and services needed for their operations. Key Features and Benefits of E-commerce: \uf0b7 Global Reach: E-commerce allows businesses to reach customers beyond geographical boundaries, expanding their potential customer base. \uf0b7 Convenience: Consumers can shop anytime, anywhere, avoiding the need to travel to physical stores. 84","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 24\/7 Availability: Online stores are open around the clock, offering continuous access to products and services. \uf0b7 Cost Savings: E-commerce reduces the need for physical storefronts and associated costs, leading to potential savings for businesses. \uf0b7 Personalization: Businesses can tailor recommendations and offers based on customer preferences and browsing behavior. \uf0b7 Data Analytics: E-commerce platforms provide valuable data on customer behavior, enabling businesses to make informed decisions. \uf0b7 Ease of Comparison: Consumers can easily compare prices, features, and reviews of products before making a purchase decision. \uf0b7 Digital Payments: E-commerce transactions often involve secure online payment methods, reducing the need for cash transactions. Challenges and Considerations: \uf0b7 Security: Ensuring secure online transactions and protecting customer data is crucial to building trust. \uf0b7 Competition: E-commerce opens up a global market, but businesses also face increased competition from both local and international players. \uf0b7 Logistics and Shipping: Efficient shipping and delivery are essential for meeting customer expectations. \uf0b7 Digital Divide: Not all consumers have equal access to the internet, potentially limiting the reach of e-commerce. \uf0b7 Customer Experience: Providing a seamless and user-friendly online shopping experience is vital for customer retention. E-commerce has become a cornerstone of modern commerce, reshaping industries, business models, and consumer behaviors. It offers opportunities for businesses to expand their reach and for consumers to access a wide range of products and services conveniently. 5.2 Web Portals Web portals are websites that serve as gateways or entry points to various resources and services available on the internet. They provide a centralized platform where users can access a wide range 85","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) of information, tools, and applications in one place. Web portals are often tailored to specific audiences or industries. Here are some examples of web portals: 1) MSN (Microsoft Network): Description: MSN is a popular web portal that provides news, weather updates, entertainment, lifestyle articles, and more. It offers a variety of content categories to cater to user interests. 2) **Yahoo!: Description: Yahoo! serves as a web portal offering news, email services, search functionality, finance information, and other services like Yahoo Mail and Yahoo Finance. 3) **AOL (America Online): Description: AOL is known for its web portal that provides email services, news, entertainment, and a variety of online resources. It was one of the earliest web portals. 4) **My Yahoo!: Description: My Yahoo! allows users to customize their own personalized web portal by selecting the types of content they want to see, such as news, weather, and sports. 5) **iGoogle (Discontinued): Description: iGoogle was a customizable web portal by Google that allowed users to add widgets and gadgets displaying weather, news, email, and more. It was discontinued in 2013. 6) Netvibes: Description: Netvibes is a personalized dashboard that allows users to aggregate and monitor content from various sources, including social media, news, and RSS feeds. 7) News Portals (e.g., CNN, BBC, Reuters): Description: Many news organizations offer web portals that provide up-to-date news articles, videos, and multimedia content on various topics. 8) University\/Institution Portals: Description: Educational institutions often have web portals where students, faculty, and staff can access course materials, grades, announcements, and other campus resources. 9) Government Portals (e.g., USA.gov, Gov.uk): Description: Government portals provide information and services related to government agencies, regulations, public services, and more. 10) **Enterprise Portals (e.g., SharePoint, Liferay): Description: Enterprise portals are used within organizations to centralize internal communication, collaboration tools, document management, and business applications. 86","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) These examples showcase the diverse range of web portals, each designed to cater to specific user needs and provide easy access to various online resources and services. 5.3 Travel and Tourism The travel and tourism industry has been significantly impacted by internet applications, transforming the way people plan, book, and experience their trips. Internet applications have revolutionized the travel industry by offering convenient tools for researching destinations, comparing prices, making reservations, and sharing experiences. Here are some ways internet applications are used in the travel and tourism sector: Online Travel Agencies (OTAs): Online travel agencies like Expedia, Booking.com, and Travelocity provide platforms where users can search for flights, hotels, rental cars, and vacation packages. These platforms allow users to compare prices, read reviews, and make bookings directly online. Hotel and Accommodation Booking Platforms: Platforms like Airbnb and Hotels.com offer users a wide range of accommodation options, from hotels to vacation rentals. Users can explore property details, read reviews, and make reservations online. Flight Search and Booking Engines: Flight search engines such as Google Flights, Skyscanner, and Kayak enable users to search for flights, compare prices across different airlines, and book tickets online. Travel Reviews and Recommendations: Platforms like TripAdvisor and Yelp provide user-generated reviews and recommendations for hotels, restaurants, attractions, and activities. Travelers can make informed decisions based on the experiences of others. Travel Planning Apps: 87","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Mobile apps like TripIt and Sygic Travel help travelers plan their trips by organizing itineraries, suggesting activities, and providing offline maps. Virtual Tours and Augmented Reality: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) apps offer virtual tours of destinations, allowing users to explore landmarks and attractions from the comfort of their homes. Language Translation Apps: Language translation apps like Google Translate assist travelers in communicating with locals by translating text and speech in real time. Travel Insurance and Health Apps: Apps like World Nomads provide travelers with access to travel insurance and health resources, offering peace of mind during their journeys. Currency Conversion Tools: Currency conversion apps help travelers quickly convert currency rates to make informed spending decisions while abroad. Local Transportation Apps: Ride-sharing apps like Uber and local transportation apps provide convenient ways for travelers to get around in unfamiliar cities. Weather Apps: Weather apps help travelers stay informed about weather conditions at their destination, aiding in planning activities and packing appropriately. These internet applications have empowered travelers with the tools and information needed to plan and execute their trips efficiently. They have also enabled businesses in the travel and tourism industry to reach a global audience, streamline operations, and provide personalized experiences. 5.4 Social Network Social Networking refers to grouping of individuals and organizations together via some medium, in order to share thoughts, interests, and activities. There are several web based social network services are available such as facebook, twitter, linkedin, Google+ etc. which offer easy to use and interactive interface to connect with people with in the country an overseas as well. There are also several mobile based social networking services in for of apps such as Whatsapp, hike, Line etc. Available Social networking Services: The following table describes some of the famous social networking services provided over web and mobile: 88","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) S.N. Service Description 1. Facebook Allows to share text, photos, video etc. It also offers interesting online games. 2. Google+ It is pronounced as Google Plus. It is owned and operated by Google. 3. Twitter Twitter allows the user to send and reply messages in form of tweets. These tweets are the small messages, generally include 140+ characters. 4. Faceparty Faceparty is a UK based social networking site. It allows the users to create profiles and interact with each other using forums messages. 5. Linkedin Linkedin is a business and professional networking site. 6. Flickr Flickr offers image hosting and video hosting. 7. Ibibo Ibibo is a talent based social networking site. It allows the users to promote one\u2019s self and also discover new talent. 8. Whatsapp It is a mobile based messaging app. It allows to send text, video, and audio messages 9. Line It is same as whatsapp. Allows to make free calls and messages. 10. Hike It is also mobile based messager allows to send messages and exciting emoticons. Where Social Networking Helps: Following are the areas where social networking has become most popular: \uf0b7 Online Marketing: Website like facebook allows us to create a page for specific product, community or firm and promiting over the web. 89","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 Online Jobs: Website like linkedin allows us to create connection with professionals and helps to find the suitable job based on one\u2019s specific skills set. \uf0b7 Online News: On social networking sites, people also post daily news which helps us to keep us updated. \uf0b7 Chatting: Social networking allows us to keep in contact with friends and family. We can communicate with them via messages. \uf0b7 Share Picture, Audio and video: One can share picture, audio and video using social networking sites. 5.5 Different Social Networks Universities are using social media\u2014the only web tools that allow two-way discussions\u2014to connect and collaborate with their target audiences, and as a way to supplement traditional news distribution. But before we get into strategy and best practices, a brief glossary of social media terms and networks will be helpful: \uf0b7 Facebook \u2013 facebook.com o Description: Founded in 2004, Facebook is a social utility that helps people communicate more efficiently with their friends, family and coworkers. The company develops technologies that facilitate the sharing of information through the social graph, the digital mapping of people's real-world social connections. Anyone can sign up for Facebook and interact with the people they know in a trusted environment. o Use: If you want to have an online conversation with students, connect with alumni or create a forum for discussion with the community, engage them through Facebook. You can also use this media to drive traffic to real events and activities. \uf0b7 Twitter \u2013 www.twitter.com o Description: Twitter is a real-time information network powered by people all around the world that lets them share and discover what's happening now. A rich source of instantly updated information, Twitter asks \\\"what's happening\\\" and makes the answer spread across the globe to millions, immediately. o Use: With its 140-character format, Twitter is an immediate way to chat with and hear from those with similar interests. It's also a great way to \\\"tweet\\\" news and other announcements in addition to mainstream media sources. \uf0b7 LinkedIn \u2013 linkedin.com o Description: LinkedIn exists to help make better use of an individual's or organization's professional network and help the people they trust in return. LinkedIn's mission is to connect the world's professionals to make them more productive and successful. This media offers faster access to insight and resources they can trust. o Use: LinkedIn is an ideal alumni connection tool; it's also home to myriad discussion groups offering affinity for collaboration and connection. Start your own groups to create tailored networks of interest. 90","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) \uf0b7 YouTube \u2013 www.youtube.com o Description: YouTube is the world's most popular online video community, allowing millions of people to discover, watch and share originally-created videos. It provides a forum for people to connect, inform and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform for original content creators and advertisers large and small. o Use: YouTube can be instrumental in sharing your unit's research and other successes, capturing events and activities, and offering video contests. \uf0b7 Instagram \u2013 www.instagram.com o Description: Instagram is a mobile-based tool for sharing photos and videos. Users can apply digital filters to their photos and videos before sharing them with a variety of social networking services\u2014such as Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr\u2014in addition to Instagram itself. o Use: Instagram is best for sharing compelling, authentic images. Since the service is mobile-based, it\u2019s a great way to capture \u201cin-the-moment\u201d images. With 59% of 18- 29 year olds using Instagram, it is particularly useful for engaging with prospective and current students, as well as young alumni. \uf0b7 Google+ - www.plus.google.com o Description: Google+ is a platform where users create \u201cCircles\u201d of contacts in order to share posts selectively. Status updates can include text, photos, links, videos and events. o Use: Google+ is great for sharing photos and video. It also allows users to host \u201cHangouts,\u201d a form of video chat. Since the platform is integrated with Google Chats, YouTube and other Google tools, posting to Google+ can help elevate content in search. \uf0b7 Pinterest \u2013 www.pinterest.com o Description: Pinterest taps into the trend for visual content. It\u2019s a source for aspirational and inspirational images, and subscribers use it to collect and organize things they love. o Use: Pinterest is a great way to visually tell your organization\u2019s story and communicate values. As with all social media channels, be sure to pin images that add value for your audience. Avoid being overtly self-promoting. \uf0b7 Blogs o Description: A blog or \u201cweb log\u201d is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries filled with commentary, descriptions of events or other material such as graphics, audio (podcasts) or video. Below is information about popular blogging software used by higher education institutions: \uf0a7 Tumblr \u2013 www.tumblr.com \u2013 Tumblr is a microblogging platform and social networking website that allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog. Users create original content as well as curate, or re- blog, posts by others. \uf0a7 WordPress \u2013 www.wordpress.org\/about \u2013 WordPress started with a single bit of code to enhance the typography of everyday writing and with just a few users. Since then it has grown to be the largest self-hosted blogging 91","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) tool in the world, used on millions of sites and seen by tens of millions of people every day. o Use: Blogs offer an excellent format for brief articles, observations or references; this media\u2019s \u201ccomments\u201d section also welcomes feedback from and interaction with readers. You can create links between your blog and the other social media networks to cross-promote your blog. 5.6 Entertainment Entertainment has been significantly transformed by internet applications, providing users with access to a wide range of content, interactive experiences, and social interactions. These applications have revolutionized how people consume, create, and share entertainment content. Here are some ways internet applications are used in the field of entertainment: Streaming Services: Streaming platforms like Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+ allow users to watch movies, TV shows, and original content on- demand through the internet. They offer a vast library of entertainment options, eliminating the need for traditional cable TV. Music Streaming Platforms: Music streaming services like Spotify, Apple Music, and Pandora offer users access to a vast collection of songs, albums, and playlists. Users can create their own playlists and discover new music based on their preferences. 92","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Gaming Platforms: Online gaming platforms like Steam, Xbox Live, and PlayStation Network enable users to download and play video games online, connect with friends, and participate in multiplayer matches. Social Media: Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat provide a space for users to share photos, videos, and stories, as well as discover and engage with entertaining content from others. Video Sharing Platforms: Video-sharing platforms like YouTube and Vimeo allow users to upload, watch, and share videos on various topics, from educational content to vlogs, music videos, and tutorials. Live Streaming: Live streaming platforms such as Twitch and YouTube Live enable users to broadcast live videos of themselves playing games, performing music, hosting discussions, and more. Podcasts and Audio Content: Podcast platforms like Apple Podcasts and Spotify offer a wide range of audio content, including talk shows, storytelling, educational content, and interviews. E-Books and Audiobooks: E-book platforms like Kindle and audiobook services like Audible provide users with access to a wide range of digital books and audio content. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): VR and AR applications offer immersive entertainment experiences, allowing users to explore virtual worlds, play interactive games, and enjoy unique experiences. Online Ticketing and Events: Online platforms like Eventbrite and Ticketmaster allow users to discover, purchase, and manage tickets for concerts, movies, live shows, and other events. Art and Creativity Platforms: Online platforms like DeviantArt and Behance showcase the work of artists, photographers, designers, and creators, providing a space to share and appreciate creative content. Internet applications have democratized entertainment, making it accessible to a global audience and allowing users to participate actively in the content creation and consumption process. They have also enabled new forms of entertainment, from live streaming to interactive experiences, that were not possible with traditional media. 93","PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1. What is e-commerce, and how has it transformed traditional retail? 2. Name two popular online retailers that operate through e-commerce platforms. 3. What is the primary purpose of a web portal, and how do they benefit users? 4. Provide an example of a web portal tailored to travelers and tourists. 5. How has the internet changed the way people plan and book their travel experiences? 6. Name a travel-related internet application that offers accommodation options. 7. What are social networks, and how do they facilitate online connections? 8. How do social networks enhance communication and sharing among individuals? 9. Name a social network focused on sharing short videos and viral content. 10. Provide an example of a professional networking platform for connecting professionals. 11. How have streaming services transformed the way people consume entertainment content? 12. Name a popular music streaming platform that offers personalized playlists. 94"]