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•• White Revolution: Increase in milk production due to introduction of technological and institutional reforms. •• Kissan Credit Cards (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are introduced by government for the benefit of the farmers. •• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and television. •• The government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP), remunerative and procurement prices for important crops. •• The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Blood- less Revolution. •• Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centers, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority for improving Indian agriculture. •• Today, Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and reduction in the public investment in agriculture sector. •• Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agricultural in the country. •• India’s rural population is about 83.3 crore which depends upon 25 crore (approx.) hectares of agricultural land, an average of less than half a hectare per person. •• Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. EXERCISE 4.5 I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) Who was declared as spiritual heir of Mahatma Gandhi? (a) Subhash Chandra Bose (b) Jawaharlal Nehru (c) Vinoba Bhave (d) Sardar Patel (ii) _______ is a scheme introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers. (a) Kisan Credit Card (b) Mudra Yojana (c) Farmer Scheme (d) Jan Dhan Yojana (iii) Who initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan movement? (a) Pt. Nehru (b) Dr. Ambedkar (c) Sardar Patel (d) Vinoba Bhave (iv) Which which of the following is the Operation Flood related? (a) French Revolution (b) White Revolution (c) Green Revolution (d) None of these (v) Agriculture contributes _______ to the national income of India. (a) 33% (b) 22% (c) 40% (d) None of these 2. Assertion and Reasoning Type Question Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. 50 Social Science-10

Assertion (A): The Government of India embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s. Reason (R): KCC, PAIS are some schemes introduced by Government of India for the benefit of farmers. Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. II. Case/Source Based Questions (6 Marks) 3. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option. Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained uses of land without compatible techno–institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. 3.1. _____ belongs to ______ sector. (a) Construction; tertiary (b) Agriculture; primary (c) Smelting; primary (d) Banking; secondary 3.2. Arrange the correct sequence of Column I against the Column II. Column I Column II (a) Agriculture 1. Main farming production is consumed by farmer’s family (b) Subsistence agriculture 2. Primary economic activity (c) Land reform 3. Abolition of Zamidari (d) Institutional reform 4. Five Year Plan Choose the correct answer. (a) a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1 (b) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-4 (c) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4 (d) a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3 3.3. For irrigation, most of the Indian farmers depend on (a) Monsoon (b) Rivers (c) Reservoirs (d) Tube wells 3.4. Grouping of small land holdings into a bigger one is called (a) Collectivisation (b) Cooperation and abolition of zamidari (c) Consolidation of land holdings (d) Institutional reforms Agriculture  51

3.5. Which of the following was the main forces of the First Five Year plan of India? (a) Privatisation (b) Globalisation (c) Industrialisation (d) Land reform 3.6. Land reform is covered under which list? (a) State list (b) Concurrent list (c) Central list (d) Board list Answers 1. (i)–(c), (ii)–(a), (iii)–(d), (iv)–(b), (v)–(d) 2. (b) 3. 3.1 (b)   3.2 (d)   3.3 (a)   3.4 (c)   3.5 (d)   3.6 (a)   6. Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture •• Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. It was there at the time of colonisation when European traders came to India. •• Indian spices and cotton were exported to different countries but during the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to Britain textile industries. •• After 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges that they are not able to compite with developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries. •• The Green Revolution and Gene Revolution make agriculture successful and profitable but somehow it leads to land degradation. •• Organic farming which does not affect environment in a negative manner, is more in practice. •• Indian farmers’ future will change when they shifted their traditional patterns to high-value crops. This will increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. EXERCISE 4.6 Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) Which of the following is/are bio-diesel crops? (a) Jatropha (b) Jojoba (c) Cactus (d) Both (a) and (b) (ii) In the 19th century who among the following came to India? (a) Asian traders (b) European traders (c) African traders (d) American traders (iii) After 1990, under _______, the Indian farmers have been exposed to new challenges. (a) Privatisation (b) Industrialisation (c) Globalisation (d) Capitalisation (iv) What are the challenges faced by the Indian farmers at present? (a) International competition and reduction in public investment in irrigation, power infrastructure and other inputs. (b) Decreased subsidy on fertilizers leads to higher cost of production and reduction in import duties on farmers’ produce. (c) Nature of monsoon affects crops production. (d) All of the above 52 Social Science-10

(v) Which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) In the 19th century Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world. (b) During the colonial period cotton was exported to Britain. (c) Indian farmers have been exposed to new challenges after 2001. (d) Organic farming does not affect environment negatively. (vi) Point out the India’s rural population as per census 2011? (a) 833 million (b) 250 million (c) 200 million (d) 900 million 2. Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Two statements are given in the questions (i) and (ii) below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. (i) Assertion (A): Organic farming is much in vogue. Reason (R): In organic farming, crops are grown using high doses to increase production. (ii) Assertion (A): Globalisation is a latest phenomenon. Reason (R): It was there at the time of colonisation when Europeon traders entered India. Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. Answers 1. (i)–(d), (ii)–(b), (iii)–(c), (iv)–(d), (v)–(c), (vi)–(a) 2. (i)–(c), (ii)–(d) Graph Based Question Study the given graph releated to consumption of natural rubber and answer the question: Which among the following sectors consume more natural rubber? (a) Dipped Goods (b) Camel Back (c) Latex Foam (d) Footwears A ns. (d) Agriculture  53

Map Based Questions 1. On an outline map of India, identify the major areas of rice and wheat. [As per the CBSE Map List] 2. Which of the following is the largest rice producing state? Choose the correct option. (a) Punjab (b) Rajasthan (c) Odisha (d) West Bengal 2. 1. Major areas of Rice Answers 2. (d) Major areas of Wheat 54 Social Science-10

3. On an outline map of India given below, identify the largest/major states of sugarcane, tea and coffee and write their names with the help of symbols marked in the map. [As per the CBSE Map List] Tropic of Cancer REFERENCES Sugarcane producing states Tea producing states Coffee producing states  Ans. Major sugarcane producing states: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana. Major tea producing states: Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala Major coffee producing states: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Agriculture  55

4. (i) Five jute producing states are shown as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 on the given outline map of India. Identify these states and write their names in the map. (ii) On the same outline map of India, identify the largest/major producer states of rubber and cotton and write their names with the help of symbols marked in the map.  [As per the CBSE Map List] 2 3 5 1 4 Tropic of Cancer Major Rubber Producing States Major Cotton Producing States Major Rubber and Cotton Producing States Ans. (i) Jute producing states: 1. West Bengal, 2. Bihar, 3. Assam, 4. Odisha 5. Meghalaya (ii) Major Rubber producing states: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar (UT) (iii) Major Cotton producing states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh 56 Social Science-10

On the given outline map of India (5 to 10), identify the locations with the help of specified informations. 5. On the political map of India given below, ‘A’ is marked as a major rice producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) West Bengal (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Jharkhand (d) Uttarakhand 36° 68° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96° 36° 32° 32° 28° B 28° 24° 24° A 20° 20° 16° 16° 12° 12° 8° 8° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 6. On the same map given above, ‘B’ is also marked as a major wheat producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) Karnataka (b) Punjab (c) Telangana (d) Gujarat 7. On the political map of India given below, ‘A’ is marked as a major sugarcane producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) Manipur (b) Mizorom (c) Tripura (d) Uttar Pradesh 36° 68° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96° 36° 32° 32° 28° 28° 24° A 24° 20° 20° 16° 16° 12° B 12° 8° 8° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 8. On the same map given above, ‘B’ is marked as a major coffee producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) Bihar (b) Gujarat (c) Karnataka (d) Nagaland Agriculture  57

9. On the political map of India given below, ‘A’ is marked as a major rubber producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) Assam (b) Kerala (c) Meghalaya (d) Punjab 36° 68° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96° 36° 32° 32° 28° 28° B 24° 24° 20° 20° 16° 16° 12° 12° 8° A 8° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 10. On the same map given above, ‘B’ is marked as a major tea producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) Assam (b) Tripura (c) Uttarakhand (d) Jharkhand 11. On the political map of India given below, ‘A’ is marked as a major cotton producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan (c) Maharashtra (d) Punjab 36° 68° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96° 36° 32° 32° 28° 28° B 24° 24° 20° 20° 16° A 16° 12° 12° 8° 8° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 12. On the same map given above, ‘B’ is marked as a jute producing state. Identify it from the following options. (a) West Bengal (b) Odisha (c) Meghalaya (d) Bihar Ans. 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d) 58 Social Science-10

Unit-3 Political Science (Democratic Politics-II) 1 Power Sharing Topics covered 2. Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka 4. Forms of Power Sharing 1. Belgium and Sri Lanka 3. Accommodation in Belgium TOPICWISE IMPORTANT POINTS 1. Belgium and Sri Lanka •• Belgium is a small country in Europe, bordered with France, Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg with the ethnic composition of Dutch 59%, French 40% and others. •• In the capital city Brussels, 80% people speak French while 20% speak Dutch. •• The minority French speaking community was rich and powerful. So, they got the benefits of economic development and education earlier than the Dutch community. •• The Dutch speaking community constitute majority in the country but minority in the capital. •• Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few kilometres off the Southern coast of Tamil Nadu. •• Sri Lanka has an diverse population with 74% Sinhala speakers and 18% Tamil speakers. •• The two sub-groups of Tamil are Sri Lankan Tamils 13% and Indian Tamils 5%. •• Most of the Sinhala-speakers are Buddhists. Most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. •• In Belgium, the Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority and similarly in Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed an even bigger majority could impose its will on the entire country. EXERCISE 1.1 O bjective Type Questions  (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) Population of Sri Lankan Tamils is concentrated in _____________ region of Sri Lanka.  (CBSE S.P. 2020-21) (a) North and South (b) North and East (c) East and West (d) South and East (ii) Identify the community which was rich and powerful in Belgium. (a) German-speaking (b) French-speaking (c) Dutch-speaking (d) None of these (iii) Which of the following compositions of the Belgium is very complex? (a) Ethinic (b) Population (c) Religions (d) Sect (iv) How many population of the Belgium lives in the Flemish region? (a) 40 per cent (b) 80 per cent (c) 59 per cent (d) 70 per cent 59

(v) Which of the following cities is the capital of the Belgium? (a) Bruge (b) Ghent (c) Antwerp (d) Brussels (vi) Which of the following neighbouring countries of India situated of the southern coast of Tamil Nadu? (a) Sri Lanka (b) Myanmar (c) Maldives (d) Seychelles (vii) Most of the population of Sri Lanka follow (a) Islam (b) Hinduism (c) Buddhism (d) Christianity (viii) Which one of the following countries does not share its boundary with Belgium? (a) Germany (b) Netherlands (c) Sweden (d) Luxembourg (ix) In Belgium, the percentage of French community is (a) 54% (b) 40% (c) 30% (d) 50% (x) Which language is dominantly spoken in Belgium? (a) Dutch (b) Spanish (c) France (d) English (xi) Belgium shares its border with (a) France (b) Germany (c) Luxembourg (d) All of these (xii) Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few kilometres from the Southern coast of (a) Goa (b) Kerala (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Lakshadweep (xiii) What is the percentage of Sinhala-speaking people in Sri Lanka? (a) 74 per cent (b) 75 per cent (c) 14 per cent (d) 19 per cent (xiv) What is the percentage of Sri Lankan Tamils out of the total population of Sri Lanka? (a) 10 per cent (b) 19 per cent (c) 13 per cent (d) 25 per cent 2. Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Two statements are given in the questions (i) and (ii) below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. (i) Assertion (A): Tensions took place between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s. Reason (R): French-speaking community got the benefit of economic development and good education. (ii) Assertion (A): French-speaking community in Belgium was rich and powerful. Reason (R): Belgian Government favoured French-speaking community. 3. Identify the country with the help of the following information. • Leaders of this country shared equal powers with all communities. • There is a community government to look after the issues associated with culture, education and languages. • The government enables every community to live together and avoid civil war. Select the appropriate option from the following: (a) Sri Lanka (b) Germany (c) France (d) Belgium 60 Social Science-10

Answers 1. (i)–(b), (ii)–(b), (iii)–(a), (iv)–(c), (v)–(d), (vi)–(a), (vii)–(c), (viii)–(c), (ix)–(b), (x)–(a), (xi)–(d), (xii)–(a), (xiii)–(c) ), (xiv)–(c) 2. (i)–(a), (ii)–(c)     3. (d) 2. Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka •• Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government adopted measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. •• In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language. Sinhalas were favoured for university position and government jobs, and state will protect only Buddhism. •• The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the constitution and the government discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and denied them equal political rights. So, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over times. •• The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggle for the recognition of Tamil as an official language. They demanded opportunities in government jobs and university positions and an independent state Tamil Eelam. •• The gap between the two communities widened and led to the civil war. •• Thousands of people have been killed, forced to leave the country, lost their livelihood and terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country. EXERCISE 1.2 I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) What are similarities between Belgium and Sri Lanka? (a) Both are poor countries. (b) Both are non-democratic countries. (c) Both are democratic countries. (d) None of these (ii) Which one of the following is a major caste group of Sri Lanka? [CBSE 2020] (a) Christian and Tamil (b) Buddhist and Hindu (c) Sinhala and Tamil (d) Sinhala and Christian (iii) The Sri Lankan government adopted a series of _______ measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. (a) Majoritarian (b) Religious (c) Constitutional amendment (d) Community (iv) A new Constitution of Sri Lanka stipulated that the state shall protect and foster (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Buddhism (d) Hinduism (v) In which of the following years did Sri Lankan government recognise Sinhala as the only official language? (a) 1957 (b) 1956 (c) 1958 (d) 1948 (vi) Which of the following reasons lead a gap between the Sinhala and Tamil communities? (a) No Buddhist Sinhala leader was sensitive to Tamil language and culture. Power Sharing  61

(b) Tamils felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them political rights. (c) Government discriminated Tamil against in getting job and other opportunities and ignored their interests. (d) All of the above (vii) By 1980s several political organisations were demanding an independent Tamil Eelan in which parts of the Sri Lanka? (a) Northern part (b) Eastern part (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Western part (viii) Which one of the following launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language? (a) Sri Lankan Tamils (b) Sri Lankan Sinhalas (c) Sri Lankan Christians (d) Indian Tamils (ix) The civil war was ended in (a) 2008 (b) 2009 (c) 2006 (d) 2007 2. Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Two statements are given in the questions (i) to (iii) below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. (i) Assertion (A): An Act was passed in 1958 to recognise Sinhala as the only official language. Reason (R): The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhalas. (ii) Assertion (A): There was a feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils. Reason (R): The Sri Lankan government denied them equal political rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities. (iii) Assertion (A): Sinhala was recognized as only offical language of Sri Lanka. Reason (R): The government of Sri Lanka wanted to establish the supremacy of Sinhala community. 3. Identify the country with the help of the following information. • In 1948 this country emerged as an independent country. • Here the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala- speaking majority. • Due to this, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time. Select the appropriate option from the following: (a) India (b) Belgium (c) Sri Lanka (d) Pakistan 62 Social Science-10

II. Case/Source Based Questions (6 Marks) 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. 4.1. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country is called as– (a) Communitarianism (b) People’s Rule (c) Majoritarianism (d) Democracy 4.2. Sri Lanka was emerged as an independent country in (a) 1974 (b) 1947 (c) 1998 (d) 1948 4.3. What is the official language of Sri Lanka? (a) Hindi (b) Parsi (c) Sinhala (d) Buddhism 4.4. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding __________. (a) Telugu (b) Kannada (c) Tamil (d) English 4.5. A new Constitution of Sri Lanka stipulated that the state shall protect and foster which of the following religions? (a) Hinduism (b) Buddhism (c) Jainism (d) Islam 4.6. Read the following statements and find the INCORRECT from the given options. I. The measures of the Act 1956 introduced by Sinhalese government made Tamils in Sri Lanka feel alienated. II. Sri Lanka Tamils felt that the only important political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhalese were sensitive to their language and culture. III. They also felt that the Constitution and policies of the government denied them equal political rights and ignore their interest. Options: (b) I and III (c) I only (d) II only (a) I and II 5. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to their language and culture. They felt that the constitution and between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time. Power Sharing  63

The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied. By 1980s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a CIVIL WAR. As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. 5.1. Power struggle demanding separate Eelam was launched by (a) Sinhalas (b) Buddhists (c) Tamilians (d) None of these 5.2. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the _______ Tamils. (a) Sri Lankan (b) Indian (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Buddhist 5.3. Name the most vibrant minority group in Sri Lanka? (a) Christians (b) Tamils (c) Buddhists (d) Sinhalas 5.4. What is the percentage of people in Sri Lanka who speak Sinhala? (a) 74 (b) 60 (c) 50 (d) 90 5.5. A war-like conflict between two opposite group in a country is called– (a) Cold war (b) Civil war (c) Ethnic war (d) The World War 5.6. Why did Tamilians during 1980s form various political organisations? (a) Because their demand for seperate state was denied. (b) Because their demand for seperate election to provinces populated by the Tamils was denied. (c) Because their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied. (d) All of the above Answers 1. (i)–(c), (ii)–(c), (iii)–(a), (iv)–(c), (v)–(b), (vi)–(d), (vii)–(c), (viii)–(a), (ix)–(b) 2. (i)–(d), (ii)–(a), (iii)–(a) 3. (c) 4. 4.1 (c) 4.2 (d) 4.3 (c) 4.4 (c) 4.5 (b) 4.6 (d) 5. 5.1 (c) 5.2 (a) 5.3 (b) 5.4 (a) 5.5 (b) 5.6 (c) 3. Accommodation in Belgium •• The Belgium government amended its Constitution four times between 1970 and 1993, that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. •• The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French ministers shall be equal in the Central government. •• Many powers of the Central Government have been given to state government of the two regions. Brussels has a separate government with equal representation. •• A system of community government, which has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. •• In Belgium the leaders have realised that unity of the country is possible by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities, but Sri Lanka shows that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can disturb the unity of the country and lead to a civil war. •• The power sharing is desirable because of prudential and moral reasons. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes and moral reasons emphasis the very act of power sharing as valuable. 64 Social Science-10

Exercise 1.3 I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) There is a third kind of government apart from the central and the state government in Belgium. What is this government known as? (a) Regional government (b) Provincial government (c) Community government (d) Local government (ii) Which type of powers does the Community Government to Belgum enjoy? (a) The government has the power regarding culture related issue (b) The government has the power regarding education related issue (c) The government has the power regarding language related issue (d) All of the above (iii) Belgium has worked on the principles of (a) Majoritarianism (b) Accommodation (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (iv) Identify the correct statement/s about the Power sharing. I. Power sharing helps the people of different communities to celebrated their festivals. II. It imposes the will of the majority community over others. III. It reduces the conflict between social groups. IV. It ensures the stability of political order. Options: (a) I and II (b) I and III (c) III only (d) I only (v) Read the following statements and choose the correct option. (a) Power sharing increases the possibility of conflict between social groups. (b) Power sharing is desirable and reduces possibilities of conflict within the country. (c) The feeling of accommodation has led to the problem in Sri Lanka. (d) All of the above (vi) Both ______ and French-speaking people share power on an equal basis at central government in Belgium. (a) Dutch (b) German (c) Latin (d) English (vii) In Belgium, lastly the power is shared between central, state and __________ . (a) Lower government (b) Local-self government (c) Provincial government (d) Community government (viii) The community government in Belgium is elected by: (a) People belonging to one language community (b) All the citizens (c) All the community (d) All the leaders 2. Arrange the correct sequence of Column I against the Column II. Column I Column II I. Brussels has a separate government 1. accepted equal representation in in which Brussels II. Belgian leaders between 1970-1993 2. In a legitimate government III. French-speaking people 3. Dutch and French speaking people have equal representation IV. Citizens aquire a stake in the system 4. Amended their constitution four times through participation Power Sharing  65

Choose the correct answer. (a) IV-2, I-3, III-1, II-4 (b) I-4, III-2, IV-1, II-3 (c) III-2, II-4, I-3, IV-1 (d) II-1, IV-3, I-2, III-4 3. Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Two statements are given in the questions (i) to (vi) below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option: Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. (i) Assertion (A): Power sharing is good. Reason (R): Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between different social groups. (ii) Assertion (A): Tyranny of majority is not highly desirable. Reason (R): It helps in making the political order more stable. (iii) Assertion (A): In Belgium, the leaders realized that the unity of the country is possible by respecting the feelings and interest of different countries. Reason (R): Belgium did not favoured Dutch speaking community. (iv) Assertion (A): Power sharing is good. Reason (R): It leads to ethical tension. (v) Assertion (A): Belgium and Sri Lanka both faced ethical tension among different communities. Reason (R): Both the countries resolved the conflict by power sharing arrangement which gave equal representation to all the communities. (vi) Assertion (A): Community government in Belgium is elected by one language community. Reason (R): Community government helped in resolving conflict between different linguistic groups. II. Case/Source Based Questions (6 Marks) 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option. Thus, two different sets of reasons can be given in favour of power sharing. Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to the majority as well. There is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for democracies. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where 66 Social Science-10

citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system. Let us call the first set of reasons PRUDENTIAL and the second moral. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable. 4.1. Power sharing is desirable in democracy because of: (a) Prudential reasons (b) Moral reasons (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Political reasons 4.2. A _________ rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to lie with its effect. (a) Demoractic (b) Dictatorial (c) Majoritarian (d) Monarchical 4.3. Which of the following countries faced ethical tension among different communities? (a) Sri Lanka (b) Belgium (c) India (d) Only (a) and (b) 4.4. Which of the following options is the very spirit of democracy? (a) Political parties (b) Local-self government (c) Power sharing (d) Community government 4.5. What is the basic principle of democracy? (a) Power of a government resides in a single person. (b) People are the source of all political power. (c) To reduce religious conflict between social groups (d) To reduce social conflict between different groups 4.6. The prudent reason for power sharing is (a) It takes time in decision-making process. (b) Vertical division of power. (c) It reduces the possibilities of conflict between communities and ensures the stability of political order. (d) All of the above Answers 1. (i)–(c), (ii)–(d), (iii)–(b), (iv)–(c), (v)–(b), (vi)–(a), (vii)–(d), (viii)–(a) 2. (a) 3. (i)–(a), (ii)–(c), (iii)–(d), (iv)–(c), (v)–(c), (vi)–(a) 4. 4.1. (c) 4.2. (a) 4.3. (d) 4.4. (c) 4.5 (b) 4.6 (c) 4. Forms of Power Sharing •• The basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. •• In modern democracy power is shared among different organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary placed at the same level to exercise different powers called horizontal distribution of powers. •• In vertical division of powers, involving higher and lower levels of government, also called federal division of power between central and the state governments. •• Power is also shared among different social groups, such as linguistic groups, religious groups socially weaker sections and women. •• Power is shared among different political parties and pressure groups, because different political parties represent different ideologies and social groups. Power Sharing  67

EXERCISE 1.4 I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) Which is not one of the forms of power sharing? (a) Horizontal division of power (b) Vertical division of power (c) Division of power among social group (d) Division of power between people (ii) Modern democracies maintain check and balance system. Identify the correct option based on the horizontal power sharing arrangement. [Delhi 2020] (a) Central government, state government, local bodies (b) Legislature, Executive, Judiciary (c) Among different social groups (d) Among different pressure groups (iii) Power shared among governments at different levels is also called (a) Horizontal distribution (b) Vertical distribution (c) Slant distribution (d) None of these (iv) Intelligent sharing of power is done among (a) Legislature and Central Government (b) Executive and Judiciary (c) Legislature and Executive (d) Legislature, Executive and Judiciary (v) Division of power between higher and lower level of government is known as (a) Vertical division of power (b) Horizontal distributions of power (c) Union devision of power (d) Community division of power (vi) Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of (a) Population (b) Political order (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (vii) When power is shared among different organs of the government it is called as (a) Horizontal distribution of power (b) Community distribution of power (c) Coalition of power (d) Federal distribution of power (viii) Which of the following is not the benefit of power sharing? (a) It upholds the spirit of democracy. (b) Political parties get their expected share. (c) It ensures political stability in the long-run. (d) It reduces the possibility of conflicts between social groups. 2. Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Two statements are given in the questions (i) to (iv) below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. (i) Assertion (A): Horizontal distribution of power is necessary. Reason (R): It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. 68 Social Science-10

(ii) Assertion (A): Power should reside with one person and group located at one place in a democracy. Reason (R): If the power is dispersed, it will be possible to take decision quickly and enforce it. (iii) Assertion (A): In a democracy, everyone has voice in the shaping of public policies. Reason (R): India has federal system. (iv) Assertion (A): Power may also be shared among different social groups. Reason (R): This type of arrangement gives space in government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. 3. Identify the system of power sharing with the help of the following information: • It means power is shared among governments at different levels such as Union Government and the State Government. • The division of the power involves higher and lower levels of government at entire country level and the state level. • The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government. Select the appropriate option from the following: (a) Horizontal power sharing (b) Vertical power sharing (c) Community power sharing (d) None of these II. Case/Source Based Questions (6 Marks) 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions. We know that in a democracy, even though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances. 4.1. The above extract related to which of the following options– (a) Horizontal power sharing (b) Vertical power sharing (c) Regional power sharing (d) Local self-government 4.2. Which among the following options is correct regarding horizontal power sharing? (a) When power is shared among government at different levels. (b) When power is shared among different organs of the government. (c) The division of the power involves higher and lower levels of government. (d) All of the above 4.3. Horizontal power sharing is called as _______ because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. (a) vertical distribution of power (b) traditional distribution of power (c) horizontal distribution of power (d) regional distribution of power Power Sharing  69

4.4. Which among the following is called a system of checks and balances? (a) The judges are appointed by the executive and further judges can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislature. (b) The President of India appoints the Prime Minister and further the Prime Minister checks the powers of the President. (c) The Supreme Court Judges check the powers of the High Court Judges. (d) All of the above 4.5. Modern democracies maintain check and balance system. Identify the correct option based on the horizontal power sharing arrangement. (a) Among different pressuge groups (b) Among different social groups (c) Central, state and local governments (d) Legislative, Executive, Judiciary 4.6. Which of the following is not a form of power sharing? (a) Division of power among social groups (b) Division of power between people (c) Horizontal distribution of power (d) Vertical division of power 5. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option. The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. For a long time it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them. But these notions have changed with the emergence of democracy. One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-government. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. 5.1. In how many tiers is power shared in India? (a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four 5.2. What is Power sharing? (a) It is the system of checks and balances. (b) It is the separation of power at different levels. (c) It is a kind of balancing powers. (d) It is the spirit of democracy. 5.3. Power sharing is good as it (a) ensures the instability of political order. (b) reduces the possibility of conflicts between different groups. (c) increase the possibilities of conflicts between social groups. (d) increases the possibilities of violence around. 5.4. Power is shared among different political parties that consider _____________ . (a) different ideologies and social groups (b) regional autonomy (c) different candidates (d) instability of political order 70 Social Science-10

5.5. Power sharing is essential for democracy because– (a) it helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between different organs of the government (b) it help to reduce the possibility of conflicts between different social groups (c) it fulfils the demands of different social groups (d) None of the above 5.6. Which of the following is an appropriate in a good democratic government? (a) Power is shared among central government and state governments. (b) Power to take quick decisions and to enforce them. (c) All power resides in a single person. (d) Everyone has an equal right in shaping of public policies. Answers 1. (i)–(d), (ii)–(b), (iii)–(b), (iv)–(d), (v)–(a), (vi)–(b), (vii)–(a), (viii)–(b) 2. (i)–(c), (ii)–(d), (iii)–(b), (iv)–(a) 3. (b) 4. 4.1 (a) 4.2 (b) 4.3 (c) 4.4 (a) 4.5 (d) 4.6 (b) 5. 5.1 (c) 5.2 (d) 5.3 (b) 5.4 (a) 5.5 (b) 5.6 (d) Picture Based Question Which of the following options best signifies this cartoon? (a) Relationship between democracy and concentration of power (b) Visit of US President of Russia (c) Both the Head of the State drive democracy by their own (d) Making rules to facilitate democracy Ans. (a) Power Sharing  71

2 Federalism Topics covered 2. What Makes India a Federal Country? 4. Decentralisation in India 1. What is Federalism? 3. How is Federalism Practiced? TOPICWISE IMPORTANT POINTS 1. What is Federalism? • From the previous chapter, would recall the contrast between Belgium and Sri Lanka where, one of the key changes made by Belgium government that reduced the power of the Central government and gave their powers to the regional government in 1993. Thus Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government. • Sri Lanka continues to be unitary system where the national government has all the powers but Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a federal system. • Both Sri Lanka and Belgium are examples of federalism where a large country divide its power between the national government and the constituent states. • Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. • Government for the entire country is responsible for the subjects of national interest. • Government at the level of provinces or state that look after day to day administration of their states. • In unitary system only one level of the government or sub-units are subordinate to the central government whereas in federal system state government has powerfits own. • Key features of federalism: (a) Two or more levels of the government, (b) Each tier of the government has its own jurisdictions. • The jurisdictions of each tier is specified in the Constitution. • Courts have the powers to interpret the Constitution and the power of different levels of government. • The sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. • The federal system has dual objectives: (a) To safeguard and promote unity of the country. (b) To accommodate regional diversity. • An ideal federal system has both aspects (a) Mutual trust (b) agreement to live together • There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed. 72

(a) Coming together federations e.g., in USA, Switzerland and Australia. (b) Holding together federations e.g., in India, Spain and Belgium. EXERCISE 2.1 I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Choose the correct answer from the given options (MCQs) (i) Which group of countries follow the unitary system? (a) France, Germany and India (b) United Arab Emirates, China and Sri Lanka (c) The United States, Japan and Spain (d) Belgium, India and Spain (ii) In which forms of government, there is only one level of government or sub-units are subordinate to the central government? (a) Unitary form of government (b) Federal form of government (c) Monarchical form of government (d) Democratic form of government (iii) The area over which someone has legal authority is called (a) Sovereignty (b) Jurisdiction (c) Accession (d) Delimitation (iv) Which of the organs acts as an umpire if dispute arises between different levels of governments in India? (a) Supreme Court (b) High Courts (c) Attorney-General of India (d) Solicitor General of India (v) Which of the following aspects is necessary for an ideal federal system? (a) Mutual trust (b) Agreement to live together (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (vi) In federalism, power is divided between various constituent units and (a) Central authority (b) States (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (vii) In federal system, central government cannot order the (a) Community government (b) Local government (c) State government (d) None of these (viii) State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the: (a) Central government (b) Judiciary (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Prime Minister (ix) Which country is an example of coming together federation? (a) USA (b) Belgium (c) Sri Lanka (d) India (x) Power to interpret the constitution is with the (a) Executive (b) Judiciary (c) State government (d) Legislature 2. Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Two statements are given in the questions (i) to (iv) below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Options: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) R is true but A is false. Federalism  73