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Science and Technology II history of the world

Published by cliamb.li, 2014-07-24 12:28:01

Description: In the preface to the first book of this series, The Ancient World and Classical Civilization, I discussed many pertinent topics that apply to this tome as well. These include my
purpose, approach, and sources.
There remains little to be said that is unique to this volume, with the exception of
some rationale for the extended treatment of Christianity and Islam. Some readers may wonder why religion has received so much space in a history of science.
For a long time, students of the history of science have recognized that religion cannot be separated from science in any historical treatment, especially one that deals with the
Middle Ages in Europe. If we are to understand the history of science, we must understand
science as the people who constructed it understood it.
In the Middle Ages, science in Europe largely meant natural philosophy, and philosophy was subjugated to theology. In 1277, the Christian Church cracked down on heretical
teachings at the University of Paris. The condemne

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194 Notes—Chapter 3 115. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 4. Smith, homet, vol. 17. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, Elder & Co., London, p. 322. p. 406. 116. Muir, W., 1858, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 1. Smith, 152. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, Elder & Co., London, p. i–cv. Elder & Co., London, p. 257. 117. Lings, M., 1983, Muhammad, His Life Based on the 153. Ibn Ishaq (died c. 768), 1967, The Life of Muhammad Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, p. 151– (ﬁrst published in 1955 by Oxford University Press, London), 152. translated by Alfred Guillaume (1888–1965). Ameena Saiyid, 118. Anonymous, 2005, Martin Lings—Obituary. Times Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, p. 450. (London), May 25, p. 59. 154. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, 119. Butterﬁeld, H., 1965, The Whig Interpretation of His- Elder & Co., London, p. 263. tory (ﬁrst published in 1931 by G. Bell and Sons, London). W. 155. Ibid., p. 267–268. W. Norton & Company, New York, p. 105. 156. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Ma- 120. al-Athir, Ibn, 2006, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Althir for homet, vol. 17. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, The Crusading Period, part 1, translated by D. S. Richards, vol. p. 406. 13 of Crusade Texts in Translation. Ashgate, Burlington, Ver- 157. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, mont, p. 21. Elder & Co., London, p. 270. 121. Bowman, S., 2003, Twelfth-Century Jewish Responses 158. Ibid., p. 272. to Crusade and Jihad, in Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon. 159. Lings, M., 1983, Muhammad, His Life Based on Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean, edited the Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, p. by Donald J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villaion. Brill, Leiden, p. 231. 421. 160. Ibn Ishaq (died c. 768), 1967, The Life of Muhammad 122. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- (ﬁrst published in 1955 by Oxford University Press, London), sades, vol. 7. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. translated by Alfred Guillaume (1888–1965). Ameena Saiyid, 529. Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, p. 464. 123. Krey, A. C., 1921, The First Crusade, the Accounts of 161. Lings, M., 1983, Muhammad, His Life Based on the Eye-Witnesses and Participants. Princeton University Press, Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, p. 232. Princeton, p. 261. 162. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, 124. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Elder & Co., London, p. 272. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 35–36. 163. Lings, M., 1983, Muhammad, His Life Based on the 125. Institoris, H., and Sprenger, J., 1928, Malleus Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, p. 233. Maleﬁcarum, translated by Montague Summers (1880–1948). 164. Koran, 1861, Sura 33, Verses 25–26, translated by John J. Rodker, London. Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- 126. Bible, King James Version, Deuteronomy 7:2. don, p. 564. 127. Ibid., Deuteronomy 20:16–20:17. 165. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 4. Smith, 128. Ibid., Leviticus 20:10. Elder & Co., London, p. 18–19. 129. Ibid., John 8:7. 166. Koran, 1861, Sura 5, Verse 42, translated by John 130. Ibn Ishaq (died c. 768), 1967, The Life of Muhammad Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- (ﬁrst published in 1955 by Oxford University Press, London), don, p. 638. translated by Alfred Guillaume (1888–1965). Ameena Saiyid, 167. Ibid., Sura 5, Verse 37, p. 637–638. Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, p. 267. 168. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 4. Smith, 131. Bible, King James Version, Luke 16:24. Elder & Co., London, p. 22. 132. Ibid., Matthew 13:38–13:42. 169. Ibid., p. 25–35. 133. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, 170. Ibid., p. 73. Elder & Co., London, p. 155. 171. Ibid., p. 73–74. 134. Ibid., p. 165. 172. Ibid., p. 75. 135. Ibid., p. 169. 173. Ibid., p. 89. 136. Ibid., p. 170. 174. Ibid., p. 109–127. 137. Ibid. 175. Ibid., p. 127–129. 138. Ibid., p. 172–173. 176. Ibid., p. 130. 139. Ibid., p. 173. 177. Ibid., p. 158–159. 140. Ibid., p. 189. 178. Ibid., p. 165. 141. Koran, 1861, Sura 3, Verses 134–135, translated by John 179. Watt, W. M., 1987, Muhammad, in Dictionary of the Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- Middle Ages, vol. 8, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scrib- don, p. 512. ner’s Sons, New York, p. 525. 142. Böwering, G., 1985, Islam, Religion, in Dictionary of 180. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 4. Smith, the Middle Ages, vol. 6, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Elder & Co., London, p. 293. Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 577. 181. CIA Factbook, “World,” www.cia.gov, accessed April 143. Bevan, A. A., 1913, Mahomet and Islam, Chapter 10 of 8, 2009. Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2, The Rise of the Saracens and 182. Böwering, G., 1985, Islam, Religion, in Dictionary of the Foundation of the Western Empire, edited by H. M. Gwatkin the Middle Ages, vol. 6, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles and J. P. Whitney. Macmillan, New York, p. 319. Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 582. 144. Koran, 1861, Sura 59, Verse 2, translated by John 183. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- Elder & Co., London, p. 43–44. don, p. 557. 184. Rahman, F., 2005, Islam. an Overview, in Encyclope- 145. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, dia of Religion, Second Edition, edited by Lindsay Jones, vol. Elder & Co., London, p. 227. 7. Macmillan Reference, Detroit, p. 4565. 146. Ibid., p. 228. 185. Ibid. 147. Koran, 1861, Sura 33, Verse 37, translated by John 186. Koran, 1861, Sura 48, Verse 14, translated by John Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- don, p. 566–567. don, p. 71. 148. Ibid., Sura 33, Verse 53, p. 569. 187. Ibid., Sura 72, p. 157–159. 149. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, 188. Ibid., Sura 2:59, p. 436–437. Elder & Co., London, p. 231. 189. Bible, King James Version, Matthew 22:21. 150. Ibid., p. 255–256. 190. Ibid., John 18:36. 151. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Ma- 191. Rahman, F., 2005, Islam. An Overview, in Encyclope-

Notes—Chapter 3 195 dia of Religion, Second Edition, edited by Lindsay Jones, vol. the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire, edited 7. Macmillan Reference, Detroit, p. 4561. by H. M. Gwatkin and J. P. Whitney. Macmillan, New York, p. 192. Muir, W., 1861, The Life of Mahomet, vol. 3. Smith, 330. Elder & Co., London, p. 295–296. 226. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the 193. Lindberg, D. C., 1992, The Beginnings of Western Sci- Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 135. ence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 166. 227. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 194. Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Second Edition, On- Caliphate, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 40. line Version. 228. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and 195. Rahman, F., 2005, Islam. an Overview, in Encyclope- Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. 428. dia of Religion, Second Edition, edited by Lindsay Jones, vol. 229. Ibid., p. 435. 7. Macmillan Reference, Detroit, p. 4565. 230. Ibid., p. 436. 196. Motzki, H., 2004, Hadith, in Encyclopedia of Islam and 231. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, the Muslim World, vol. 1, edited by Richard C. Martin. Macmil- Harun al-Rashid, vol. 13. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, lan Reference, New York, p. 285. New York, p. 37. 197. Rahman, F., 2005, Islam. an Overview, in Encyclope- 232. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and dia of Religion, Second Edition, edited by Lindsay Jones, vol. Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. 7. Macmillan Reference, Detroit, p. 4565. 482–483. 198. Ibid., p. 4566. 233. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 199. Böwering, G., 1985, Islam, Religion, in Dictionary of Caliphate, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. the Middle Ages, vol. 6, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 45. Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 580–581. 234. Sabra, A. I., 1988, Science, Islamic, in Dictionary of the 200. Ibn Ishaq (died c. 768), 1967, The Life of Muhammad Middle Ages, vol. 11, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scrib- (ﬁrst published in 1955 by Oxford University Press, London), ner’s Sons, New York, p. 84. translated by Alfred Guillaume (1888–1965). Ameena Saiyid, 235. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, p. 182. Thousand and One Nights, vol. 26. Encyclopædia Britannica 201. Koran, 1861, Sura 16, Verse 16, translated by John Company, New York, p. 883. Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- 236. Ibid., p. 884. don, p. 251. 237. Ibid., p. 885. 202. Ibid., Sura 2, Verse 16, p. 461. 238. Burton, R. F. (translator), 1894, The Book of the Thou- 203. Bevan, A. A., 1913, Mahomet and Islam, Chapter 10 of sand Nights and a Night, vol. 1. H. S. Nichols & Co., London, Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2, The Rise of the Saracens and p. 4. the Foundation of the Western Empire, edited by H. M. Gwatkin 239. Ibid., p. 6. and J. P. Whitney. Macmillan, New York, p. 315. 240. Ibid., p. 11. 204. al-Suhrawardy, A. A, 1999, The Sayings of Muhammad, 241. Ibid., p. 12–13. no. 390. Citadel Press, Secaucus, New Jersey, p. 111. 242. Ibid., p. 13. 205. Koran, 1861, Sura 24, Verse 2, translated by John 243. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 51. Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- 244. Bakewell, C. M., 1907, Source Book in Ancient Philos- don, p. 573. ophy. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 31. 206. Ibid., Sura 4, Verse 8, p. 534. 245. Goldston, R., 1979, The Sword of the Prophet. Dial 207. Ibid. Press, New York, p. 59. 208. Ibid. 246. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 209. Ibid. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 17. 210. Ibid., Sura 24, Verse 31, p. 577. 247. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the 211. Ibid., Sura 4, Verse 14, p. 530–531. Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 136. 212. Masood, E., 2005, Women at Work. Nature, vol. 433, 248. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Nu- p. 453. mismatics, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 213. Ibid. p. 904. 214. Ambah, F. S., 2008, Saudi Women See a Brighter Road 249. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Paper, on Rights. Washington Post, January 31, p. A-15. vol. 20. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. 215. Constable, P., 2009, Afghan Law on Women Brings 725. Societal Conﬂict onto World Stage. Washington Post, April 5, 250. Cook, M. A., 1974, Economic Developments, in The p. A-13. Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Joseph Schacht and 216. Donner, F. M., 1985, Islam, Conquests of, in Dictionary C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London, p. of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 238. Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 568. 251. Watt, G., 1907, The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants 217. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and of the World. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, p. 15. Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. 101. 252. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Or- 218. Goldston, R., 1979, The Sword of the Prophet. Dial ange, vol. 20. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, Press, New York, p. 52. p. 148–149. 219. Donner, F. M., 1985, Islam, Conquests of, in Dictionary 253. Cook, M. A., 1974, Economic Developments, in The of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Joseph Schacht and Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 572. C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London, p. 220. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and 211. Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. 169. 254. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 221. Creasy, E. S., 1908, The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the & Brothers, New York, p. 85. World from Marathon to Waterloo, Everyman’s Library Edi- 255. Kunitzsch, P., 2003, The Transmission of Hindu-Ara- tion. E. P. Dutton, New York, p. 163–164. bic Numerals Reconsidered, in The Enterprise of Science in 222. Oman, C. W. C., 1885, The Art of War in the Middle Islam, New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogendijk and Abdel- Ages, A.D. 378–1515. B. H. Blackwell, London, p. 18. hamid I. Sabra. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 1. 223. Creasy, E. S., 1908, The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the 256. Smith, D. E., and Karpinski, L. C., 1911, The Hindu- World from Marathon to Waterloo , Everyman’s Library Edition. Arabic Numerals. Ginn and Company, Boston and London, p. E. P. Dutton, New York, p. 167. 92. 224. Ibid., p. 168–169. 257. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Nu- 225. Becker, C. H., 1913, The Expansion of the Saracens, meral, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. Chapter 11 of Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2, The Rise of 867.

196 Notes—Chapter 3 258. Crombie, A. C., 1995, The History of Science, from Au- 292. Ibid. gustine to Galileo, Second Edition. Dover, New York, p. 66. 293. Ibid., p. 408. 259. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, 294. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, vol. 2, part 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washing- Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles ton, DC, p. 4. Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 731. 260. Ibid. 295. Ibid. 261. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Se- 296. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, leucid Dynasty, vol. 24. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Nestorius, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, p. 603. p. 409. 262. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, An- 297. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, tioch, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles 130. Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 731. 263. Ibid., p. 130–131. 298. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 264. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the lumbia University Press, New York, p. 5. Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 61. 299. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the 265. von Humboldt, A., 1848, Kosmos, a General Survey of Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 146. the Physical Phenomena of the Universe, vol. 2. Hippolyte Bail- 300. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- liere, London, p. 244. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 15. 266. Sabra, A. I., 1988, Science, Islamic, in Dictionary of the 301. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Middle Ages, vol. 11, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scrib- Caliphate, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. ner’s Sons, New York, p. 81, 83. 42. 267. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, 302. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- Nestorius, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, lumbia University Press, New York, p. 18. p. 409. 303. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the 268. Socrates Scholasticus, 1890, Ecclesiastical History, Book Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 149–150. 7, Chapter 29, in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene 304. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and Fathers, Second Series, vol. 2, edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. Wace. The Christian Literature Company, New York, p. 169. 462–463. 269. Ibid. 305. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 270. Ibid. Caliphate, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 271. Ibid., Book 7, Chapter 32, p. 170. 43. 272. Ibid. 306. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and 273. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. 469. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles 307. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 716–717. Caliphate, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 274. Ibid., p. 719. 44. 275. Socrates Scholasticus, 1890, Ecclesiastical History, Book 308. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and 7, Chapter 32, in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. 473. Fathers, Second Series, vol. 2, edited by Philip Schaff and Henry 309. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the Wace. The Christian Literature Company, New York, p. 171. Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 151. 276. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, 310. Muir, W., 1892, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles Fall, Second Edition. Religious Tract Society, London, p. p. Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 718. 482–483. 277. Ibid. 311. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the 278. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 151. Nestorius, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 312. Ibid., p. 152–153. p. 411. 313. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 279. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, Caliphate, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles 47. Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 721. 314. Anawati, G. C., 1974, Philosophy, Theology, and Mys- 280. Ibid., p. 722. ticism, in The Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Joseph 281. Ibid., p. 724. Schacht and C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 282. Ibid., p. 725. London, p. 353. 283. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, 315. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- Nestorius, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, lumbia University Press, New York, p. 22. p. 410. 316. Gibbon, E., 1909, The History of the Decline and Fall of 284. Ibid. the Roman Empire, Chapter 52, edited by J. B. Bury, vol. 6. 285. Ibid., p. 411. Methuen & Co., London, p. 30. 286. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, 317. Ogg, F. A., 1908, A Source Book of Medieval History. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles American Book Company, New York, p. 113. Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 728. 318. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- 287. Socrates Scholasticus, 1890, Ecclesiastical History, Book tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, Cam- 7, Chapter 34, in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene bridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. 55. Fathers, Second Series, vol. 2, edited by Philip Schaff and Henry 319. Anawati, G. C., 2008, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al-Ibadi, Abu Wace. The Christian Literature Company, New York, p. 172. Zayd, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by 288. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Charles Gillispie, vol. 15. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 230. Nestorius, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 320. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- p. 411. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 26. 289. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, 321. Anawati, G. C., 2008, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al-Ibadi, Abu Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles Zayd, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 731. Charles Gillispie, vol. 15. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 230. 290. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, 322. bid., p. 231. Nestorians, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 323. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the p. 407. Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 169. 291. Ibid. 324. Walzer, R., 1967, Early Islamic Philosophy, in The

Notes—Chapter 3 197 Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philoso- 355. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- phy, edited by A. H. Armstrong. Cambridge at the University lumbia University Press, New York, p. 20. Press, Cambridge, p. 649–650. 356. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Kindi, 325. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, vol. 15. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. 802. Monophysites, vol. 18. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 357. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- New York, p. 732. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 115. 326. Schaff, P., 1884, History of the Christian Church, vol. 3, 358. Plessner, M., 1974, Science, The Natural Sciences and Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity A.D.311–600. Charles Medicine, in The Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 745–746. Joseph Schacht and C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon 327. Ibid., p. 764–765. Press, London, p. 434. 328. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 359. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- lumbia University Press, New York, p. 45. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 115. 329. Sachau, E. C., 2003, Preface, in Alberuni’s India (ﬁrst 360. Meyerhof, M., 1935, Thirty-Three Clinical Observa- published in 1888 by K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Lon- tions by Rhazes. Isis, no. 2, vol. 23, p. 355. don). Low Price Publications, Dehli, India, p. xxix. 361. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Med- 330. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the icine, vol. 18. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 96. p. 45. 331. Ibid., p. 106. 362. Meyerhof, M., 1935, Thirty-Three Clinical Observa- 332. Sachau, E. C. (translator and editor), 2003, Alberuni’s tions by Rhazes. Isis, no. 2, vol. 23, p. 323. India (ﬁrst published in 1888 by K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & 363. al-Razi, 1848, A Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles, Co., London). Low Price Publications, Dehli, India, p. 24–25. translated by William Alexander Greenhill. Sydenham Society, 333. Grant, E., 2007, A History of Natural Philosophy. Cam- London. bridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 67. 364. Meyerhof, M., 1935, Thirty-Three Clinical Observa- 334. Lindberg, D. C., 1992, The Beginnings of Western Sci- tions by Rhazes. Isis, no. 2, vol. 23, p. 324. ence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 170. 365. Ibid. 335. O’Leary, D. L., 1948, How Greek Science Passed to the 366. Ibid., p. 329. Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, p. 170. 367. Ibid, p. 326. 336. Duhem, P., 1913, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Physics, 368. Pines, S., 2008, Al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn vol. 12. The Encyclopedia Press, New York, p. 48. Zakariyya, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, ed- 337. Ibid. ited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 11. Cengage Learning, New York, 338. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Ara- p. 323. bian Philosophy, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 369. Pines, S., 1963, What Was Original in Arabic Science? New York, p. 276–277. in, Scientiﬁc Change, Historical Studies in the Intellectual, So- 339. de Vaux, C, 1931, Astronomy and Mathematics, in The cial and Technical Conditions for Scientiﬁc Discovery and Tech- Legacy of Islam, First Edition, edited by T. Arnold, and A. Guil- nical Invention, from Antiquity to Present, edited by A. C. laume, Oxford University Press, London, p. 376. Crombie. Heinemann, London, p. 196. 340. Sabra, A. I., 1988, Science, Islamic, in Dictionary of the 370. Ibid., p. 195. Middle Ages, vol. 11, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scrib- 371. Ibid. ner’s Sons, New York, p. 86. 372. Ibid. 341. Lindberg, D. C., 1992, The Beginnings of Western Sci- 373. Baas, J. H., 1889, Outlines of the History of Medicine ence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 176. and the Medical Profession, translated by H. E. Handerson. J. 342. Walzer, R., 1967, Early Islamic Philosophy, in The H. Vail & Co., New York, p. 221. Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philoso- 374. Ibid. phy, edited by A. H. Armstrong. Cambridge at the University 375. Pines, S., 1963, What Was Original in Arabic Science? Press, Cambridge, p. 648. in, Scientiﬁc Change, Historical Studies in the Intellectual, So- 343. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- cial and Technical Conditions for Scientiﬁc Discovery and Tech- lumbia University Press, New York, p. 82. nical Invention, from Antiquity to Present, edited by A. C. 344. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, Crombie. Heinemann, London, p. 194. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 376. Hippocrates, 1950, The Medical Works of Hippocrates, p. 559. translated by John Chadwick and W. N. Mann. Charles C. 345. Plessner, M., 1974, Science, The Natural Sciences and Thomas, Springﬁeld, Illinois. Medicine, in The Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by 377. Lloyd, G. E. R., 1970, Early Greek Science. Thales to Joseph Schacht and C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon Aristotle. W. W. Norton, New York, p. 50. Press, London, p. 427. 378. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 346. de Vaux, C, 1931, Astronomy and Mathematics, in The lumbia University Press, New York, p. 116. Legacy of Islam (First Edition), edited by T. Arnold, and A. 379. Pines, S., 1963, What Was Original in Arabic Science? Guillaume, Oxford University Press, London, p. 377. in, Scientiﬁc Change, Historical Studies in the Intellectual, So- 347. Jolivet, J., and Rashed, R., 2008, Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf cial and Technical Conditions for Scientiﬁc Discovery and Tech- Ya’qub Ibn Ishaq Al-Sabbah, in Complete Dictionary of nical Invention, from Antiquity to Present, edited by A. C. Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 7. Cengage Crombie. Heinemann, London, p. 194. Learning, New York, p. 261. 380. Plessner, M., 1974, Science, The Natural Sciences and 348. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- Medicine, in The Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by lumbia University Press, New York, p. 84. Joseph Schacht and C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon 349. Ibid. Press, London, p. 429. 350. Jolivet, J., and Rashed, R., 2008, Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf 381. Wright, C. A., 2004, Food. Coffee, in Encyclopedia of Ya’qub Ibn Ishaq Al-Sabbah, in Complete Dictionary of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, edited by Philip Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 7. Cengage Mattar, vol. 2. Macmillan Reference, New York, p. 837. Learning, New York, p. 261. 382. Dufour, P. S., 1685, The Manner of Making Coffee, Tea, 351. Ibid., p. 262. and Chocolate. William Crook, London, p. 3. 352. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 383. Pines, S., 2008, Al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Za- lumbia University Press, New York, p. 85. kariyya, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by 353. Ibid., p. 109. Charles Gillispie, vol. 11. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 324. 354. Sabra, A. I., 1988, Science, Islamic, in Dictionary of the 384. Pines, S., 1963, What Was Original in Arabic Science? Middle Ages, vol. 11, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scrib- in, Scientiﬁc Change, Historical Studies in the Intellectual, So- ner’s Sons, New York, p. 83. cial and Technical Conditions for Scientiﬁc Discovery and Tech-

198 Notes—Chapter 3 nical Invention, from Antiquity to Present, edited by A. C. 418. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Avi- Crombie. Heinemann, London, p. 194. cenna, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, 385. Pines, S., 2008, Al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn p. 62. Zakariyya, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, ed- 419. Avicenna, 1951, Autobiography, translated by Arthur J. ited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 11. Cengage Learning, New York, Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, London, p. 9. p. 325. 420. Ibid., p. 9–10. 386. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 421. Ibid., p. 10. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 121. 422. Ibid., p. 10. 387. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 423. Ibid. Demiurge, vol. 8. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 424. Ibid., p. 11. York, p. 1. 425. Ibid. 388. Pines, S., 2008, Al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 426. Ibid. Zakariyya, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, ed- 427. Ibid., p. 12. ited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 11. Cengage Learning, New York, 428. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Avi- p. 323. cenna, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, 389. Walzer, R., 1967, Early Islamic Philosophy, in The p. 62. Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philoso- 429. al-Juzjani, 1951, Biography of Avicenna, translated by phy, edited by A. H. Armstrong. Cambridge at the University Arthur J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, Lon- Press, Cambridge, p. 651. don, p. 16. 390. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 430. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Avi- lumbia University Press, New York, p. 124. cenna, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, 391. Maimonides, M., 1956, Guide for the Perplexed, Book p. 62. 3, Chapter 12, translated by M. Friedlander (Second Revised 431. al-Juzjani, 1951, Biography of Avicenna, translated by Edition, ﬁrst published in 1904 by Routledge & Kegan Paul). Arthur J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, Lon- Dover, New York, p. 267–268. don, p. 22. 392. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Ara- 432. Ibid., p. 17. bian Philosophy, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 433. Baas, J. H., 1889, Outlines of the History of Medicine New York, p. 278. and the Medical Profession, translated by H. E. Handerson. J. 393. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- H. Vail & Co., New York, p. 229. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 125–126. 434. Freind, J., 1727, The History of Physick; From the Time 394. Wright, O., 2008, Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad of Galen, to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, Second Edi- Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Awzalagh, in Complete Dic- tion, Corrected. J. Walthoe, London, p. 73. tionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 435. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 4. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 523. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 710. 395. Ibid., p. 523–524. 436. Iskandar, A. Z., 2008, Ibn Sina (Medicine), in Complete 396. Ibid., p. 524. Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, 397. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- vol. 15. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 498. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 128. 437. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Med- 398. Ibid., p. 131. icine, vol. 18. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, 399. Ibid., p. 132–133. p. 42. 400. Ibid., p. 147. 438. Hippocrates, 1950, The Nature of Man, Paragraph 4, 401. Ibid., p. 136. translated by J. Chadwick, and W. N. Mann, in The Medical 402. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the Works of Hippocrates. Charles C. Thomas, Springﬁeld, Illinois, Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 211–212. p. 204. 403. Ibid., p. 212. 439. Guillaume, A., 1931, Philosophy and Theology, in The 404. Walzer, R., 1967, Early Islamic Philosophy, in The Legacy of Islam, First Edition, edited by T. Arnold, and A. Guil- Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philoso- laume, Oxford University Press, London, p. 257. phy, edited by A. H. Armstrong. Cambridge at the University 440. Fisher, G. J., 1883, Abu Ali El-Hosein Ibn-Abdallah Press, Cambridge, p. 663. Ibn Sina, Commonly Called Avicenna. Annals of Anatomy and 405. Ibid., p. 664. Surgery, vol. 7, p. 23–24. 406. Ibid., p. 654. 441. Iskandar, A. Z., 2008, Ibn Sina (Medicine), in Complete 407. Ibid., p. 660. Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, 408. Wright, O., 2008, Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad vol. 15. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 498. Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Awzalagh, in Complete Dic- 442. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, tionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 711. 4. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 525. 443. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Ara- 409. Ibid., p. 524. bian Philosophy, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 410. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, New York, p. 278. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 709. 444. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 411. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- lumbia University Press, New York, p. 152. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 150. 445. Avicenna, 1951, On the Nature of God, translated by 412. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the Arthur J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, Lon- Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 237. don, p. 26. 413. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 446. Avicenna, 1951, Predestination, translated by Arthur vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 710. J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, London, p. 414. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Avi- 38. cenna, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, 447. Avicenna, 1951, On Prayer, translated by Arthur J. Ar- p. 63. berry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, London, p. 50. 415. Meyerhof, M., 1931, Science and Medicine, in The 448. Ibid. Legacy of Islam (First Edition), edited by T. Arnold, and A. 449. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the Guillaume, Oxford University Press, London, p. 330. Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 240. 416. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 450. Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision Sept. 2008, lumbia University Press, New York, p. 148. Online Version. 417. Dawson, J. B., 1928, Avicenna. the Prince of Physi- 451. St. Anselm, 1903, Proslogium; Monologium; an Appen- cians. 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Notes—Chapter 3 199 translated by Sidney Norton Deane. Open Court, Chicago, p. published in 1888 by K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Lon- 7–8. don). Low Price Publications, Dehli, India, p. xi. 452. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 488. Browne, E. G., 1906, A Literary History of Persia. Anselm, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, Charles Schribner’s Sons, New York, p. 97–98. p. 82. 489. Lane-Poole, S., 1894, The Mohammadan Dynasties. 453. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- Archibald Constable, Westminster (London), p. 287. tion, vol. 1. Macmillan, London, p. 279. 490. al-Biruni, 2003, Alberuni’s India, Chapter 1 (ﬁrst pub- 454. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Chris- lished in 1888 by K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., London). tian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, Low Price Publications, Dehli, India, p. 22. 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New 491. Saliba, G., 1983, Biruni, in Dictionary of the Middle York, p. 604. Ages, vol. 2, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s 455. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the Sons, New York, p. 249. Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 234. 492. al-Biruni, 2003, Alberuni’s India, Preface (ﬁrst pub- 456. Avicenna, 1951, On the Nature of God, translated by lished in 1888 by K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., London). Arthur J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, Lon- Low Price Publications, Dehli, India, p. 7. don, p. 25. 493. Ibid, Chapter 1, p. 22. 457. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the 494. Ibid, Chapter 1, p. 20. Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 241. 495. Ibid., Chapter 16, p. 177. 458. Ibid., p. 233–234. 496. Ibid., Chapter 16, p. 185. 459. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the 497. Ibid., Chapter 14, p. 152. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 198. 498. Ibid., Chapter 26, p. 265. 460. Descartes, R., 1649, A Discourse of a Method for the 499. Ibid. Well Guiding of Reason, and the Discovery of Truth in the Sci- 500. Ibid., Chapter 26, p. 277. ences. Thomas Newcombe, London, p. 53. 501. Ibid., Chapter 18, p. 198. 461. Anawati, G. C., 2008, Ibn Sina (Philosophy and Sci- 502. Ibid., Chapter 47, p. 400. ence), in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited 503. Ibid., Chapter 17, p. 187. by Charles Gillispie, vol. 15. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 504. Ibid. 495–496. 505. Ibid., p. 188. 462. Ibid., p. 497. 506. Ibid., Chapter 14, p. 152. 463. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 507. Ibid., Chapter 71, p. 161 (pagination follows original vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 710. edition in two volumes). 464. Ibid. 508. Kennedy, E. S., 2008, Al-Biruni, in Complete Dictionary 465. Ibid. of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 2. Cen- 466. al-Juzjani, 1951, Biography of Avicenna, translated by gage Learning, New York, p. 151. Arthur J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, Lon- 509. Saliba, G., 1983, Biruni, in Dictionary of the Middle don, p. 19. Ages, vol. 2, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s 467. Ibid., p. 22. Sons, New York, p. 249. 468. Adams, F. D., 1954, The Birth and Development of the 510. Boilot, D. J., 2009, al-Biruni, in Encyclopedia of Islam, Geological Sciences (ﬁrst published in 1938 by William & Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al.. Brill Online, ac- Wilkins, Baltimore). Dover, New York, p. 18. cessed April 10, 2009. 469. Ibid., p. 333. 511. Sachau, C. E., 1879, Preface, in The Chronology of An- 470. Ibid., p. 334. cient Nations. William H. Allen, London, p. ix. 471. Ibid. 512. Plessner, M., 1974, Science, The Natural Sciences and 472. Ibid. Medicine, in The Legacy of Islam, Second Edition, edited by 473. Ibid. Joseph Schacht and C. E. Bosworth. Oxford at the Clarendon 474. Lyell, C., 1892, Principles of Geology, Eleventh Edition, Press, London, p. 437. vol. 1. D. Appleton, New York, p. 75. 513. al-Biruni, 1879, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, 475. Adams, F. D., 1954, The Birth and Development of the Preface, translated by C. Edward Sachau. William H. Allen, Geological Sciences (ﬁrst published in 1938 by William & London, p. 3. Wilkins, Baltimore). Dover, New York, p. 334. 514. Ibid. 476. al-Juzjani, 1951, Biography of Avicenna, translated by 515. Kennedy, E. S., 2008, Al-Biruni, in Complete Dictionary Arthur J. Arberry, in Avicenna on Theology. John Murray, Lon- of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 2. Cen- don, p. 23. gage Learning, New York, p. 156. 477. Meyerhof, M., 1931, Science and Medicine, in The 516. al-Biruni, 1879, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, Legacy of Islam, First Edition, edited by T. Arnold, and A. Guil- Chapter 3 translated by C. Edward Sachau. William H. Allen, laume, Oxford University Press, London, p. 332. London, p. 17. 478. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 517. Ibid., p. 18. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 707. 518. Ibid., p. 27. 479. Ibid., p. 693. 519. Ibid. 480. Kennedy, E. S., 2008, Al-Biruni, in Complete Dictionary 520. Ibid., p. 30. of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 2. Cen- 521. Ussher, J., 1658, The Annals of the World Deduced from gage Learning, New York, p. 151. the Origin of Time. E. Tyler, London, p. 1. 481. Ibid., p. 148. 522. al-Biruni, 1879, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, 482. Boilot, D. J., 2009, al-Biruni, in Encyclopedia of Islam, Chapter 3, translated by C. Edward Sachau. William H. Allen, Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al.. Brill Online, ac- London, p. 16. cessed April 10, 2009. 523. Ibid., p. 27. 483. Kennedy, E. S., 2008, Al-Biruni, in Complete Dictionary 524. Kennedy, E. S., 2008, Al-Biruni, in Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 2. Cen- of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 2. Cen- gage Learning, New York, p. 148. gage Learning, New York, p. 152–153. 484. Ibid., p. 149. 525. Ibid., p. 153. 485. Sachau, C. E., 1879, Preface, in The Chronology of An- 526. Ibid., p. 154. cient Nations. William H. Allen, London, p. viii. 527. Ibid., p. 155. 486. Lane-Poole, S., 1894, The Mohammadan Dynasties. 528. Saliba, G., 1983, Biruni, in Dictionary of the Middle Archibald Constable, Westminster (London), p. 286, 288. Ages, vol. 2, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s 487. Sachau, E. C., 2003, Preface, in Alberuni’s India (ﬁrst Sons, New York, p. 250.

200 Notes—Chapter 3 529. Sachau, C. E., 1879, Preface, in The Chronology of An- 567. Grant, E., 2007, A History of Natural Philosophy. Cam- cient Nations. William H. Allen, London, p. xii. bridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 69. 530. Ibid., p. xiv. 568. Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision Sept. 2008, 531. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, Online Version. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 707. 569. Grant, E., 2007, A History of Natural Philosophy. Cam- 532. Boilot, D. J., 2009, al-Biruni, in Encyclopedia of Islam, bridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 90–92. Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al.. Brill Online, ac- 570. Pedersen, J., et al., Madrasa, in Encyclopedia of Islam, cessed April 10, 2009. Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al.. Brill Online, ac- 533. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, cessed April 16, 2009. vol. 2, part 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washing- 571. Makdisi, G., 1981, The Rise of Colleges, Institutions of ton, DC, p. 358. Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh University Press, Ed- 534. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- inburgh, p. xiii. tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, 572. Nasr, S. H., 1992, Science and Civilization in Islam (ﬁrst Cambridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. published in 1968 by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 346. Massachusetts). Barnes & Noble, New York, p. 72. 535. Arnaldez, R., 2008, Ibn Rushd, in Complete Dictio- 573. Makdisi, G., 1981, The Rise of Colleges, Institutions of nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh University Press, Ed- 12. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 1–9. inburgh, p. 28. 536. Arnaldez, R., 2009, Ibn Rushd, in, Encyclopedia of 574. Pedersen, J., et al., Madrasa, in Encyclopedia of Islam, Islam, Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al.. Brill On- Second Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al.. Brill Online, ac- line, accessed April 14, 2009. cessed April 16, 2009. 537. Arnaldez, R., 2008, Ibn Rushd, in Complete Dictio- 575. Grant, E., 2007, A History of Natural Philosophy. Cam- nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. bridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 90–91. 12. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 1. 576. Makdisi, G., 1981, The Rise of Colleges, Institutions of 538. Ibid., p. 2. Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh University Press, Ed- 539. Ibid. inburgh, p. 36. 540. Ibid. 577. Ibid., p. 77–78. 541. Ibid., p. 5. 578. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 542. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the lumbia University Press, New York, p. 244. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 220. 579. al-Ghazali, 1917, The Rescuer from Error, in The Sacred 543. Ibid., p. 642. Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. 6, Medieval Arabic, 544. Ibid., p. 225. Moorish, and Turkish, edited by Charles F. Horne. Parke, 545. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the Austin, and Lipscomb, New York, p. 102–133. Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 285. 580. al-Ghazali, 1997, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, 546. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- translated by Michael E. Marmura. Brigham Young Press, lumbia University Press, New York, p. 169. Provo, Utah. 547. Arnaldez, R., 2008, Ibn Rushd, in Complete Dictio- 581. al-Ghazali, 1917, The Rescuer from Error, in The Sacred nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. 6, Medieval Ara- 12. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 6. bic, Moorish, and Turkish, edited by Charles F. Horne. Parke, 548. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the Austin, and Lipscomb, New York, p. 103. Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 288. 582. MacDonald, D. B., 1899, The Life of al-Ghazali, 549. Ibid., p. 290. with Especial Reference to His Religious Experiences and Opin- 550. Ibid., p. 292. ions. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 20, p. 76. 551. Averroes, 1961, On the Harmony of Religion and Phi- 583. Ibid. losophy, Chapter 2, Lines 3–5, translated by George F. Hourani, 584. Ibid., p. 77. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, New Series 21. Luzac & Co. for 585. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- the Trustees of the E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, London, p. 50. lumbia University Press, New York, p. 244. 552. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 586. MacDonald, D. B., 1899, The Life of al-Ghazali, with lumbia University Press, New York, p. 312. Especial Reference to His Religious Experiences and Opin- 553. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the ions. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 20, p. 78–79. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 218. 587. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 554. Koran, 1861, Sura 3, Verse 5, translated by John lumbia University Press, New York, p. 244. Medows Rodwell (1808–1900). Williams and Norgate, Lon- 588. MacDonald, D. B., 1899, The Life of al-Ghazali, don, p. 495. with Especial Reference to His Religious Experiences and Opin- 555. Ibid., Sura 20, Verse 4, p. 97. ions. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 20, p. 79. 556. Hyman, A., and Walsh, J. J., 1967, Philosophy in the 589. al-Ghazali, 1917, The Rescuer from Error, in The Sacred Middle Ages. Harper & Row, New York, p. 292. Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. 6, Medieval Arabic, 557. Arnaldez, R., 2008, Ibn Rushd, in Complete Dictio- Moorish, and Turkish, edited by Charles F. Horne. Parke, nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. Austin, and Lipscomb, New York, p. 103. 12. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 4. 590. Ibid., p. 104. 558. Ibid. 591. Ibid., p. 105. 559. Ibid., p. 3. 592. Ibid. 560. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the 593. Ibid., p. 106. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 223. 594. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, 561. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Aver- Mysticism, vol. 19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, roes, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. p. 123. 58. 595. Ibid. 562. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- 596. al-Faruqi, M. J., 2004, Suﬁsm and the Suﬁ Orders, in lumbia University Press, New York, p. 303. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, 2nd 563. Ibid., p. 304. Edition, edited by Philip Mattar, vol. 4. Macmillan Reference, 564. Lindberg, D. C., 1992, The Beginnings of Western Sci- New York, p. 2111. ence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 173. 597. al-Ghazali, 1917, The Rescuer from Error, in The Sacred 565. Ibid. Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. 6, Medieval Arabic, 566. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- Moorish, and Turkish, edited by Charles F. Horne. Parke, lumbia University Press, New York, p. 6. Austin, and Lipscomb, New York, p. 107–108.

Notes—Chapter 4 201 598. Ibid., p. 109. 3. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 599. Ibid. & Brothers, New York, p. 85–86. 600. Ibid., p. 109–110. 4. Pirenne, H., 1948, Medieval Cities, Their Origins and 601. Ibid., p. 110. the Revival of Trade, translated by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton 602. Ibid., p. 121. University Press, Princeton, p. 46. 603. Ibid., p. 122. 5. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 604. Ibid. & Brothers, New York, p. 88–89. 605. Ibid., p. 123. 6. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 606. Ibid. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 327. 607. Ibid., p. 124. 7. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 608. Ibid. & Brothers, New York, p. 76. 609. MacDonald, D. B., 1899, The Life of al-Ghazali, with 8. Reynolds, R. L., 1961, Europe Emerges. University of Especial Reference to His Religious Experiences and Opin- Wisconsin Press, Madison, p. 164. ions. Journal of the American Oriental Society, v. 20, p. 89–90. 9. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 610. al-Ghazali, 1917, The Rescuer from Error, in The Sacred Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 243. Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. 6, Medieval Arabic, 10. Ibid., p. 242. Moorish, and Turkish, edited by Charles F. Horne. Parke, 11. Ibid., p,. 233. Austin, and Lipscomb, New York, p. 125. 12. Ibid., p. 234. 611. Ibid., p. 127–128. 13. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 612. Ibid., p. 129. & Brothers, New York, p. 108. 613. Ibid., p. 112. 14. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 614. Ibid. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 238. 615. Ibid. 15. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 616. Ibid. & Brothers, New York, p. 79. 617. Ibid., p. 113. 16. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 618. Ibid., p. 114. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 235. 619. Ibid., p. 115. 17. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- 620. Ibid. wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 44. 621. Ibid., p. 116. 18. Boissonnade, P., 2002, Life and Work in Medieval Europe 622. Fakhry, M., 1970, A History of Islamic Philosophy. Co- (ﬁrst published in 1927 by A. A. Knopf, New York). Dover, lumbia University Press, New York, p. 250. New York, p. 94. 623. al-Ghazali, 1997, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, 19. Ibid., p. 95. translated by Michael E. Marmura. Brigham Young Press, 20. Phillips, W. D., 1985, Slavery from Roman Times to the Provo, Utah. Early Transatlantic Trade. University of Minnesota Press, Min- 624. MacDonald, D. B., 1899, The Life of al-Ghazali, with neapolis, p. 51. Especial Reference to His Religious Experiences and Opin- 21. Ibid., p. 55. ions. Journal of the American Oriental Society, v. 20, p. 103. 22. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 625. al-Ghazali, 1997, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 253. translated by Michael E. Marmura. Brigham Young Press, 23. Ibid., p. 237. Provo, Utah, p. 171. 24. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 626. Averroes, 1954, Averroes’ Tahafut al-Tahafut (The In- & Brothers, New York, p. 91. coherence of the Incoherence), translated by Simon Van Den 25. Ogg, F. A. (editor), 1908, A Source Book of Mediaeval Berg, vol. 1 and 2. University of Cambridge Press for the Gibb History. American Book Company, New York, p. 129. Memorial Trust, Cambridge. 26. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 627. Ibid., p. 318–319. & Brothers, New York, p. 93. 628. Ibid., p. 319. 27. evidently, a “foiler” was “one who foils,” where “foil” 629. Goldziher, I., 1981, The Attitude of Orthodox Islam means “to spread over with a thin sheet of metal or other sub- Toward the “Ancient Sciences,” in, Studies on Islam, translated stance,” Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Second Edition, On- and edited by Merlin L. Swartz. Oxford University Press, New line Version. York, p. 206. 28. Ogg, F. A. (editor), 1908, A Source Book of Mediaeval 630. Ibid., p. 205. History. American Book Company, New York, p. 127. 631. Ibid. 29. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 632. Ibid. & Brothers, New York, p. 113. 633. Grant, E., 2007, A History of Natural Philosophy. Cam- 30. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. bridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 89. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 236. 634. Ibn Khaldun, 1958, The Muqaddimah, an Introduc- 31. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper tion to History, Chapter 6, Section 30, translated by Franz & Brothers, New York, p. 72. Rosenthal, vol. 3, Bollingen Series 43. Princeton University 32. Day, C., 1922, A History of Commerce. Longmans, Press, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 246. Green, and Co., New York, p. 35. 635. Ibid., p. 250. 33. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper 636. Ibid., p. 251. & Brothers, New York, p. 106–107. 637. Ibid., p. 257. 34. Day, C., 1922, A History of Commerce. Longmans, 638. Ibid., p. 257–258. Green, and Co., New York, p. 33. 639. Stock, B., 1978, Science, Technology, and Economic 35. Ibid., p. 54. Progress in the Early Middle Ages, in Science in the Middle 36. Ibid., p. 55. Ages, edited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago 37. Ibid., p. 56. Press, Chicago, p. 39. 38. Ibid., p. 57. 39. Ibid., p. 58. 40. Ibid., p. 59. Chapter 4. 41. Ibid. 42. Folland, C. K., Karl, T. R., and Vinnikov, K. Y. A., 1990, 1. Pirenne, H., 1948, Medieval Cities, Their Origins and Observed Climate Variations and Change, in Climate Change, the Revival of Trade, translated by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton The IPCC Scientiﬁc Assessment, edited by J. T. Houghton, G. J. University Press, Princeton, p. 8. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums. Cambridge University Press, 2. Ibid., p. 35. Cambridge, p. 202.

202 Notes—Chapter 4 43. Broecker, W. S., 2001, Was the Medieval Warm Period 78. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Peter Global? Science, no. 5508, vol. 291, p. 1497–1499. the Hermit, vol. 21. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 44. Bond, G., et al., 2001, Persistent Solar Inﬂuence on York, p. 294. North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene. Science, no. 79. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular 5549, vol. 294, p. 2130–2136. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 8. 45. Lamb, H. H., 1982, Climate, History and the Modern 80. Gibbon, E., 1912, The History of the Decline and Fall World. Methuen, London, p. 162–177. of the Roman Empire, Chapter 58, edited by J. B. Bury, vol. 6. 46. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1972, Greenland, vol. 10. Methuen & Co., London, p. 269–270. William Benton, Chicago, p. 898. 81. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular 47. Stock, B., 1978, Science, Technology, and Economic Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 13. Progress in the Early Middle Ages, in Science in the Middle 82. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- Ages, edited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 526. Press, Chicago, p. 27. 83. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular 48. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 15. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 39–76. 84. Robinson, J. H., 1904, Readings in European History, 49. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- vol. 1. Ginn and Company, Boston, p. 313. wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 80. 85. Ibid., p. 314. 50. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 86. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. and Winston, New York, p. 57. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 249. 51. Moore, T. G., 1995, Global Warming. A Boon to Humans 87. Robinson, J. H., 1904, Readings in European History, and Other Animals. Hoover Institution Essays in Public Pol- vol. 1. Ginn and Company, Boston, p. 314. icy No. 61. Stanford University, Stanford, California. 88. Ibid., p. 315. 52. Hinde, A., 2003, England’s Population, a History Since 89. Ibid., p. 316. the Domesday Survey. Hodder Arnold, London, p. 25. 90. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular 53. Pirenne, H., 1948, Medieval Cities, Their Origins and Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 9. the Revival of Trade, translated by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton 91. Gibbon, E., 1912, The History of the Decline and Fall University Press, Princeton, p. 80. of the Roman Empire, Chapter 58, edited by J. B. Bury, vol. 6. 54. Ibid., p. 81. Methuen & Co., London, p. 276. 55. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 92. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular and Winston, New York, p. 47. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 5. 56. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental 93. Robinson, J. H., 1904, Readings in European History, Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, vol. 1. Ginn and Company, Boston, p. 319. vol. 23, p. 276. 94. Ibid. 57. Pirenne, H., 1948, Medieval Cities, Their Origins and 95. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913, Merit, vol. 10. The Ency- the Revival of Trade, translated by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton clopedia Press, New York, p. 202. University Press, Princeton, p. 84. 96. Gibbon, E., 1912, The History of the Decline and Fall 58. Ibid., p. 85. of the Roman Empire, Chapter 58, edited by J. B. Bury, vol. 6. 59. Heaton, H., 1936, Economic History of Europe. Harper Methuen & Co., London, p. 280. & Brothers, New York, p. 87. 97. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 60. Ibid., p. 88. Crusades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 61. Pirenne, H., 1948, Medieval Cities, Their Origins and 524. the Revival of Trade, translated by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton 98. Schaff, P., 1907, History of the Christian Church, Third University Press, Princeton, p. 230–233. Edition, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 1049, 62. Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Second Edition, Online to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. Version. 221. 63. Day, C., 1922, A History of Commerce. Longmans, 99. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- Green, and Co., New York, p. 49. sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 526. 64. Ibid., p. 64. 100. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular 65. Ibid., p. 67. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 11. 66. Ibid. 101. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- 67. Derry, T. K., and Williams, T. I., 1993, A Short History sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 527. of Technology, From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 (ﬁrst pub- 102. Ibid., p. 528. lished in 1960 by Oxford University Press). Dover, New York, 103. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. p. 33. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 316. 68. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 104. Schaff, P., 1907, History of the Christian Church, Third and Winston, New York, p. 1–23. Edition, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 1049, 69. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 240. sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 524. 105. Ibid., p. 239. 70. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 106. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 304. Crusades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 71. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Spain, 529. vol. 25. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 550. 107. Schaff, P., 1907, History of the Christian Church, Third 72. Schaff, P., 1907, History of the Christian Church, Third Edition, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 1049, Edition, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 241. 222. 108. Munro, D. C., 1903, Christian and Inﬁdel in the Holy 73. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Land, in Essays on the Crusades. Fox, Dufﬁeld, New York, p. 7. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 4. 109. Robinson, J. H. (editor), 1904, Readings in European 74. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- History, vol. 1. Ginn and Company, Boston, p. 426. sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 525. 110. Ibid. 75. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular 111. Ibid., p. 427. Delusions, vol. 2. Richard Bentley, London, p. 7. 112. Ibid., p. 428. 76. Ibid. 113. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- 77. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 524– sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 525. 552.

Notes—Chapter 4 203 114. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 148. Reinach, S., 1904, The Story of Art Throughout the Ages, Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 323. an Illustrated Record. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 115. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- 110. sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 546. 149. Newhouse, E. L. (editor), 1992, The Builders. Marvels 116. Schaff, P., 1907, History of the Christian Church, Third of Engineering. National Geographic Society, Washington, Edition, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 1049, D.C., p. 247. to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 150. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Ar- 221. chitecture, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 117. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Cru- York, p. 398. sades, vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 547. 151. Reinach, S., 1904, The Story of Art Throughout the Ages, 118. Ibid., p. 549–550. an Illustrated Record. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 119. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. 109–110. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 416. 152. Ibid., p. 108. 120. Reinach, S., 1904, The Story of Art Throughout the Ages, 153. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- an Illustrated Record. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, 107. Cambridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. 121. Gimpel, J., 1983, The Cathedral Builders, translated by 32. Teresa Waugh. Michael Russell Publishing Ltd., Wiltshire, En- 154. Ibid., p. 127. gland, p. 7. 155. Ibid., p. 32. 122. van der Meulen, J., 1985, Gothic Architecture, in Dic- 156. Ibid., p. 360. tionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 5, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. 157. Ibid., p. 79. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 580. 158. Ibid., p. 81. 123. Frothingham, A. L., 1915, A History of Architecture, 159. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval vol. 3. Doublebay, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p. 9. p. 253. 124. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Ar- 160. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- chitecture, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, York, p. 396. Cambridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. 125. Ibid., p. 397. 345. 126. Harvey, J., 1950, The Gothic World, 1100–1600. a Sur- 161. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the vey of Architecture and Art. B. T. Batsford Ltd., London, p. 2. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 127. Frothingham, A. L., 1915, A History of Architecture, 33. vol. 3. Doublebay, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 162. Ibid. p. 7. 163. Ker, W. P., 1955, The Dark Ages (ﬁrst published in 1904 128. Ibid., p. 4–5. by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh). Thomas Nel- 129. Harvey, J., 1950, The Gothic World, 1100–1600. a Sur- son and Sons, London, p. 118. vey of Architecture and Art. B. T. Batsford Ltd., London, p. 1. 164. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 130. Pacey, A., 1992, The Maze of Ingenuity, Second Edi- Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. tion. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 5. 36. 131. Harvey, J., 1950, The Gothic World, 1100–1600. a Sur- 165. Ibid., p. 35. vey of Architecture and Art. B. T. Batsford Ltd., London, p. 2. 166. Munro, D. C., 1897, The Attitude of the Western Church 132. Ibid. toward the Study of the Latin Classics in the Early Middle Ages 133. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. (reprinted from vol. 8, American Society of Church History). Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 419. Knickerbocker Press, New York? p. 189. 134. Frothingham, A. L., 1915, A History of Architecture, 167. Ibid., p. 188. vol. 3. Doublebay, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 168. Ker, W. P., 1955, The Dark Ages (ﬁrst published in 1904 p. 21. by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh). Thomas Nel- 135. Shelby, L. R., 1964, The Role of the Master Mason in son and Sons, London, p. 133. Mediaeval English Building. Speculum, no. 3, vol. 39, p. 388. 169. Munro, D. C., 1897, The Attitude of the Western Church 136. Taylor, A. J., 1950, Master James of St. George. The toward the Study of the Latin Classics in the Early Middle Ages English Historical Review, no. 257, vol. 65, p. 452. (reprinted from vol. 8, American Society of Church History). 137. Shelby, L. R., 1964, The Role of the Master Mason in Knickerbocker Press, New York? p. 186. Mediaeval English Building. Speculum, no. 3, vol. 39, p. 388. 170. Ibid. 138. Frothingham, A. L., 1915, A History of Architecture, 171. Sandys, J. E., 1903, A History of Classical Scholarship. vol. 3. Doublebay, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, p. 485. p. 9. 172. Munro, D. C., 1897, The Attitude of the Western Church 139. Taylor, A. J., 1950, Master James of St. George. The toward the Study of the Latin Classics in the Early Middle Ages English Historical Review, no. 257, vol. 65, p. 433. (reprinted from vol. 8, American Society of Church History). 140. Ibid., p. 448. Knickerbocker Press, New York? p. 191. 141. Shelby, L. R., 1964, The Role of the Master Mason in 173. Ibid., p. 193. Mediaeval English Building. Speculum, no. 3, vol. 39, p. 394. 174. Ibid., p. 187. 142. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Ar- 175. Ibid., p. 193–194. chitecture, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 176. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- York, p. 397. tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, 143. Pacey, A., 1992, The Maze of Ingenuity, Second Edi- Cambridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. tion. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 1. 93–126. 144. Ibid., p. 8. 177. Ibid., p. 107. 145. Frothingham, A. L., 1915, A History of Architecture, 178. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- vol. 3. Doublebay, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, tion, vol. 1. Macmillan, London, p. 294. p. 13. 179. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Uni- 146. Gimpel, J., 1983, The Cathedral Builders, translated by versities, vol. 27. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New Teresa Waugh. Michael Russell Publishing Ltd., Wiltshire, En- York, p. 751. gland, p. 32. 180. Wallace, W. A., 1982, Aristotle in the Middle Ages, in 147. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. Houghton Mifﬂin Company, Boston, p. 424. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 460.

204 Notes—Chapter 4 181. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- 212. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the Mid- tion, vol. 1. Macmillan, London, p. 33–34. dle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 50. 182. Poole, R. L., 1884, Illustrations of the History of Me- 213. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, dieval Thought and Learning. Williams and Norgate, London, vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 34. p. 168. 214. Adams, H., 1913, Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres. 183. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval Houghton Mifﬂin, Boston, p. 300. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 215. McCabe, J., 1901, Peter Abelard. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 223. New York, p. 82. 184. Aristotle, 1906, The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle, 216. Norton, A. O. (editor), 1909, Readings in the History of Book 6, Chapter 3, Tenth Edition, translated by F. H. Peters. Education, Mediaeval Universities. Harvard University, Cam- Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., London, p. 185 bridge, p. 19. (1139b). 217. Ibid., p. 20. 185. Ibid. 218. Ibid., p. 20–21. 186. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Chris- 219. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas tian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 168–169. 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New 220. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My York, p. 598. Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. 187. St. Anselm, 1903, Proslogium; Monologium; an Appen- Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 6. dix in Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilon; and Cur Deus Homo, trans- 221. Ibid., p. 9. lated by Sidney Norton Deane. Open Court, Chicago, p. 1. 222. Ibid., p. 10. 188. Adelard of Bath, 1998, Questions on Natural Science, 223. Ibid., p. 11. in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, translated 224. Ibid., p. 13. and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University Press, 225. Ibid. Cambridge, p. 103. 226. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 189. Adelard of Bath, 1998, On the Same and the Differ- vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 34. ent, in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, trans- 227. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My lated and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. Press, Cambridge, p. 3. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 14. 190. Adelard of Bath, 1998, Questions on Natural Science, 228. Adams, H., 1913, Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres. in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, translated Houghton Mifﬂin, Boston, p. 289. and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University Press, 229. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Chris- Cambridge, p. 83. tian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 191. Ibid., p. 209. 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New 192. Adelard of Bath, 1998, On the Same and the Differ- York, p. 611. ent, in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, trans- 230. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas lated and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 161–162. Press, Cambridge, p. 25. 231. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My 193. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 14. p. 38. 232. Bible, King James Version, Proverbs 16:18. 194. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 233. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 35. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 162. 195. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 234. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. 42. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 14. 196. Ibid., p. 56. 235. Ibid., p. 15. 197. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My 236. Ibid., p. 16. Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. 237. Ibid. Boyd, Saint Paul. 238. Ibid. 198. Ibid., p. 1. 239. Ibid., p. 17. 199. Ibid., p. 1–2. 240. Ibid. 200. Ibid., p. 2. 241. Ibid., p. 16. 201. Ibid., p. 3. 242. Ibid., p. 18. 202. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 243. Ibid., p. 19. vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 34. 244. Ibid., p. 20. 203. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas 245. Ibid. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 153. 246. Ibid., p. 21. 204. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the 247. Ibid. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 153. 248. Ibid., p. 29. 205. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- 249. Ibid. tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 369. 250. Ibid., p. 30. 206. Ibid. 251. Ibid. 207. Cram, R. A., 1922, Introduction, in Historia Calami- 252. Ibid., p. 31–32. tatum, the Story of My Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams 253. Ibid., p. 32. Bellows. Thomas A. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. xi. 254. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 208. Ibid. vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 34. 209. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Chris- 255. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My tian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 34. York, p. 595. 256. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 210. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 34. Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. 257. Ibid. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 5. 258. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My 211. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 154. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 44.

Notes—Chapter 4 205 259. Graves, F. P., 1914, A History of Education. Macmillan, 296. Wallace, W. A., 1982, Aristotle in the Middle Ages, in New York, p. 54. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. 260. Ibid., p. 53. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 460. 261. Ibid. 297. Grant, E., 1977, Physical Science in the Middle Ages. 262. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 13. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 168. 298. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 263. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 46. Chicago, p. 58. 264. Ibid., p. 52. 299. Adelard of Bath, 1998, On the Same and the Differ- 265. Oxford English Dictionary, Online Version, Draft Re- ent, in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, trans- vision, September, 2008. lated and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University 266. Bible, John 16:7. Press, Cambridge, p. 69–71. 267. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 300. Burnett, C. S. F., 1989, Translation and Translators, vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 35. Western European, in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 12, ed- 268. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My ited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. p. 137. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 61–62. 301. Ibid., p. 139. 269. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 302. Ibid. vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 35. 303. Crombie, A. C., 1963, Medieval and Early Modern Sci- 270. Abelard, P., 1922, Historia Calamitatum, the Story of My ence, Second Edition, vol. 1. Harvard University Press, Cam- Misfortunes, translated by Henry Adams Bellows. Thomas A. bridge, Massachusetts, p. 35. Boyd, Saint Paul, p. 64. 304. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 271. Ibid., p. 65. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 272. Ibid., p. 73. ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, 273. Ibid., p. 74. Chicago, p. 59. 274. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Abelard, 305. Gibbon, E., 1909, The History of the Decline and Fall of vol. 1. R. S. Peale & Co., Chicago, p. 35. the Roman Empire, Chapter 52, edited by J. B. Bury, vol. 6. 275. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Uni- Methuen & Co., London, p. 30. versities, vol. 27. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 306. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval York, p. 752. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 276. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- p. 12. tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 89. 307. Ibid., p. 17–18. 277. Hugh of St. Victor, 1991, The Didascalicon of Hugh of 308. Richler, B. Z., 1989, Translation and Translators, Jew- St. Victor, Book 1, Chapter 11, translated by Jerome Taylor. Co- ish, in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 12, edited by Joseph lumbia University Press, New York, p. 58. R. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 135. 278. Ibid., Book 2, Chapter 1, p. 83. 309. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval 279. Ibid., Book 2, Chapter 20, p. 74. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 280. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- p. 8. tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 93. 310. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 281. Ibid. vol. 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 670. 282. Ibid., p. 201. 311. Struik, D. J., 2008, Gerbert, in Complete Dictionary of 283. Ibid., p. 403. Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 5. Cengage 284. Poole, R. L., 1884, Illustrations of the History of Me- Learning, New York, p. 365. dieval Thought and Learning. Williams and Norgate, London, 312. Clagett, M., 2008, Adelard of Bath, in Complete Dic- p. 222. tionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 285. John of Salisbury, 1955, The Metalogicon of John of Sal- 1. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 61. isbury, Prologue, translated by Daniel D. McGarry. Univer- 313. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval sity of California Press, Berkely and Los Angeles, p. 5. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 286. Knowles, D., 2006, John of Salisbury, in Encyclopedia p. 10. of Philosophy, Second Edition, vol. 4, edited by Donald 314. Clagett, M., 2008, Adelard of Bath, in Complete Dic- Borchert. Macmillan Reference, Detroit, p. 844. tionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 287. John of Salisbury, 1955, The Metalogicon of John of Sal- 1. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 63. isbury, Book 1, Chapter 2, translated by Daniel D. McGarry. 315. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval University of California Press, Berkely and Los Angeles, p. 12. Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 288. Ibid., Book 2, Chapter 3, p. 78. p. 35. 289. Ibid., Book 2, Chapter 6, p. 84. 316. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 290. Ibid., Book 3, Chapter 4, p. 167. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 291. Turnbull, H. W. (Editor), 1959, The Correspondence of ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, Isaac Newton, vol 1. Cambridge University Press, London, p. Chicago, p. 66. 416. 317. Sarton, G., 1927, Introduction to the History of Science, 292. John of Salisbury, 1955, The Metalogicon of John of Sal- vol. 2, part 1. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 338. isbury, Book 3, Chapter 4, translated by Daniel D. McGarry. 318. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval University of California Press, Berkely and Los Angeles, p. 167. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 293. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and p. 15. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 319. Lemay, R., 2008, Gerard of Cremona, in Complete Dic- ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, tionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. Chicago, p. 52–53. 15. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 188. 294. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval 320. Ibid., p. 189. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 321. Encyclopedia of World Biography, Second Edition, p. 3. 2004, Alfonso X, vol. 1. Gale, Detroit, p. 150. 295. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 322. Dreyer, J. L. E., 1953, A History of Astronomy from Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- Thales to Kepler (ﬁrst published in 1906 by Cambridge Univer- ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, sity Press as History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Chicago, p. 52. Kepler). Dover, New York, p. 272.

206 Notes—Chapter 4 323. Ibid., p. 273. 353. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the 324. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 220. Alphonso, vol. 1. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 354. Ibid., p. 403. York, p. 735. 355. Aristotle, 1923, Meteorologica (Meteorology), Book 1, 325. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and Chapter 14, translated by E. W. Webster. Oxford at the Claren- Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- don Press, London, p. 353a. ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, 356. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the Chicago, p. 67. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 645. 326. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval 357. Ibid., p. 225. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 358. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental p. 156. Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, 327. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Sicily, vol. 23, p. 277. vol. 25. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. 359. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 31–32. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 328. Ibid., p. 32. 355. 329. Ibid., p. 33. 360. Ibid. 330. Ibid. 361. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas 331. Ibid. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 402–403. 332. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 362. Norton, A. O. (editor), 1909, Readings in the History of Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- Education, Mediaeval Universities. Harvard University, Cam- ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, bridge, p. 45. Chicago, p. 67. 363. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 333. Minio-Paluello, L., 2008, Michael Scot, in Complete Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, 356. vol. 9. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 361. 364. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas 334. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Sicily, of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 403. vol. 25. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. 34. 365. Norton, A. O. (editor), 1909, Readings in the History of 335. Minio-Paluello, L., 2008, Michael Scot, in Complete Education, Mediaeval Universities. Harvard University, Cam- Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, bridge, p. 45–46. vol. 9. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 362. 366. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the 336. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 404. Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 367. Norton, A. O. (editor), 1909, Readings in the History of p. 283. Education, Mediaeval Universities. Harvard University, Cam- 337. Ibid., p. 288–289. bridge, p. 46. 338. Ibid., p. 296. 368. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval 339. Haskins, C. H., 1922, Science at the Court of Emperor Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Frederick II. The American Historical Review, no. 4, vol. 27, p. p. 42. 672. 369. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 340. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, 358. Cambridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. 370. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval 345. Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 341. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the p. 44. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 371. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Chris- 350. tian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 342. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, Cam- York, p. 592. bridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. 345. 372. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, 343. Haskins, C. H., 1927, Studies in the History of Medieval vol. 2, part 2. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washing- Science, Second Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, ton, DC, p. 935. p. 144. 373. Van Steenberghen, F., 2008, Siger of Brabant, in Com- 344. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and plete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- Gillispie, vol. 12. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 428. ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, 374. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the Chicago, p. 71. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 389–390. 345. Minio-Paluello, L., 2008, James of Venice, in Com- 375. Maurer, A., 2003, Boethius of Sweden (Dacia), in New plete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition, vol. 2. Gale, Detroit, p. Gillispie, vol. 7. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 65–66. 457. 346. Wallace, W. A., 1982, Aristotle in the Middle Ages, in 376. Boethius of Dacia, 1987, On the Supreme Good, On Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. the Eternity of the World, On Dreams, translated by John Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 461. F. Wippel. Pontiﬁcal Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, 347. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 47. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 377. Dunphy, W., 1988, Siger of Brabant, in Dictionary of the ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, Middle Ages, vol. 11, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles Scrib- Chicago, p. 73–74. ner’s Sons, New York, p. 285. 348. Minio-Paluello, L., 2008, Moerbeke, William of, in 378. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 398. Gillispie, vol. 9. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 435. 379. Ibid. 349. Ibid., p. 436. 380. Ibid. 350. Ibid., p. 436–437. 381. Wallace, W. A., 1982, Aristotle in the Middle Ages, in 351. Ibid., p. 437. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. 352. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 463. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 382. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Chicago, p. 74. p. 46.

Notes—Chapter 4 207 383. Ibid., p. 48–49. 416. Graves, F. P., 1914, A History of Education. Macmillan, 384. Ibid. New York, p. 27. 385. Aristotle, 1939, On the Heavens (De Caelo), Book 1, 417. Ogg, F. A. (editor), 1908, A Source Book of Mediaeval Chapter 8, translated by W. K. C. Guthrie. William Heine- History. American Book Company, New York, p. 145. mann, London, p. 75 (277b). 418. Ibid., p. 146. 386. Ibid., Book 1, Chapter 8, p. 73 (276b). 419. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the Mid- 387. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval dle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 76. Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 420. Walsh, J. J., 1920, Medieval Medicine. A. & C. Black, p. 48. Ltd., London, p. 42. 388. Grant, E., 1962, Late Medieval Thought, Copernicus, 421. Ibid., p. 40. and the Scientiﬁc Revolution. Journal of the History of Ideas, no. 422. Ibid., p. 39. 2, vol. 23, p. 200. 423. Ibid., p. 48–49. 389. Lindberg, D. C., 1992, The Beginnings of Western Sci- 424. Ibid., p. 50. ence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 243. 425. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 390. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 399. 80. 391. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 426. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 362. ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, 392. Wallace, W. A., 1982, Aristotle in the Middle Ages, in Chicago, p. 61–62. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. 427. McVaugh, M., 2008, Constantine the Africa, in Com- Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 463. plete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles 393. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the Gillispie, vol. 3. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 393. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 428. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 363. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 394. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval 78. Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 429. Ibid., p. 83. p. 47. 430. Ibid., p. 85. 395. Haskins, C. H., 1957, The Renaissance of the 12th Cen- 431. Ibid., p. 94. tury (ﬁrst published in 1927 by Harvard University Press, 432. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Uni- Cambridge, Massachusetts). Meridian Books, New York, p. versities, vol. 27. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 368. York, p. 750. 396. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 433. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Jus- Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. tinian I. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, p. 598. 5. 434. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 397. Marrou, H. I., 1964, A History of Education in Antiq- Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. uity, translated by George Lamb. Mentor, New York, p. 447. 111. 398. Ibid., p. 448. 435. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- 399. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 410. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 436. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, 27. Roman Law, vol. 23. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 400. Marrou, H. I., 1964, A History of Education in Antiq- York, p. 576. uity, translated by George Lamb. Mentor, New York, p. 443. 437. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Uni- 401. Ogg, F. A. (editor), 1908, A Source Book of Mediaeval versities, vol. 27. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New History. American Book Company, New York, p. 88–89. York, p. 750. 402. Marrou, H. I., 1964, A History of Education in Antiq- 438. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the uity, translated by George Lamb. Mentor, New York, p. 449. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 403. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and 8. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 439. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 413. Chicago, p. 53. 440. Ibid., p. 410. 404. Marrou, H. I., 1964, A History of Education in Antiq- 441. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the uity, translated by George Lamb. Mentor, New York, p. 244. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 405. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 7. Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 442. Ibid., p. 152. 35. 443. Ibid., p. 163. 406. Ibid., p. 36. 444. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Uni- 407. Ibid., p. 38. versities, vol. 27. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 408. Lindberg, D. C., 1978, The Transmission of Greek and York, p. 748. Arabic Learning to the West, in Science in the Middle Ages, ed- 445. Thorndike, L., 1917, The History of Medieval Europe. ited by David C. Lindberg. University of Chicago Press, Houghton Mifﬂin, Boston, p. 389. Chicago, p. 53. 446. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 409. Graves, F. P., 1914, A History of Education. Macmillan, Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. New York, p. 19. 277. 410. Ibid., p. 18. 447. Ibid., p. 278. 411. Ibid., p. 25. 448. Ibid., p. 289. 412. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Car- 449. Ibid., p. 290. olingians, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 450. Ibid. 381. 451. Ibid., p. 294. 413. Graves, F. P., 1914, A History of Education. Macmillan, 452. Ibid. New York, p. 26. 453. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- 414. Bryce, J., 1920, The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan, tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 415. London, p. 49. 454. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 415. Ogg, F. A. (editor), 1908, A Source Book of Mediaeval Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. History. American Book Company, New York, p. 113. 300.

208 Notes—Chapter 5 455. Ibid., p. 302. 22. Ibid. 456. Ibid., p. 312. 23. Ibid., p. 109. 457. Ibid., p. 309. 24. Ibid., p. 110–111. 458. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 25. Ibid., p. 113. Middle Ages, vol. 2, part 2. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Ox- 26. Ibid., p. 114. ford, p. 324. 27. Wallace, W. A., 2008, Aquinas, Saint Thomas, in Com- 459. Ibid., p. 326. plete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles 460. Ibid., p. 345. Gillispie, vol. 1. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 196. 461. Ibid., p. 329. 28. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, 462. Ibid., p. 349. vol. 2, part 2. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washing- 463. Ibid. ton, DC, p. 939. 464. Ibid., p. 378. 29. Ibid., p. 935. 465. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the 30. Wallace, W. A., 1982, Aristotle in the Middle Ages, in Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. 324. Strayer. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 462. 466. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- 31. Weisheipl, J. A.,1982, Albertus Magnus, in Dictionary of tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 417. the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 467. Ibid., p. 418. Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 127. 468. Ibid., p. 412. 32. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, 469. Rashdall, H., 1895, The Universities of Europe in the vol. 2, part 2. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washing- Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. ton, DC, p. 935. 150. 33. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experimen- 470. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- tal Science, vol. 2. Columbia University Press, New York, p. tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 413. 535. 471. Pachter, H. M., 1951, Magic into Science. the Story of 34. Ibid., p. 539. Paracelsus. Henry Schuman, New York, p. 26. 35. Ibid., p. 546–547. 472. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas 36. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 374–376. Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, 473. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- vol. 23, p. 287. tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 414. 37. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experimen- 474. Thatcher, O. J. (editor), 1907, The Library of Original tal Science, vol. 2. Columbia University Press, New York, p. Sources, vol. 4. University Research Extension, New York, p. 587. 357. 38. Ibid., p. 583. 475. Ibid., p. 357–358. 39. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval Sci- ence. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 547. Chapter 5. 40. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experimen- tal Science, vol. 2. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 1. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, 584. vol. 2, part 2. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washing- 41. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas ton, DC, p. 954. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 119. 2. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experi- 42. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, mental Science, vol. 2. Columbia University Press, New York, Aquinas, Thomas, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, p. 597. New York, p. 251. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 43. Ibid. Aquinas, Thomas, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 44. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas New York, p. 250. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 124–125. 4. McInerny, R., 1982, Aquinas, St. Thomas, in Dictionary 45. Ibid., p. 315–316. of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 46. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Christ- Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 353. ian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 5. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 1. York, p. 663. 6. Ibid., p. 6. 47. Ibid., p. 664. 7. Oxford English Dictionary, 2008, Draft Revision Dec. 48. McInerny, R., 1982, Aquinas, St. Thomas, in Dictionary 2008, Online Version. of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 8. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 353. of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 9–10. 49. Ibid., p. 354. 9. McInerny, R., 1982, Aquinas, St. Thomas, in Dictionary 50. Ibid. of the Middle Ages, vol. 1, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 51. Wallace, W. A., 2008, Aquinas, Saint Thomas, in Com- Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 353. plete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles 10. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Do- Gillispie, vol. 1. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 197. minicans, vol. 8. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 52. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, York, p. 402. Aquinas, Thomas, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 11. Ibid., p. 403. New York, p. 251. 12. Ibid. 53. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Christ- 13. Vaughan, R. G., 1871, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas ian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, of Aquin, vol. 1. Longmans & Co., London, p. 99. 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New 14. Ibid., p. 100. York, p. 665. 15. Ibid., p. 103. 54. Aquinas, T., 1952, Summa Theologica, Treatise on God, 16. Ibid. Question 1, Article 1, translated by the Fathers of the English 17. Ibid., p. 104. Domincan Province, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 18. Ibid. 19. William Benton, Chicago, p. 3. 19. Ibid., p. 105. 55. Ibid. 20. Ibid., p. 107. 56. Ibid., Treatise on God, Question 1, Article 2, p. 4. 21. Ibid., p. 108. 57. Ibid., Treatise on God, Question 1, Article 5, p. 5.

Notes—Chapter 6 209 58. Ibid., Treatise on God, Question 1, Article 6, p. 6. 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New 59. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the York, p. 661. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 398. 91. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experimen- 60. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, tal Science, vol. 2. Columbia University Press, New York, p. Anselm, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, 597. p. 82. 92. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval Sci- 61. Ibid. ence. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 62. St. Anselm, 1903, Proslogium; Monologium; an Appendix 47. in Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilon; and Cur Deus Homo, trans- 93. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Christ- lated by Sidney Norton Deane. Open Court, Chicago, p. 7. ian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, 63. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 1049, to Boniface VIII, 1294. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New Anselm, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, York, p. 662. p. 82. 94. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Chris- 64. Grant, E., 2001, God and Reason in the Middle Ages. tianity, vol. 6. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.36–37. p. 288. 65. St. Augustine, 1887, On Christian Doctrine, Book 2, Chapter 40, Paragraph 60, translated by J. F. Shaw, in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, St. Augus- Chapter 6. tine’s City of God and Christian Doctrine, edited by Philip Schaff. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 554. 1. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental 66. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, Scholasticism, vol. 24. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, vol. 23, p. 271. New York, p. 347. 2. Whewell, W., 1858, History of the Inductive Sciences, 67. Ibid., p. 346. Third Edition, vol. 1. D. Appleton, New York, p. 245. 68. Aquinas, T., 1952, Summa Theologica, Treatise on God, 3. Mackay, C., 1841, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Question 2, Article 3, translated by the Fathers of the English Delusions, vol. 3. Richard Bentley, London, p. 35. Domincan Province, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 4. Thoms, W. J. (editor), 1858, Early English Prose Ro- 19. William Benton, Chicago, p. 12–13. mances, Second Edition, vol. 1. Nattali and Bond, London, p. 69. Aristotle, 1941, Metaphysics, Book 12, Chapter 7, trans- 248. lated by W. D. Ross, in Basic Works of Aristotle. Random 5. Sandys, J. E., 1914, Roger Bacon in English Literature, House, New York, p. 879 (1072a). in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Oxford Univer- 70. Russell, B., 1945, A History of Western Philosophy. Simon sity Press, London, p. 366. and Schuster, New York, p. 462. 6. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental 71. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 425. vol. 23, p. 278. 72. Aquinas, T., 1952, Summa Theologica, Treatise on the 7. Ibid., p. 290. Angels, Question 50, Article 1, translated by the Fathers of the 8. Ibid., p. 294. English Domincan Province, Great Books of the Western World, 9. Ibid., p. 292. vol. 19. William Benton, Chicago, p. 269. 10. Ibid., p. 294–295. 73. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 50, Article 2, p. 11. Ibid., p. 295. 270. 12. Aristotle, 1941, Metaphysica (Metaphysics), Book 1, 74. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 50, Article 3, p. Chapter 1, translated by W. D. Ross, in Basic Works of Aristo- 272. tle. Random House, New York, p. 689–690 (981a). 75. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 50, Article 4, p. 13. Aristotle, 1941, Analytica Posteriora (Posterior Analytics), 273. Book 2, Chapter 19, translated by A. J. Jenkinson, in Basic 76. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 50, Article 5, p. Works of Aristotle. Random House, New York, p. 185 (100a). 274. 14. Aristotle, 1939, On the Heavens (De Caelo), Book 3, 77. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 52, Article 3, p. Chapter 7, translated by W. K. C. Guthrie. William Heine- 280. mann, London, p. 313–315 (306a). 78. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 53, Article 3, p. 15. Aristotle, 1923, Meteorologica (Meteorology), Book 2, 283. Chapter 3, translated by E. W. Webster. Oxford at the Claren- 79. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 59, Article 3, p. don Press, London, p. 358b. 308. 16. Aristotle, 1912, De Generatione Animalium (On the Gen- 80. Ibid., Treatise on the Angels, Question 59, Article 4, p. eration of Animals), Book 3, Chapter 10, translated by Arthur 309. Platt, in The Works of Aristotle Translated into English, vol. 5, 81. Russell, B., 1945, A History of Western Philosophy. Simon edited by J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross. Oxford University Press, and Schuster, New York, p. 461. London, p. 760b. 82. Aquinas, T., 1952, Summa Theologica, Supplement to 17. Bible, King James Version, Romans 1:20. the Third Part, Treatise on the Resurrection, Question 80, Ar- 18. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experimen- ticle 4, translated by the Fathers of the English Domincan Prov- tal Science, vol. 1. Columbia University Press, New York, p. ince, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 20. William Ben- 162. ton, Chicago, p. 959. 19. Ibid. 83. Vaughan, R. G., 1872, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas 20. Sarton, G., 1954, Galen of Pergamon. University of of Aquin, vol. 2. Longmans & Co., London, p. 916. Kansas Press, Lawrence, p. 48, 59. 84. Ibid., p. 917. 21. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experimen- 85. Ibid. tal Science, vol. 1. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 86. Ibid., p. 919. 157. 87. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 22. Pines, S., 1963, What Was Original in Arabic Science? Aquinas, Thomas, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, in, Scientiﬁc Change, Historical Studies in the Intellectual, So- New York, p. 250. cial and Technical Conditions for Scientiﬁc Discovery and Tech- 88. Vaughan, R. G., 1872, The Life & Labours of S. Thomas nical Invention, from Antiquity to Present, edited by A. C. of Aquin, vol. 2. Longmans & Co., London, p. 924. Crombie. Heinemann, London, p. 195. 89. Bible, King James Version, Song of Solomon 7:10–7:13. 23. al-Biruni, 1879, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, 90. Schaff, P., and Schaff, D. S., 1907, History of the Christ- Preface, translated by C. Edward Sachau. William H. Allen, ian Church, vol. 5, part 1, The Middle Ages, from Gregory VII, London, p. 3.

210 Notes—Chapter 6 24. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the 59. Ibid., p. 84–85. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 642. 60. Aristotle, 1941, Analytica Priora (Prior Analytics), Book 25. Adelard of Bath, 1998, On the Same and the Different, 1, Chapter 7, translated by A. J. Jenkinson, in Basic Works of in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, translated Aristotle. Random House, New York, p. 76 (29b). and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University Press, 61. Heath, T. L., 1956, The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Ele- Cambridge, p. 25. ments, Second Edition, vol. 1 (ﬁrst published in 1908 by Cam- 26. Ibid., p. 27. bridge Univ. Press). Dover, New York, p. 136. 27. Moody, E. A., 1958, Empiricism and Metaphysics in 62. Aristotle, 1941, De Generatione et Corruptione (On Medieval Philosophy. The Philosophical Review, no. 2, vol. 67, Generation and Corruption), Book 2, Chapter 10, translated p. 155. by Harold H. Joachim, in Basic Works of Aristotle. Random 28. Bryce, J., 1920, The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan, House, New York, p. 525 (336a). London, p. 204. 63. Crombie, A. C., 1953, Robert Grosseteste and the Ori- 29. Ibid. gins of Experimental Science 1100–1700. Oxford at the Claren- 30. McVaugh, M., 2008, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, in don Press, Oxford, p. 88. Complete Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles 64. Ibid., p. 86. Gillispie, vol. 5. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 147. 65. Ibid., p. 85. 31. Haskins, C. H., 1922, Science at the Court of the Em- 66. Ptolemy, C., 1952, The Almagest, Book 3, Chapter 4, peror Frederick II. The American Historical Review, no. 4, vol. translated by R. Catesby Taliaferro, in Great Books of the West- 27, p. 691–692. ern World, vol. 16. William Benton, Chicago, p. 93. 32. Ibid., p. 689–690. 67. Stevenson, F. S., 1899, Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lin- 33. Ibid., p. 688. coln. Macmillan, London, p. 50. 34. Ibid. 68. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 35. Ibid., p. 687. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 147. 36. Ibid. 69. Crombie, A. C., 1953, Robert Grosseteste and the Ori- 37. Ibid., p. 686. gins of Experimental Science 1100–1700. Oxford at the Claren- 38. Ibid. don Press, Oxford, p. 139. 39. Ibid. 70. Stevenson, F. S., 1899, Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lin- 40. Ibid. coln. Macmillan, London, p. 51. 41. Ibid. 71. Ibid. 42. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental 72. Ibid., p. 43. Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, 73. Hackett, J. M. G., 1983, Bacon, Roger, in Dictionary of vol. 23, p. 285. the Middle Ages, vol. 2, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 43. Ibid., p. 288. Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 35. 44. Adelard of Bath, 1998, On the Same and the Different, 74. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul in Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew, translated in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- and edited by Charles Burnett. Cambridge University Press, perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p, 28. Cambridge, p. 25. 75. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 45. Aquinas, T., 1952, Summa Theologica, Treatise on Man, Williams & Norgate, London, p. 149. Question 84, Article 6, translated by the Fathers of the English 76. Ibid., p. 25. Domincan Province, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 77. Little, A. G., 1914, Introduction on Roger Bacon’s Life 19. William Benton, Chicago, p. 448. and Works, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Ox- 46. McVaugh, M., 2008, Arnald of Villanova, in Complete ford University Press, London, p. 3. Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, 78. Wallace, W. A., 1973, Experimental Science and Me- vol. 1. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 290. chanics in the Middle Ages, in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 47. Thorndike, L., 1914, Roger Bacon and Experimental edited by P. P. Wiener, vol. 2. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New Method in the Middle Ages. The Philosophical Review, no. 3, York, p. 197. vol. 23, p. 289. 79. Titus Lucretius Carus, 1743, Of the Nature of Things, 48. Hackett, J., 2008, Bacon, Roger, in Complete Dictionary Book 6, vol. 2. Daniel Brown, London, p. 303. of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 19. Cen- 80. Pliny the Elder, 1857, The Natural History of Pliny, gage Learning, New York, p. 143. translated by John Bostock and H. T. Riley, book 36, chapter 49. Little, A. G., 1914, Introduction on Roger Bacon’s Life 25, vol. 6. Henry G. Bohn, London, p. 355. and Works, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Ox- 81. Ibid. ford University Press, London, p. 1. 82. Petrus Peregrinus, 1904, The Letter of Petrus Peregrinus 50. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul on the Magnet, translated by Brother Arnold. McGraw, New in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- York, p. xvi. perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p. 19. 83. Ibid., p. 8. 51. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 84. Ibid., p. 10–11. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 18. 85. Ibid., p. 11. 52. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul 86. Ibid., p. 12. in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- 87. Ibid., p. 25. perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p. 19. 88. Ibid., p. 31. 53. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 89. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 146–147. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 89. 54. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul 90. Ibid., p. 87–88. in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- 91. Ibid., p. 130–131. perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p,. 21. 92. Grant, E., 2008, Peter Peregrinus, in Complete Dictionary 55. Crombie, A. C., 2008, Robert Grosseteste, in Complete of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 10. Cen- Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, gage Learning, New York, p. 533. vol. 5. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 551. 93. Ibid., p. 534. 56. Stevenson, F. S., 1899, Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lin- 94. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. coln. Macmillan, London, p. 47. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 22. 57. Crombie, A. C., 1953, Robert Grosseteste and the Ori- 95. Ibid., p. 21–22. gins of Experimental Science 1100–1700. Oxford at the Claren- 96. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. 2, don Press, Oxford, p. 10. translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylvania 58. Ibid., p. 54. Press, Philadelphia, p. 630.

Notes—Chapter 6 211 97. Ibid. 129. Little, A. G., 1914, Introduction on Roger Bacon’s Life 98. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experi- and Works, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Ox- mental Science, vol. 1. Columbia University Press, New York, ford University Press, London, p. 11. p. 170. 130. Ibid. 99. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 131. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 24. 1, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- 100. Ibid., p. 20. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 36. 101. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul 132. Ibid., p. 4. in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- 133. Ibid., p. 20. perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p. 29–31. 134. Ibid., p. 23–24. 102. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 135. Burtt, E. A., 1932, The Metaphysical Foundations of Williams & Norgate, London, p. 16–17. Modern Physical Science, Revised Edition. Kegan Paul, Trench, 103. the date for Bacon’s entry into the Franciscan order is Trubner & Co., Ltd., London, p. 64. given as 1257 by Crowley (1950, p. 32). Bridges (1914, p. 17) cites 136. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. a range of 1245–1250. 1, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- 104. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 116. Bonaventura, Saint. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 137. Smith, D. E., 1914, The Place of Roger Bacon in the York, p. 198. History of Mathematics, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. 105. Gilson, E., 1955, History of Christian Philosophy in the G. Little. Oxford University Press, London, p. 167. Middle Ages. Random House, New York, p. 726. 138. Ibid. 106. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, 139. Lindberg, D. C., 1997, Roger Bacon on Light, Vision, Bonaventura, Saint. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New and the Universal Emanation of Force, in Roger Bacon & the York, p. 197. Sciences, Commemorative Essays, edited by Jeremiah Hackett. 107. Little, A. G., 1914, Introduction on Roger Bacon’s Life Leiden, New York, p. 266. and Works, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Ox- 140. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. ford University Press, London, p. 7. 1, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- 108. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 311. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 26. 141. Grant, E., 1977, Physical Science in the Middle Ages. 109. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval Sci- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 62–63. ence. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 50. 142. Woodward, D., and Howe, H. M., 1997, Roger Bacon 110. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul on Geography and Cartography, in Roger Bacon & the Sciences, in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- Commemorative Essays, edited by Jeremiah Hackett. Leiden, perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p. 56. New York, p. 206. 111. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 143. Bacon, R., 1907, On Experimental Science, in The Li- Williams & Norgate, London, p. 83–93. brary of Original Sources, vol. 4, edited by Oliver Joseph 112. Bacon, R., 1900, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. Thatcher. University Research Extension, New York, p. 369. 1, edited and translated by John Henry Bridges. Williams and 144. Ibid., p. 369–370. Norgate, London, p. cxv. 145. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experi- 113. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. mental Science, vol. 1. Columbia University Press, New York, 1, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- p. 158. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 404. 146. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. 114. Ibid., p. 403. 1, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- 115. Ibid., p. 276. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 273, 398, 401–402. 116. Little, A. G., 1914, Introduction on Roger Bacon’s Life 147. Ibid., p. 401–402. and Works, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Ox- 148. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. ford University Press, London, p. 24. 2, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- 117. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 633. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 85. 149. Lindberg, D. C., 1997, Roger Bacon on Light, Vision, 118. Thorndike, L., 1923, A History of Magic and Experi- and the Universal Emanation of Force, in Roger Bacon & the mental Science, vol. 2. Columbia University Press, New York, Sciences, Commemorative Essays, edited by Jeremiah Hackett. p. 628. Leiden, New York, p. 267. 119. Bacon, R., 1900, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. 150. Ibid., p. 243. 1, edited and translated by John Henry Bridges. Williams and 151. Hackett, J., 2008, Bacon, Roger, in Complete Dictio- Norgate, London, p. cxiii. nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. 120. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 19. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 147. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 88. 152. Lindberg, D. C., 1997, Roger Bacon on Light, Vision, 121. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. and the Universal Emanation of Force, in Roger Bacon & the 2, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- Sciences, Commemorative Essays, edited by Jeremiah Hackett. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 615. Leiden, New York, p. 270. 122. Ibid., p. 616. 153. Bacon, R., 1928, The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, vol. 123. Ibid., p. 625. 2, translated by Robert Belle Burke. University of Pennsylva- 124. Ibid., p. 623–624. nia Press, Philadelphia, p. 629–630. 125. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul 154. Hall, A. R., 1956, A Note on Military Pyrotechnics, in in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- A History of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Ox- perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p. 36. ford University Press, London, p. 377. 126. Ibid., p. 37. 155. Goodrich, L. C., and Feng, C-S., 1946, The Early De- 127. Little, A. G., 1914, Introduction on Roger Bacon’s Life velopment of Firearms in China. Isis, no. 2, vol. 36, p. 123. and Works, in Roger Bacon Esssays, edited by A. G. Little. Ox- 156. Hall, A. R., 1956, Military Technology, in A History of ford University Press, London, p. 10. Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- 128. accounts differ. Crowley (1950, p. 37) maintained that sity Press, London, p. 726. “the Opus Majus was not even planned when Pope Clement’s 157. Taylor, H. O., 1914, The Mediaeval Mind, Second Edi- letter reached Bacon.” On the contrary, Thorndike (1923, vol. tion, vol. 2. Macmillan, London, p. 538. 2, p. 624) concluded that “the Opus Majus…was practically 158. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social ﬁnished, if not already sent, when the papal mandate of 1266 Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 134. reached Bacon.”. 159. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910,

212 Notes—Chapter 7 Bacon, Roger, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 16. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. York, p. 154. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 61. 160. Coulton, G. G. (editor and translater) 1929, Life in the 17. Ibid., p. 62. Middle Ages, Second Edition, vol. 2 (ﬁrst published as A Me- 18. Jope, E. M., 1956, Agricultural Implements, in A History dieval Garner in 1910 by Constable, London). Cambridge Uni- of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Uni- versity Press, Cambridge, p. 56. versity Press, London, p. 91. 161. Ibid. 19. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 162. Ibid. and Winston, New York, p. 36–37. 163. Ibid. p. 56–57. 20. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. 164. Ibid., p. 59–60. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 57. 165. Ibid., p. 60. 21. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 166. Ibid., p. 60–61. and Winston, New York, p. 34. 167. Sarton, G., 1931, Introduction to the History of Science, 22. Goodchild, R. G., and Forbes, R. J., 1956, Road and vol. 2, part 2. Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, p. 953. Land Travel, in A History of Technology, vol. 2, edited by 168. Ibid., p. 954. Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, p. 527. 169. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, 23. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. Nicholas IV, vol. 19. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 66–68. York, p. 650. 24. Diodorus Siculus, 1814, The Historical Library of 170. Grant, E. (editor), 1974, A Source Book in Medieval Diodorus the Sicilian, Book 2, Chapter 3, vol. 1, translated by Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, G. Booth. W. M’Dowall for J. Davis, London, p. 139. p. 45–50. 25. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. 171. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 71. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 31. 26. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 172. Hackett, J. M. G., 1983, Bacon, Roger, in Dictionary and Winston, New York, p. 52. of the Middle Ages, vol. 2, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Charles 27. Cato, Marcus Porcius, 1913, De Agricultura, in Roman Scribner’s Sons, New York, p. 35. Farm Management, translated by “A Virginia Farmer.” 173. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Macmillan, New York, p. 42. Bacon, Roger, vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New 28. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. York, p. 154. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 72. 174. Crowley, T., 1950, Roger Bacon, the Problem of the Soul 29. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart in his Philosophical Commentaries. Editions de l’Institut su- and Winston, New York, p. 40. perieur de philosophie, Louvain, p. 69. 30. Ibid., p. 43. 175. Hackett, J., 2008, Bacon, Roger, in Complete Dictio- 31. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Food and Drink, in A History of nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, vol. Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- 19. Cengage Learning, New York, p. 142. sity Press, London, p. 108. 176. Bridges, J. H., 1914, The Life & Work of Roger Bacon. 32. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. Williams & Norgate, London, p. 34. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, p. 593–595. 33. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- Chapter 7. wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 33. 34. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. 1. White, L., 1940, Technology and Invention in the Mid- 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, dle Ages. Speculum, no. 2, vol. 15, p. 151. p. 596. 2. Cardwell, D. S. L., 1972, Turning Points in Western 35. Vitruvius, 1960, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book Technology. Science History Publications, New York, p. 4. 10, Chapter 5, translated by Morris H. Morgan (ﬁrst published 3. Drower, M. S., 1954, Water-Supply, Irrigation, and in 1914 by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachu- Agriculture, in A History of Technology, vol. 1, edited by setts). Dover, New York, p. 294. Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, p. 539. 36. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. 4. Jope, E. M., 1956, Agricultural Implements, in A His- 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, tory of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford p. 596–599. University Press, London, p. 83. 37. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- 5. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 115. Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 41–42. 38. Ibid. 6. Pliny the Elder, 1856, The Natural History of Pliny, 39. Strabo, 1856, The Geography of Strabo, Book 12, Chap- translated by John Bostock and H. T. Riley, book 18, chapter ter 3, Paragraph 30, vol. 2, translated by H. C. Hamilton and 48, vol. 4. Henry G. Bohn, London, p. 62. W. Falconer. Henry G. Bohn, London, p. 306. 7. Jope, E. M., 1956, Agricultural Implements, in A His- 40. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. tory of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, University Press, London, p. 88. p. 598. 8. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social 41. Ibid., p. 599. Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 53–54. 42. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. 9. Ibid., p. 43. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 82. 10. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Har- 43. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. row, vol. 13. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 27. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, 11. Jope, E. M., 1956, Agricultural Implements, in A His- p. 602. tory of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford 44. Suetonius, C. T., 1906, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, University Press, London, p. 94. Vespasian, Paragraph 18. George Bell & Sons, London, p. 12. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Har- 457. row, vol. 13. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 27. 45. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. 13. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 43–44. p. 605. 14. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Wa- 46. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. terwheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 47. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 85. 15. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rine- 47. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- hart and Winston, New York, p. 33. wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 113.

Notes—Chapter 7 213 48. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart tory of Technology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford and Winston, New York, p. 10. University Press, London, p. 652. 49. Ibid., p,. 12. 85. Usher, A. P., 1954, A History of Mechanical Inventions, 50. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. Revised Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass- Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 84. achusetts, p. 209. 51. Ibid., p. 40. 86. Cardwell, D. S. L., 1972, Turning Points in Western 52. Ibid., 84. Technology. Science History Publications, New York, p. 18. 53. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 87. Lloyd, H. A., 1957, Mechanical Timekeepers, in A His- and Winston, New York, p. 66–67. tory of Technology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford 54. Ibid., p. 46–47. University Press, London, p. 653. 55. Ibid., p. 68. 88. Ibid., p. 656. 56. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- 89. Ibid., p. 656–657. wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 114. 90. Usher, A. P., 1954, A History of Mechanical Inventions, 57. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. Revised Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass- 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, achusetts, p. 210. p. 610–611. 91. Lloyd, H. A., 1957, Mechanical Timekeepers, in A His- 58. Gille, B., 1956, Machines, in A History of Technology, tory of Technology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, Lon- University Press, London, p. 662–663. don, p. 653. 92. Bos, H. J. M., 2008, Huygens, Christiaan, in Complete 59. White, L., 1940, Technology and Invention in the Mid- Dictionary of Scientiﬁc Biography, edited by Charles Gillispie, dle Ages. Speculum, no. 2, vol. 15, p. 153. vol. 6. Charles Scribner’s Sons, Detroit, p. 598. 60. Gille, B., 1956, Machines, in A History of Technology, 93. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, Lon- Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 1–38. don, p. 652. 94. Herodotus, 1910, The History of Herodotus, Book 3, 61. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Water- Chapter 64, translated by George Rawlinson (1812–1902), vol. wheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 117. 1 (ﬁrst published in 1858). J. M. Dent & Sons, New York, p. 62. Gimpel, J., 1976, The Medieval Machine. Holt, Rinehart 241–242. and Winston, New York, p. 23. 95. Polybius, 1889, The Histories of Polybius, Book 3, 63. Forbes, R. J., 1956, Power, in A History of Technology, vol. Chapter 117, vol. 1, translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London, Macmillan and Co., London, p. 273. p. 616–620. 96. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social 64. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change. Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 14. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 87–88. 97. Xenophon, 1857, On Horsemanship, in Xenophon’s 65. Hill, D., 1984, A History of Engineering in Classical and Minor Works, Chapter 8, Paragraph 8, translated by J. S. Wat- Medieval Times. Open Court, La Salle, Illinois, p. 225. son. Henry G. Bohn, London, p. 290. 66. Price, D. J., 1957, Precision Instruments. to 1500, in A 98. Jope, E. M., 1956, Vehicles and Harness, in A History History of Technology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Uni- University Press, London, p. 556. versity Press, London, p. 556. 67. Hill, D., 1984, A History of Engineering in Classical and 99. Dien, A. E., 1986, The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Medieval Times. Open Court, La Salle, Illinois, p. 224. Military History. Ars Orientalis, vol. 16, p. 33. 68. Price, D. J., 1957, Precision Instruments. to 1500, in A 100. De Camp, L. S., 1960, Before Stirrups. Isis, no. 2, vol. History of Technology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford 51, p.159–160. University Press, London, p. 602. 101. Dien, A. E., 1986, The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese 69. Drachman, A. G., 2008, Ctesibius, in Complete Dictio- Military History. Ars Orientalis, vol. 16, p. 33. nary of Scientiﬁc Biography, vol. 3. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 102. Ibid., p. 35. Detroit, p. 491. 103. Jope, E. M., 1956, Vehicles and Harness, in A History 70. Vitruvius, 1960, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book 9, of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Uni- Chapter 8, translated by Morris Hicky Morgan (ﬁrst published versity Press, London, p. 557. by Harvard University Press in 1914). Dover, New York, p. 274. 104. De Camp, L. S., 1960, Before Stirrups. Isis, no. 2, vol. 71. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 1775, Of the Nature of the Gods, 51, p.159. in Three Books, Book 2. T. Davies, London, p. 134. 105. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Mau- 72. Hill, D., 1984, A History of Engineering in Classical and rice, vol. 17. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New York, Medieval Times. Open Court, La Salle, Illinois, p. 224–225. p. 909. 73. Needham, J., 1959, Science and Civilisation in China, 106. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 363. Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 21. 74. Ibid., p. 363–366. 107. Jope, E. M., 1956, Vehicles and Harness, in A History 75. Usher, A. P., 1954, A History of Mechanical Inventions, of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Uni- Revised Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass- versity Press, London, p. 557. achusetts, p. 189. 108. Contamine, P., 1984, War in the Middle Ages, trans- 76. Thorndike, L., 1941, Invention of the Mechanical Clock lated by Michael Jones. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, p. 179. about 1271 AD. Speculum, no. 2, vol. 16, p. 242. 109. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social 77. Hill, D., 1984, A History of Engineering in Classical and Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 2. Medieval Times. Open Court, La Salle, Illinois, p. 243. 110. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Wa- 78. Cardwell, D. S. L., 1972, Turning Points in Western Tech- terwheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 57–58. nology. Science History Publications, New York, p. 14. 111. Ibid., p. 62. 79. e.g., see the illustration in. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, 112. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel. HarperCollins, New York, Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 13. p. 212. 113. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Wa- 80. Usher, A. P., 1954, A History of Mechanical Inventions, terwheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 55. Revised Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass- 114. Reynolds, R. L., 1961, Europe Emerges. University of achusetts, p. 207. Wisconsin Press, Madison, p. 158–162. 81. Ibid., p. 197. 115. Boissonnade, P., 1987, Life and Work in Medieval Eu- 82. Ibid., p. 195. rope, translated by Eileen Power (ﬁrst published in 1927 by A. 83. Ibid., p. 197. A. Knopf in New York and by Routledge & K. Paul in Lon- 84. Lloyd, H. A., 1957, Mechanical Timekeepers, in A His- don). Dorset Press, New York, p. 115.

214 Notes—Chapter 7 116. Hall, A. R., 1956, Military Technology, in A History of Chapter 77, translated by Benjamin Jowett (1817–1893), in The Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- Greek Historians, vol. 1. Random House, New York, p. 668. sity Press, London, p. 707–720. 133. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Greek 117. Vitruvius, 1960, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book Fire, vol. 12. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 492. 10, Chapters 10 and 11, translated by Morris Hicky Morgan 134. Ibid., p. 492–493. (ﬁrst published by Harvard University Press in 1914). Dover, 135. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Wa- New York, p. 303–308. terwheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 61. 118. Reynolds, R. L., 1961, Europe Emerges. University of 136. Hall, A. R., 1956, Military Technology, in A History of Wisconsin Press, Madison, p. 173. Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- 119. Chevedden, P. E., et al., 1995, The Trebuchet. Scientiﬁc sity Press, London, p. 726–727. American, no. 1, vol. 273, p. 66. 137. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Arms 120. Hall, A. R., 1956, Military Technology, in A History of and Armour, vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, New Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- York, p. 590. sity Press, London, p. 724. 138. Hall, A. R., 1957, Military Technology, in A History of 121. Chevedden, P. E., et al., 1995, The Trebuchet. Scientiﬁc Technology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- American, no. 1, vol. 273, p. 68. sity Press, London, p. 348. 122. Contamine, P., 1984, War in the Middle Ages, trans- 139. Ibid., p. 350–351. lated by Michael Jones. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, p. 103–104. 140. Ibid., p. 352–353. In converting to metes, I have assumed the “feet” given here 141. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910, Gun, are “French feet,” with one French foot equal to 0:3248 meters. vol. 12. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 717. The Oxford English Dictionary (Second Edition, 1989) deﬁnes 142. Ibid. a toise as equivalent to 1:949 meters. 143. Ibid., p. 718. 123. assuming a density for packed and compressed soil of 144. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social 1,500 kilograms per cubic meter, based on data in. Lal, R. (Ed- Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 100. itor), 2006, Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Second Edition, vol. 145. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Wa- 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 192. terwheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 76. 124. Chevedden, P. E., et al., 1995, The Trebuchet. Scientiﬁc 146. Mott, L. V., 1991, The Development of the Rudder, American, no. 1, vol. 273, p. 67. 100–1600 AD. a Technological Tale. MS Thesis, Texas A&M 125. Contamine, P., 1984, War in the Middle Ages, trans- University, College Station, p. iii. lated by Michael Jones. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, p. 103. 147. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, 1890, Ship- 126. Ibid., p. 104. building, vol. 21. Henry G. Allen, New York, p. 823. 127. Ibid., p. 104–105. 148. Gies, F., and Gies, J., 1994, Cathedral, Forge, and Wa- 128. Hall, A. R., 1956, Military Technology, in A History of terwheel. HarperCollins, New York, p. 73. Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford Univer- 149. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social sity Press, London, p. 727. Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 132. 129. Chevedden, P. E., et al., 1995, The Trebuchet. Scientiﬁc 150. Singer, C., Price, D. J., and Taylor, E. G. R., 1957, Car- American, no. 1, vol. 273, p. 69. tography, Survey, and Navigation to 1400, in A History of Tech- 130. Hall, A. R., 1956, A Note on Military Pyrotechnics, in nology, vol. 3, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University A History of Technology, vol. 2, edited by Charles Singer. Ox- Press, London, p. 523. ford University Press, London, p. 377. 151. Petrus Peregrinus, 1904, The Letter of Petrus Peregrinus 131. White, L., 1962, Medieval Technology and Social on the Magnet, translated by Brother Arnold. McGraw, New Change. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 98. York, p. 29. 132. Thucydides, 1942, The Peloponnesian War, Book 2,

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Index Abbasid caliphs 83–84, 89, 92 allegory 131 Artephius 163 Abbey of St. Denis 130 Allier River 114 Asclepius 28 Abbey of St. Gildas 131 Almagest see Syntaxis Asia 17, 19, 22, 61, 86, 88, 91 Abbey of St. Medard 130–131 al-Mahdi 89 Asia Minor 16, 82 Abdallah 72 al-Mamun 89, 92 Assyrians 32 Abderrahman 82–83 al-Mansur 89 Astrolabe 103 Abelard, Peter 126–131, 140, 142– alms 79 Astrolabe (son of Abelard) 129 143 Alphonso X 134 astrology 92, 98, 103, 111, 148, 162– aborigines 31 al-Razi 92–94, 96, 156 163, 165, 168 Abraham 5, 7, 16, 67, 69, 137 Altair 133 Athens 27, 45, 88 Abu al-Abbas 83 Amalric of Bena 137 Atlantic Ocean 165 Abu Bakr 70, 79, 81 Amiens 45, 122 atomism 94, 98 Abu Bekr see Abu Bakr Ammonius 30 Attis 11 Abu Ja’far 103 Amorites 74 Aube 173 Abu Jahl 72 amputation 77 Augustine see Saint Augustine of Abu Nasr Mansur 99 Anastasius 87 Hippo Abu Yaqub Yusuf 103, 105 Andalusia 90, 134 Augustus, Gaius Octavius 43 Abul Abbas Mamun 99 animism 64 Austria 53 Abunaser see al-Farabi Anselm of Canterbury see Saint automata 176 Academy 139 Anselm of Canterbury Auvergne 117 Achilles 50 Anselm of Laon 128 Averroes 91, 103–105, 110, 135–137, Ad Martyras (To the Martyrs)23 Antikythera mechanism 48, 177 156 Adam 15, 23, 38–39, 67, 69, 102 Antioch 14, 19, 86–88, 119 Averroism 137, 161 Adelard of Bath 125, 133–134, 156– antipodes 58, 60–61 Avicenna 95–99, 104, 110, 132, 134, 157 Antiquities of the Jews 4 137 Adonis 11 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius 20 Ayesha 70 adultery 8, 38, 75 Apulia 156–157 Aztecs 5 Aeneid 140 Aqsa Mosque 74 Afghanistan 81–82, 99 Aquinas, Thomas see Saint Babylon 33 Africa 82, 86 Thomas Aquinas Babylonians 11, 32 Against Marcion 33 Aquino 146 Bacon, Francis 102, 156 Age of Exploration 180 Arabia 16, 63–65, 67, 70, 72, 76, Bacon, Roger 92, 133, 135, 154–168 Agrippa II 18 78–81, 85–86, 88, 91, 97 Baghdad 84–85, 88–95, 107, 109 Ahriman 32 Arabian Nights 84–85 ballistae 179 Aladdin and the Magic Lamp 84 Arabic (language) 66, 85, 91, 93– banat al-Lab 68 Albertus Magnus 137, 148, 157, 162 94, 103, 132–135, 157 Barabbas 9 al-Biruni 90, 99–103, 156 arabic enumeration 86, 100, 134 Barcelona 86 alchemy 92–94, 98, 101, 111, 168 Arabs 64–67, 69–71, 81–83, 85–86, Battle of Badr 72–75 Aldebaran 133 89–93, 100, 116, 132 Battle of Cannae 177 Alexander (the Great) 86, 102 Aral Sea 99 Battle of Ohod 75–76 Alexander (son of Simon the Archimedes 48, 51, 56, 136 Battle of Tours 81–83 Cyrenian) 10 Archytas 51 Bay of Biscay 174 Alexandria 14, 30, 40, 56, 82, 86– Argenteuil 130–131 Beauvais Cathedral 122 88, 175 Aristotle 1, 13, 36, 47–48, 50–51, Bec 143 al-Farabi 94–97, 110 54, 56, 58, 61, 89–92, 94, 96–98, Bede 123 Afonsine Tables 134 103–105, 123–127, 132–140, 146, Bedouin 63–64, 77, 79 al-Ghazali 106–111 149, 151, 155–159, 161, 165, 167 Beelzebub see Satan al-Hazen 132 Arius 22 Benedictines 25–26, 139, 141, 146– Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves 84 Ark of the Covenant 57 147, 174 al-Juzjani 95, 98–99 Arles 173 Berbers 82 al-Kindi 92, 105 armillary sphere 91, 175 Bernard of Chartres 132 Allah 64–68, 71, 74–75, 79, 85 Arnald of Villanova 157 Betelgeuse 133 225

226 Index Bethlehem 5 Christmas 19, 140 Dark Ages 26, 47–62, 115, 124, 140, Bible 17, 23, 32, 56, 66, 75, 123, 125, The Chronology of Ancient Nations 166, 169 128, 152 102 Darwin, Charles 53 Biondo, Flavio 47 Cicero 25, 43, 133, 158, 175 David de Dinant 137 Blemmyes 61 Cilicia 16 David-Neel, Alexandra 31 Bochara 90 Cinaron 30 De Agricultura 172 Boethius 123–124, 133, 140 circumcision 16–17 De Anima (On the Soul)26 Boethius of Dacia 138–139 Circus Maximus 43 De Animalibus 137 The Book of Medicine Dedicated to Cistercians 115, 152, 174 De Mineralibus 98 Mansur 93 Claudius 43 De Natura Deorum (On the Nature Book of Properties 93 clepsydra 175 of the Gods) 175 bread and circuses 43 clock (mechanical) 175–177, 183 De Natura Rerum (by Isidore) 60 Brehaut, Ernest 59 clock (water) 175 De Ofﬁciis (On Duties)43 Bridges, John Henry 161 Clodius 43 De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Brittany 131, 174 coffee 84, 94, 133 Things) 159 Brünn 53–54 Cologne 114, 148–149 Decius 20 Bukhara 95–96 Columbus, Christopher 165 de’Dondi, Giovanni 176 bunchum 94 comets 148, 162 Delos 52 Burckhardt, John Lewis 63, 67 compass, magnetic 159–160, 180– demiurge 94 Burmese peninsula 86 181 demons 3, 31–36, 40, 60–61, 79 Byblus 11 Compendium Studii Philosophiae demonstration (logical proof) 29, Byzantine Empire 81 167–168 48–49, 104–105, 125, 156, 158, Byzantines 81–82 Compendium Studii Theologiae 168 165 The Comprehensive Book of Medi- Densities 103 Cabeira 173 cine 93 Descartes, René 98 Caesar, Julius 43 Constantine I 21–22, 43, 102 Devil see Satan Caesarea 20, 45 Constantine the African 141 de Vitry, Jacques 144–145 Caesareum 30 Constantinople 35, 45, 47, 82, 87– Devon 174 Cain 131 88, 94, 115, 117, 119, 135, 177, 180 Dialogues of Pope Gregory I 35–36 Cairo 90 Cordova 86, 103, 105, 116 Didascalicon 131 Caligula 42 Coreitza 77 Dido 38 Calvin, John 149 Corinth 52 dinar 85 Cambyses 177 1 Corinthians 14, 17 Diocletian 20–22 Camuss 78 2 Corinthians 16–17 Diodorus Siculus 172 Canaanites 74 Corniﬁcius 132 Diogenes Laërtius 50 cannon 84, 166, 179–180 Cornwall 174 Dionysus 11 The Canon (of al-Biruni) 103 Corpus Juris 142 Dioscorides 90 Canon of Medicine 95–97, 103, 134 Cortes, Hernan 179 djinn see jinn Caraccioli 146 Cosmas Indicopleustes 56–59 Doctrine of Double Truth 138 Carolingian Renaissance 139–140 cotton 86, 120 Doctrine of Forms 126 Carolingians 140 coulter 170 Doctrine of Merit 118 Carthage 19, 52 Council of Chalcedon 90 Doctrine of the Macrocosm and Carthaginians 134, 177 Council of Clermont 117–118 Microcosm 135 Cassiodorus 123 Council of Ephesus 87–88 Domesday survey 113, 173–174 Castile 134 Council of Lyons (Second) 152 Dominicans 146–149 catapults 179–180 Council of Nicaea 22 Domitian 19 Categories 123–124, 126, 135 Council of Toledo 59 Doubts Concerning Galen 93 Cato 25, 37, 172 crank 174 dragons 61, 163 Ceylon 56 criterion of truth 49, 157 Duhem, Pierre 1, 91, 139 Chain of Being 60–61, 182 crop rotation (four ﬁeld) 172 Les Dunes 115 Champagne 174 crop rotation (three ﬁeld) 115, Durham Cathedral 121 charity (Christian) 26, 41–42, 44– 171–172, 183 Dutch 115 46, 74, 101, 113, 145, 147, 182 crop rotation (two ﬁeld) 114, 171 charity (Greek and Roman) 41–43 Crowley, Theodore 168 earthquakes 32, 43, 98–99, 162 Charlemagne 90, 113, 135, 140, 178 Crusades 74, 85, 116–120, 133, 168 Ecclesiastes 39 Chartres Cathedral 123–124, 143 Ctesibius 175 Ecclesiastical History 20 China 49, 54, 86, 88, 95, 166, 169, Cyclopes 61 eclipses 58 171, 177, 179, 181 Cynocephali 61 Eden 23, 61, 67 Chinese 5, 49, 85, 166 Cyprian 19 Edessa 88 Christian Topography 56–59 Cyprus 16, 25 Edict of Diocletian 20 Christianity 1 3–46, 55–57, 59, 70, Cyril of Alexandria see Saint Cyril Edict of Milan 22 73–75, 80, 86, 88, 106, 108, 113, Edinburgh 179 119–120, 124, 135, 153, 182 d’Ailly, Pierre 165 Edward I 179 Christians 3–4, 13–14, 16, 18–21, Damascus 14, 16, 81, 85, 94–95 Egypt 5, 15, 18, 64, 81–82, 85–86, 23–24, 27–28, 30–31, 34, 43, 46, Daniel 9 88, 95, 115–116, 119, 156, 170 62, 64–66, 73, 75, 80, 87–88, 92, Danube River 119 Egyptians 11, 24, 29, 119–120 101–102, 116–117, 119, 124, 133– d’Aquino, Thomas see Saint Eleatics 48, 50 134, 152, 163, 183 Thomas Aquinas Elements of Astrology 103

Index 227 Elements of Geometry 47, 89, 134, Galen 60, 90, 93, 96–97, 104, 141, Herod the Great 5 158 155, 161, 166 Herodias 5 Elijah 24 Galileo 47, 165, 176 Herodotus 74, 177 emanation, neoplatonic 95, 104 Galland, Antoine 84 Hesiod 31, 42 Empedocles 60 Garonne River 114 High Middle Ages 55, 112–145, 170, empiricism 1, 49–50, 52, 92, 102, Gaul 21, 170, 172 172, 180, 183 124, 135, 151, 154–157, 160, 166, Gems 103 Hindu religion 31–32, 79 183 Genesis 32, 39, 56, 136 Hindus 86, 91, 100–101, 160 Encyclopædia Britannica 91, 168 genies see jinn Hippocrates of Cos 50, 90, 93, 97, Encyclopédie 169 Gentiles 4, 14, 16–17, 86 141 England 48, 113–116, 121, 154, 163– Gerard of Cremona 134 Hippolytus 24 164, 171, 173 Gerbert d’Aurillac 134 Historia Calamitatum (History of Enumeration of the Sciences 94 Germany 48, 74, 116, 170 Calamities) 126–127, 131 Ephesians 33 Gesthemane 9 History of Animals 61, 135–136 Epicureanism 12, 159 Ghazna 99–100 History of European Morals 23, 25 Epistles of Paul 3, 11, 17 Gibbon, Edward 20, 118 History of the Christian Church 24 Epistola de Secretis Operibus 166 Gibraltar 82 Hittites 74 Equitius 36 glossarists 142 Hivites 74 Erastothenes 48 God 1, 3–8, 11–19, 21–29, 32–33, Holy Ghost or Spirit 4, 17, 131, 137 Eskimos 31 35–36, 38–41, 44, 55–57, 59–61, Holy Land 74, 116–118 Essay on Man 61 65–77, 79–80, 83, 87–88, 94–95, Holy Sepulcher 117 Essenes 8 97–98, 104–111, 117–118, 125, 127, Holyrood Abbey 179 Ethiopia 56, 163 130, 136–140, 148–151, 153, 155, Homer 25, 45 Etymologies 59–62, 123–124, 140, 161, 164, 167, 182–183 Hooke, Robert 132 148, 163 The Golden Bough 11, 31 Horace 128, 140 Eucharist 18, 80 Gomorra 6 horse collar 115, 169, 171 Eudoxus 51 Gothic Cathedrals 120–123, 183 horseshoe 115, 171 Europeans 47–49, 59, 82, 115–117, Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius 42 Horus 18 119, 133–135, 140, 155, 159–160, Granada 116 Hugh of St. Victor 131 166, 169–171, 173–176, 183 Great Britain 1, 26, 44, 47–49, 54– Hunayn (Hunain) ibn Ishaq 90, Eusebius of Caesarea 20–23, 41, 45 56, 60, 62–63, 74, 81–82, 84–86, 141 Eve 32, 38–39 90, 92, 94–95, 97, 103, 105–106, Hungary 177 experimental method 48, 50, 155– 111–146, 151–152, 155–156, 160, Huweisa 73 156, 159–160, 165 166, 169–183 Huygens, Christian 176 Great Mother 18 hydrologic cycle 135 falconry 90, 156–157 Greece 11, 13, 36, 38, 42, 47, 52, Hypatia 29–30 The Famous Historie of Fryer Bacon 133, 172, 182 154 Greek (language) 59–60, 92, 124, Ibn al-Athir 74 Farab 94 133, 135, 157, 161 Ibn Haylan 94 Fatamites 90 greek ﬁre 179–180 Ibn Ishaq 70 Festus, Porcius 18 Greeks 11–12, 17, 29, 32, 41–42, Ibn Khaldun 111 feudalism 112–114, 118, 177–178, 180 48–50, 54, 82, 91, 101, 120, 125, Ibn Rushd see Averroes Fibonacci 86 132, 134, 155, 159, 166, 174, 177, Ibn Salah 111 ﬁef 112, 178 180, 182–183 Ibn Sina see Avicenna ﬁkh 106 Greenland 115 Ibn Tufayl 103–104 ﬁrearms 179–180 Gregory the Great see Pope Greg- Iceland 115 Flanders 115–116 ory I Ignatius 19 Flood (Biblical Deluge) 57, 102– Grosseteste, Robert 136, 157–159 Imago Mundi (Image of the World) 103 Gryphes 61 165 Florence 133 guilds 115–116, 142–144 The Incoherence of the Incoherence Florentius 41 gunpowder 166, 169, 179–180 110 ﬂying buttress 122 Gutenberg, Johann 54 The Incoherence of the Philosophers ﬂying man of Avicenna 98 106, 110 Fossa Nuova 152 hadith 80, 106 India 31, 56, 61, 82, 86, 88, 90, 95, four elements 60 Hamadan 96 100–101, 160, 165, 177 four humors 97 harrow 170 India of al-Biruni 99–102 France 48, 74, 82, 112–113, 116–117, Harun al-Rashid 84, 89 Indians 90 119–120, 134, 139, 141, 143, 145, The Healing Metaphysics 97 Indians (American) 50 163, 173–174, 178 Hebrew (language) 59, 61–62, 133– Indonesia 82 Franciscans 158, 161–163, 168 135, 157, 161 Industrial Revolution 116, 166, 169, Franks 74, 81–83, 90, 140, 178 Hecataeus 172 174, 177 Frazer, James G. 11, 31 Hegira 69–71 Inquisition 74 Frederick II 135, 147–148, 156–157 Hell 7, 9, 24, 33, 35, 66, 68–69, 71– Introducta ad Theologiam 130 Fulbert 129 72, 74–75 Ionians 48 fusee 176 Heloise 126, 129–131 Iran 81, 84, 96 Heraclitus 85 Iraq 81, 84 Gabriel 63, 65, 67–69 Hermes 154 Irenaeus 26 Galatians 15, 17, 44 Herod Antipas 5 Irnerius 142

228 Index Iroquois 5 Latin 42, 60, 98, 115, 123–124, 132– Mendel, Gregor 52–54 Isagoge 126 136, 139, 157, 161 Mercury (god) see Hermes Isaiah 33, 57, 145 Lazarus 7 Mercury (planet) 162 Isidore of Seville 59–62, 123–124, Leander 59 Mesopotamia 64 140, 148, 163 Lecky, W.E.H. 23, 25 Metalogicon 132 Isis 18 legumes 172 Metaphysics of Aristotle 96, 136, Islam 1, 55, 63–112, 116, 132, 140, lemon 86, 120, 133 151, 155 156, 180, 182–183 Letter on the Magnet (Epistola de Meteorologica (Meteorology) 98, Ismael 67 Magnete) 159 136–137, 155 Isma’il 69 Leviticus 44 Mexico City 179 Israel 9–10, 15, 17, 57, 118 Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation) Middle Ages 1, 47–48, 55, 59 112– Italy 13, 21, 40, 52, 112, 115–116, 86 145, 148, 150, 169–181, 183 120, 133, 139, 140–141, 146, 149, Liber Particularis 135 Middle East 32, 55, 74, 83, 133 163 Libya 61 Milan 124 Life & Work of Roger Bacon 161 Miletus 172 James, brother of Jesus 5 Life of Constantine 21 Milton, John 34 James of St. George 121 Life of Mahomet 73–74 Milvian Bridge 21 James of Venice 135–136 Ling, Martin 74 Mithridates 173 Japan 177 Little Ice Age 114–115 Mohammed 63–79, 81–83, 88, Jebusites 74 logos 24, 87 108–109 Jerome de Ascoli 168 Loire River 114 monasticism 23–26, 36, 139 Jerusalem 5–6, 9, 11, 14, 16–18, 69– Lombard, Peter 144, 149 Monophysites 90 70, 74, 79, 116–120 Lombardy 121, 147 monotheism 12–13, 22, 55, 65–68, Jesus Christ 3–20, 22–23, 26–28, Lucan 128, 140 70–71, 108 33–35, 41, 44, 46, 65–66, 69, 73, Lucena 105 Monte Cassino 141, 146–147 75, 80, 87–88, 90, 136 Lucifer 33 Moon 58, 60, 67, 148, 162, 166, 176 Jewish Law 8, 14–17, 19 Lucretius, Titus Carus 159 Morocco 103, 105 Jews 4–5, 8–11, 14–18, 30, 34, 44, Luke, Gospel of 3, 33, 75 Moses 8, 15, 29, 44, 57, 69, 71, 145 57, 64–67, 69–71, 74, 76–78, 83, Lyell, Charles 99 mouldboard 170 87, 92, 102, 119, 133–134, 161 Lyons 152 Mount Hira 65 jihad 70–73 Mount Sinai 57 jinn 79–80, 85 Macaulay, Thomas Babington 12 Muheiasa 73 John, Gospel of 3, 13 Macmurray, John 55 Muir, William 73–74, 76 John of Salisbury 132 Madrasas 105–107 muskets 180 John the Baptist 5–6, 24 Magians 102 Muslims 66–67, 70–78, 80–82, 86, Jordan (country) 81 Magic and Mystery in Tibet 31 88–92, 105, 116–117, 133–135, Jordan (river) 116 magnets and magnetism 93, 148, 175, 178 Joseph, father of Jesus 5 159–160, 163, 181, 183 Joseph of Arimathea 10 Magyars 178 Nägeli 53 Josephus, Flavius 3–4, 8, 11 Mahmud 99–100, 103 Nantes 114 Joses, brother of Jesus 5 Maimonides, Moses 94 Naples 146–147 Juda, brother of Jesus 5 Mainz 114 Narbonne 114 Judaism 12, 15, 70–71 malaria 115 Natural History of Pliny 33, 60–61, Judas Iscariot 9, 12 Malik 69 148, 155, 159, 163, 170 Judea 5, 18 Malikshah 107 Natural History of Seneca 165 Juno 37 Malleus Maleﬁcarum (Hammer of naturalism 12, 48, 50, 55, 101 Jupiter (god) 124 the Witches)74 Nature (journal) 54 Jupiter (planet) 162 Marcellus 20 The Nature of Man 97 Justinian I 141 Mark, Gospel of 3, 7, 10, 33–34 Nazareth 3, 5–6, 16, 33, 87 Juvenal 37–38, 43, 140 Marrakesh 103 Neckam, Alexander 181 Mars 126, 148, 162 neoplatonism 28, 89–90, 92, 95, Kaaba 67–68, 70, 78–79 Martel, Charles 178 104, 106, 110 Kazakhstan 94 Mary, mother of Jesus 4–5, 18, 65, Nero, Claudius Caesar 4, 18–19, 42 Khadija 65, 69–70, 76 87, 137 Nestorians 86–90, 94 Kharmaithan 95 Mary Magdalene 10–11 Nestorius 87–88 Kheibar 78 Masud 103 New Logic 135–136 Khwarazm 99 matchlock 180 New Testament 17, 19, 33, 66 Koran 65–69, 71–72, 76–77, Matthew, Gospel of 3, 11, 33, 35, 41 Newton, Isaac 132 79–82, 95, 97, 104–105, 108–109 Mauricius Flavius Tiberius 177 Nicaea 22, 119 Korea 177 Maxentius 21 Nicene Creed 22 Koreans 31 measles 93 Nicomachean Ethics 136 Mecca 63–68, 70–72, 78–79, 89 Nile River 24, 148 Lactantius 22, 27–28, 35, 40 Meccans 64, 67, 71–72, 75–79 Nisibis 88 laissez faire 85 Medieval Warm Period 114–115 Nizam al-Mulk 107 Landulf 147 Medina 70–71, 73, 75–78, 83 Noah 57, 102 Last Judgment 75 Mediterranean 12, 14, 47–48, 52, nominalists and nominalism Last Supper 9 56, 63, 86, 90, 92, 112, 115, 134, 126–127 lateen sail 181 170–171, 173–174, 181, 183 Normans 116, 135, 144

Index 229 North Africa 82 Passover 9 Porphyry 28, 32, 90, 124, 126 Notre Dame 122, 126, 128, 142–143 patriarchy 36, 38 Posidonius 51 Novatians 30 Paul the Apostle see Saint Paul the Posterior Analytics 123, 134–135, Nuremberg 114, 176 Apostle 155, 158 Pax Romana 182 Praetorium 10 Ocba 73–74 Pekin 88 primogeniture 112 Of Stratagems 177–178 Peloponnesian War 182 printing press 52, 54 Of the False Wisdom of the Philoso- Peregrinus, Peter 159–161, 181 Prior Analytics 123, 135, 158 phers 27 Pere-Lachaise cemetery 131 Priory of Maisoncelle 130 Old Testament 32–33, 44, 62, 65– Pericles 42 Proceedings of the Brünn Natural 66, 75, 136 Perizzites 74 History Society 53 Omayyad (Ommiade, Umayyad) perpetual motion 151, 160 Proclus 89–90, 137 caliphs 83–84, 88, 90, 134 Persia 22, 81–82, 88, 97, 108, 174, Proslogium 97, 150 On Abstinence from Animal Food 177 Ptolemaic System 105, 134, 158 32 Persian Empire 81 Ptolemy, Claudius 47, 89, 91–92, On Comets 148 Persian Gulf 56 96, 133–134, 158 On Female Dress 39 Persians 81, 87, 90, 92, 102, 117 Ptolemy I (Soter) 86 On Generation and Corruption 134 Persius 140 Ptolemy IV (Philopator) 50 On Interpretation 123–124, 132, 135 Peter of Maricourt see Peregrinus, Punic War, Second 37 On Metaphysics 94 Peter Pyrenees Mountains 82 On Philosophy and the Invention of Peter, Simon the Apostle see Saint Pythagoras 58 the Arts 51 Peter Pythagoreans 48, 89 On the Generation of Animals 61, Peter the Hermit 117, 119 135–136, 155 Peter the Reader 30 quadrivium 140, 158, 161 On the Heavens (De Caelo) 134, Petra 88 querns 172–174 136–138, 155 Petrarch 47 Questions on Natural Science 125 On the Parts of Animals 135–136 Pharisees 8–10, 14, 17, 33 Quraysh tribe 64, 68 On the Soul (De Anima) by Aristo- Pharmacology 103 tle 136 Phillip II 119, 143 Rajab 71 On the Soul (De Anima) by Tertul- Philo 9 Ramadan 65, 79 lian 26 Philoponus, John 90, 136 Rashdall, Hastings 143 the One 95 Phoenicia 11 Raymond of Aguilers 74 Ontological Proof 97–98, 125 Phrygians 11 Rayy 93 Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Physics (Physica) 134, 136–137 realists and realism 126–127 Virtuous City 95 pillars of Islam 79–80 Red Sea 56 Oppian Law 37 Plataea 180 Reformation 106, 128 Opus Majus 163–166 Plato 13, 25, 32, 36, 51, 54, 58, 61, The Refutation of All Heresies 24 Opus Minus 164 89, 94–95, 124–126, 139–140, 149 Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum 141 Opus Tertium 164 Plautus 42 Reginald 147 orange (fruit) 86 Pliny the Elder 33, 60–61, 148, 155, Reims 143 Orestes 30 159, 163, 170 Renaissance 47, 120 The Organon 123–124, 132, 135– Pliny the Younger 4, 19 La Reole 114 136, 140 Plotinus 32, 89 repeatability 52, 56 Origen 41 plow (heavy or wheeled) 115, 170– The Rescuer from Error 106 original sin 15, 23–24, 39 171, 178 resurrection 15, 18–19, 58, 68, 71, Orleans 124 plow (scratch) 170 92, 110, 152 Ormuzd 32 plowshare 170 Resurrection (of Jesus) 7, 10–13, Osiris 11 Plutarch 51 138 Ottoman Turks 47, 119 Poetics 136 Rhaetia 170 The Outline of History 22 polders 115 Rhazes see al-Razi Ovid 123–124, 128, 140 Politics 136 Rhine River 114 Oxus River 82 Polo, Marco 88 Rhone River 114 Polybius 177 rice 86 Pakistan 81 polytheism 12–13, 67–68, 71 Roanne 114 Palestine 14, 45, 83 Pontius Pilate 4, 9–11 Robert de Courcon 137 paper 54, 84–86, 160, 169, 174 Pope, Alexander 61 Robertus Anglicus 175 papyrus 54 Pope Alexander IV 137 Rocasecca 146 Parable of the Good Samaritan 44 Pope Clement IV 163, 167 Roche-Guyon 114 Parable of the Wheat and Tares 7, Pope Gregory I 35–36, 40–41, 123 Roman Empire 4, 14, 19, 21, 23, 47, 75 Pope Gregory IX 137 81–82, 88–89, 92, 112, 141, 169, Paraclete 131 Pope Gregory X 152 178, 183 Paradise Lost 34 Pope John XXI 138 Romanesque architecture 120–121 Paris 82, 114, 116, 119, 121–122, 126, Pope Leo XIII 152 Romans (book) 17, 155 130–131, 137–139, 143–144, 159, Pope Pelagius II 35 Romans (people) 10–12, 17–18, 37, 161–163, 167–168 Pope Sylvester II see Gerbert 41–43, 50, 52, 54, 115–116, 125, Parmenides 50 d’Aurillac 133–134, 140, 158–159, 166, 170– parsimony 158 Pope Urban II 117–119 174, 177, 179, 182–183 Parthenon 120 Popper, Karl 55 Rome 4, 8, 13, 17–19, 21–22, 35–38,

230 Index 42–43, 47, 112, 123, 147, 149, 167, Seleucus I (Nicator) 86 Syriac 91 175, 182 Seljuks 116, 119 Syrians 11, 86 Romulus Augustulus 47 Senate, Roman 37 rudders 180–181 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 48, 51–52, Tabernacle 57 Rufus, son of Simon the Cyrenian 133, 158, 165 Tacitus 4 10 Sentences 144, 149 Tahdid 103 Rule of Saint Benedict 25–26, 139 Sermon on the Mount 6–7 Taif 70 Seville 59, 104, 116, 134 Tammuz 11 Sabbath 8 Shadows 103 Tarsus 14 Sabeites 80 Shah Zaman 84 Tartarus 24 Sachau, Edward C. 99 Shahryar, King 84–85 Tartary 88 sacraments 18–19, 80, 112 sharia 80 Taurus Mountains 82 Sadducees 8, 17–18 Shiites 81 Teano 146 Saint Ambrose 29 Siberia 171 Tempier, Etienne 138–139 Saint Anselm of Canterbury 97–98, Sicily 35, 86, 116, 133–135, 156 Temple of Jerusalem 5–6, 17, 69 125, 150 Siger of Brabant 137–139, 150 Ten Commandments 8, 57 Saint Arsenius 40 silk 116, 169 Terence 124, 140 Saint Athanasius 28 Simon (brother of Jesus) 5 Terracina 152 Saint Augustine of Hippo 29, 39, Simon (the Cyrenian) 10 Tertullian 19, 23–24, 26–27, 33– 41, 125, 149–150 Simon Peter see Saint Peter 34, 39–40, 44, 61 Saint Basil 28–29, 45 Simplicius 136 Thales 32 Saint Benedict of Nursia 25, 36, slavery 43–44, 52, 80, 83, 113, 173, Theodora 146–147 40–41, 139 183 Theodoret 25 Saint Bonaventure 136, 145, 161– Slavs 170 Theodosius I 23 162, 168 smallpox 93 Theodosius II 87–88 Saint Cyril of Alexandria 29–30, Socrates 25, 48, 51, 58 Theon 30 87–88 Socrates Scholasticus 29–30, 87–88 Theophilus 30 Saint Dominic 146 Sodom 6 Thomas, the Apostle 11 Saint Gregory of Nazianzen 24, 45 Soissons 130 Thucydides 180 Saint Gregory of Nazianzus see solstice (summer) 162 tidal power 174 Saint Gregory of Nazianzen solstice (winter) 19 Timaeus 94, 140 Saint Gregory of Nyssa 19 Song of Solomon 152 Titus 11 Saint Hilary of Poitiers 28 Sophistical Refutations 123, 135 Toledo 133–134 Saint Jerome 25 Spain 59, 82, 86, 90–91, 103, 105, Topics 123, 135 Saint John of Lycopolis 40 116, 133–134, 163, 165 Tours 45, 81–83, 143, 178 Saint Martin of Tours 45–46 Spartans 180 The Trader and the Jinni 85 Saint Odo of Cluny 124 Sphaerus 50 trading fairs 116 Saint Paul the Apostle 3, 11, 13–18, Sri Lanka see Ceylon Trajan 4, 19 26–27, 29, 33–34, 39, 44, 155 stackfreed 176 transmigration 94 Saint Peter, Simon the Apostle 6, Statius 140 A Treatise on the Small-pox and 12, 16, 35, 124 Stephen 14 Measles 93 Saint Simeon Stylites 25 Stirling Castle 179 trebuchets 179–180 Saint Thomas Aquinas 139, stirrup 169, 177–178 The Tricks of the Prophets 94 146–153, 157–158, 163, 168 Stoicism and Stoics 12, 23, 43, 51– Trinity, Christian 22, 131 Salerno 140–141 52, 62, 89 Trinummus (Three Pieces of Money) Saracens see Muslims Strabo 52, 173 42 Sarth River 114 Strasbourg 176 Trivium 123, 132, 140 Sarton, George 92, 97, 99, 167–168 Strato 48, 50 tropology 131 Satan 6–7, 32–34, 36, 39–40, 57, Studium Generale 142 Turkey 14, 81–82, 88, 119 68, 111, 154 Suetonius 173 Turks 47, 74, 116–118 Satanic Verses 68–69 Suﬁs 107–109 Satires of Juvenal 37–38 sugar-cane 63, 86 uniformity 48, 55, 99, 101, 158 Saturn 162 Sulpitius Severus 45 United States 1, 31, 139, 165 Saturnalia 19 Sultan of Bukhara 96 universals 126–127, 156 Saul see Saint Paul the Apostle Sumeria 170 University of Bologna 141–144 Schaff, Philip 24, 40, 120 Summa Theologica 149–152, 157– University of Cambridge 142–143 Scheherazade 85 158 University of Louvain 95 Scholasticism 55, 92, 108, 125–126, sundials 91, 175 University of Montpellier 95 146–153, 161, 167 sunnah 80 University of Munich 53 Schwanau 179 supernatural and supernaturalism University of Naples 146 Science and Technology in World 11–12, 31, 50, 59, 79, 118, 182 University of Olmütz 53 History, Volume 1: The Ancient Switzerland 116, 174 University of Oxford 142–144, 154, World and Classical Civilization Symposium 32 157–159, 161, 167–168 1 Synoptic Gospels 3 University of Paris 1, 131, 136–139, Scientiﬁc Revolution 49, 55, 139 Syntaxis or Almagest 47, 89, 91, 96, 141–144, 149, 156, 158–159, 161– Scot, Michael 135, 156 133–134 162 Scribes 8–9 Syria 14, 16, 64, 81–83, 85–86, 88, University of Toulouse 137 Seine River 114 97, 109, 134 University of Vienna 53

Index 231 Ur 170 Wales 121 wind power and mills 116, 160, 174 Ussher, James 103 waqf 106 Witch Mania 74 Uzbekistan 95, 99 water power and mills 49, 116, 160, women, attitudes toward 36–41 172–174, 176, 178, 183 women, status in Islam 80–81 Vandals 47, 81 The Ways of Women 37 Works and Days 31, 42 Varro 133 Wells, H. G. 22 Venice 115, 174 Western Civilization 3, 5, 8, 12, 23, Xenophon 51, 177 Venus 33, 148, 162 41, 46, 48, 55, 182 verge escapement 176 wheel-lock 180 Ya’qub al-Mansur 105 Vespasian 173 White, Lynn 173, 177–178 Yathrib 70 Vikings 113, 115, 178, 181 Whitehead, Alfred North 48, 55 Villard de Honnecourt 179 William of Champeaux 126–128, Zeid 76 Virgil 38, 123–124, 128, 140 142–143 Zeinab 76 Visigoths 47, 81 William of Moerbeke 136 Zeno 50 Vitruvius 52, 173, 175, 179 William of Ockham 158 Zoroastrianism 32 von Humboldt, Alexander 86 William of Thierry 128 The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor 84 William the Conqueror 113, 173

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