วิจัยทางการพยาบาล

Burns, N. and Grove, S.K. (1999). Understand Nursing Research. (2\"d ed') Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders. Lobiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J. (2002). Nursing research methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., and Hungler, B. P. (2001). Essential of nursing research method, appraisal, and utilization. (5'h ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincot Pilot, D. F. and Beck, C. f .Q012). Nursing Research: Generatingand assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D.F. and Hungler, B.P. (1997). Essentials of Nursing Research : Method, Appraisals and Utilization. (4th ed.). Philadephia : J.B. Lippincott company.





riru':u ,iru':u ,iruru ,iruru rl:strn: il:rmn: il:rtrn: :l:rtrn:

Z'o ,, NO2*+ 62 Iqufi n = tulglq-?od1.l N = druru:J:Ytrn: Z = , 6l c4'e , oJ at fl ao o e n:l:r o :J u Lo Lo.l o']rutq:ol1-ln1 il n o{.1 u Fl'l n 0{

fl = Z'rr ,, N' o' Z'o,, o2** Nd2 =n Ll1t'l9l9t'l0u'],1 N ='ituru:J:rtrn: rZ = rit m o :g'r unr utd1ri'.: :J n 6 dr fi qi s o q n #0.: n-:-r :y oi:.t doA q:fl]14:ufll1.{? 3J fl il?1-{10 0? 0 u'].1 fl E ql

n = Z'o ,, N7tll-fi; z'o ,, ir(1-ir) + Nd2



nltfruqq d9 0 3,rO? 0 EJ'IJ eJln 8 EJ'].J 3J:rU:Jil1n



n:reJ uo,.iil1unill:r?Tn:rel uoeiilxufiLflrE raofir]rurarin rflluoi'u neialil:strn: flq9JqJq :J:rtrn:









u55rul%n:N q o'r::illteJ t+r r r43. (255 1 ). rrJt cr u rfi s u a ? l eJ aa r o rl'r{ a 1 : aJ n{z a o rin d n :*r y'lu']u'ta f4i%oilrmA 1 no,t 4-a??,lulaauy{u'tu'tB u:aJ:']55,l.tia[ y{?1fia8%:,15, T'r u.r'r unt ri o-u i yr ur #u ?\\ ut ut fl L : eJ Tr TT ufi il ?'t rfi lr:t r. I :.l:rtrnr rrrYrorinn:cfi. lzss+1. p.ragooI:J:un:iln1:6{irora3enrfr'odruronr: :JiurrlfiEJurnrq6n::ata?n''ly{Gior{616n::alazn.n\\lras6{N:?nn.rfl11'ht rmr ufn r Er z a o :J : rlu rr.+iu fqi'utrn r-rj fi fi n r a r r ar or fi n . i u r fi rnr u rL, eL, srrri tr nr rv'l u't u'r 0 L't r:J fr :t-6 r aL t'u :-irufr o i r I I #u aL rati yr ur #u ut:ff'tT. 6l fld:flno}t:-1nil. (\\ 2553),:rrrdisuraod nr:roaEL Jytrot{ulutaFI'l6tmid n:rryrvl: { q L9ru\"ut0 I:r ff r v(o wr o.: n:niru'ri r ur #u q u [rTO l,6l'^s4i: T (255 1 ). n't:xaoo uy]10y'l u'tu1 a c['t d rrur A o rIinr:il t :s u n 68192 rl1 Lo 6{CIi o ai nr9.rq r?1 y,r : I:.: fi r v(o wr n.r n:nfeL uri vr ur #u Burns, N. and Grove, S.K. (1999). Understand Nursing Research. (2'd ed.) Philadelphia' W.B. Saunders. Lobiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J. (2002)- Nursing research methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. (Sth ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., and Hungler, B. P. (2001). Essential of nursing research method, appraisal, and utilization. 15'h ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincot Pilot , D. F. and Beck, C. T. (2012) . Nursing Research : Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D.F. and Hungler, B.P. (1997). Essentials of Nursing Research : Method, Appraisals and Utilization. (4th ed ) :Phitadephia J.B. Lippincott company.







112 u?1:J.t?tl10.touro.:virlv{#.:rnorvlqGn::lloi'trio:olJonN r*onrrnfirfirdu*rn'',, ud v-lufra A vt v a u4 nVLlco'VLlN' Fl T n uT l-J 1,[r rJufr u fr il o.: unla v a n o ..-4:-6. eJ 0 0 U n n 3J qi'o #.1 t3u un or sJ r iJ un r : #.: u n q fi pi#{ r n or fi 1i#.: r n or uil {{uki1 . 2 n'r r fl .r rn qr uru fi ai? or'vtrru'ir'ivr'Lr :l'l|fdr'l't,tLqt,lenanrrlJqtl.l tu' 1la'.:tnn' artfluLgq lglnnlut.ranfirf,lr#':tnqt1fiu'l odrrrdurrvirrfu nr:#.:tnoLt:rLdarovirlqueinn#tinoioiruia'hfr'Lti tdu nr: sqeiu(araq tvt Lq u td fi T0 tTn il 0.ls 01,t o#.1 rn ow q 6 n::ru nr:taiut a.l t6 n orovir tr:vl sti-:.1 0ril ror't{ ratoelo.:rirun:yonfiufiuufiu':oiru16ul uiaorot[]u#nr*rurfitilunr:#':ru0': q]riu'ev innav ',lrnotdfrur,v{a.:tnodfr\\4'tov 'tritu nr:4:.'-:tnollqo^qTTIJnr:f4l0-fl-l: 14a T0n1:ta:0'l flq 9t vv , to ur0Lutl MLl'-aluuQLnefl qio:o,lto.:lntu'ullnni:Jpvititlru 6l t[d'.rtnQ]o'toutlto.lzurutovvtr.:ru flntunlTn[drYiu d\\t* X*- p----\"-d9 v 1!lu t ff'LoY L9i0u'1.: 1 ntrt'.irnonh:grxrfrria.:tnoorvtrut,ilYltunlTflttno 1*6ruirfilol'MLrrioei'ottnt;':taff.AlRrAfvrqio.:n:ry-et-r--or ur.:6! u tte'10'-140-.-l-l9h-6fl1Yl'lLe14ilq^ onT:illj4{hu nnftlu.ttnoad Jnl:t:J'i aUt.ltLr ilnM.:\\r:lqrnIilnaG ra4Soar?lualn5:TxiT'l616ruu\"tuo' itqtirvirqtdv U 5luvvda tinnfl.:tnflnarttflfi.tilqGin::ilql3J5:T3J51qlfl0.l9lut0.l Trurt.lnlL11n1Tfl'.ttnqrltt.l \\tlvo *tlI2.2 ur:-i.: o r er :t air.:tun r : #'l t n o n'l r ttil t 1l''l : #': r n qlu #n * fi' a v , q 1 3J n] : dT :.1 fl e d Vl rdT fl v a 0 tLti.: S,l L fl 11 1 0 Lil eJ L Fl :.3 :'l.l T-l'l O 2.2.1 nlT#tLnqLLLUfilflTtfi;1t (Structured observations) tflunr:m.-: A pwif-l.t rnqtdlfiuor a.J tllo u tnoV-lLvinI ':.tiluv rrtlo 0.1fr.:tn q ^flt oLfluv'l{ tnarfr n'lrfl.l qi 6l fi?Tf-i'.:tnfiO^+qLqi*lr.l nr: U4S- OIYrIU- ndv't.::nrnlUoUq'iGo.llUiaXl Otxfrrq0von.1tdaInto.tultotrnffllY'jl-Tl-r?-o.1-t^'al-.^iui?t')^rnL-o^1-uT0'j1'lq l.lrM*i'Hnl:checkliststu Ba.l nlTnlfi TtUnl:f,jf\"ri-tr,luuq*',Li6i1.,lu#r n1:fiv':tnqfi-n:crur%J ruio- ttnnqtv0.tfainu'11v'x-lvlaqLun'l: #r in CItv{er : 0 u o n9iUl r fr'o u'r un rtun : rfl fi fi ei6.: rn qr ra nl u fl u d'0 { fi n1: 0 :-J re'i dttn t i fr o . vyttglf q 61 6r nl:#.irna,rli6;'l-llnl:utttill;rftirfNi':L,ii*ut'1.llrliTler6l o erlddoqninrrirfi teltlt t0 tfiO:irnlulunai,ru A q .ju 5i { 014 q+ fr Lo tt'tn 114 l : illr.iruue'vLlei6l\"Lulr'l v fdiu{0 nAdu u'r ou 'arLtl tu:r l nr \" on:*rxrola eJ o u,q[unrou ,Y u qrvu* i LYI'I1Au Lorl oe.J ovl 2.2.2 n1T#.: unsrruuutrifiTn:.: air': (Unstructured observations; rflunr:fr'rrnafiri#rrno'teild'rirv1uolJ0.ttllon1r#.lrno1{oirtrarir rdfltJunr:d- 'ltnqAfrilL'jrI fidilqGan::aLL6lo '] L^nqXlt.l 2vav.:innor0q-U-^u':.?1naL1YYuY1.lu3Jql o:'-'^lxYt-l'l r,ivd'.:rnqorAilrfdru.:reAria.rafiaafid\" ruivuoet]uv frna tYirtuuY tt,u n;Yell:E il'lnn1 4 6l u:011'[ s





115 2. ruciurllvvinr:evlnlt*niodloqlo:-19e1.'luo?'liltnr6{l 10 q aA v Lun:rurq't v nr dd o u] 0 a E ^0 ?1 asil n tfi at c4 Y v d oel :gnie.l a''l fi : % 0 n'l'l 9..l Lu n-l Tfl 3.1 R-l lgIu 3. urir rq-Ir&'al nr :gnifi ra nr u o tLa v fi n1 : r oi u rL fi 'til 6 or oloi'rio rqyJ n fi fi n'r1ilaod]tV0l,,uda.Vl lvLill,t''ltT,0n I Lo n4. fi'uuld o'l eirt\"i'sjr u err tfr': nr urutunr : rff ldo rgy o 4. LLLUyroflou (test) aintflunr:rfilrioruofi6n]e1tfr u?fiufl?lil; o?'raJfl'uJ'rrnoir': 1 ttiu o':rlflunr::.Jfru-Gqulo.lriilxuT:erra-rto rijuoi'u Lruljl,rofi i^ qe a 2 v a olJvtUUru LToTSJ O0 onBrltv t+. ru:-t:l 16 on q oil ov tiluLtLUYl o fl oufi fi rir q o:J14 d1 u'1 riror o:-l 4.2 on-Lt:J Li nqJ fi tfl uti:-l u r o a ol fi lri'rio o:-L rfi a n ri1 q 0 L Lt:J :Jtel ql L M /rrr r ra d.r rvir lfu u n'.rtvir rnr6 a ua ru rat o x n.: u firrio o lr eL Ud uuun0tflau %0atvat .1 tu a.:r r at fiu n'r:i'i'ufi 6n:e')a?-l ilfn?13.1fl'r l.J'r:nt al n airu q? 0 u'rt . uv v 0 -t g-{ u -Aa x'l tJ tri u x --- .qy1--t.,t.&t u^E 14'l 1 nl : fr 5't.t LtlJ :t Yt st fr 0 qt a.l t l vl 3J 9l T1 rU {u







u udAuAtv 0'l %'l %fl .: tn 0 ?'t t14 3.J 0 1,[n +0'l 1.['] l.[fl .: tn q il ql.: n

2. oan [t]JU6'n:*rurr o.r *:-r:riq (design the scale) fi or:ruljrfr urr t8.:

vl , t r.J ruilto





124 1.2 qiln'rilluLriro.:orrtrdu.: vru.jr reio.:fioif'uy.]r{nlr 1lu'll'lflfr',t6%1_j16la1ia4didl0rr't-tunl:q:'t0&0uorrrutylu{ntuLu:raLto.tto5o.:ila 6.tilnr: F-,l'-l-f,l8J I a5 14' 1T? J a yYrr ai a 1J:v flvtr'[t tn5o.t il ro5o.: il a io:'l u.l1}[til1 113 0 fl aJl] 0.r 0t o.: (overall scale) tLo,qLun:ilvatiarJe,Jtl%ilou0u[1a.lu1_1]_utxo rq.oirLounr:ndn'l::'tu.t'tu€ilo| at:J:rfry^ rBj tLonrlrrlNu0.:ttqinvrrunr?douoi'ru rt'tflrfiafiorrijuriarunqttr{eieqt irr*tei1d' ril:rn ornr:fi or:rxr nrr rL r.ir rfi afi o1d'r o.: r{ dr ruaa*ufi riuur u anor ndtu .l'1uo1- 0uAr0* 0.3ailn't:?v9tgullLtlJITTytl8Jrnn't't 1 0YT.t tora0i .t3aJ8^'t-aun!as \\lvfvioerr:tLa nr: 141,;€q-i']fl?'liltfru'l\"Lunr:iodr (test-retest reliability; uanur,tfioatnfl't1illfiu.Jn1ulu &iaiq-^ LU tnoo?lsJsJ\"ul-qL0'l,r nl:t:J,6.ilutttl N,JTru ir.: nr:io- n:.y: tt:n n- :lofytfAr j oo.:fr 1T.lI,LLV'I0 v d , u0 ffiFr u13.J ru 0 ql a vl ,q , a al n Vl , ; o.t ai a o- v4tjqLur'-io T.t Lil tT L n ia1j 05 o o o ?1 eJ til o.J I or o u 2. nr:lr.i'omruiirrYrurfiurnllr.l:r16ur0.tnr:{o rnruirri.:fiqioudr,ldrn-er :iml\" nr:ui o mnr ulu n1 rA nre-r fr nr: urvr iu o1 u1:J 6i#n to u o rdr n e 0 uuqLl ail'r r?'J nr :JrefrluGaer, ouruir.:fivou uonornfrXiol.rruloaLudnddru\" rurfi.r'Lzdrj'vLt o,ui':-ru.rrufi.Jfl?1e.rrflulr























xAdfin']rtnudr'rur?3.r?JoqEJnqqllJ ao i zu oqionr:o*'qnr:o,).lruito.: o.l$'1%'lou [:o\\::Jao-ufifi o'to'tT6U'Aulalu't:tla xylu'rnuwu'l:l'lfllJ:sJ:']Tt1.lii n:rmT'l.1frlr'l:r*frI (te.:uro xrrrull:43 tnrg; n.iLLtsJ Ltai tuo:uffff u0tluxn, zs+0,u#;za1 %v d e Y oa 0 ?.1lli:0.11J001q,utrulqtnd L hql't0uo'ttul{n'r:tnlJT'll-lT'l8Jt0tJfl9f1l 1eJ?uCIa% 1e0v-ieqJJqqnq01n20'1%'runl:'lllu1nuvlu'l:J'.)fl nTsvl:'ltfl']5'llluflLl flnalJql'10u1.: rjr-Jfr:1-6.:ruo unr:J:rs1ut.ruriu?Y?H#r.:ruio\":traior.iiuffqT0L.t1ua6'ur 0.t tLeisI i,a6l l3 t y't 01 0 0't'l 3J :'uJ 3i 0 Lu n 1 : tto n LLu rJ fl a :J n 3J a n n n 3J qi'1 0 u1.3 lI Ltq .l rl g lu r n u d au qY fl 't6l FtlJ nlT?O U LLns rU L't Ordrunltfi z1 U n-.i al n lru 0 n LTr fl { O{ 'r Lrl-JtJ fl 0:J n I S,l ff:l 6, eva cAu Vl r A{ U 0 114 zu TU :J :1 3i U'l fl .l 2',l Q U ?1'l.l L]-i :l*il:'l1J i^l O T 0 :J ulrd:il

u::tlt'l1,6fl:N q TeJl$1q xrrrulrrAs rnrgT o.rrlllsJ LLnr tuq]Tt,tfifl uotJ14'rn. (2s4g).:lo'i's{dfi nl { A'ltuYdaa 11 U'] A EJ lil U1 U1 A U :eJ 9{ A m O :O O n',] : A ?1 AJ :% O f A',lo'.] : U v{ EJ 1 U1 :'Itr%%l,As n:EYt i.)$ f, 1 fi 'r:tlt6{?,. T1 u.l'lunl:'l 0 u'l Yl u] n u il Li'l 1l'l n L:il q daai :lTTUUl^iqrq5T%T'IT 1 l19il Lnn. r.o.H€{ f'udd tun n'r'r?:J6U6U'r. (2553). ,.la?ro.:I:J:un:eJ6[;10ra3ataru::nus ::rrvi o sr u rr a s 6 sr ar r s't vr s si o a ar n n r r{ yr 1 .l n I u ? a { m }t't aal }$'t fi v :?1 ru %n rfi man n:oru. i vr urfi vr uf, n u. ru. fllrti Ttntril ur Lt fl t'tril fr fa tt UVA 3J 141'l il Ul n UU t:gi?: IT1.[ lJ iU% gr',] ?1 U1 fl q qd eriofieru:rf (2553), :vrficrui6nt:io-ctttto?'tEJ'tu'taFIrasr{ { uqrlu\"Lo n. ' '' n?.ttyt1^l: q 1:.: fi ru v(o wr CI.: il; aisJ 14ri vr ur #u isrriffi rrlor lzsst;. nrri6'avr'r\\rv{El'rulaarasr{ ur.re6oqqqinr::J:rqnci'[# f^dd fi 'l'l ?l U'l fl U LT.: : n:Iiltlil ln :q.1q L?] y'l eJ y'l 0 yf At Burns, N. and Grove, S.K. (1999). Understand Nursing Research. (2nd ed.) Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders. Lobiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J. (2002). Nursing research methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. (5ih ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., and Hungler, B. P. (2001). Essential of nursing research method, appraisal, and utilization. (5rh ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincot Pilot, D. F. and Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing Research : Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D.F. and Hungler, B.P. (1997). Essentials of Nursing Research : Method, Appraisals and Utilization. (4th ed.). Philadephia : J.B. Lippincott company.

UYrfi 5 a ro:1y?td?9/ oS{Jn n,l3't u11%'t riq . ^- d'u f,a yl liYt,l nI a ro 11 r 6y a c e o 0 t*fi dr eiru u? Lu n r : r4 yt a.l ocrqul R'') T't o rJ n n s L fl urit+ 1YJU9r0U1A4U{fl0.tn'l:?0U A u^- , a 6t nlT0eon']Tnuv10,3.Jn qJ ry{zruu',lAU9t0,t}t€l?'tNfl'ltil:n [l,t 1- .{UY9l.l[tt0nlTglT']oflou, fl0qiJlqnr(UnllUT?^LFIT']y14dlJv03.Jfl nlTua'ttflUA?y0]Jn Ae t ry.]103JCItt91fl3 Lun:ilaylj L d 3lJ I trurT3 9rU0 n'r:ol LOTIrUsAr tto n O1{ n 1,[ 0 , U <dq *o Vt ,d nL U].t L:n z9uJ'UtQ u L8J 3J o ?1il tnAu?n-Ln1ltT9 Loi4l':Lr rnTilLuq nl:?La9l:'1y14d1uJ0iln nd gtalt:ngofi?1ilT'tuI 114fal0fisa0H.1iil u tA lll u :l:nrE-r Lo v n't:9r:106{ou?Jo3J6qt Y v ulTuor #il lur'aL r't ^. 0 0.1 n I T sr a fl o u 1i0 sJ n qi'o.: fr n r : sr :x o fl o d a t* n I T n 1 T aeq&aq' ?to;]s14Ll,t 21UA01] €10 u*rnr:o1 . R'r u fi a-.r o r n Lff L T? :r m ru do nrqul o ; oi'a r fi r? a fl E u lio ru n ri o aLr qJ aY tr fL- qUn'rTqtT't0fl0ua1nLIL]Jfl0Lnlilitrtrdrv.roruoo:lu5ao'Lur,i olLUUnl:0n1J1,[O0U141,t.: ql lun:fififr:r.Inrinio-ua'ril'l:n*'r'liltri'rtlvqiJ'{rioroo outfi'n:utoi' ra n-.:ornrfu6.:rirrur vasqi^6 rJ1.[Y]nlj0il n Ll,[to:a.t Fl03.J1\\'t tq 05 qI fl:riufi2. r'ln \"r r er o fl 0 rJ 14 0-.r n'r n r ru-ufi n rio er n tiu ffi o-u ar ru r : n n ria riuuql(U driufi n'['1'[ I e u n r : uTufi n rio e{r n ar rL r : n yi rt 6t e utd1 il: un r r]J 14 0 u r fi q rd r* SPSS , Notepad, Word processor qi1\\: e1 ,Excet rflJuqi'u IolT:l:rrn:loirr .1 fl.rsJ'rrnLilfiuurato6.lrioto'[:Jt\"f'lfiolTu.:n-u'[oi'Iouriaunr:ulufina;r.'o.lfrnr:ur]: 9J ;$:9.JJ{qdJoc rynriou liio-uqi'0.:rilfiuerunrriufint{'lrdorynrqud{ 61 14siruFrxlil'j-t 6i, n r fl r ::ilo d,r.:'vLl :i o u-Tufai vlqa I :lr: un : eJ o a l ro d ar fl r aJl : nt : u il uay r fi n'LfL ul 0 sJ fi o Tt4-fl qt ovvqenti\"l:andrJ1o3.J9Jnqnlqtal,tro31,t'18.J'l? roT'1y14 nr:*:-l:::irio il n 0'la ?itlq unlTLrilTo?-lsJ A rtv v - A Ao 6t 14T0114T14fllj0.11Ae(JUnql Lil0Fl',t',l&iflrO?nL1,[n\"l:1i1103Jn8.J't?LFIT'tyfi tt1.t

a nIuo d v :f4i n1 1{r :o ttd\"l A - {'lL S.t OU il n t fi o x Ta :? o f-l^a^,lJ2 qt n1:il:eel? a e.ra#oeqJUd u6onr:i to:rrr{rIa rya nr:i ro:rrr{do I ntunr:i o\"u ar I r:n vir'id' z i6 6 o q.l ad vI ia ur BJ'r fl tJ oll oe.J fl 9l1 uuo o LLns !Fl: 0.: eJ 0 aiGda i dv 4 cl flI o'r il rij . tnr:!:vt o ret:rrfi u rd, u rnir3o.^l6oLaflua50roi5o.:a. til?M-.21r1n^l'-uil:ve,Lrngtn vttvg' lt'l du a a oVl e ttnteJtlaolno?'l'l LoLflv\\'lr on^^qti ia.i , u .l fl x uen d Y-. Aa y a- u.n-^r^rrf^i'^r 1{.?^^il.d:^u,-yd^'a.,u^^o^r\"o:-v!il r'Lrj''\\[4qi'' u fl rfer 6'i-'l:ot-q. fi fi riusr r rT11nr tn^ qlje0 i^l 9r?\\ 14 e' u CI-lo to.l'1 2. aiBa^ i dv u IL:rl:ttn:ru o t4ioTil| Ldirl1a'ldsnlTljTI ttJl vv ro:ryr,i o'r a1 fl zu CI1j 0 3J 0 o1 U ootJl^\\'tto0:tctortilrrttrnTsJYll{flfr6^f^r'Ljve1l'5-9:.J-.n' r:-il-T.^e:1u-t.^.l.l^t.t.n^^ri^ll;gu^i.l^:.l.:-o. dr.:qiolfrOo.il'-tc-ihvlf-lt^.- [:']6, LtflrLt3J1.[U'l q au a o^i a q4rO r-eiO/- U-.a-:aO-.i.'^IL-^L.-Y.^^'}^ll,-|^lJ0.:ilT5T'ln:fArarqiO- 'l qt L1A?OUOrAJflnqtllu']eJlnnl?CI.1 fi n r*r 1 Parameter) tLn rdl ux rlel-? a Ejl.: ( Stati sti cs ; d.l rir vl'.: mo'3 14 sJ1 U fi t a'3 tunlu ..1 parameters ril udr n.: fi rirra d.: dr ril urir oit uvr ur 0 t il:vtl n:riu 1 a dt , i vl r4q 6l i f-l-.l r'Lat aL Le nu iJ uei r fr Lu:v ?1 I :r :l:r :rrrrdt ufAi r d t r - tT' t+ U r t? fl 'l n' 'l o- r u n tfl 6'i t virnr:finrErturiqr9lq'J:utuI:.:r,lu1u-l0 o'rutflfiuto.:qir]lututnrvtfuasu-.1'[rifite: Y]:'IU

140 2. Statistics tflueiror-'rtntfirijuqirirnurio.loi':odr.:fi16onrurrirnr:6n:gr d.:rir strtistics fi'ovriJuqi'rurura.:qir parameters'[oi'raio'[ri rr#ruqinaiaroi'\":orir.: q fdr-12q.1l1u_ou_uun4f,r4e1e6onrur'iralnrte.,onq 0.trl'tnuau rfi l.:to rr nl:an5l d rfl L%n'r : 0 n ^44. ro :r dv rr% u e a e^- a ur vrr.l o^ j .r ? ruf I o u fr vfi ri o ru n zu r o u qf o.: il er afr fr vdo- qio.: fi n r :r r.: u zu u\"L uliu n o l* n'r : 16 u uT qr :.: ir r.: r ui o''u'i r o r r fi o n a fi 6 qir i q I o u o fi 6 ,ir**., ulro,r:-i.: o o ntoi'r fl u z #n :co{y 6 o 1. Descriptive statistics r[]uafi6fifroeri.:ururufiovoBuru 9q :ui l :grrrqqqr9u!o n :*rur r o.: n si ru :J :r n a n { or-'l o rj r.: fi fii 0-u fi n I o u fr n r : o fi r r u oonrurriju z #n:cily 6o s;-ffi,x,tra1.1 nr:fouu':T#ruaiatrunnr.l ( Centrat tendencv't riJuafrfifi6o lJlltjlL?\\014191?LL?t14lA.tnnruriorLnH5a9,haEir,3flUSJreitlfr.: fr.:alrur:ntiJugl-r urr Ao- rawrr'tvoleilto iu,ia fi o, 6a nir Mean, Mode ufl r Median ufr il oh:grxv uvri'L:]fi u ar\"Ld' vle toLtn 1.1.1 Mean 1 frfiru) qirnnr.lto.:noieLdoaLo fii6nr:rar'[oi' untu::Jrr:-r:-r rriu Arithmetic mean raio eirr-rrfirurnrorfio , Geometric mean raSa qir ftffi il r:?r o rfi qr uo v qir al-rfi ru ar fTri fi sr ( Harmon ic Mean ) 6tlo uvr'r\\J {-ia i:r w o fi .: qir Mean r:r ru-nu rur u fi .: Arith metic Mea n ld'riurio r n fi td'rfl u tfr o Hia ;lnterval scale ttnv ordinal scale toi'ryirriu ruhfirurnlerrfiqr rilurirradu ^1.J^0^'t-lj?0^U-f.l^yt-.Yl1'43JO far{tnO01nnl:TltJqrto?yt..t^1y4e.lolo.:rivoatnru,drur:ri\"y:udrouru ql -{ 1J0.llJ0ltflult qI 1.1.2 Median ( Md Htoru-t'lorul riiueirfioriq:.tnnr,l qJ r o rdo pn riJ ueir oq do n or rio ry nTo uo :.: Io r fi dr ur ura dr fr fr qir cir n -jr qir cJqql ^ro, llriMedian rroro*.1 rafitfi fi eir s.: n'ir Median qr-r o rirl rriu qir Median I o.: eirtd'cir ulu nt::nu utLi:oil0ooonVu-r.S.&o-9:ii-l. ueLluaffr 9',a rvirnl 6,000 fdip,,i,rjrun5A.:rafJr.:fir,nirteir rrrin:*rrLrnn'ir 6,000 unv6nod.: uflrdruririn:sr#o un-ir 6,000 :rrr oir Median tdld'ranrrn-roi'rru:J:fifi:voiunr:r-oriJu intervat scate uia ordinat scate Lr'rlll.i