Participant Handbook - Digital Literacy - 24 Hours

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Digital Literacy Participant Handbook Course offered by: Under:- 1

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Table of Contents S. Module Name Topics Learning No. Hours 4 1 Computer Basics & Introduction Computer Basics & Operations 8 Operations Printing and Scanning 4 Word 4 2 Introduction to MS Office Excel 4 PowerPoint Presentations 24 Introduction to World Wide Web History of Internet 3 Introduction to the Internet Internet Jargons Using Internet via Different Devices Advantages & Uses of the Internet Web Browsing 4 Communications using the Different Types of Web Browsers Internet Search Engines and their Use E-Mail, Web & Client Messenger Services E-commerce Web Portals 5 Applications of Internet Travel and Tourism Social Network Different Social Networks Entertainment Total 2

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Module 1: Computer Basics & Operations Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand the history and Generation of Computer 2. Know about the basic terminologies of Computer 3. Know the Architecture of computer 4. Understand the Types of Computers 5. Know the Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer 6. Understand about Printing and Scanning 1.1 History and Generation of Computer A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output. It renders output just after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the output for future use. It can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The term \"computer\" is derived from the Latin word \"computare\" which means to calculate. A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions through integrated hardware and software components. It works with the help of programs and represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. It also has a memory that stores the data, programs, and result of processing. The components of a computer such as machinery that includes wires, transistors, circuits, hard disk are called hardware. Whereas, the programs and data are called software. Computers were developed in different phases known as generations of computer. Depending upon the technologies used the development of electronic computers can be divided into five generations. 1) In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing machine. Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer. 2) Then after almost a decade, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory concept and is the first general-purpose computer. 3

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 3) In 1946, ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was the first electronic general- purpose computer. It was the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. And it was invented by J.Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. 4) Douglas Engelbart invented the first computer mouse. 5) First computer with RAM – MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine, a revolutionary computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics. 6) The first minicomputer – In 1960 Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-1. 7) The first laptop – First Laptop was introduced in 1981 by Adom Osborne and the company “EPSON” manufactured first Laptop. The following table categorizes generations of computers and other important factors associated with the generations: Subject 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Period generation generation generation generation generation Circuitry 1940-1956 1956-1963 1964-1971 1971-present present & Transistor Memory Vacuum Integrated Microprocessor beyond Capacity tube 128KB chips (IC) (VLSI) ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Processing 20 KB 300 IPS 1MB Magnetic core Integration) Speed memory, LSI technology 300 IPS Assembly 1MIPS (1 and VLSI. High Programmi instruction language & early million inst. ULSI ng s Per sec. Capacity Machine, Per sec.) Faster than 3rd Very fast Language C,C++ generation Higher level All the Higher languages, level 4

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Language UNIVAC, high-level IBM 360 C,C++,Java languages, EDVAC languages(FORTR series, 1900 Neural Example Pentium series, of AN, series Multimedia, networks, COBOL, ALGOL) computers IBM 1401, IBM Artificial Intelligence, 7094, CDC 3600,D UNIVAC Robotics 1108 1.2 Basic Terminologies of Computer Term Description Server A computer that other computers can connect to via a network. Modem A hardware device that is used to transfer information between computers via a phone line. Modem comes from the 2 words Modulation Software & Demodulation. A Modem converts information from analog to digital Directory and vice versa. Digital information is represented in a series of 1's & 0's. Analog information varies continuously like a sound wave. Typically when Database you send an E-mail, your modem converts the digital E-mail message to Floppy Disk analog. Application A package of instructions that causes the computer to do something. Examples include application programs and games. Program A catalog for files stored on the Hard disk of a computer. It is a mechanism Keyboard to group files. The topmost directory is called the root directory; the directories within a directory are called sub directories. Mouse A collection of data organized and designed for easy access. A magnetic disk which is used to store data. Floppy disks are often used to CPU transfer files from one computer to another or to backup important files. A Program that has been created to perform a specific task that is useful to the user. Examples include Word Processors (Word), Spreadsheets (Excel), Browsers (Netscape) and Drawing Packages (Paint). An input device that is used for entering data into a computer or giving it an instruction to do something specific. The key arrangements resemble that of a typewriter plus it has additional keys for specific functions. An input device used to maximize the benefits of a Graphical User Interface. The mouse also has a pointer on the screen that is moved by moving the mouse up or down or from side to side. Generally a mouse has two buttons which activates various tasks either by a single or a double click. Central Processing Unit. This refers to the brains of the computer- the microchip. 5

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Memory Chips that hold information that the computer needs to use. These chips are connected directly to the Microprocessor. There are two types of Memory Chip:-  Random Access Memory (RAM)  Read Only Media (ROM) CD-ROM Compact Disk - Read only Media. Plastic disc that can contain enormous GUI amounts of information. Graphical User Interface. A Graphical User Interface is designed so that Active Window the user can perform tasks by using a mouse to point & click to navigate PC around the computer. RAM In Windows, the front-most window on the desktop. The window which accepts any keyboard input Output Personal Computer. Also sometimes used to distinguish an IBM compatible computer from a Macintosh computer. Input Random Access Memory. It is a temporary storage area that the processor Hard Disk uses to execute programs and to hold data. Disk Drive Stuff you get back from the computer. Examples of output are: Hardware text/graphics displayed on the monitor, sounds from the speakers, a Monitor printed page from the printer. Desktop Stuff you tell the computer to do. This can be from external devices like a keyboard, mouse, or microphone. The Hard Disk is where the data is stored within the computer. The hardware which performs the basic operations on the hard disk - including rotating the disk & reading/writing data to the disk. The physical components of a computer including things like monitors, keyboards, mice, and printers. Used to display the computer output. Visual display of computer environment viewed on the monitor. 1.3 Architecture of computer Computer is an electronic machine that makes performing any task very easy. In computer, the CPU executes each instruction provided to it, in a series of steps, this series of steps is called Machine Cycle, and is repeated for each instruction. One machine cycle involves fetching of instruction, decoding the instruction, transferring the data, executing the instruction. Computer system has five basic units that help the computer to perform operations, which are given below: 1) Input Unit 2) Output Unit 3) Storage Unit 4) Arithmetic Logic Unit 5) Control Unit 6

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Input Unit: Input unit connects the external environment with internal computer system. It provides data and instructions to the computer system. Commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, magnetic tape etc. Input unit performs following tasks:  Accept the data and instructions from the outside environment.  Convert it into machine language.  Supply the converted data to computer system. Output Unit: It connects the internal system of a computer to the external environment. It provides the results of any computation, or instructions to the outside world. Some output devices are printers, monitor etc. Storage Unit: This unit holds the data and instructions. It also stores the intermediate results before these are sent to the output devices. It also stores the data for later use. The storage unit of a computer system can be divided into two categories:  Primary Storage: This memory is used to store the data which is being currently executed. It is used for temporary storage of data. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. RAM is used as primary storage memory.  Secondary Storage: The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than primary memory. It is used for permanent storage of data. Commonly used secondary memory devices are hard disk, CD etc. Arithmetic Logical Unit: All the calculations are performed in ALU of the computer system. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU. When the operations are done, the result is transferred back to the storage unit. Control Unit: It controls all other units of the computer. It controls the flow of data and instructions to and from the storage unit to ALU. Thus it is also known as central nervous system of the computer. CPU: It is Central Processing Unit of the computer. The control unit and ALU are together known as CPU. CPU is the brain of computer system. It performs following tasks:  It performs all operations.  It takes all decisions.  It controls all the units of computer. All types of computers follow the same basic logical 7

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users. S. Operation Description No. 1 Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system. 2 Store Data Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing as and when required. 3 Processing Data Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. 4 Output Information The process of producing useful information or results for the user, such as a printed report or visual display. 5 Control the workflow Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed. Input and Output Devices: 8

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Keyboard Parts: 1.4 Types of Computer On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types: 1) Supercomputer: Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to process huge amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has thousands of interconnected processors. Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. The first supercomputer was developed by Roger Cray in 1976. Characteristics or applications of supercomputers: 9

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  It has the ability to decrypt your password to enhance protection for security reasons.  It produces excellent results in animations.  It is used for virtual testing of nuclear weapons and critical medical tests.  It can study and understand climate patterns and forecast weather conditions. It can run in NOAA's system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) that can execute any type of simple and logical data.  It helps in designing the flight simulators for pilots at the beginner level for their training.  It helps in extracting useful information from data storage centres or cloud system. For example, in insurance companies.  It has played a vital role in managing the online currency world such as stock market and bitcoin.  It helps in the diagnosis of various critical diseases and in producing accurate results in brain injuries, strokes, etc.  It helps in scientific research areas by accurately analysing data obtained from exploring the solar system, satellites, and movement of Earth.  It also used in a smog control system where it predicts the level of fog and other pollutants in the atmosphere. 2) Mainframe computer: Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high volume of data. Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process a high volume of data that requires integer operations such as indexing, comparisons, etc. Characteristics of Mainframe Computers:  It can process huge amount of data, e.g. millions of transactions in a second in the banking sector.  It has a very long life. It can run smoothly for up to 50 years after proper installation.  It gives excellent performance with large scale memory management.  It has the ability to share or distribute its workload among other processors and input/output terminals.  There are fewer chances of error or bugs during processing in mainframe computers. If any error occurs it can fix it quickly without affecting the performance.  It has the ability to protect the stored data and other ongoing exchange of information and data. Applications of mainframe computers: 10

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  In health care, it enabled hospitals to maintain a record of their millions of patients in order to contact them for treatment or related to their appointment, medicine updates or disease updates.  In the field of defence, it allows the defence departments to share a large amount of sensitive information with other branches of defence.  In the field of education, it helps big universities to store, manage and retrieve data related to their courses, admissions, students, teachers, employees and affiliated schools and colleges.  In the retail sector, the retail companies that have a huge customer base and branches use mainframe computers to handle and execute information related to their inventory management, customer management, and huge transactions in a short duration. 3) Miniframe or Minicomputer: It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more processors and can support 4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe computers are used in institutes and departments for tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory management. A minicomputer lies between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is smaller than mainframe but larger than a microcomputer. Characteristics of miniframe or minicomputer:  It is light weight that makes it easy to carry and fit anywhere.  It is less expensive than mainframe computers.  It is very fast compared to its size.  It remains charged for a long time.  It does not require a controlled operational environment. Applications of minicomputers: A minicomputer is mainly used to perform three primary functions, which are as follows:  Process control: It was used for process control in manufacturing. It mainly performs two primary functions that are collecting data and feedback. If any abnormality occurs in the process, it is detected by the minicomputer and necessary adjustments are made accordingly.  Data management: It is an excellent device for small organizations to collect, store and share data. Local hospitals and hotels can use it to maintain the records of their patients and customers respectively.  Communications Portal: It can also play the role of a communication device in larger systems by serving as a portal between a human operator and a central processor or computer. 4) Workstation: Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific applications. It has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of RAM and high speed graphic adapters. It generally performs a specific job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different types such as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design workstation. Characteristics of workstation computer: 11

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  It is a high-performance computer system designed for a single user for business or professional use.  It has larger storage capacity, better graphics, and more powerful CPU than a personal computer.  It can handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation and editing. Any computer that has the following five features, can be termed as a workstation or can be used as a workstation.  Multiple Processor Cores: It has more processor cores than simple laptops or computers.  ECC RAM: It is provided with Error-correcting code memory that can fix memory errors before they affect the system's performance.  RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): It refers to multiple internal hard drives to store or process data. RAID can be of different types, for example, there can be multiple drives to process data or mirrored drives where if one drive does not work than other starts functioning.  SSD: It is better than conventional hard-disk drives. It does not have moving parts, so the chances of physical failure are very less.  Optimized, Higher end GPU: It reduces the load on CPU. E.g., CPU has to do less work while processing the screen output. 5) Microcomputer: Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a general-purpose computer that is designed for individual use. It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area, input unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are examples of microcomputers. They are suitable for personal work that may be making an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office work. Characteristics of a microcomputer:  It is the smallest in size among all types of computers.  A limited number of software can be used.  It is designed for personal work and applications. Only one user can work at a time.  It is less expansive and easy to use.  It does not require the user to have special skills or training to use it.  Generally, comes with single semiconductor chip.  It is capable of multitasking such as printing, scanning, browsing, watching videos, etc. Notebook or laptop computers are small and lightweight enough to be carried around with the user. They run on battery power, but can also be plugged into a wall outlet. They typically have a built-in LCD display that folds down to protect the display when the computer is carried around. They also feature a built-in keyboard and some kind of built-in pointing device (such as a touch pad). While some laptops are less powerful than typical desktop machines, this is not true in all cases. Laptops, however, cost more than desktop units of equivalent processing power because the smaller components needed to build laptops are more expensive. 12

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) There are also less-powerful versions of notebook computers called subnotebooks, and netbooks that are used mainly to access the Internet. A Tablet Computer (often just called a tablet) generally has the format of a handheld slate consisting of a large LCD touchscreen used for both input and output. Tablets typically include a WiFi and/or cellular network data connection to access the Internet. Tablets run applications specifically designed for these touchscreen devices, but they also can do some activities such as word processing or spreadsheets, although the lack of a physical keyboard usually makes such activities more cumbersome on tablets than they are on desktop or notebook machines. Examples of tablet computers include the Apple iPad and machines from various manufacturers that run the Android OS. Smartphones are high-end mobile phones that typically run operating systems similar to the tablet computers discussed above, so they often share the same applications as tablets. They combine the features of a mobile phone, PDA (see below), camera, music player, GPS device, etc. Many smartphones use a touchscreen for input, but some include physical keyboards. A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a handheld microcomputer that trades off power for small size and greater portability. They typically use a touch-sensitive LCD screen for both output and input (the user draws characters and presses icons on the screen with a stylus). PDAs communicate with desktop computers and with each other either by cable connection, infrared (IR) beam, or radio waves. PDAs are normally used to keep track of appointment calendars, to-do lists, address books, and for taking notes. A palmtop or handheld PC is a very small microcomputer that also sacrifices power for small size and portability. These devices typically look more like a tiny laptop than a PDA, with a flip-up screen and small keyboard. They may use Windows CE or similar operating system for handheld devices. Some PDAs and palmtops contain wireless networking or cell phone devices so that users can check e-mail or surf the web on the move. All the computers that are developed are not alike rather they have different designs and features. Some computers have very high capacity as well as working speed; however, some are slow. Depending upon the requirements, computers are being developed. 13

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 1.5 Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer Advantages of Using a Computer: There are many advantages of using computers. However, the following are some of the most important ones to know: 1. Provides access to more information 2. Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete 3. Saves time 4. Automates repetitive tasks 5. Allows for greater productivity 14

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 6. Allows for better communication and connections 7. Entertainment Disadvantages of Using a Computer: Unfortunately computers also have some disadvantages. These disadvantages include: 1. Social risks: computers provide humans access to social media, which can be addictive, make people less happy, lead to jealousy, and get in the way of real-world friendships. In fact, a study found that of 1 500 Facebook users interviewed, 62% said Facebook occasionally made them feel like they are not good enough, and 60% said that comparing themselves to other people on Facebook made them jealous. 2. Health risks: research has shown that excessive computer use can result in several medical problems, including back pain, eyestrain, obesity, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and repetitive strain injury (RSI). However, with good ergonomic practices, many of these health risks could be reduced or removed. o RSI (REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY) – a painful inflammation of the tendons that often results from overuse. A tendon is tissue that attaches muscle to the bone o Ergonomics – the study of how humans interact with fabricated objects, the goal is to create an environment that is well suited to the users’ physical needs 3. Security risks: computer security risk can be created by malware, that is, bad software that can attack your computer system, destroy your files, steal your data, or allow an attacker to gain access to your system without your knowledge. Computers are programmed to follow instructions, and sometimes people program computers to act in a way that harms a user. 4. High cost: computers are expensive. Even the most affordable computers are still very expensive for the average person in South Africa. Since computers empower people, the high cost of computers puts pressure on people who are not able to afford them, and places them at a disadvantage. 5. Distractions/disruptions: if you have ever spent hours browsing the internet or watching videos on YouTube, then you know how distracting computers can be! Because of their high entertainment value, it is easy for computers to distract people and stop them from being productive. 6. Environmental impact: computers use a lot of electricity and in most cases the generation of electricity is harmful to the environment because of the carbon emissions. This has a huge impact on our planet. 15

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 1.6 About Printing and Scanning BASIS FOR PRINTER SCANNER COMPARISON Basic Produces the output over a paper. Takes input from a paper. Type of the device Output device Input device Additional features Can work on any type of file Some scanner can only work with extension. printed documents. Working mechanism Digital document is rendered over Illuminating lamp is used on the scan the paper by creating an impact or head to reflect the light on to the lens, which is then focussed over a charges on a photosensitive CCD array. material. Printing through a computer involves utilizing various technologies and software to produce physical copies of digital documents or images. This process is an essential aspect of digital literacy, as it enables individuals to bridge the gap between the digital and physical worlds. Here's an overview of how printing using a computer fits into the realm of digital literacy: 1. Document Preparation: To print a document, you first need to create or access the digital content you want to print. This content can range from text documents to images, spreadsheets, presentations, and more. 2. Formatting for Print: Proper formatting is crucial for ensuring that the printed document looks as intended. This includes adjusting fonts, page layout, margins, and other formatting elements to optimize the content for print. 3. Print Settings: Most printing software and operating systems provide a range of print settings. These settings allow you to specify the number of copies, paper size, orientation (portrait or landscape), and print quality. 4. Print Preview: Many applications offer a print preview feature that allows you to see how the document will appear on paper before actually printing it. This helps you catch any formatting issues or errors before using physical resources. 16

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 5. Printer Selection: If you have multiple printers connected to your computer, you can choose which one to use for printing. This might include selecting between color and black- and-white printers, different paper trays, or even network-connected printers. 6. Printing Process: Once you've adjusted the settings and previewed the document, you can initiate the printing process. The computer sends the digital file to the selected printer, which then produces a physical copy. 7. Troubleshooting: Occasionally, printing issues may arise, such as paper jams, low ink levels, or connectivity problems. Being able to troubleshoot these issues is part of digital literacy. 8. Conservation and Sustainability: Digital literacy also involves understanding when to print and when to avoid it. Being mindful of resource usage and considering environmental impacts is an important aspect of responsible digital behavior. 9. Updating and Upgrading: As technology evolves, printers and printing software may receive updates or upgrades. Being able to install and configure these updates contributes to maintaining efficient printing capabilities. 10. Document Archiving: After printing, considering how to manage and store physical copies, and whether digital archiving might be a more efficient option, is part of utilizing technology effectively. Incorporating printing skills into your digital literacy toolkit enables you to effectively communicate and share information in both digital and physical formats. It empowers you to produce high-quality materials, troubleshoot technical issues, and make informed decisions about when and how to use physical resources for printing. Certainly, printers are essential devices for producing physical copies of digital documents and images. Here's an overview of different types of printers and a general guide for installing and setting up a printer: Types of Printers:  Inkjet Printers: These printers use liquid ink sprayed onto paper to create images. They're versatile and suitable for both text and color printing. They're often more affordable but may have higher ink costs.  Laser Printers: Laser printers use a toner cartridge and a heated fuser to fuse toner onto paper. They are known for their fast-printing speeds and high-quality text prints. Color laser printers are available but tend to be more expensive.  All-in-One (Multifunction) Printers: These printers combine printing, scanning, copying, and sometimes faxing functions in one device. They are versatile and space- saving. 17

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  Wireless and Network Printers: These printers connect to your Wi-Fi network, allowing you to print from multiple devices without direct connections. They can be especially useful in home and office settings.  Photo Printers: These specialized printers are designed for producing high-quality photo prints. They often use multiple ink cartridges to achieve a wide color gamut and fine details. Installing and Setting Up a Printer: 1. Unboxing: Unbox the printer and remove any packaging materials. Make sure all components, such as ink cartridges or toner, are correctly installed. 2. Power and Connection: o Plug in the printer to a power source and turn it on. o For wired connections, use a USB cable to connect the printer to your computer. For wireless, follow the printer's manual for connecting to your Wi-Fi network. 3. Driver Installation (Computer): o If your printer comes with an installation disc, insert it into your computer's CD/DVD drive and follow the on-screen instructions. o Alternatively, most printers can be installed by downloading drivers and software from the manufacturer's website. Search for your printer model and operating system to find the appropriate drivers. 4. Printer Setup (Computer): o After installing drivers, your computer will recognize the printer. You might be prompted to select default settings, paper size, and other preferences. 5. Test Print: o Print a test page to ensure the printer is working correctly. This helps verify that the printer is properly connected and set up. 6. Calibration (Color Printers): o If you have a color printer, you might need to perform a calibration process to ensure accurate color reproduction. 7. Mobile Printing (Optional): o If your printer supports mobile printing, install the relevant app on your smartphone or tablet. This allows you to print directly from your mobile device. 8. Printer Maintenance: o Regularly check ink or toner levels and replace cartridges as needed. o Clean the printer's interior and exterior to maintain print quality. Remember that the installation process can vary depending on the printer model, manufacturer, and your computer or mobile device's operating system. It's recommended 18

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) to refer to the printer's user manual or online resources specific to your printer for detailed installation instructions. Taking a print or printing a document can vary slightly depending on the device you're using, whether it's a computer or a phone. Here's a general guide for both scenarios: Printing from a Computer:  Open the Document: Open the document you want to print using a compatible software application (e.g., Microsoft Word for text documents, Adobe Acrobat for PDFs, etc.).  Access Print Dialog: o In most applications, you can press \"Ctrl + P\" (or \"Cmd + P\" on Mac) to open the print dialog. o Alternatively, look for a \"Print\" option in the application's menu, usually located in the top-left corner.  Choose Printer: o If you have multiple printers installed, select the desired printer from the available options.  Select Print Settings: o Configure settings like the number of copies, page range (if applicable), paper size, orientation (portrait/landscape), and print quality. o Some applications offer advanced settings for color options, double-sided printing, and more.  Print Preview (Optional): o Some applications provide a print preview to show how the document will appear when printed. This helps catch any formatting issues before printing.  Click Print: o Once you're satisfied with the settings, click the \"Print\" button to send the document to the printer. Printing from a Phone:  Open the Document or Content: o Open the document, image, or content you want to print using a compatible app. For example, open a PDF in a PDF reader app.  Access Print Options: o Depending on the device and app, you might find a \"Print\" option in the sharing menu, which is usually represented by a symbol like three dots or an arrow pointing up.  Select Printer: 19

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o If your phone is connected to a printer on the same network or supports wireless printing, you should see a list of available printers. Choose the printer you want to use.  Configure Print Settings: o Similar to the computer, you can adjust settings like the number of copies, page range, paper size, and layout.  Print Confirmation: o Confirm your settings and tap the \"Print\" button. Note: For both computer and phone printing, ensure that your printer is properly set up and connected to the same network as your device. Wireless printing may require the installation of specific apps or drivers on your phone. Remember that printer and app interfaces might vary, so it's a good idea to consult the user manual for your printer and explore the options available in the specific software you're using. Additionally, technology and interfaces can change over time, so staying updated with the latest instructions for your specific devices is recommended. Scanning is the process of converting physical documents, images, or objects into digital format. Scanners capture the content and create digital files that can be stored, shared, and manipulated on computers or other digital devices. Here's an overview of scanning and how to perform it on both computers and phones: Scanning on a Computer: 1. Connect the Scanner: Ensure your scanner is properly connected to your computer via USB or is connected over the network if it's a wireless scanner. 2. Place the Document: Place the document or image you want to scan face down on the scanner's glass surface. Make sure it's aligned properly. 3. Launch Scanning Software: Most scanners come with software that helps control the scanning process. Open the scanner's software on your computer. 4. Select Scan Type: Choose the type of scan you want to perform, such as a black and white document scan, color scan, or photo scan. 5. Adjust Settings: 20

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Set the scan resolution (measured in dots per inch or DPI) for the desired level of detail. o Choose the file format for the scanned document (PDF, JPEG, TIFF, etc.). o Adjust other settings like color correction, brightness, and contrast as needed. 6. Preview Scan (Optional): Many scanning software options provide a preview of the scan before performing the full scan. This helps you see how the final scan will look and make any necessary adjustments. 7. Scan the Document: Once you're satisfied with the settings, initiate the scan process. The scanner will start capturing the content and saving it as a digital file on your computer. 8. Save the Scan: After the scan is complete, specify the destination folder on your computer where you want to save the scanned file. Give it a descriptive name. Scanning on a Phone:  Use the Built-in App: Most smartphones have a built-in scanning app or feature that can be accessed through the camera app.  Open the App: Open the scanning app or access the scanning feature within the camera app  Position the Document: Place the document or image on a flat surface with good lighting. Hold the phone above the document, ensuring the entire content is visible within the camera frame.  Capture the Image: Tap the shutter button within the scanning app to capture the image. Some apps might automatically detect the edges of the document and adjust the image  Adjust Settings: o Some scanning apps allow you to adjust settings like color, contrast, and brightness before saving the scan.  Save and Edit: After capturing the image, the app may prompt you to crop or adjust the scanned image. Once you're satisfied, save the scanned document.  Choose Format and Destination: Specify the file format (PDF or image format) and choose where to save the scanned file on your phone.  Share and Use: You can now share the scanned document via email, messaging apps, cloud storage, or other methods. Remember that scanning options and procedures can vary depending on your device's operating system and the specific scanning app or software you're using. It's a good idea to explore the features and settings of your device's scanning capabilities to get the best results. 21

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1) What is the significance of the first generation of computers? 2) How did the invention of microprocessors impact computer generations? 3) Define RAM and its role in a computer. 4) What is an operating system, and why is it essential for computers? 5) Briefly explain the role of the CPU in a computer system. 6) What is the purpose of the motherboard in computer architecture? 7) Name two examples of embedded computers and their applications. 8) Differentiate between supercomputers and mainframe computers. 9) Mention two advantages of using computers in education. 10) What potential drawback should individuals be cautious about when using computers extensively? 11) How does scanning contribute to digital literacy? 12) Name one common issue that can occur while printing and how to troubleshoot it. 22

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Module 2: Introduction to MS Office Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to understand/use: 1. Microsoft Office: Word, Excel, PowerPoint & More. 2. Microsoft Word - Work together on Word documents 3. Microsoft Excel: Create and edit spreadsheets 4. Microsoft PowerPoint: Slideshows and Presentations 2.1 MS office and its components MS Office is essentially suite of products developed by Microsoft Corporation that includes Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Publisher, PowerPoint, and Outlook. Each program serves a different purpose and is compatible with other programs included in the package. The suite of programs is compatible with both the Windows and Macintosh operating system. Microsoft Office 2016 is the latest version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite, succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011. Office 2016 is available in 5 different editions. Following are the applications with Office 2016:  Microsoft Word: Helps users in creating text documents.  Microsoft Excel: Creates simple to complex data/numerical spread sheets.  Microsoft PowerPoint: Stand-alone application for creating professional multimedia presentations.  Microsoft Access: Database management application.  Microsoft Publisher: Introductory application for creating and publishing marketing materials.  Microsoft OneNote: Alternate to a paper notebook, it enables a user to neatly organize their notes.  Microsoft Outlook: Personal information manager; often used mainly as an email application, it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, note taking, journal, and web browsing. 23

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) 2.2 Basic features of Microsoft Word Microsoft Word It is a word processor is used to type text, to style and lay-out the text (formatting) and check and print the resulting document. Word processors have many additional features to allow you, for instance, to easily check spelling, insert images and tables into the text, create footnotes and mass-produce personalized letters and labels from templates (mail-merge). Formatting Text – Word  To change the font: o By default, the font of each new document is set to Calibri. However, Word provides many other fonts you can use to customize text and titles.  Select the text you want to modify.  On the Home tab, click the drop-down arrow next to the Font box. A menu of font styles will appear.  Move the mouse over the various font styles. A live preview of the font will appear in the document. Select the font style you want to use.  The font will change in the document. o When creating a professional document or a document that contains multiple paragraphs, you'll want to select a font that's easy to read. Along with Calibri, standard reading fonts include Cambria, Times New Roman, and Arial.  To change the font size: o Select the text you want to modify. 24

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Select the desired font size formatting option:  Font size drop-down arrow: On the Home tab, click the Font size drop-down arrow. A menu of font sizes will appear. When you move the mouse over the various font sizes, a live preview of the font size will appear in the document.  Font size box: When the font size you need is not available in the Font size drop- down arrow, you can click the Font size box and type the desired font size, then press Enter.  Grow and shrink font commands: Click the Grow Font or Shrink Font commands to change the font size. o The font size will change in the document.  To change the font color: o Select the text you want to modify. o On the Home tab, click the Font Color drop-down arrow. The Font Color menu appears. o Move the mouse over the various font colors. A live preview of the color will appear in the document. o Select the font color you want to use. The font color will change in the document. Your colour choices aren't limited to the drop-down menu that appears. Select More Colours... at the bottom of the menu to access the Colours dialog box. Choose the colour you want, then click OK.  To highlight text: o Highlighting can be a useful tool for marking important text in your document.  Select the text you want to highlight.  From the Home tab, click the Text Highlight Color drop-down arrow. The Highlight Color menu appears.  Select the desired highlight color. The selected text will then be highlighted in the document.  To remove highlighting, select the highlighted text, then click the Text Highlight Colour drop-down arrow. Select No Colour from the drop-down menu. o If you need to highlight several lines of text, changing the mouse into a highlighter may be a helpful alternative to selecting and highlighting individual lines. Click the Text Highlight Colour command, and the cursor changes into a highlighter. You can then click, hold, and drag the highlighter over the lines you want to highlight.  To use the Bold, Italic, and Underline commands: o The Bold, Italic, and Underline commands can be used to help draw attention to important words or phrases.  Select the text you want to modify.  On the Home tab, click the Bold (B), Italic (I), or Underline (U) command in the Font group. In our example, we'll click Bold.  The selected text will be modified in the document.  To change the text case: 25

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o When you need to quickly change text case, you can use the Change Case command instead of deleting and retyping text.  Select the text you want to modify.  On the Home tab, click the Change Case command in the Font group.  A drop-down menu will appear. Select the desired case option from the menu.  The text case will be changed in the document.  To change text alignment: o By default, Word aligns text to the left margin in new documents. However, there may be times when you want to adjust text alignment to the center or right.  Select the text you want to modify.  On the Home tab, select one of the four alignment options from the Paragraph group. o Click the arrows in the slideshow below to learn more about the four text alignment options.  Align Text Left: This aligns all selected text to the left margin. The Align Text Adding Headers, Footers & Page Numbers – Word  To create a header or footer: o In our example, we want to display the author's name at the top of each page, so we'll place it in the header.  Double-click anywhere on the top or bottom margin of your document. In our example, we'll double-click the top margin.  The header or footer will open, and a Design tab will appear on the right side of the Ribbon. The insertion point will appear in the header or footer.  Type the desired information into the header or footer. In our example, we'll type the author's name.  When you're finished, click Close Header and Footer. Alternatively, you can press the Esc key.  The header or footer text will appear.  To insert a preset header or footer: o Word has a variety of preset headers and footers you can use to enhance your document's design and layout. In our example, we'll add a preset header to our document.  Select the Insert tab, then click the Header or Footer command. In our example, we'll click the Header command.  In the menu that appears, select the desired preset header or footer. In our example, we'll select a header.  The header or footer will appear. Preset headers and footers contain placeholders for information such as the title or date; they are known as Content Control fields.  To edit a Content Control field, click it and type the desired information.  When you're finished, click Close Header and Footer. Alternatively, you can press the Esc key. 26

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o If you want to delete a Content Control field, right-click it and select Remove Content Control from the menu that appears.  Editing headers and footers: o After you close the header or footer, it will still be visible, but it will be locked. Simply double-click a header or footer to unlock it, which will allow you to edit it.  Design tab options o When your document's header and footer are unlocked, the Design tab will appear on the right side of the Ribbon, giving you various editing options:  Hide the first-page header and footer: For some documents, you may not want the first page to show the header and footer, like if you have a cover page and want to start the page numbering on the second page. If you want to hide the first page header and footer, check the box next to Different First Page.  Remove the header: If you want to remove all information contained in the header, click the Header command and select Remove Header from the menu that appears.  Remove the footer: If you want to remove all information contained in the footer, click the Footer command and select Remove Footer from the menu that appears.  Additional options: With the Page Number command and the commands available in the Insert group, you can add page numbers, the date and time, pictures, and more to your header or footer.  To insert the date or time into a header or footer: o Sometimes it's helpful to include the date or time in the header or footer. For example, you may want your document to show the date when it was created. o On the other hand, you may want to show the date when it was printed, which you can do by setting it to update automatically. This is useful if you frequently update and print a document because you'll always be able to tell which version is the most recent.  Double-click anywhere on the header or footer to unlock it. Place the insertion point where you want the date or time to appear. In our example, we'll place the insertion point on the line below the author's name.  The Design tab will appear. Click the Date & Time command.  The Date and Time dialog box will appear. Select the desired date or time format.  Check the box next to Update Automatically if you want the date to change every time you open the document. If you don't want the date to change, leave this option unchecked.  Click OK.  The date will appear in the header.  Adding page numbers o Word can automatically label each page with a page number and place it in a header, footer, or side margin. When you need to number some pages differently, Word allows you to restart page numbering. o To add page numbers to a document: o In our example, we'll add page numbering to our document's footer. 27

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  Double-click anywhere on the header or footer to unlock it. If you don't already have a header or footer, you can double-click near the top or bottom of the page. The Design tab will appear on the right side of the Ribbon.  Click the Page Number command. In the menu that appears, hover the mouse over Current Position and select the desired page numbering style.  Page numbering will appear.  To edit the font, font size, and alignment of page numbers, select a page number and click the Home tab. Word's text formatting options will appear.  When you're finished, press the Esc key. The page numbering will be formatted. o Alternatively, you can add page numbers to the header or footer by clicking the Page Number command and then selecting Top of Page or Bottom of Page. If you have an existing header or footer, it will be removed and replaced with the page number.  To restart page numbering: o Word allows you to restart page numbering on any page of your document. You can do this by inserting a section break and then selecting the number you want to restart the numbering with. In our example, we'll restart the page numbering for our document's Works Cited section.  Place the insertion point at the top of the page you want to restart page numbering for. If there is text on the page, place the insertion point at the beginning of the text.  Select the Page Layout tab, then click the Breaks command. Select Next Page from the drop-down menu that appears.  A section break will be added to the document.  Double-click the header or footer that contains the page number you want to restart.  Click the Page Number command. In the menu that appears, select Format Page Numbers.  A dialog box will appear. Click the Start at: button. By default, it will start at 1. If you want, you can change the number.  Click OK.  The page numbering will restart. 2.3 Basic features of Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel 28

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) A spreadsheet is used to manipulate rows and columns of numbers and perform calculations on these (which can be simple arithmetic or use complicated formulae). Spreadsheet packages are also very good at producing stylish charts and graphs of the data in a spreadsheet. Excel worksheet divided into rows and columns. A worksheet contains maximum 255 columns (A..IV) and 65536 rows. The editable area of worksheet is known as cell for example (a1, b1, c2 etc.). About workbooks and worksheets: In Microsoft Excel, a workbook is the file in which you work and store your data. Because each workbook can contain many sheets, you can organize various kinds of related information in a single file. Use worksheets to list and analyze data. You can enter and edit data on several worksheets simultaneously and perform calculations based on data from multiple worksheets. When you create a chart, you can place the chart on the worksheet with its related data or on a separate chart sheet. The names of the sheets appear on tabs at the bottom of the workbook window. To move from sheet to sheet, click the sheet tabs. The name of the active sheet is bold. Workspace: A workspace file saves information about all open workbooks, such as their locations, window sizes, and screen positions. When you open a workspace file by using the Open command (File menu), Microsoft Excel opens each workbook saved in the workspace. The workspace file does not contain the workbooks themselves, and you must continue to save changes you make to the individual workbooks. o Open the workbooks you want to open as a group. o Size and position the workbook windows as you want them to appear the next time you use the workbooks. o On the File menu, click Save Workspace. o In the File name box, enter a name for the workspace file. 29

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) To open the workbooks each time you start Microsoft Excel, save the workspace file in the XLStart folder in your Microsoft Excel folder. Save only the workspace file, not the workbook files, in the XLStart folder.  Inserting Rows and Columns o Insert or delete a column  To insert a column, select the column, select Home > Insert > Insert Sheet Columns.  To delete a column, select the column, select Home > Insert > Delete Sheet Columns.  Or, right-click the top of the column, and then select Insert or Delete. o Insert or delete a row  To insert a row, select the row, select Home > Insert > Insert Sheet Rows.  To delete a row, select the row, select Home > Insert > Delete Sheet Rows.  Or, right-click the selected row, and then select Insert or Delete. o Insert a cell  Select one or more cells. Right-click and select Insert.  From the Insert box, select a row, column or cell to insert.  Formatting Cells To change the font: o By default, the font of each new workbook is set to Calibri. However, Excel provides many other fonts you can use to customize your cell text. In the example below, we'll format our title cell to help distinguish it from the rest of the worksheet.  Select the cell(s) you want to modify.  Click the drop-down arrow next to the Font command on the Home tab. The Font drop-down menu will appear.  Select the desired font. A live preview of the new font will appear as you hover the mouse over different options. In our example, we'll choose Georgia.  The text will change to the selected font. o When creating a workbook in the workplace, you'll want to select a font that is easy to read. Along with Calibri, standard reading fonts include Cambria, Times New Roman, and Arial. To change the font size:  Select the cell(s) you want to modify.  Click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Size command on the Home tab. The Font Size drop-down menu will appear.  Select the desired font size. A live preview of the new font size will appear as you hover the mouse over different options. In our example, we will choose 16 to make the text larger.  The text will change to the selected font size. o You can also use the Increase Font Size and Decrease Font Size commands or enter a custom font size using your keyboard. To change the font color: 30

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  Select the cell(s) you want to modify.  Click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Color command on the Home tab. The Color menu will appear.  Select the desired font color. A live preview of the new font color will appear as you hover the mouse over different options. In our example, we'll choose Green.  The text will change to the selected font color. o Select More Colours at the bottom of the menu to access additional colour options. To use the Bold, Italic, and Underline commands:  Select the cell(s) you want to modify.  Click the Bold (B), Italic (I), or Underline (U) command on the Home tab. In our example, we'll make the selected cells bold.  The selected style will be applied to the text. o You can also press Ctrl+B on your keyboard to make selected text bold, Ctrl+I to apply italics, and Ctrl+U to apply an underline.  Text alignment By default, any text entered into your worksheet will be aligned to the bottom-left of a cell, while any numbers will be aligned to the bottom-right. Changing the alignment of your cell content allows you to choose how the content is displayed in any cell, which can make your cell content easier to read. Click the arrows in the slideshow below to learn more about the different text alignment options: o Left align: Aligns content to the left border of the cell To change horizontal text alignment: In our example below, we'll modify the alignment of our title cell to create a more polished look and further distinguish it from the rest of the worksheet. o Select the cell(s) you want to modify. o Select one of the three horizontal alignment commands on the Home tab. In our example, we'll choose Center Align. o The text will realign. To change vertical text alignment: o Select the cell(s) you want to modify. o Select one of the three vertical alignment commands on the Home tab. In our example, we'll choose Middle Align. o The text will realign. You can apply both vertical and horizontal alignment settings to any cell.  Cell borders and fill colors Cell borders and fill colors allow you to create clear and defined boundaries for different sections of your worksheet. Below, we'll add cell borders and fill color to our header cells to help distinguish them from the rest of the worksheet. 31

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) To add a border: o Select the cell(s) you want to modify. o Click the drop-down arrow next to the Borders command on the Home tab. The Borders drop-down menu will appear. o Select the border style you want to use. In our example, we will choose to display All Borders. o The selected border style will appear. You can draw borders and change the line style and colour of borders with the Draw Borders tools at the bottom of the Borders drop-down menu. To add a fill color: o Select the cell(s) you want to modify. o Click the drop-down arrow next to the Fill Color command on the Home tab. The Fill Color menu will appear. o Select the fill color you want to use. A live preview of the new fill color will appear as you hover the mouse over different options. In our example, we'll choose Light Green. o The selected fill color will appear in the selected cells.  Format Painter If you want to copy formatting from one cell to another, you can use the Format Painter command on the Home tab. When you click the Format Painter, it will copy all of the formatting from the selected cell. You can then click and drag over any cells you want to paste the formatting to.  Cell styles Instead of formatting cells manually, you can use Excel's predesigned cell styles. Cell styles are a quick way to include professional formatting for different parts of your workbook, such as titles and headers. To apply a cell style: In our example, we'll apply a new cell style to our existing title and header cells. o Select the cell(s) you want to modify. o Click the Cell Styles command on the Home tab, then choose the desired style from the drop-down menu. In our example, we'll choose Accent 1. o The selected cell style will appear. Applying a cell style will replace any existing cell formatting except for text alignment. You may not want to use cell styles if you've already added a lot of formatting to your workbook.  Formatting text and numbers One of the most powerful tools in Excel is the ability to apply specific formatting for text and numbers. Instead of displaying all cell content in exactly the same way, you can use formatting to change the appearance of dates, times, decimals, percentages (%), currency ($), and much more. To apply number formatting: 32

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o In our example, we'll change the number format for several cells to modify the way dates are displayed. o Select the cells(s) you want to modify. o Click the drop-down arrow next to the Number Format command on the Home tab. The Number Formatting drop-down menu will appear. o Select the desired formatting option. In our example, we will change the formatting to Long Date. o The selected cells will change to the new formatting style. For some number formats, you can then use the Increase Decimal and Decrease Decimal commands (below the Number Format command) to change the number of decimal places that are displayed. Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about different text and number formatting options.  Inserting Pictures, Shapes, Tables & Charts o Inserting Tables  Go to \"Insert\" tab  Select \"Tables\"  Move cursor over squares to select chart size o Inserting Charts  Go to \"Insert\" tab  Select \"Chart\"  Choose chart type  Select \"OK\" o Inserting Shapes  Go to the \"Insert\" tab  Choose a shape  Click on slide to make shape visible o Inserting Clip Art  Go to the \"Insert\" tab  Select \"Clip Art\"  Type desired item into search bar  Select \"Go\"  Once picture is located, select it  Clip Art will be visible in your presentation  Entering, Sorting and Filtering Data Sorting Data o Method 1  Select the column or row you wish to sort.  From the Sort & Filter button in the Editing group in the ribbon, click the Sort button. 33

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  From the menu, choose how you would like to sort the data. For example, A to Z or Z to A. Note that A to Z is equivalent to Smallest to Largest and Z to A is equivalent to Largest to Smallest. o Method 2  Select the column or row you wish to sort.  From the Data tab in the ribbon, click the appropriate Sort button. For example A to Z or Z to A. A quick note about Custom Sort: the Custom Sort option allows you to define how your data will be sorted within a column. For example, perhaps you want to sort information by clothing size, rather than alphabetically. In this case, you must create a custom list for your sort order. o Click on the data you wish to sort. o Click the Sort command followed by the Custom Sort option in the dropdown menu. o The Sort window will appear, allowing you to specify which column you will sort and how. You can use the default options (days of the week or months) or you can enter a new list. To create a new list, select Custom List from the Order column and then NEW LIST. o If you are making a custom list, type in order the way you would like the data sorted. In our example, we are sorting by size from small to large. o Click Add and your custom ordering list will appear in the original Order dropdown menu. o Select your custom list and then click OK. Filtering Data After entering data in Excel, it is also possible to filter, or hide some parts of the data, based on user-indicated categories. When using the Filter option, no data is lost; it is just hidden from view. o Method 1  Select the column or row you wish to sort.  From the Sort & Filter button in the Editing group in the ribbon, click the Filter button.  When the Filter menu appears, you can choose which categories of data to hide and deselect the appropriate buttons. For example, you can deselect the button next to large and you will no longer see the large cells in your table. o Method 2  You can similarly access the Filter menu through the Data tab; the same menu will appear.  Sharing and Reviewing Worksheets About Track Changes When you turn on the Track Changes option, every change you make to the worksheet will be highlighted with a unique border and indicator. Hovering your mouse over a highlighted cell will 34

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) display the details of the change. This allows the other person to see what changes have been made before making them permanent. The colour of the highlights will vary depending on who's reviewing the document, so if there are multiple reviewers you'll be able to tell at a glance who made each change. There are some changes that Excel cannot track. Familiarize yourself with changes that Excel does not track or highlight. To turn on Track Changes: o Go to the Review tab. o Click Track Changes, then select Highlight Changes from the drop-down menu. o The Highlight Changes dialog box will appear. o Check the box next to Track changes while editing. o Verify that the box is checked for Highlight changes on screen. This will highlight your changes while you work. o Click OK. o If prompted, click OK to allow Excel to save your workbook. o Change tracking is now active. Any changes you make to the worksheet will be highlighted with a unique border and indicator. Your workbook will be shared automatically when you turn on Track Changes. Shared workbooks are designed to be stored where other users—such as users on the same network—can access and edit the workbook at the same time. However, you can also track changes in a local or personal copy, as seen throughout this lesson. To turn off Track Changes: o From the Review tab, click Track Changes. Then select Highlight Changes from the drop- down menu. o Uncheck the box next to Track changes while editing. o Click yes to confirm that you want to turn off Track Changes and stop sharing your workbook. o Turning off Track Changes will delete any tracking that has taken place in your workbook. You will not be able to view, accept, or reject changes; instead, they will be applied to your workbook automatically. Always review the changes in your worksheet before turning off Track Changes. Adding and deleting comments: Sometimes you may want to add a comment to a worksheet to provide feedback for the author instead of changing the contents. Comments are highlighted by a unique indicator and can be read by the original author or by any other reviewers. To add a comment: o Select the cell where you want the comment to appear. o From the Review tab, click the New Comment command. 35

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Type your comment. o The red indicator in the upper-right corner shows that there is a comment in that cell. o Hover your mouse over the cell to view the comment.  To edit a comment: o Select the cell containing the comment you want to edit. o From the Review tab, click the Edit Comment command (where the New Comment command used to be). o Edit your comment.  To delete a comment: o Select the cell containing the comment you want to delete. o From the Review tab, click the Delete command. o The comment will be deleted.  Accepting and rejecting changes Tracked changes are really just suggested changes. To become permanent, they have to be accepted. On the other hand, the original author may disagree with some of the tracked changes and choose to reject them.  To accept or reject changes: o From the Review tab, click Track Changes. Then select Accept/Reject Changes from the drop-down menu. o If prompted, allow Excel to save your workbook. o Identify which changes you want to accept or reject. In this example, we'll address all the changes we have not yet reviewed. o Click OK. o The Accept or Reject Changes dialog box will appear. o Click Accept or Reject for each change in the document. Excel will cycle through each change automatically until you have addressed them all. To accept or reject all of the changes at once, click Accept All or Reject All in the Accept or Reject Changes dialog box.  Adjusting how changes are viewed Sometimes it's difficult to see exactly what has been changed in a shared workbook. Taking in the meaning of a large amount of feedback can also be problematic if your worksheet contains several comments. There are a few settings you can use to adjust the way changes and comments are viewed. An alternative to viewing changes as highlights on your worksheet, you can view them on a new worksheet of their own, sometimes called the change history. The change history lists everything in your worksheet that has been changed, including the old value—what the cell used to contain—and the new value—what the cell contains now. 36

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  To list changes on a separate worksheet: o Save your workbook. o From the Review tab, click Track Changes. Then select Highlight Changesfrom the drop- down menu. o Check the box next to List changes on a new sheet. o Click OK. o The changes will be listed in a new sheet of their own, called History. To remove the History worksheet from your workbook, you can either save your workbook again or uncheck the box next to List changes on a new sheet.  To show or hide comments: o Select a cell that contains a comment. o From the Review tab, click the Show/Hide Comment command to show the comment. o The comment will remain on display without you having to hover your mouse over the cell. o Click the Show/Hide Comment command again to hide the comment. Click the Show All Comments command to view every comment in your worksheet at once.  Finalizing and protecting your workbook Before you send your workbook, take a minute to prepare a final copy. Excel has tools that might save you from sharing a workbook that contains spelling errors or information about the workbook itself that you do not want recipients to see. Use the Spelling command to find and edit any misspelled words; use the Document Inspector to find and delete any hidden data or personal information that is stored in the workbook, such as hidden comments, invisible objects, and file paths; and consider your Protect Workbook options, which are designed to keep other users from making unwanted changes to your workbook. To check spelling: o Select the cells you want to check. o Click the Spelling command on the Review tab. o The Spelling dialog box will open. From the Spelling dialog box, you can review and edit any misspelled words. You can also check the spelling of every cell in an active worksheet by selecting any empty cell in the worksheet and clicking the Spelling command.  Ignoring spelling \"errors\" There are times when Excel will say something is an error when it is not. This often happens with people's names, which may not be in the dictionary. Even if Excel says something is an error, you can choose not to change it. There are three options you can choose from: o Ignore Once: This will skip the word without changing it. o Ignore All: This will skip the word without changing it, and it will also skip all other instances of this word in the worksheet. o Add to Dictionary: This adds the word to the dictionary so it will never come up again as an error. Make sure the word is spelled correctly before choosing this option. 37

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  To use the Document Inspector: o In Backstage view, click Info. o Click the Check for Issues button. A drop-down menu will appear. o Select Inspect Document. A dialog box will appear. o Check the boxes next to the content you want to inspect. To unselect a box, click it again and the check mark will disappear. o Click Inspect. o After the Document Inspector finishes, a new dialog box will appear where you can review the inspection results. Click the Remove All command next to any information you want to remove. It is a good idea to save an additional copy of your workbook before you use the Document Inspector to remove information because some changes cannot be undone.  Protecting your workbook By default, anyone with access to your workbook will be able to open, copy, and change any part of it unless you protect it. There are many ways you can protect your workbook, depending on your needs. For example, you can mark your workbook as final, set it up with a password, put restrictions on who can make changes, or make it so only certain cells or features of the workbook are changeable. To protect your workbook: o Click the File tab to access backstage view. o From the Info pane, click the Protect Workbook command. o Choose the option that best suits your needs. In this example, we'll select Mark as Final. Marking your workbook as final is a way to discourage others from making changes to the workbook. It will alert whoever opens it that typing, editing, and proofreading commands are unavailable. o Click OK. o Another dialog box will appear. Click OK to confirm.  Working with Charts A chart is a tool you can use in Excel to communicate data graphically. Charts allow your audience to see the meaning behind the numbers, and they make showing comparisons and trends much easier. In this lesson, you'll learn how to insert charts and modify them so they communicate information effectively. Charts o Excel workbooks can contain a lot of data, and this data can often be difficult to interpret. For example, where are the highest and lowest values? Are the numbers increasing or decreasing? o The answers to questions like these can become much clearer when data is represented as a chart. Excel has various types of charts, so you can choose one that most effectively represents your data. Types of charts 38

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Click the arrows in the slideshow below to view examples of some of the types of charts available in Excel. o Excel has a variety of chart types, each with its own advantages. Click the arrows to see some of the different types of charts available in Excel. To create a chart: o Select the cells you want to chart, including the column titles and row labels. These cells will be the source data for the chart. o Click the Insert tab. o In the Charts group, select the desired chart category (Column, for example). o Select the desired chart type from the drop-down menu (Clustered Column, for example). o The chart will appear in the worksheet. Chart tools Once you insert a chart, a set of chart tools arranged into three tabs will appear on the Ribbon. These are only visible when the chart is selected. You can use these three tabs to modify your chart. To change chart type: o From the Design tab, click the Change Chart Type command. A dialog box appears. o Select the desired chart type, then click OK.  To switch row and column data: Sometimes when you create a chart, the data may not be grouped the way you want. In the clustered column chart below, the Book Sales statistics are grouped by Fiction and Non-Fiction, with a column for each year. However, you can also switch the row and column data so the chart will group the statistics by year, with columns for Fiction and Non-Fiction. In both cases, the chart contains the same data—it's just organized differently. o Select the chart. o From the Design tab, select the Switch Row/Column command. o The chart will readjust.  To change chart layout: o Select the Design tab. o Click the More drop-down arrow in the Chart Layouts group to see all of the available layouts. o Select the desired layout. o The chart will update to reflect the new layout. Some layouts include chart titles, axes, or legend labels. To change them, place the insertion point in the text and begin typing.  To change chart style: o Select the Design tab. 39

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Click the More drop-down arrow in the Chart Styles group to see all of the available styles. o Select the desired style. o The chart will update to reflect the new style.  To move the chart to a different worksheet: o Select the Design tab. o Click the Move Chart command. A dialog box appears. The current location of the chart is selected. o Select the desired location for the chart (choose an existing worksheet, or select New Sheet and name it). o Click OK. The chart will appear in the new location.  Keeping charts up to date By default, when you add more data to your spreadsheet, the chart may not include the new data. To fix this, you can adjust the data range. Simply click the chart, and it will highlight the data range in your spreadsheet. You can then click and drag the handle in the lower-right corner to change the data range. If you frequently add more data to your spreadsheet, it may become tedious to update the data range. Luckily, there is an easier way. Simply format your source data as a table, then create a chart based on that table. When you add more data below the table, it will automatically be included in both the table and the chart, keeping everything consistent and up to date. 2.4 Basic features of Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft PowerPoint PowerPoint is a presentation graphics package. It can be used to attractively support talks and lectures, by projection from a PC or by preparing transparencies for OHPs (by printing from PowerPoint and transferring the pages to acetate). It can also be used for unattended 'rolling demonstrations' on a computer screen (eg in a Foyer area or at an exhibition). PowerPoint can also be used to prepare speaker's notes and handouts. In this section you will see an example PowerPoint presentation. You will then have a chance to experiment briefly with changing parts of the presentation. 40

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  To start PowerPoint: o Click the Start button. o Point at Programs and, from the Programs panel, click on Microsoft PowerPoint. o In PowerPoint's opening dialog box, click on Open an Existing Presentation and then click OK. The Open dialog box appears. The example document for this practical work is in a file called city talk. In Computer Centre Training Rooms this file is in the folder C:/User/Office and to open the document from there: o In the Folder List box, double-click the Office folder. The file city talk should now be visible in the Folder List box. o Click on the file city talk. o Click on Open. The first slide of the presentation is displayed.  Selecting the PowerPoint view PowerPoint starts in Slide View, which is the view to use when editing a presentation. Other views are for giving a presentation, arranging slides, preparing an outline and preparing notes. The view can be selected from the View menu. Alternatively use the View Toolbar (at the bottom left of the screen). If using the Toolbar remember that ScreenTips can be used to identify buttons.  Slide Show View o Select Slide Show view. 41

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o Click the left mouse button to advance the slide show and the right mouse button to go back. During the show notice the various transitions (special effects as a new slide appears) and builds (the way that bullet points on a slide can be made to appear one-at- a-time). When the slide show has finished you are returned to Slide view (Note: In Slide Show view, the Esc key can be used to abandon the show at any point).  Slide Sorter View Slide Sorter View can be used, for example, to change the order of presentation of slides and the special effects. o From the View Menu (or View Toolbar) choose Slide Sorter view. o The Slide Sorter Toolbar shows the transition and build of the highlighted slide. o Click on any slide and experiment with its transition. A list of transitions is obtained by clicking the arrow to the right of the Transition box. The Transition button (to the left of the transition box) allows you to vary, eg the speed of the transition. o Similarly with the Build box and Build button you can change the slides build effects. Notice that there is a slide that you did not see during the slide show (slide number 5). The Hide button to the right of the Build box allows you to 'hide' slides (this is useful if you want to give a slightly different presentation to different audiences). o Click on the hidden slide and click on the Hide button to restore it to the slide show. o To re-arrange the presentation: o Drag a slide to a different position in the slide sorter. Experiment with this. o A slide can be deleted by clicking on it and then pressing the Del key. o To view a slide in detail: o Double-clicking on the slide.  Slide View Slide View is used to create or edit slides. As a brief illustration on How to format and align text and images on a slide and how to create and style a slide and a slide show from scratch is shown: o Click anywhere on the text of a slide to edit the text at that point. o Click on a graphic (picture) and notice that handles appear around the picture; these can be used to alter the size of the graphic (by dragging a handle). Note: Holding down the Ctrl key while dragging a sizing handle preserves the correct horizontal and vertical proportions of the graphic. o A graphic can be moved to a different location by clicking anywhere within it and dragging.  Slide Master View The Slide Master controls the overall appearance of every slide (unless for an individual slide the master is deliberately not applied). To see the components of each slide that come from the Slide Master: o From the View menu, choose Master and then Slide Master.  Notes Pages View You can use PowerPoint to produce and print notes to accompany your talk. To see the notes: 42

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o From the View menu (or View Toolbar), choose Notes Pages. o Scroll through the presentation to see the notes.  Outline view You may find outlining useful in when preparing a talk. Outline view condenses the text content of the slides to make it easier to follow and change the content of the presentation. o From the View menu (or View Toolbar), choose Outline. o Click in any part of the text to edit it at that point.  Spell checking and printing from PowerPoint PowerPoint has a spelling checker but does not have a Print Preview. To save paper please do not print the entire slideshow during the following exercise (if you would like to see an example handout, please print 6 slides per page to save paper). o From the File menu, choose Print. o For a list of print options click on the arrow to the right of the Print What box. Slides Prints as Slide Show view – one complete slide per page, full-size. (without Builds) These can be photocopied onto acetate for OHPs. Slides (with Builds) Prints one page for each build on the slide (Note: can be very Notes Pages wasteful of paper). Handouts Prints as Notes Pages view - a reduced-size slide with any speaker's notes below, one slide per page. Outline Prints reduced-size slides for audience handouts (select the required number of slides per page). Prints the condensed text content of the slides. o From the File menu, choose Exit. You need not save any changes you have made. 43

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1) What is the primary purpose of Microsoft Word? 2) How can you change the font style in a Word document? 3) What is the function of the \"Track Changes\" feature in Word? 4) How do you create a bulleted list in a Word document? 5) What is the difference between \"Save\" and \"Save As\" in Word? 6) Explain the use of Excel formulas and give an example. 7) How can you freeze panes in an Excel spreadsheet? 8) What is a cell reference, and how is it used in Excel? 9) Describe the purpose of Excel's \"Charts\" feature. 10) How do you create a simple line graph in Excel? 11) What is the main purpose of Microsoft PowerPoint? 12) How can you add animations to elements in a PowerPoint slide? 13) What is the \"Slide Master\" in PowerPoint used for? 14) How do you add speaker notes to individual PowerPoint slides? 15) Explain the concept of \"Transitions\" in PowerPoint presentations. 44

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) Module 3: Introduction to the Internet Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to understand/use: 1. Introduction to World Wide Web 2. History of Internet 3. Internet Jargons 4. How to connect to the internet via different devices 5. Advantages & Uses of the Internet 3.1 History of Internet The history of the internet is a fascinating journey that spans several decades, marked by significant technological advancements and innovations. Here's a brief overview of the key milestones in the history of the internet:  1960s: The Birth of ARPANET o The precursor to the internet, ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), was developed by the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). o ARPANET's purpose was to create a network that allowed researchers to share and exchange information, even if a segment of the network was compromised.  1970s: The Birth of Packet Switching o The concept of packet switching, developed by Paul Baran and Donald Davies, allowed data to be broken down into small packets and sent independently across a network before being reassembled at the destination. o ARPANET adopted packet switching, making the network more robust and efficient.  1980s: TCP/IP and the Modern Internet o The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) were developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn. This protocol suite, known as TCP/IP, became the foundation of the modern internet. o TCP/IP allowed different types of networks to connect and communicate, creating a global network of networks.  1990s: World Wide Web o Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) while working at CERN. He developed the first web browser and created the first webpage. o The WWW introduced the concept of hyperlinks and URLs, making it easier to access and share information across the internet. 45

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  Late 1990s: Commercialization and Dot-com Bubble o The internet transitioned from an academic and research tool to a commercial platform. Companies started building websites, offering services, and selling products online. o The rapid growth of internet-based businesses led to the dot-com bubble, characterized by inflated stock prices of internet-related companies.  2000s: Web 2.0 and Broadband o The concept of Web 2.0 emerged, focusing on user-generated content, social media, and interactive web applications. o Broadband internet connections became more widely available, enabling faster and more seamless online experiences.  2010s: Mobile Internet and IoT o The proliferation of smartphones and mobile devices led to increased access to the internet on-the-go. o The Internet of Things (IoT) gained prominence, connecting everyday objects and devices to the internet.  Present and Beyond: Internet of Everything and Future Innovations o The internet continues to evolve, with advancements in areas like artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and 5G connectivity. o Concepts like the \"Internet of Everything\" envision a world where not only devices but also people, processes, data, and things are interconnected. The history of the internet demonstrates the collaborative efforts of countless individuals, organizations, and technological advancements that have shaped the digital landscape we know today. 3.2 WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)  It is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext and multimedia to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. It is often abbreviated as the Web or WWW.  It is a way of exchanging information between computers on the Internet, trying to tie them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. It is only a portion of what makes up the Internet, but it is the fastest growing part of the Internet.  The Web lets people, organisations and companies publish information for other people to see. This makes the Web a very useful tool for finding information about any topic.  Protocol: It refers to a set of rules that co-ordinates the exchange of information. Both the sender and the receiver should follow the same protocol to communicate data.  Protocols of the Web 46

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) o HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) A protocol that transmits hypertext over networks. It is the stateless protocol of the Web. o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) It distributes E-mail messages and attached files to one or more electronic mail boxes, e g. atmail o FTP (File Transfer Protocol) It transfers files between a server and a computer, e.g. Filezilla. o VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) It allows delivery of voice communications over IP networks, e.g. Skype. o POP (Post Office Protocol) It is the primary protocol behind E-mail communication e.g. Outlook. o IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) It is a standard protocol for accessing E- mail from your local server, e.g. broadband mechanisms.  WWW Attributes WWW provides various attributes, which are as follows: o User-friendly The WWW resource works smoothly with most Web browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox etc. o Multimedia documents WWW allows users to create and display Web pages that contains various graphics, audio, video, animation and text. o Interactive WWW provides interactivity using hyperlinks and input boxes (i.e. textboxes and checkboxes). o Frames WWW supports frames that allow users to display more than one independent section on a single Web page.  HyperText and Hyperlinks o Hypertext is the text that appears on the page, on which we can click and reach to another page with which it is linked. o Hypertext is also a combination of hyperlinks and multimedia. o Hyperlink or dynamic link i simply called a link, may be an icon, graphic or text in a document that links to another document. WEB PAGE The backbone of the World Wide Web is made up of files or documents called pages or Web pages, that contain information and links to resources both text and multimedia. It is created using HTML (HyperText Markup Language). The Web is a collection of large number of computer documents or Web pages that are stored on computers around the world which are connected to one another using hyperlinks. WEBSITE A group of related Web pages that follow the same theme and are connected together with hyperlinks is called a Website. In other terms, “A Website is a collection of digital documents, primarily HTML files, that are linked together and that exist on the Web under the same domain”. 47

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) A Website displays related information on a specific topic. Each Website is accessed by its own address known as URL (Uniform Resource Locator). e.g. http://www.carwale.com is a Website, while http:// www. carwale.com/new/ is a Web page. Two terms that are associated with a Website are as follows:  Home Page o The main or first page of a Website is known as home page. o Advantages of Home Page  It helps viewers to find out what they can find on that particular site.  It helps in the Publicity of on individual or community.  It makes the visitors more comfortable with the website.  Web Portal o It is a Web page that combines useful information and links. o Advantages of Web Portal  Easy for users to customize personal places.  It provides communication between portals (i.e. between different applications).  It provides flexible content and layout. WEB BROWSER  It is a software application that is used to locate, retrieve and display some content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages. These are programs used to explore the Internet. It is an interface that helps a computer user to gain access over all the content on the Internet.  We can install more than one Web browser on a single computer. The user can navigate files, folders and Websites with the help of a browser. There are two types of Web browsers, which are as follows:  Text Web Browser: A Web browser that displays only text-based information is known as text Web browser, e.g. Lynx.  Graphical Web Browser: A Web browser that supports both text anu graphic information is known as graphical Web browser. e.g. Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, Safari, Google Chrome, Opera. Some Popular Graphical Web Browsers  NETSCAPE – It was introduced in 1994. Netscape comprises the major portion of the browser’s market.  INTERNET EXPLORER (IE) – It is a product of Microsoft. This is the most commonly used browser in the world. This was introduced in 1995 alongwith Windows 95 launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998.  SAFARI – It is a Web browser developed by Apple Incorporation and included in Mac OS X. It was first released as a public beta in January 2003. Safari provides good support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc. 48

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy)  FIREFOX – It is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.  GOOGLE CHROME – This Web browser was developed by Google. Its beta and commercial versions was released in September 2008 for Microsoft Windows.  OPERA – It is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is fully featured. It is the most popular mobile Web browser. WEB SERVER It is a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files from the Web client. A Web client is the requesting program associated with the user. The Web browser is a client that requests. HTML files from Web servers. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is associated with a unique address, i.e. IP address which is made up of a series of four numbers between 0 to 255 separated by periods!.), e.g. 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127. Web server software generally requires a fairly robust operating system like Unix, Windows NT. Every Website need to be stored on a computer called the Web server from which it can be accessed. Currently, there are five major Web servers commonly used for hosting Websites as follows: o Apache HTTP Server: It was developed by Apache Software Foundation. The Apache HTTP server is the most popular Web hosting server in the world. This software can be installed virtually on all operating systems including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, UNIX etc. At present, 60% of server machines run on the Apache Web server. o Internet Information Server (IIS): It is a product of Microsoft and is considered to be a very high performance Web hosting server. It is easily administrable and integrated with the Windows platforms. o Lighttpd: This is a free Web hosting server distributed under the BSD license. It is considered fast, reliable, secure and power efficient CPU. Lighttpd, Web servers are compatible with Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Unix and Solaris operating systems. o Sun Java System Web Server: It is developed by Sun Microsystems. It is not an open source server. It supports Windows, Linux and Unix operating systems. Sun Java also supports many different technologies, scripts and languages including PHP, PERL (Practical Extraction and Report Language), ASP, Coldfusion, Python etc. o Jigsaw Server: This is a free open source server for Website hosting that comes straight from the W3C. The Jigsaw Web hosting server is written in Java and supports both PHP (Personal Home Page) programs and CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts. It supports different platforms like Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, Unix, FreeBSD etc. 49

PHB DLP (Digital Literacy) WEB ADDRESS AND URL Web is a collection of documents (Web pages) stored on computers around the world. Each Web page has an address describing where it can be found. This address is known as Web address or domain name. A Web address identifies the location of a specific Web page on the Internet, such as http://www.1earnyoga.com . On the Web, Web addresses are called URLs. It is the Web address for a Website or a Web page. The URL specifies the Internet address of a file stored on a host computer connected to the Internet. Parts of URL: The URL contains three parts, which are as follows:  The name of the protocol to be used to access the file resource.  A domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet.  A path name with hierarchical description that specifies the location of a file in that computer, e.g. Types of URL: Common types of URL are as follows:  Absolute URL It specifies the exact location of a file/directory on the Internet. Absolute URL identifies that each absolute URL is unique, which means that if two URLs are identical then they point to the same file. It uses the following format: scheme://server/path/resource.  Relative URL It points to a file/directory in relation to the present file/directory. It locates a resource using an absolute URL as a starting point. It typically consists of the path and optionally, the resource but no scheme or no server. DOMAIN NAME It is the text name corresponding to the numeric IP address of a computer on the Internet. Internet users access your Website using your domain name. It is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet. It must be unique. Domain name always have two or more parts, separated by periods (dots). 50