["V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong khoang s\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 ung b\u01b0\u1edbu. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. M\u1eaft c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 sinh b\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh \u0111au m\u1eaft h\u1ed9t, vi\u00eam gi\u00e1c m\u1ea1c c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh v.v... B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng chung kh\u0103n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eadu r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au m\u1eaft h\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng tay d\u01a1 v\u00e0 kh\u0103n lau d\u01a1 lau m\u1eaft. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e2u mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111eo k\u00ednh c\u1eadn d\u00e0y c\u1ed9p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb c\u1eadn b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd: 1.\t T\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, ng\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ngay ng\u1eafn, c\u1ef1 ly gi\u1eefa s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1eaft gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng 35 cm. 2.\t Khi xem s\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 1 ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng ra xa m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng c\u01a1 mi. 3.\t Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u1edf n\u01a1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi r\u1ecdi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. 4.\t Khi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c cho m\u1eaft. 100","TAI Tai v\u00e0 m\u1eaft l\u00e0 hai k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 song h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau: m\u1eaft ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh, tai ghi \u00e2m. Tai chia l\u00e0m ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: tai ngo\u00e0i, tai gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 tai trong. Tai ngo\u00e0i g\u1ed3m v\u00e0nh tai v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng tai ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0nh tai thu th\u1eadp s\u00f3ng \u00e2m, \u1ed1ng tai ngo\u00e0i \u0111em s\u00f3ng \u00e2m truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a tai gi\u1eefa. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0103ng-ten c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m. Tai gi\u1eefa do m\u00e0ng nh\u0129, khoang nh\u0129 v\u00e0 ba mi\u1ebfng x\u01b0\u01a1ng con t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. M\u00e0ng nh\u0129 \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y \u1edf \u1ed1ng tai ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u00e2m n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gian ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoang nh\u0129. Trong khoang nh\u0129 c\u00f3 ba mi\u1ebfng x\u01b0\u01a1ng con, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00faa, x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111e v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. M\u00e0ng nh\u0129 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi tai trong nh\u1edd ba mi\u1ebfng x\u01b0\u01a1ng con. Ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf d\u00e0i, d\u1eb9p, th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u0169i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2i nh\u0129 (\u1ed1ng tai). V\u00f2i nh\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t, khi b\u1ea1n nu\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c h\u1eaft x\u00ec h\u01a1i th\u00ec mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng m\u1edf ra, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed li\u1ec1n t\u1eeb y\u1ebft h\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o khoang nh\u0129, khi\u1ebfn \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i khoang nh\u0129 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a tai gi\u1eefa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n thanh v\u1eady. 101","K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a tai trong kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf con \u1ed1c s\u00ean, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ed1c tai. Trong \u1ed1c tai c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 s\u00f3ng \u00e2m. N\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi trung khu th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u1edf l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o. B\u00ean trong tai trong c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t do ba \u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh n\u1eeda v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1ed1c tai c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o. \u0110\u1ea1i n\u00e3o l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. X\u01b0\u01a1ng con (ti\u1ec3u \u1ed0ng h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t) khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i Th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 rung \u1ed0c tai M\u00e0ng nh\u0129 Tr\u00e1i tai (ti\u1ec3u \u1ed0ng Eustachian (v\u00f2i nh\u0129) th\u00f9y) \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed 102","Tai - v\u1ecb k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 ghi \u00e2m n\u00e0y - d\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ghi \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ghi \u00e2m? S\u00f3ng \u00e2m \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i qua tai ngo\u00e0i (v\u00e0nh tai v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng tai ngo\u00e0i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi m\u00e0ng nh\u0129, s\u00f3ng \u00e2m g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf m\u00e0ng nh\u0129. M\u00e0ng nh\u0129 rung li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba mi\u1ebfng x\u01b0\u01a1ng con chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi tai trong, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c trong \u1ed1c tai, c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111em nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thanh \u00e2m \u0111i d\u1ecdc theo th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn trung khu th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u1edf v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c. V\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i cao \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o\u201d, qua k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 ghi \u00e2m, l\u01b0\u1ee3m tin c\u1ee7a tai, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt xung quanh m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tai, qua tai ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00f4ng qua v\u00f2i nh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi y\u1ebft h\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. M\u1ed9t khi vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb vi\u00eam n\u1eb7ng th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ebfc tai, s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec7 sinh tai, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t l\u1ed7 tai. V\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh tai, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: 1.\t Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt ngo\u00e1y l\u1ed7 tai: c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng k\u1eb9p t\u00f3c, que di\u00eam, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00f3c tai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e1y l\u1ed7 tai, l\u1ea5y r\u00e1y tai, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen 103","x\u1ea5u. T\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e1y tai d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tai ngo\u00e0i. M\u00e0ng nh\u0129 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ednh l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tai ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u1edbp da \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean gh\u1ebb l\u1edf l\u1ed7 tai. Tai ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 gh\u1ebb l\u1edf th\u00ec tai trong c\u0169ng \u0111au nh\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u1ecb v\u1eadt r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tai ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean nh\u1edd b\u00e1c s\u0129 chuy\u00ean khoa gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. 2.\t \u0110\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng nh\u0129: khi g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00f3i tai, ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u00e1 to mi\u1ec7ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2i nh\u0129 m\u1edf ra, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kh\u00ed trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng nh\u0129. 3.\t \u0110\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng vi\u00eam tai gi\u1eefa: vi\u00eam tai gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m m\u0169i, h\u1ea7u, h\u1ecdng, n\u00ean d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i x\u00fac mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho khoang mi\u1ec7ng lu\u00f4n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd. T\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, khi b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m c\u00fam kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean x\u00ec m\u0169i qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam tai gi\u1eefa. L\u01af\u1ee0I L\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nhai v\u00e0 nu\u1ed1t th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f9i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111em m\u00f9i v\u1ecb 104","ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 b\u1ea9m b\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o, sinh ra v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n \u01b0a th\u00edch. T\u1eeb t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i, v\u00e0 x\u00e9t tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o, n\u00f3 th\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean \u201cthu l\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00f9i v\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o! V\u1eady l\u01b0\u1ee1i ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, b\u1ea9m b\u00e1o v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c sinh ra v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hai b\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ee3i tua nh\u1ecf li ti. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i tua b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. N\u1ee5 v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f9i v\u1ecb. L\u01b0\u1ee1i nh\u1edd n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t chua, ng\u1ecdt, \u0111\u1eafng, m\u1eb7n. N\u1ee5 v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho th\u1ea7n kinh tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o sinh ra v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u1eabm c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, th\u00ec n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng, c\u00f2n n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb \u1edf hai b\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i th\u00ec \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb chua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng M\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0a l\u01b0\u1ee1i 1. N\u1ee5 v\u1ecb 2. D\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u1ee5 v\u1ecb 3. Tuy\u1ebfn ni\u00eam d\u1ecbch 105","nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nho nh\u1ecf: d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00f4ng g\u00f2n nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea5m v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f4i l\u00ean kh\u1eafp l\u01b0\u1ee1i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i. L\u01b0\u1ee1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201ck\u00fd gi\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3m tin\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi tim, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. M\u0168I M\u0169i l\u00e0 c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p. Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1ecdc kh\u00ed, tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i cao chuy\u00ean thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00f9i. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c trong khoang m\u0169i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c. N\u00f3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n n\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch m\u00f9i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, n\u00f3 \u0111em th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i \u0111\u00f3 men theo th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c. Trong sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4 khan nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u00f9i th\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00edt nh\u1eb1m kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u0169i - k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00f9i v\u1ecb - l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i cao \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o\u201d. 106","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 C\u00c2U \u0110\u1ed0 C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI KH\u1ed4NG L\u1ed2 Chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, h\u1ec5 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 xa chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u00e1t d\u1ee5c v.v... ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1eefa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. Xem ra c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed3ng l\u1ed3 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ed3i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft quan 39 tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ngu\u1eddi, c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean, tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p, tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn, tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ee5y v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn sinh d\u1ee5c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. 107","Tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft s\u1ea3n sinh k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1, trong m\u00e1u ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0i tr\u0103m micron, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0: tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng; tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ee5y ti\u1ebft ra Insulin; tuy\u1ebfn sinh d\u1ee5c ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh d\u1ee5c, tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng... C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia t\u1ed9c k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1. Tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng. I\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1. Gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0: x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i oxy h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3; th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 ti\u1ebft ra \u00edt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0: trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, tim \u0111\u1eadp ch\u1eadm, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh ph\u00f9 ni\u00eam d\u1ecbch. N\u1ebfu \u1edf tr\u1ebb em, gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 ti\u1ebft ra qu\u00e1 \u00edt, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5p b\u00e9 m\u00e0 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, m\u1eb7t ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n, c\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n\u201d. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 ti\u1ebft ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng\u201d. \u1ede lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh 108","n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eaft l\u1ed3i, t\u00e2m t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, ra m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u, tim \u0111\u1eadp nhanh, \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m, kh\u00f4ng sinh l\u1ef1c... I\u1ed1t trong tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 do th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00f3. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m thi\u1ebfu i\u1ed1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng, d\u00e2n gian g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u01b0\u1edbu c\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u01b0\u1edbu c\u1ed5, c\u1ed5 ph\u00f9 to, h\u00edt th\u1edf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, khi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tim \u0111\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhanh. H\u01a1i th\u1edf ng\u1eafn. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u01b0\u1edbu c\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1i i\u1ed1t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0103n rong bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u i\u1ed1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u01b0\u1edbu c\u1ed5. Insulin l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 do tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ee5y ti\u1ebft ra. Insulin l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ee5y. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ee5y nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1eb1m c\u00f4 qu\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucose d\u01b0 th\u1eeba trong m\u00e1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef trong gan, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u00e1u th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u00e1u gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t khi trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t Insulin, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucose trong m\u00e1u s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (0,1%) th\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd theo n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u ta ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eam ch\u1ea5t Insulin \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb. Insulin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i 109","ch\u1ea5t protein c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf Insulin nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1965, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ec3 Isulin. K\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 do tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean ti\u1ebft ra, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu l\u00fac nh\u1ecf tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean ti\u1ebft k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5p b\u00e9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng l\u00f9n tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c v\u1eabn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n. N\u1ebfu l\u00fac nh\u1ecf, tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. T\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, chi\u1ec1u cao c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 2,6 m\u00e9t, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n cao t\u1edbi ba m\u00e9t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Ba b\u00e9 trai c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i 1. K\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \t \t ti\u1ebft ra qu\u00e1 \u00edt 2. K\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \t \t ti\u1ebft ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng 3. K\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \t \t ti\u1ebft ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u 12 3 110","40 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, tuy m\u1ed7i tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ed7i tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean - ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n - \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o, n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, to c\u1ee1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 Lan, n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 gram. Tuy v\u00f3c d\u00e1ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong vai tr\u00f2 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd\u201d. Tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 ra, c\u00f2n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng, tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn, tuy\u1ebfn sinh d\u1ee5c v.v... tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng, th\u00f4ng qua sinh d\u1ee5c tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh d\u1ee5c. Tuy tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n ra l\u1ec7nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n kinh, d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung khu th\u1ea7n kinh, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qua l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. 111","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11 B\u1ea2O T\u1ed2N GI\u1ed0NG N\u00d2I Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sinh con \u0111\u1ebb c\u00e1i, duy tr\u00ec n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi 41 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ee5 tinh trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1978, \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ee5 tinh trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Anh qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e9 v\u00ec m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eafc \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng n\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ch\u00edn n\u0103m m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh con. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 khoa nhi t\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee9ng (trong bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 (v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1977) b\u1ecf v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y tinh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ecbch th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong 12 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y tinh d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 (ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn tinh tr\u00f9ng) \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o trong b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 tinh sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c 112","\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. Qua h\u01a1n 50 ti\u1ebfng, tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 tinh ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. L\u00fac n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 n\u00ean t\u1eed cung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 thai. Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 11, b\u00e1c s\u0129 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh trong b\u00ecnh c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o t\u1eed cung ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 thai nhi c\u1ee9 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i mang thai ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh n\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb huy\u1ebft \u00e1p cao, cho n\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 7 b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 g\u00e1i n\u00e0y ra. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng 2,27 kg, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3c oe oe nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u00ecm v\u00fa m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00fa. Sau khi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ee5 tinh trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi cho s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. 42 Tinh tr\u00f9ng, no\u00e3n c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u t\u1edbi? Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ra tr\u1ebb trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thai nhi. Tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9 50-60\u00b5m, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng con n\u00f2ng n\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u, g\u00e1y v\u00e0 th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y 113","Tinh tr\u00f9ng No\u00e3n c\u1ea7u (tr\u1ee9ng) m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt tinh d\u1ecbch quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n tinh tr\u00f9ng \u0111ang b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i tung t\u0103ng. Tinh tr\u00f9ng sinh ra t\u1eeb tinh ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, h\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 tinh ho\u00e0n, t\u00fai ch\u1ee9a tinh tr\u00f9ng, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tinh v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn tinh nang. Trong \u0111\u00f3 tinh ho\u00e0n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y sinh d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam. Tinh ho\u00e0n n\u1eb1m trong bao tinh ho\u00e0n, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, b\u00ean tr\u00e1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 nam. Tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh tr\u00ean 0,1 mm, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u1ee9ng sinh ra t\u1eeb bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef. H\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef do bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. Trong \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y sinh d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef. Bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng n\u1eb1m hai b\u00ean t\u1eed cung trong khoang ch\u1eadu, b\u00ean tr\u00e1i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 n\u1eef. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam xu\u1ea5t tinh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 15, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 14 tu\u1ed5i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec. 114","43 T\u1eed cung c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec? Sau khi ch\u00edn, tr\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng r\u1ee5ng ra, r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p tinh tr\u00f9ng th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 tinh. Khi tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 tinh di chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed cung s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n chia. Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh \u1edf trong \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng 38 ti\u1ebfng th\u00ec ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, 46 ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, 62 ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, 85 ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 16 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Sau khi tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111i t\u1edbi t\u1eed cung, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e2n chia, sinh ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng hai th\u00ec t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb khi tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh \u0111\u1ebfn khi thai nhi ra \u0111\u1eddi, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 280 ng\u00e0y. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y ph\u00f4i thai l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong t\u1eed cung, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ea5p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua m\u00e1u t\u1eeb huy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u0169ng qua m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 th\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i. V\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n mang thai ch\u1ec9 sinh ra m\u1ed9t thai nhi. Nh\u01b0ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n mang thai sinh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i. Tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i th\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1ea3. Sinh ra tr\u1ebb sinh 115","\u0111\u00f4i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u1ed1ng. Tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 r\u1ee5ng hai tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, hai tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 do hai tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. 44 Khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec? N\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng 14 tu\u1ed5i, nam t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 15 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec, x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu \u1edf b\u1ea1n n\u1eef n\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u00fa n\u1edf ra, l\u1edbp m\u1ee1 d\u01b0\u1edbi da t\u0103ng l\u00ean, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i cao v\u00e0 thanh v.v... B\u1ea1n nam th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdc r\u00e2u, y\u1ebft h\u1ea7u l\u1ed9 ra, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i kh\u00e0n, tr\u1ea7m v.v... T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ngay l\u00e0 nam n\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1. Khi t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec, tinh ho\u00e0n ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nam t\u00ednh, k\u00edch th\u00edch tinh tr\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng ti\u1ebft ra k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i, k\u00edch th\u00edch tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3. L\u1ea5y g\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u00f4ng v\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, d\u00e1ng cao l\u1edbn, m\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i, s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm d\u1eady c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng g\u00e1y, th\u1eadt o\u00e1ch, d\u00e1ng b\u1ed9 th\u00ec kh\u00ed ph\u00e1ch hi\u00ean ngang. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n m\u1ea5t ngay \u0111i d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb oai phong, m\u00e0o nh\u1ecf \u0111i v\u00e0 s\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng h\u1ebft v\u1ebb b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y, c\u00e1i gi\u1ecdng g\u00e1y 116","cao v\u00fat c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu l\u00fac n\u00e0y ti\u00eam cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u0169i k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c ngay t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Sau tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i 20 tu\u1ed5i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 20 tu\u1ed5i. Qua gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi 25 tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i 40 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Cho n\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, sinh ho\u1ea1t, t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u1edf tu\u1ed5i thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. 45 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: tim ph\u1ed5i, gan, th\u1eadn v.v... D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, ch\u00fang ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p qua l\u1ea1i, thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 sinh b\u1ec7nh, khi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, sinh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb 117","\u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u1eed vong. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00f3 tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u1eed vong \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thay th\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong y h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p bao g\u1ed3m: tim, li\u00ean h\u1ee3p tim ph\u1ed5i, th\u1eadn, gan, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ee5y t\u1ea1ng.. v.v... Ca gh\u00e9p tim th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Nam Phi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1967. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1986 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 4006 l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tim. Trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tim kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Cho n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tim c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c tim m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tim m\u1ea1ch. 118","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12 NH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U L\u00dd TH\u00da LI\u00caN QUAN \u0110\u1ebeN C\u01a0 TH\u1ec2 CON NG\u01af\u1edcI 46 Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi cao bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 theo phi thuy\u1ec1n bay v\u00e0o trong b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, do s\u1ee9c ly t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a phi thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean phi thuy\u1ec1n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean phi thuy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng bay \u0111i. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? S\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c tung (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i) c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n. D\u1ecbch th\u1ec3 (ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng) b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e1u xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda th\u00e2n, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean n\u1eeda th\u00e2n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tim r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch 119","t\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i ni\u1ec7u ti\u1ebft ra gi\u1ea3m, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft t\u0103ng th\u00eam, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111i 10% th\u00ec m\u00e1u s\u1ebd c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c, r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng; v\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Khi m\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u00f9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i. \u1ede ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e2u, x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a phi h\u00e0nh gia k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra, chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u0103ng th\u00eam kho\u1ea3ng 3,5-5,5cm, v\u00f2ng eo gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt 7-8cm, b\u1eafp \u0111\u00f9i c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf \u0111i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do 2\/3 d\u1ecbch th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 1\/3 l\u00e0 b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt c\u0169ng sa s\u00fat. Trong phi thuy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau to, ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ti\u00eau h\u00f3a,h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u tim, th\u1ea7n kinh, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a... \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Do sinh ho\u1ea1t du h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n, khi quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c phi h\u00e0nh gia gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9, b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt sa s\u00fat, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1eafp b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Tr\u1ea3i qua luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. 120","T\u1ea1i sao sau khi bay 47 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu? Sau khi bay \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam: ban ng\u00e0y cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0103n c\u01a1m, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7; bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y kh\u1ecfe kho\u1eafn, kh\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh l\u00fd, khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1edd\u201d, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t quay t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng, trong 24 gi\u1edd s\u1ebd \u0111i qua kinh \u0111\u1ed9 360 \u0111\u1ed9. Theo qui \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111i qua 15 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 24 khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian, trong c\u00f9ng khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec s\u1ebd sai bi\u1ec7t 1 gi\u1edd. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1eeb New York v\u00e0o l\u00fac 9 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 6, \u0111i qua 13 khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian, qua 12 gi\u1edd th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 9 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 6 gi\u1edd B\u1eafc Kinh. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i \u0111ang bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sai kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y n\u00f3i chung sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh g\u00ec. V\u1eady mu\u1ed1n ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sai kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao? Khi bay t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng, ng\u1ee7 tr\u1ec5 d\u1eady tr\u1ec5 1 gi\u1edd, khi bay t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y, ng\u1ee7 s\u1edbm d\u1eady s\u1edbm 1 gi\u1edd, trong khi bay l\u1ea1i ng\u1ee7 1-2 gi\u1edd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap 121","cho khi xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y bay s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. 48 T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mang c\u1eb7p tr\u00ean hai vai? Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa - k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e2u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tinh x\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. C\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng do h\u01a1n 30 \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Trong c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng do kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3. Hai b\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u01a1n d\u00e0i, cong nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 xoay chuy\u1ec3n... v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nhi\u1ec1u 122","h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh nh\u1eb9n. Thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, n\u1ebfu mang c\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t b\u00ean vai, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n, hai vai s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ean vai cao l\u00ean, l\u01b0ng g\u00f9 nh\u01b0 l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0, b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng... th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tim, ph\u1ed5i. Do \u0111\u00f3 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mang c\u1eb7p tr\u00ean hai vai. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u 49 ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n? M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m ng\u00f3n tay tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ea3y ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh mang t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (cha m\u1eb9) cho \u0111\u1eddi sau. B\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y di truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1eeb ph\u00f4i thai ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch, sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o do nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 46 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, trong \u0111\u00f3 23 c\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a cha 23 c\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9. Ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) do b\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp 123","kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh gien trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 gien di truy\u1ec1n chi\u1ec1u cao, c\u00f3 gien di truy\u1ec1n m\u00e0u da tr\u1eafng hay \u0111en, c\u00f3 gien di truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 do gien di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gien lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 con trai hay con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda mang gien lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda kia th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n, m\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n? Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n: v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang lo\u1ea1i gien n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang gien c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 25-30% c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f3n tay ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 3.000 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n; c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n nhau, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt... 50 V\u00ec sao m\u0169i ng\u1eedi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i th\u00ec h\u1ebft nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i th\u01a1m v\u00e0 h\u00f4i n\u1eefa? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd \u0111i v\u00e0o ch\u1ee3 c\u00e1, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t tanh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i trong \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i tanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 n\u1eefa. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 124","\u0111\u1ea7y hoa, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a hoa nh\u01b0 l\u00fac m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng. V\u00ec sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean xoang m\u0169i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c 10mm2, ch\u1ee9a tuy\u1ebfn kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, c\u00f3 500 v\u1ea1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 2-6 ti\u00eam mao kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Trong l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00edt kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u00f9i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, qua th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o, ch\u1ed1t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trung khu kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, sinh ra kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c s\u1ebd v\u00ec m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i. Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 10 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7; 10-15 tu\u1ed5i, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhanh nh\u1ea1y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, theo tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn l\u00ean, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n sa s\u00fat, co l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. 51 T\u1ea1i sao ta b\u1ecb ng\u00e1p? Ng\u00e1p l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau 2 gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a v\u00e0 10 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i tr\u1edf \u0111i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ng\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ng\u00e1p theo. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sinh l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, y h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00ed CO2 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, khi t\u00edch ch\u1ee9a trong m\u00e1u qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, b\u00e8n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 ng\u00e1p. C\u01a1 125","nhai, c\u01a1 m\u1eb7t, b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt \u1edf c\u1ed5 co r\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn cho mi\u1ec7ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra, th\u1edf kh\u00ed CO2 ra; v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y, l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, hai vai n\u00e2ng cao, khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ed5i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, cung c\u1ea5p oxy nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho n\u00e3o. Cho n\u00ean, sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ng\u00e1p, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh n\u00e3o l\u00e0m t\u1ec9nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u00e1p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e1p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u: bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u1ed3i l\u00e2u, chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00e0m b\u00e0i, d\u00e2y l\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t, trong ph\u00f2ng qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t v.v... \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e1p. 126","Khi ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i 52 b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng? Khi \u0111i v\u1ec7 sinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi n\u00edn ti\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u m\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do khi ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u t\u1eeb trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u00ean 370C, khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng; ngo\u00e0i ra, khi ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 ni\u1ec7u \u1edf b\u00e0ng quang co l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt b\u00e0ng quang c\u0169ng co l\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh ra co gi\u1eadt, rung \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. 127","T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn 53 khi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3? C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i \u201cteen\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ngay ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ngay ng\u1eafn, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3, l\u00e0 do b\u1ec7nh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec7u? Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh l\u00fd b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec, chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1c, v\u00f2ng m\u00f4ng, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i tay ch\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u00f3i chung b\u1ea1n nam t\u1eeb 13-15 tu\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n n\u1eef t\u1eeb 11-13 tu\u1ed5i, chi\u1ec1u cao m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng th\u00eam 6-8cm, v\u00f2ng m\u00f4ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam 2-3cm, v\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1c t\u0103ng th\u00eam 3-4cm, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 4-5kg. Do tay ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i ra nhanh h\u01a1n c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1c, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 nhanh, n\u00ean khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a chi\u1ec1u cao th\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh l\u00fd b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. 54 T\u1ea1i sao ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ed1t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n kia l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ed1t? Du\u1ed7i b\u00e0n tay b\u1ea1n ra, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n: trong n\u0103m ng\u00f3n tay tr\u1eeb ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed1t, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n kia l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ng\u00f3n tay kia nh\u01b0 128","nhau, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ed1t. M\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u00f3n tay kia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng tay, ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Do nhu c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng tay, tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng, h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng tay, th\u00e0nh ra ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, c\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, n\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng c\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c. Cho n\u00ean ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i tr\u00ean b\u00e0n tay ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed1t. 55 V\u00ec sao b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec? C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec: b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec \u1edf tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. V\u00ec sao b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e9o ph\u00ec sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd r\u00f5: 1.\t B\u00e9o ph\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n: b\u00e9o ph\u00ec n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00edt. \u0102n u\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 129","nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n ng\u1ecdt, th\u1ee9c \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng ti\u00eau hao kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi da. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e9o ph\u00ec. 2.\t B\u00e9o ph\u00ec t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n: b\u00e9o ph\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, trong cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9o ph\u00ec th\u00ec con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 40-60% sinh ra b\u00e9o ph\u00ec; c\u1ea3 cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u00e9o ph\u00ec trong con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 60-80%, s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00f2n l\u00e0 do di truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. 3.\t B\u00e9o ph\u00ec t\u00ednh b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd: th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 trong th\u00f9y n\u00e3o, g\u00f2 n\u00e3o d\u01b0\u1edbi, tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p tr\u1ea1ng, tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn sinh ra b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 do d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. 130","V\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha m\u1eb9 th\u1ea5p th\u00ec con c\u00e1i 56 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ef1 cao th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ra, nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n, cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u cao, cha cao m\u1eb9 th\u1ea5p, m\u1eb9 cao cha th\u1ea5p, cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u cao, con c\u00e1i cao h\u01a1n; cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p, con c\u00e1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Tr\u1eeb nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ra, s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ng\u00e0y sau, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe... c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao. V\u00f3c d\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 th\u1ea5p, con c\u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao n\u1ebfu ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi sinh ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea: \u1edf tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a con trai m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng th\u00eam 7-9cm, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 10-12cm, khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 28cm; con g\u00e1i m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng th\u00eam 5-6cm, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 9-10cm, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thanh xu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 25cm. Con trai sau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di tinh, con g\u00e1i sau k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ec1u cao c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. 131","B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thanh xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng (tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0, s\u1eefa, th\u1ecbt, t\u00f4m c\u00e1, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadu...) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ly s\u1eefa, th\u00eam 50g th\u1ecbt ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1. 57 V\u00ec sao ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao? B\u1ea1n nam hay b\u1ea1n n\u1eef, ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh cao l\u1edbn n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i. Chi\u1ec1u cao tr\u1eeb di truy\u1ec1n, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ra, ti\u1ebft ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao; ti\u1ebft ra \u00edt th\u00ec b\u1ecb th\u1ea5p. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n: tr\u1ebb con th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 tu\u1ed5i, ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00ec trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 m\u1edbi ti\u1ebft ra, ban ng\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111i h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb 7-15 tu\u1ed5i, ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ti\u1ebft ra trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7. Ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebft ra l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 7-8 l\u1ea7n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. Th\u01b0\u1eddng 9 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn 12 gi\u1edd khuya th\u00ec ti\u1ebft ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfm 40% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebft ra. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng minh: th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh 132","tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n khi th\u1ee9c. Cho n\u00ean, ng\u1ee7 tr\u1ec5 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao, ng\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u cao? V\u1eady th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp th\u00f3i quen ng\u1ee7 s\u1edbm d\u1eady s\u1edbm. Ng\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t, \u0103n t\u1ed1t, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap chi\u1ec1u cao ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. 58 V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u? M\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u A, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean A v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng B; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u B, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean B v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng A; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u AB, th\u00ec kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean A v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng A v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng B; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u O th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean A v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean B \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng A v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng B \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3. 133","N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean A v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng A, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean B g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng B, th\u00ec s\u1ebd sinh ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, lo\u00e3ng m\u00e1u khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00ed oxy v\u00e0 kh\u00ed CO2, sinh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u A, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u00e1u nh\u00f3m A v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m O; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e1u nh\u00f3m B, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u00e1u nh\u00f3m B v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m O; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u AB, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u O, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u O m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1u. B\u1ea2NG PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH NH\u00d3M M\u00c1U Nho\u00e1m Ph\u00ean b\u00f6\u00eb Kha\u00e1ng Kha\u00e1ng Kh\u00f6ng Co\u00e1 th\u00ef\u00ed ti\u00ef\u00ebp ma\u00e1u nho\u00e1m nguy\u00efn th\u00ef\u00ed th\u00ef\u00ed ti\u00ef\u00ebp nh\u00ea\u00e5n A ma\u00e1u (%) A Kha\u00e1ng B nh\u00ea\u00e5n A, O B 30 B Kha\u00e1ng A B, AB B, O 29 A, AB Ca\u00e1c loa\u00e5i AB AB Kh\u00f6ng ma\u00e1u \u00e0\u00ef\u00ecu 9 Kh\u00f6ng co\u00e1 th\u00ef\u00ed O Kh\u00f6ng Kha\u00e1ng A 32 Kha\u00e1ng B A, B, AB O 134","V\u00ec sao khi ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i che 59 m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft? Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, xem truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng hai m\u1eaft, v\u00ec sao khi ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra ri\u00eang m\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i m\u1eaft tr\u00e1i? Tuy c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a hai con m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft c\u1eadn th\u1ecb, c\u00f2n con m\u1eaft kia l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m tra ri\u00eang, con m\u1eaft b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, con m\u1eaft c\u1eadn th\u1ecb kia th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, sau th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c. Cho n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra ri\u00eang hai con m\u1eaft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. 135","60 M\u1eaft b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb, gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 cho b\u1ea1n ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eadt ra, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t t\u00fd n\u00e0o. Th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt trong v\u00f2ng 5m, th\u00ec b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i co l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, nh\u00ecn xa 1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft 1 \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u00ecn xa v\u1eeba v\u1eeba \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft 2 \u0111\u1ed9, cho n\u00ean ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i gay go h\u01a1n ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf sau. N\u1ebfu ng\u1ed3i g\u1ea7n b\u1ea3ng \u0111en r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt m\u1eaft m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 c\u1eadn th\u1ecb n\u1eb7ng th\u00eam. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0111en, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00fang qui lu\u1eadt, \u0111eo k\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ng\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau tr\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5y. 61 C\u1eadn th\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng? C\u1eadn th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f3i quen d\u00f9ng m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia : c\u1eadn th\u1ecb sinh ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 suy y\u1ebfu, thi\u1ebfu hai nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 canxi v\u00e0 crom, v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 136","nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0102n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u00e1u l\u00ean cao, l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3, g\u00e2y t\u1eadt c\u1eadn th\u1ecb. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. Thi\u1ebfu canxi v\u00e0 crom s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u00e1p l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch th\u1ec3 trong m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eadn th\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean t\u1eadp th\u00f3i quen d\u00f9ng m\u1eaft t\u1ed1t, xem tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u00e1nh \u0103n l\u1ec7ch, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a sinh t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m s\u1eefa, gan, tr\u1ee9ng, t\u00f4m c\u00e1, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadu, ng\u00f4... \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u1eadn th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t sinh ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. D\u00f9ng m\u00e1y nghe mang theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi 62 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc tai? Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y nghe \u0111em theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nghe ca nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i \u201cteen\u201d, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n m\u1edf \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft, n\u00fat tai c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y nghe khi nh\u00e9t ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o trong tai, l\u1ed7 tai b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn, \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong tai \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0ng nh\u0129, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, s\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong tai, khi\u1ebfn cho n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh nghe suy gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ednh l\u1ef1c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y nghe \u0111em theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, 137","\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u01a1 quan th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n m\u1ec1m y\u1ebfu, t\u00ednh m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u00e2m cao th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, th\u00ednh l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd suy gi\u1ea3m. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n th\u00edch v\u1eeba ch\u1ea1y xe v\u1eeba nhai k\u1eb9o cao su \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nghe nh\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y nh\u1ecf mang theo, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i th\u00ednh l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c \u0111em theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00f2n s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1m, gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c \u0111em theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i, th\u1eddi gian nghe li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1 gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. V\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00f9y \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 63 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng? Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u1ebft 8,9\/10 kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef \u201cd\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m\u201d (thu\u1ed1c). Th\u1eadt ra, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh s\u00e2u r\u0103ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed1c trong kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong mi\u1ec7ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eafng nh\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, c\u00f2n thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 r\u0103ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u00edt \u1ecfi. 138","Trong mi\u1ec7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi khu\u1ea9n l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Hai lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng sinh c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i vi sinh v\u1eadt trong mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft khu\u1ea9n, tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft vi khu\u1ea9n sinh b\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn cho sinh th\u00e1i vi khu\u1ea9n trong mi\u1ec7ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n thi\u1ebfu c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t flo; n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng flo th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i; nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu flo, th\u00ec s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn cho men r\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1m l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00eam nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 r\u0103ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. 139","64 T\u1ea1i sao ph\u00e1i nam c\u00f3 r\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u1eef l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3? R\u00e2u l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00e1i nam. Nam gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng kho\u1ea3ng 14-15 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec l\u00f4ng nhung nh\u1ecf nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng d\u00e0i ra, kho\u1ea3ng 16-20 tu\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u00e2u m\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng chung quanh mi\u1ec7ng, c\u1eb1m v\u00e0 hai m\u00e1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 do ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi nam ti\u1ebft ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. R\u00e2u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n s\u1ee3i, so v\u1edbi t\u00f3c th\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n; t\u00f3c trong 1 ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 0,2mm m\u00e0 r\u00e2u th\u00ec d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 0,4mm. Cho n\u00ean r\u00e2u m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1o, t\u00f3c th\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi h\u1edbt m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Gi\u1edbi n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e2u d\u00e0i, b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 nam trong gi\u1edbi n\u1eef ti\u1ebft ra qu\u00e1 \u00edt, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u1eef. T\u1ea1i sao gi\u1edbi n\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 nam? Th\u1eadt ra, d\u00f9 nam hay n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 nam v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 n\u1eef, ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 nam trong nam cao g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi n\u1eef, cho n\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng nhung chung quanh mi\u1ec7ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, gi\u1edbi n\u1eef \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1ed1 nam ti\u1ebft ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u00edt. Gi\u1edbi n\u1eef \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y 95% tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. 140","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13 THI\u00caN V\u0102N H\u1eccC V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG NH\u00c0 THI\u00caN V\u0102N H\u1eccC N\u1ed4I TI\u1ebeNG TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n m\u00f9 m\u1edd. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ai? C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra sao? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n quen thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Song, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba b\u1edfi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. 141","Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m 65 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi? N\u1ebfu b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi quay chung quanh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t? Ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p ngay: \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u201d. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u1eefa kia. V\u00e2ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Copernic \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u quay chung quanh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec... \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. Thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, Copernic \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra thuy\u1ebft 142","trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. Khi Copernic l\u00ean 10 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec cha \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa ru\u1ed9t nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 chu \u0111\u00e1o. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc, t\u1eadp v\u1ebd v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng th\u00ec say m\u00ea thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecdc m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u00ecm t\u00f2i r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1edf d\u0129 sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u00f4ng d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n to\u00e1n. \u00d4ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y t\u01b0 duy. Khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, li\u1ec1n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. Sau khi suy ngh\u0129 suy x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, \u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 coi \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng sinh ra ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1510-1515, Copernic kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb cho m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. Thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng: 1.\tM\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. 2.\t Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi xa l\u00e0: sao Th\u1ee7y, sao Kim, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, sao H\u1ecfa, sao M\u1ed9c, sao Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh (nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i). 3.\tM\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh quay chung quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. 143","4.\t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ra, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 quay quanh m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng. 5.\t T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. C\u00f4ng lao v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Copernic l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng do gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Copernic c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ecbnh tinh kh\u00f4ng quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi; h\u00e0nh tinh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c. N\u0103m 1543, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThuy\u1ebft v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cSau khi t\u00ecm t\u00f2i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, trong s\u00e1ch t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ghi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t... T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ho\u00e0i nghi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u00e0i th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0o\u201d. Thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Copernic \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 144","v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u0103m 1839, t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Warsaw c\u1ee7a Ba Lan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Copernic \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. 66 V\u00ec sao Bruno ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa? Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Copernic. \u00d4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ecbu n\u00f3i ch\u1ecbu vi\u1ebft. Sau khi Bruno t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Copernic v\u00e0 ra s\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3m d\u00ednh v\u00e0o v\u1ecf thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng xa g\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nhau, \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng; v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 l\u1edbn v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n; tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tinh c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 1584, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cB\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a Bruno \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy v\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 1592, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f2a \u00e1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3. Trong t\u00e1m n\u0103m b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc 145","sau \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng v\u1eabn tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Copernic. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1600, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u0103m hoa \u1edf La M\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. N\u0103m 1889, t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u0103m hoa La M\u00e3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Bruno \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng. 67 T\u1ea1i sao Galileo b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u00f9 chung th\u00e2n? T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, l\u00fac 25 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng? Galileo ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Copernic. \u0110ang l\u00fac \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u00ec Bruno b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 thi\u00eau ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi th\u1ea3m. Tuy m\u1edbi 36 tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng Galileo kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u1ee5c ng\u00e3. \u00d4ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a 146","thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1609, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng thi\u00ean v\u0103n, qua k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00fai h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng khuy\u00ean tr\u00ean nguy\u1ec7t c\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111en c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, b\u1ed1n v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a sao M\u1ed9c, sao Kim c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng... M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o hai b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u201cS\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cTh\u01b0 t\u00edn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111en c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u201d. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3 n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1633, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 69, Galileo \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u00f9 chung th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch oan nghi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1979, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3 John Paul II \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i Vatican r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Galileo l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng minh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a \u00e1n cho \u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n oan m\u00e0 Galileo ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00fang 347 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0ng Glileo v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a \u00e1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 xem, b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a sau \u0111\u00fang 347 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Galileo th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. 147","Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra 68 \u201cph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi\u201d? Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch Tico, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sao H\u1ecfa, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba h\u00e0nh tinh quay chung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1609, \u00f4ng tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cS\u00e1ch thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: 1.\t C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n Copernic v\u00ec Copernic cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111i theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. 2.\t H\u00e0nh tinh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u1eadm kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, khi c\u00e1ch xa m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111i ch\u1eadm, khi g\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111i nhanh. N\u0103m 1619 Kepler xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThuy\u1ebft h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 quy lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh: \u201cB\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh b\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1eeda tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xa g\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xa th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian quay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd d\u00e0i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi g\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c 148","l\u1ea1i, chu k\u1ef3 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00e1ch xa m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi Kepler l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi\u201d v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Newton ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt s\u1ee9c h\u00fat. Kepler l\u00fac thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 v\u00e0n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu, b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ecdng b\u1ec7nh, gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u1eeb trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cao. Trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Copernic. V\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn vi\u1ebft n\u00ean cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Copernic kh\u00e1i y\u1ebfu\u201d. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Copernic thay th\u1ebf cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d. Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc 69 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3? H\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1 g\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u00ean Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. 149"]
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