tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 1
tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 2
tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 3
tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 4
kvt\\ln-X-tc, 5 ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`m-j-bmb ae-bm-f-Øn\\v t{ijvT `mjm ]Zhn e`n-®Xv \\mw Gsd tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ A`n-am-\\n-°p-Ibpw kt¥m-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw aqey-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\\-amb amXr-`mj Cu B[p-\\nI temIØv A\\yw \\n∂p t]mImsX Ip´n-I-fpsS Fgp-Øp-h-gn-bn¬ {]tNm-Z-\\-Øns‚ shfn-®-ambn \\n∂ ae-bmf hn`m-K-Ønse F√m Kpcp-°≥am¿°pw ImZw-_-cn-bpsS CX-fp-Iƒ at\\m-l-c-am°n Xo¿°p∂Xn\\p- th≠n Xqen-I-Øp-ºn-eqsS A£-c-]q-°-fpsS h¿Æ-߃ Nmen® tkm^n-bm-bnse Ipcp-∂p- Iƒ°pw Hcm-bncw BiwkIƒ t\\cp-∂p. {io. Im®m-W-Øp-h¿°n G{_lmw sNb¿am≥
6 \\s∑mgn \\dpsamgn aebmfw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ \\ΩpsS Xmbvsamgn aebmfw AΩsb kvt\\ln°p∂Xpt]msebpw _lpam\\n°p∂Xpt]msebpw \\ΩpsS amXr`mjbmb aebmfsØ kvt\\ln°pIbpw _lpam\\n°pIbpw sNøpI. amXr`mjbpsS aqey߃ a\\ nem°m\\pw AXns‚ am[pcyw \\pWbphm\\pap≈ Zf߃ BIs´, ImZw_cn... Cu kwcw`Øn\\v ]mXsbmcp°nb Ghscbpw Biwkn°p∂p.... {ioa-Xn. h¬kΩ G{_lmw sshkv sNb¿t]-gvk¨
GsXmcp thZhptasXmcp imkv{Xhpw 7 tasXmcp ImhyhptasXmcmƒ°pw lrØn¬∏XntbWsa¶n¬ kz`mjX≥ h‡Øn¬ \\n∂pXm≥ tIƒ°thWw a\\pjy a\\ ns‚ hnImchnNmc߃ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ G‰hpw at\\mlcambn {]ISn∏n°m≥ km[n°p∂Xv amXr`mjbneqsSbmWv. Gsd sshInbmsW¶nepw aq∂p tImSnbntesd \\mhpIfn¬ a[pcw \\ndbv°p∂ \\ΩpsS ssIcfo amXmhn\\v t{ijvT`mjm ]ZhnbpsS s]m≥IncoSw AWnbm≥ km[n®p. B s]m≥{]`bn¬ tim`n®p \\n¬°p∂ amXr`mjbnse almcY∑m¿°v th≠n tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqfnse ]TnXm°ƒ Hcp°nb ImZw_cn........ \\ΩpsS `mjm A`nam\\sØbpw kwkvImc t_m[sØbpw ssNX\\yhØm°m\\p≈ tkm]m\\w Bbn Xocs´, ImZw_cn... F∂v Hmtcm Ipcp∂pIsfbpw Biwkn°p∂p {io. {]ntPm sI. G{_lmw Ub-d-IvS¿
8 t{ijvT-`m-j-bmbn ae-bmfw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ hmgvØ-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ae-bmf `mjsb kvt\\ln-°m≥ ae-bmfn ]Tn-°-Ww. amXr-`m-j-bpsS thj-∏-I¿®-IƒI≠v \\mw AXn-i-bn-°p-tºmƒ \\Ωp°pw \\ΩpsS Ip´n-Iƒ°pw `mj-bpsS kvt\\l `mjy-ß-fm-Imw. AΩ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ \\∑-bn-e-en-bmw. ImZw-_-cnbv°v F√m-hn[ Biw-k-Ifpw t\\cp-∂p. {io. tkmWn tPmkv amt\\-P¿
]qØp-ºn-I-sf-t∏mse ]mdn 9 \\S-t°≠ Ipcp∂p _mey-߃...... tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ tImhnUv alm-amcn aqew hoSns‚ \\mep Nph-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ HXp-ßn-b-t∏mb \\ΩpsS Ip´n-Iƒ.... Ah-cpsS amXy-`m-jbmb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ {]m[m\\yw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ ]e kmlnXy hn`-h-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p Cu UnPn-‰¬ amK-kn-\\n¬. ae-bmfw F∂ s]‰-Ωsb ASp-Ø-dn-bm-\\pw, BZ-cn-°m\\pw kvt\\ln-°m\\pw Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°pw Ign-bp-am-dm-Is´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂p. {ioaXn. tacn tPm¿Pv {]n≥kn-∏¬
tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 10
11 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ kvt\\lnXtc... Fs‚ `mj, Fs‚ aebmfw “a‰p≈ `mjIƒ tIhew [m{Xnam¿ a¿Øy\\p s]‰ΩX≥ `mjXm≥ amXmhn≥ hm’eyZpKv[w \\pI¿∂mte ss]X߃ ]q¿Æhf¿® t\\Spw” h≈tØmƒ \\mcmbWtat\\m≥ (Fs‚ `mj) aebmfnIfpsS amXr`mjbmb aebmfØn\\v t{ijvT`mjm ]Zhn e`n®Xn¬ \\mw Gsd A`nam\\n°pIbpw kt¥mjn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Cu ]Zhn t\\SnsbSp°m≥ {ian® At\\Iw kmlnXy{]Xn`IfpsS ap≥]n¬ {]Wmaw A¿∏n°p∂p... aebmf`mjbv°v hnes∏´ kw`mh\\Iƒ \\¬Inb, aebmfØns‚ alm ]pWyamb kmlnXy{]Xn`IfpsS eLp PohNcn{X°pdn∏pIƒ, kwkvImc Ncn{XØns‚ X\\na hnfnt®mXp∂ \\mS≥IeIƒ, \\mS≥]m´pIƒ F∂nh tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqfnse Ipcp∂pIƒ t\\SnsbSpØ AdnhneqsS, AhcpsS XqenIØpºneqsS ]p\\¿P\\n°p∂p. ImZw_cn...
XmfpIfneqS 12 aebmf kmlnXy {]Xn`Iƒ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ alXztadpw Ihn{Xb߃ {]mNo\\ Ihn{Xbw FgpØNvO≥ (Benebn¬) sNdpticn Ip©≥ \\ºym¿ B[p\\nI Ihn{Xbw Ipamc\\mim≥ D≈q¿ h≈tØmƒ cma]pcØphmcy¿ ]q¥m\\w \\ΩpsS kz¥w \\mS≥ ]m´pIƒ DÆmbn hmcy¿ ]gs©m√pIƒ IS¶YIƒ kmlnXyØnse ]pXphgnIƒ Nߺpg Pn. i¶c°pdp∏v Hm.F≥.hn. \\ncq]WØnse {Xnaq¿ØnIƒ XIgn PvRm\\]oTtPXm°ƒ aebmfØnse {][m\\ ]pckvImc߃
aøgnbpsS 13 IYmImc≥ Fw. apIpμ≥ aebmfØnse B[p\\nI kmlnXyImc≥amcn¬ P\\ohv tPmk^v tPmtPm tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ {][m\\nbmWv Fw. apIpμ≥ (M. Mukundan) (P\\\\w: ¢mkv 7 sk]v‰w_¿ 10, 1942). {^©v \\bX{¥ DtZymKkvY \\mbpw, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan A[y£\\mbpw {]h¿Øn®n´p≠v. Xs‚ BZykmlnXykr„nbmb sNdpIY 1961 ¬ {]kn≤oIcn°s∏´p. ]n∂oSv apIpμ≥ [mcmfw t\\mhepIfpw sNdpIYIfpw FgpXn. DtZymKØns‚ `mKambn apIpμs‚ PohnXw ]n¬°meØv U¬lnbnte°p ]dn®p\\Ss∏´p. U¬ln PohnXhpw apIpμs‚ XqenIbn¬ kmlnXy kr„nIfmbn. ]pckvImc߃ FgpØ—≥ ]pckvImcw (2018) tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan hnin„mwKXzw {^©v k¿°mcns‚ sjhenb¿ Hm^v B¿Svkv B≥Uv set‰gvkv _lpaXn (1998) tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan ]pckvImcw tI{μ kmlnXy A°mZan ]pckvImcw hbem¿ ]pckvImcw Fw.]n.t]mƒ ]pckvImcw ap´Øp h¿°n ]pckvImcw F≥. hn. ]pckvImcw sP.kn._n. kmlnXy ]pckvImcw
XIgn 14 inhi¶c∏n≈ XIgn F∂ hm°m¬ hnh£n°mhp∂ H∂ne l∂ skbvd Zn¬PnØv tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ [nIw Imcyßfp≠v. ¢mkv 7 t\\mh¬, sNdpIY F∂o imJIfn¬ hy‡nap{Z ]Xn∏n® aebmf kmlnXyImc\\mWv XIgn inhi¶c∏n≈. Ip´\\mSns‚ CXnlmkImcs\\∂ hntijW ap≈ Cu IYmImc≥ 1912 G{]n¬ 17\\v Be∏pg Pn√bnse XIgnbn¬ P\\n®p. Poh¬kmlnXy {]kvYm\\Øns‚ aebmfØnse {]NmcI\\mbn cp∂p Ct±lw. ]n. tIihtZhv, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, ssh°w aplΩZv _jo¿ F∂nhcpsS kaImenI \\mbncp∂p. sNdpIY, \\mSIw, k©mckmlnXyw, BflIY F∂o taJeIfnepw kw`mh\\Iƒ \\¬Inb XIgn°v 1984se ⁄m\\]oT ]pckvImcw e`n®p. hy‡ntb°mƒ kaqlØns‚ Nn{Xw IqSpXembn sXfnbp∂XmWv XIgnbpsS t\\mhepIƒ. kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø\\w e£yam°nb FgpØpImc\\mWv Ct±lw. tIcf tam∏kmßv F∂pw XIgnsb hntijn∏n°mdp≠v.
Ip™pÆn amjv 15 1927 sabv 10\\v Xr»q¿ Pn√bnse he∏mSv AXnbmcØv Rmb∏≈n C√sØ \\oeIWvT≥ aq Xns‚bpw AXnbmcØv \\mcmbWnAΩbp sSbpw aI\\mbn P\\n®p. tNcmfn sslkvIqfn¬ A[ym]I\\mbn Xs‚ HutZymKnI PohnXw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ Bcw`n®p. Ip™pÆn amjv Xs‚ PohnXØns‚ Akntb¬ am¿°v kv‰o^≥ \\s√mcp`mKhpw tImgnt°m´mWv sNehgn®Xv. ¢mkv 6 1953 ¬ tImgnt°mSv {iocmaIrjvW anj≥ ssl kvIqfn¬ A[ym]I\\mbn tN¿∂p. 1987 ¬ kztZi amb he∏mt´°v Xncn®pt]mhpIbpw Xriqcn¬ kmaqlykmwkvImcnI {]h¿Ø\\ßfnte¿s∏Sp Ibpw sNbvXp. Ip©≥\\ºymcpsS `mjmimkv{Xw BWv Ip™pÆnamjns\\ Gsd kzm[o\\n®Xv. Ip´n °meØv Gsdbpw hmbn®Xv Ip©≥\\ºymcpsS Xp≈¬IrXnIƒ Bbncp∂p. kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n Bbncn°p∂ kabØv Xp≈¬IYIsfgpXn kzbw AhXcn∏n®ncp∂p. ]ØmwXcw Ign™ kabØv bpK{]]©w F∂ Xp≈¬ FgpXn Ihnbmbn Adnbs∏´pXpSßn. Ip™pÆnamjv G‰hpw A[nIImew ]w‡n FgpØv \\SØn bXv ae¿hmSn F∂ Ip´nIfpsS amknIbn¬ Bbncp∂p. amXr`qan BgvN∏Xn∏nse _me ]w‡nbn¬ Ipt´´≥ F∂ t]cn¬ FgpXn bncp∂p. aebmfØnse ]e FgpØpImscbpw ssI]nSn®p hf¿Øn sIm≠ph∂Xv Ip™p Æn amjmWv. Xs‚ s]m°an√mbvasb°pdn®v At±lw Cßs\\ ]d™p s]m°an√mbva bmWv Fs‚ s]m°w. Hcp Nn{XImc\\pw Bbn
cp∂p At±lw. Ip´nIƒ°pw apXn¿ BflIY 16 ∂h¿°pw Bbn Ht´sd IhnXIƒ Ip™pÆnamjns‚ BflIYbm At±lw cNn®p. 2006 am¿®v 26\\v Wv ‘F∂neqsS’. he∏mSp≈ Xdhm´n¬ A¥cn®p. ]pckvImc߃ {][m\\ IrXnIƒ 1974 epw 1984 epw tIcf kmlnXy A£cs؉v, AarX IYIƒ, A°mZan Ahm¿U,v 1982 ¬ kwÿm\\ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ DuWp sXm´v Dd°w hsc, Ip™pÆn _mekmlnXy Ahm¿Uv, 2002 ¬ °hnXIƒ, Ip‰ns∏≥kn¬, \\ºqcn hmg°p∂w Ahm¿U,v 2003 ¬ hn.F. ^enX߃, Ipt´´s‚ Ipdn∏pIƒ, tIih≥ \\mb¿ Ahm¿Uv, tIcf Ip´nIfpsS cmambWw, ]gsamgn kmlnXy A°mZanbpw kwkYv m\\ _m ∏Ømbw, ]Xn\\©pw ]Xn\\©pw, ekmlnXy C≥kv‰n‰yq´pw BPoh apØpaWn, N°chmh, IZfn∏gw, \\m¥ kw`mh\\Isf ap≥\\n¿Øn 1988 \\SØw, IenImew. epw 2002epw ]pckIv mc߃ kΩm\\n®p.
⁄m\\]oTw Ahm¿Uv 17 C¥ybnse D∂Xamb Hcp kmlnXy ]pckvIm camWv ⁄m\\]oT ]pckvImcw. `mcXob ⁄m \\]oT ]pckvImcw F∂p apgph≥ t]cp≈ CXv hmKvtZhnbpsS in¬]w, {]ikvXn]{Xw, ]Xns\\m ∂p e£w cq]bpsS sN°v F∂nh ASßp∂ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ XmWv. Khs◊‚ns‚ HutZymKnI ]pckvImcas√ ¶nepw kmlnXy A°mZan s^temjn∏ns\\m∏w, cq]≥ hcvKokv sNdnbm≥ kmlnXytaJebn¬ \\¬Ip∂ G‰hpapb¿∂ ¢mkv 7 AwKoIcambn ⁄m\\]oT ]pckvImcsØ C¥y bn¬ IW°m°p∂p. ssSwkv Hm^v C¥ybpsS DSamhImiap≈ kmlpsPbv≥ IpSpw_w kvYm]n® ⁄m\\]oTw ⁄m\\ ]oTw {Skv‰v BWv Cu ]pckvImcw Ahm¿Uv e`n® \\¬Inhcp∂Xv. FgpØpIm¿ BZy ]pckvImcw 1965 ¬ Pn. i¶c°pdp∏ns‚ 1. Pn. i¶c°pdp∏v HmS°pg¬ F∂ ImhykamlmcØn\\mWv e`n®Xv. (1965) HmS°pg¬ 1962 ¬ Hcp e£ambncp∂ kΩm\\ØpI C∂v 11 2. Fkv. sI. s]ms‰°m´v e£amWv. 1982 apX¬ Hcp kmlnXyImcs‚ ka{K (1980) Hcp tZiØns‚ IY kmlnXykw`mh\\IfmWv ]pckvImcØn\\mbn 3. XIgn. inhi¶cm∏n≈ ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂Xv. aebmfØn\\v Bdp {]mhiyw (1984) Ib¿ ⁄m\\]oT ]pckvImcw e`n®n´p≠v. 4. Fw. Sn. hmkptZh≥ \\mb¿ (1995) 5. H. F≥. hn. Ipdp∏v (2007) 6. A°nØw A®pX≥ \\ºqXncn (2019) Ccp]Xmw \\q‰m≠ns‚ CXnlmkw F∂nhcmWv ⁄m\\]oTw ]pckvImcw e`n®h¿.
H.F≥.hn. Ipdp∏v 18 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ aebmfØnse {]ikvX Ihnbmbncp∂p Znb sskd kn_n H.F≥.hn. Ipdp∏v. P\\\\w 27 sabv 1931. acWw ¢mkv 7 13 s^{_phcn 2016. tIcf IemafieØns‚ sNb¿am≥ ÿm\\w H.F≥.hn. hln®n´p≠v. kmlnXy cwKsØ kw`mh\\Iƒ ]cnKWn®v 2007 ¬ FgpØNvO≥ ]pckvImchpw PvRm\\]oTw ]pckvImchpw Ct±lØn\\v e`n®p. 1957 apX¬ FdWmIpfw almcmPmkv tImfPn¬ A≤ym]I≥ Bbncp∂p. 2016 s^{_phcn 13, Xncph\\¥]pcsØ Bip]{Xnbn¬ h®mWv acn®Xv. ]pckvImc߃ 1. ]fl{io ]pckvImcw ˛ 1998 2. ]flhn`qj¨ ]pckvImcw ˛ 2011 3. FgpØNvO≥ ]pckvImcw ˛ 2007 4. PvRm\\]oTw ]pckvImcw ˛ 2007
\\h-c-k-߃ 19 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ C¥y≥ \\rØc- q]- ß- f- mb IqSnb- m´- w, `cX- \\- mS- yw, IY- Imhy Ifn XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ ckm-`n-\\bw \\h-c-k-ßsf ¢mkv Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv. ]e apJ-`m-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ssIap-{Z-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \\h-c-k-߃ ]e `mh-ßfpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. \\h-c-k-ßsf AXns‚ G‰hpw ]mc-ay-Øn¬ A`n-\\-bn®v ^en-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\\v \\mSym- Nmcy ]fl{io amWnam[hNmIym¿°v khnt- ij- a- mb Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ \\h-c-km-`n-\\-b- ߃ tIcf kwKoX \\mSI A°m-Zan tiJ-c-Ønepw temI-sa-ºmSpw ]e ImgvN-_w-•m-hp-I-fnepw kq£n- ®p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂p. irwKmcw \\mbn-Im-\\m-b-I-∑m¿°v ]c-kv]-c-ap-≠m-Ip∂ A\\p-cm- K-amWv cXn. cXn F∂ ÿmbn-`mhw ck-ambn hnImkw {]m]n® Ah-ÿ-bmWv irwKm-cw. ]c-kv]- cm-I¿j-W-Øn\\v tlXp-hm-bn-Øo-cp∂ kuμ-cyw, kuioeyw XpSß- nb KpWß- - fmWv cXn F∂ ÿmbn-`m-h- Øn\\v Bew-_w. hk-¥w, DZym-\\w, ]q\\n-emhv XpS-ßnb kml-N-cy-߃ D±o-]-\\-ambn Øocp-tºmƒ hn`m-hw. ISm- £w, aμ-lm-kw, ]pcn-I-ß- fpsS Ne-\\w, a[p-c-`m-j-Ww, kpμ-c-hn-em-k-߃ F∂o _mly{- ]I- S- \\- ß- ƒ A\\p`- mh- - ߃. Be-ky-hpw, PpKp-]vk- bpw, Hu{Khpw Hgn-sI-bp≈ ap∏Xv k©m-co-`m-h-߃
20 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ irwKm-cm-`n-\\-b-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°mw. 20buh\\- b- p‡- I- f- mb kv{XoIƒ°v icoc- Ø- nepw apJØpw hnImc- ß- ƒ kv^pcn- °p-∂-Xns\\ \\mbn-Im-e-¶m-c-߃ F∂v `c-X≥ h¿Æn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ae- ¶mc- ß- ƒ `mhß- s- fbpw ckß- s- fbpw B{ib- n®- nc- n°- p∂- p. `mhw, lmhw, tle F∂o Ah-bh-ß- -fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ aq∂p Xcw irwKmctNjvS-I-fmWv BZysØ aq∂v \\mbn-Im-e-¶m-c-߃. A`n-\\-b-Øn-eqsS ico-c-Øn¬-Øs∂ `mhsØ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂Xv `mhw. `mh-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ angnhv D≠m-°p-∂Xv lmhw. lmhw IqSp-X¬ kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂-XmWv tle. kz`m-h-P-\\y-ß-fmb eoe, hnem- kw, hn—n-Øn, hn{`-aw, Inen-In-©n-Xw, tam´m-bn-Xw, Iq´-an-Xw, _nwt_m-Iw, efn-Xw, hnlrXw F∂v ]Øp Xcw irwKm-c-tN-jvS-Isf \\mbn-Im-e-¶m-c-Øn¬ Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. hm°v, {]hr-Øn, Ae-¶m-c-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS {]nbs\\ A\\p- I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv eoe. AwK-N-e-\\-߃ a[p-chpw efn-X-hp-am-°p-∂Xv hnem- kw. thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ A{i-≤-tbmsS Ipdt® [cn-®n-´p-≈p-sh-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ tim`-bp-≠m-°p-∂-XmWv hn—n-Øn. aZw, A\\p-cm-Kw, l¿jw F∂nh \\nanØw hm°nepw {]hr-Øn-bnepw a‰pw am‰w h∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-XmWv hn{`-aw. ]e-Xcw hnImcw H∂n-®p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv Inen-In-©n-Xw. {]nbs‚ IY-Iƒ tIƒ°p-tºmgpw lrZy-amb hm°pw {]hr-Ønbpw ImWp-tºmgpw Xt∂m-Sp≈ Imap-Is‚ A\\p- cm-K-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-tºmgpw D≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-c-{]-I-S\\w tam´m-bn-Xw. Imap- I≥ Xs‚ tIi-kvX-\\m-Zn-Iƒ {Kln-°p-tºmƒ l¿j-kw-{`-a-߃ \\nanØw kpJhpw ZpxJhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Ip´-an-Xw. CjvS-ap-≈Xv In´n-°-gn-bp- tºmƒ D≠m-hp∂ Al-¶mcw \\nanØw A\\m-Z-chv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv _nwt_m- Iw. kuIpa- mc- ya- p≈ AwKh- nt- £]w efnX- w. ]db- m≥ Adb- v°p∂- Xv hnlrXw. AbX- v\\P- me- ¶- mc- ß- ƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Ggv irwKmc- t- Nj- vSI- f- p≠- v. tim`, Im¥n. Zo]vXn, am[p-cyw, ss[cyw, {]mK-ev`yw, HuZmcyw F∂o hnIm-c-{]-I-S-\\-ß-fm- Wn-h. cq]-bu-h-\\-em-h-Wy-߃ D]-t`mKw \\nanØw ]pjvSn {]m]n-®n-´p-≈Xv tim`. Ima-hn-Imcw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ tim`-Xs∂ Im¥n. Im¥n h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ Zo]vXn. Zo]vXhpw efn-X-hp-amb GsXm-c-h-ÿ-bnepw a[p-c- ambn {]h¿Øn°- p∂- Xv am[pc- yw. hfsc X©a- mb s]cpa- m‰w GXh- ÿ- b- nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ss[cyw. Ima-I-em-{]-tbm-K-Øn¬ {]mKev`yw ImWn-°p-∂- XpXs∂ {]mKev`yw F∂ Ab-Xv\\-Pm-e-¶mcw. CXn-¬\\n∂v irwKmcw \\h-c- k-ßfpsS cmPmhv F∂p a\\- n-em-°mw.
XqenIm \\ma߃ s_≥ Icphnf ¢mkv 6 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 21
aebmfØns‚ t]m‰Ω 22 efnXmw_nI A¥¿÷\\w kmlnXy- kmwkvImcnI cwKtØbv°v kv{XoIƒ A[nIw IS∂ph∂n´n√mØ ImeØv i‡amb IYIfpambn cwK{]thiw \\SØnb FgpØp tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ ImcnbmWv efnXmw_nI A¥¿P\\w. am\\hnIXm Aae kp\\n¬ hmZnbpw kmaqly]cnjvI¿{Xnbpambncp∂ efn ¢mkv 9 Xmw_nI A¥¿÷\\w sIm√w Pn√bnse sIm´m c°c Xmeq°n¬ tIm´h´Øv C√Øv ZmtamZc≥ \\ºqXncnbpsSbpw \\ßø A¥¿P\\Øns‚bpw aIfmbn 1909 am¿®v 30\\v P\\n®p. ]nXmhv {]Pmk`m saºdpw ]WvUnX\\pw kapZmb ]cnjvI¿Ømhpw Bbncp∂p. Ip´n°meØpXs∂ kmlnXym`ncpNn {]ISambncp∂p. ho´n\\p≈n¬Xs∂bmbncp∂p hnZym`ymkhpw. aebmfw, kwkvIrXw, Cw•ojv, lnμn F∂o `mjIƒ hiam°n. C√sØ {KŸtiJchpw kmlnXym¥co£hpw A—\\ ΩamcpsSbpw {]_p≤tIcfw ]{Xm[n]cm bncp∂ AΩmhs‚bpw t{]m’ml\\hpw _meyØn¬Øs∂ kmlnXycN\\Ifn¬ G¿ s∏Sm≥ hgnsbmcp°n. IhnXbneqsS kmlnXy PohnXw Bcw`n®p. XpS¿∂v IYmcN\\bn¬ G¿s∏´v t]scSpØp. 1927¬ cma]pcØv \\mcm bW≥ \\ºqXncnsb hnhmlw Ign®p. X\\n°p Np‰pw ImWp∂ Imcy߃, kzm\\p `h߃ Chsb√mw IYbv°v CXnhrØam°n. \\ºqXncn kapZmbØn¬ A∂v \\ne\\n∂ncp∂ A‘hnizmkßfpw A\\mNmcßfpw Hcp ]cn[nhsc \\nb{¥n°m≥ B IYIƒ°v Ign™p. 1987 s^{_phcn 6\\v A¥cn®p.
sNdpt»cn \\ºqXncn 23 {InkvXph¿jw 15˛mw \\q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®ncp∂ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ aebmfIhnbmWv sNdpt»cn \\ºqXncn (1375˛1475). DØc tIcfØn¬ ]gb Ipcpº\\mSv Xmeq°nse hSIcbn¬ sNdpt»cn C√Øn¬ P\\n®p. Aßs\\ Hcn√w C∂n√. 18˛mw \\q‰m≠nep≠mb ssakq¿ ]Stbm´°meØv DØctIcfØn¬\\n∂v At\\Iw \\ncRvP\\ acnb tXmakv \\ºqXncn IpSpw_߃ kvYewhn´p. Iq´Øn¬ ¢mkv 10 \\in®pt]mbXmhWw sNdpt»cn C√w. sNdpt»cn C√w ]p\\w C√Øn¬ ebn®psh∂pw Hc`n{]mbap≠v. IrjvWKmYbpsS I¿Ømhv sNdpt»cn \\ºqXn cnbmsW∂v 1881 ¬ ]pdØndßnb `mjmNcn{XØn¬ ]n. tKmhnμ]n≈ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. {]mNo\\ Ihn{XbØn¬ Hcmfmbncp∂p Ct±lw. {In.h. 1466˛75 ImeØv tImeØp\\mSp `cn®ncp∂ DZbh¿as‚ ]WvUnXkZ nse AwKambncp∂p sNdpt»cn \\ºqXncn. `‡n, ^enXw, irwKmcw F∂o `mhßfmWv sNdp t»cnbpsS Imhy ßfn¬ Z¿in°m\\m hp∂Xv. kaImeo\\cmbncp∂ a‰v `mjmIhnIfn¬\\n∂v H´pw hyXy kvXambncp∂n√ Cu ssien. F¶nepw kwkvIrX `mjtbmSv IqSpX¬ {]Xn ]Øn ]pe¿Ønbncp∂ ae\\m´nse IhnIƒ°nSbn¬ `mjmIhn F∂ncn s°bpw Gsd {]ikvX\\mbncp∂p sNdpt»cn. IrjvWKmYbmWv {][m\\ IrXn. aebmf `mjbpsS i‡nbpw kuμ cyhpw BZyambn ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv
24sNdpt»cnbpsS IrjvWKmY F∂ am\\hn{Ia≥ kmaqXncnbpsS kZ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ at\\mlc IrXnbneqsSbmWv. kwkv nse AwKambncp∂ ]q\\w \\ºqXncn IrX ]Zßfpw Xangv ]Zßfpw Gsd Xs∂bmWv sNdpt»cn \\ºqXncn °psd Dt]£n®v ip≤amb aebmf sb∂v Nne Ncn{XImc∑m¿ A`n{]m `mjbnemWv IrjvWKmY cNn®ncn bs∏´p ImWp∂p≠v. KmYm{]kvYm\\ °p∂Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ aebmf Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhpw IqSnbmWv Øns‚ Ncn{XØn¬ IrjvWKmYbv Ct±lw. °v kp{][m\\amb kvYm\\ap≠v.
\\ΩpsS kz¥w 25 \\mS≥]m´pIƒ IdpØ s]tÆ \\ns∂ ImWm™ns´mcp\\mfpt≠ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ hcpØs∏t´≥ Rms\\mcp h≠mbn®as™\\Sn. {]ikvXamb Hcp kn\\na∏m´v Bbn´mhpw ]e Iq´p Imcpw Cu ]m´v tI´ncn°pI. hmkvXhØn¬, \\ΩpsS BflP IrjvWm kptcjv \\m´nse Hcp \\mS≥]m´v BWnXv. tIcfØnse Gsd ¢mkv 7 h¿jßfmbn {]NmcØnep≈ \\qdpIW°n\\v \\mS≥ ]m´pIfnsem∂v ! FgpXnb kmlnXywt]mseXs∂ FgpXs∏SmØ kmlnXyhpw aebmfØnep≠v. XeapdIfneqsS hmsamgnbmbmWv CØcw kmlnXyw ssIam‰w sNøs∏Sp∂Xv. \\mS≥]m´pIfpw ]gs©m √pIfpsams° Cu hn`mKØn¬ s]Sp∂p. ]mhs∏´ hcpw Irjn°mcpaSßp∂ km[mcW°mcmWv Ch ]mSn\\S∂ncp∂Xv. Bcm[\\, Im¿jnIhrØn, Iem cq]߃, hnt\\mZ߃, BNmcm\\pjvTm \\߃ XpSßnbhbpambn _‘s∏´ XmWv \\ΩpsS \\mS≥]m´pIƒ Gsdbpw. tIcfØnse \\mS≥]m´pIfn¬ sX°≥ ]m´pIƒ, hS°≥]m´pIƒ F∂nßs\\ c≠p hn`mKßfp≠v. bp≤hoc∑mcmb \\mbI∑mcpsS IYIfmWv hS°≥]m ´pIfn¬. sX°≥]m´pIƒ Xangns‚ kzm[o\\w sXfn™pImWmw. ]e PmXn bn¬ s]´h¿°v AhcptSXmb ]m´pIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. the≥]m´v, Nm‰p]m´v, am∏nf∏m´v F∂nh DZmlcWßfmWv.
DÆmbn hmcyb¿ 26 A`n\\bw, kwKoXw, kmlnXyw F∂o aq∂p KpW A£bv ss_Pp tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ ߃ HØnWßp∂ D¬Ir„IrXnbmWv DÆmbn ¢mkv 7 hmcycpsS ‘\\fNcnXw B´°Y'. aebmfØnse B´°YmImc∑mcn¬ A{KKWy\\mb DÆmbn hmcycpsS icnbmb t]cv F¥msW∂Xns\\°pdn®pw At±lØns‚ P∑tZiw, Pohn®ncp∂ Imew F∂n hsb°pdn®pw Ahy‡XIƒ Ct∏mgpw \\ne\\n¬ °p∂p. DÆmbnhmcy¿ sIm√ h¿jw 915˛mw B≠n¬ sIm®n kwkvYm\\Øv Ccn™me°pS t£{XØn\\p kao]ap≈ AIØq´p hmcyØp P\\n®psh∂pw AX√ Xr»qcn\\SpØv Ip´\\√q¿ Zp¿§mt£{XØn\\p kao]w ]Sn™msd∏m´p hmcyØmWp P\\\\sa∂pw c≠`n{]mbap≠v. 927˛mw B≠v Xncph\\¥]pcw {io ]fl\\m`kzmant£{XØn¬ \\S∂ D’hØn¬ \\fNcnXw BSnbn´p s≠∂Xn\\v Ncn{XØn¬ sXfnhp s≠∂Xn\\m¬ DÆmbnhmcy¿ 900˛mw B≠n\\p ap≥]v P\\n®ncp∂Xmbn IcpXmhp∂XmWv F∂p ]WvUnX hmZw.
\\nfbpsS IYmImc≥ 27 Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥ \\mb¿ FwSn F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ amSØv sXs°∏m´v hmkptZh≥\\mb¿ anI® FgpØpImc\\pw Xnc°Ym IrØpw kn\\nam kwhn[mbI\\pamWv. 1933 HmKkv‰v 9\\v P\\n® FwSn, B[p\\nI aebmfkmlnXy tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ cNbnXmhmWv. Zn \\yq tbm¿°v sldmƒUv {Sn_yq¨ \\SØnb temI sNdpIYa’cØn¬ FwSn°v sPkven≥ tPmbnse‰v aebmfØnse anI® sNdpIYbv°p≈ ]pckvImcw ¢mkv 7 e`n®p. 23˛mw hb nembncp∂p FwSn Xs‚ BZy t\\mhemb \\mepsI´v FgpXnbXv. B t\\mhen\\v 1958˛se tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Uv e`n®p. Imew, a™v, AkpchnØv, c≠maqgw F∂nhbmWv At±lØns‚ a‰p t\\mhepIƒ. aebmf kmlnXyØns‚ hgnØncnhpIfmbncp∂p FwSnbpsS ]e t\\mhepIfpw. FwSnbpsS G‰hpw anI® IY c≠maqgw BWv. {]ikvX \\¿ØInbmb IemaWvUew kckzXnbmWv At±lØn s‚ `mcy. a°ƒ knXmc, AizXn. GI tZiw 54 kn\\nabv°v FwSn Xnc°Y FgpXnbn´p≠v. anI® Xnc°Ybv°p≈ \\mjW¬ Ahm¿Uv 4 XhW e`n®n´p≠v, Hcp hS°≥ hocKmY (1989), IShv (1991), kZbw (1992), ]cnWbw (1994) F∂o kn\\nabpsS Xnc°Ybv°mWv e`n®Xv. 1963˛64 ImeØmWv apds∏Æv F∂ Xnc°YsbgpXn FwSn Ne®n{XtemItØ °v IS∂Xv. FwSn BZyambn kwhn[m\\w sNbvX \\n¿Ωmeyw F∂ Nn{XØn\\v 1973˛¬ cm{„]XnbpsS kz¿Æ∏X°w e`n®p. FwSn \\nfbpsS IYmImc≥ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
\\ncq]WØnse 28 {Xnaq¿ØnIƒ IhnXbpw t\\mhepw IYbpsams°bmbm¬ kmln Xyw ]q¿Æamhn√. AXns\\ hna¿in°m\\pw \\ncq] Ww \\SØm\\psams° Bfp tht≠? Hcp kmlnXy IrXn ]Tn®v hnebncpØp∂hcmWv \\ncq]I¿. \\ncq tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ ]WØneqsS aebmf kmlnXyØn¬ {it≤bcmb inh{]nb Fkv ¢mkv 7 aq∂v t]cv BWv tPmk^v ap≠t»cn, Ip´n°rjvW amcm¿, Fw.]n. t]mƒ F∂nh¿. aebmfØnse ‘\\ncq]I{Xbw' F∂ t]cnemWv Ch¿ Adnbs∏Sp ∂Xv. tPmk^v ap≠t»cn aebmfkmlnXyImc\\pw, cm{„obkmaqlnIt\\Xmhpamb tPmk^v ap≠t»cn 1903 Pqsse 17\\v Xriq¿ Pn√bn¬ P\\n®p. C‚¿aoUntb‰v ]co£ ]mkmbtijw Ipd®p Imew sslkvIqƒ A≤ym]I\\mbpw, Du¿÷X{¥Øn¬ _ncpZw t\\Snb Xn\\ptijw Xriq¿ sk≥dv tXmakv tImtfPn¬ ^nknIvkv sUtam¨ ktv {S‰¿ Bbpw tPment\\m°n. XpS¿ ∂v kwkvIrXw aebmfw Fw.F. ]m mbtXmsS sk≥dv tXmakv tImtfPn¬Øs∂ ]uckXv y `mjm hn`mKw Xeh\\mbn. kmlnXyØn≥d H´p an° taJe Ifnepw hy‡nap{Z ]Xn∏n® ap≠ t»cn hna¿i\\ kmlnXyImc≥ F∂ \\nebn¬ BWv Gsd AwKoImcw ]nSn®p]‰nbXv. sImgn™ CeIƒ (BflIY), hmb\\imebn¬ (4
29`mK߃), ams‰men cmPcmPs‚ ams‰men, A¥co£w, Icn¥ncn, am\\ZWvUw, tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ \\mSIm¥w IhnXzw, Imhy]oTnI, am\\pjyIYm\\pKmbnIƒ F∂nhbmWv {][m\\ hna¿i\\ ]T\\IrXnIƒ. CXp IqSmsX s{]m^k¿, sIm¥bn¬ \\n∂v Ipcninte°v, ]md∏pdØv hnX® hnØv F∂o t\\mhepIfpw cNn®n´p≠v. sIm®n almcmPmhn¬\\n∂pw ‘kmlnXy\\n]pW≥' _ncpZw e`n® BZysØ {InkvXym\\n ap≠t»cn Bbncp∂p.tIcfØns‚ BZy hnZym`ymk a{¥nbpw ap≠t»cn Bbncp∂p. 1977 HtŒm_¿ 25\\v \\ncymX\\mbn. Ip´n°rjvW amcm¿ aebmfkmlnXy\\ncq]I\\mb amcm¿ 1900 Pq¨ 14 \\v P\\n®p. sNdp∏ Øn¬Øs∂ kwkvIrX]T\\w Bcw`n®p. ]´mºn kwkvIrX IemebØn¬ ]p∂t»cn \\ºnbpsS injy\\mbn kmlnXyintcmaWn _ncpZw t\\Sn. kwkvIrXØn¬ {]_‘߃ kvlvØns°m≠v kmlnXyk]cy Bcw`n®p. almIhn h≈tØmfns‚ At¥hmknbmbn ]Xn\\©p h¿jtØmfw alm IhnbpsS IrXnIfpsS {]km[I Xzw hln®p. 1938 ¬ amXr`qanbn¬ {]q^v doUdmbn tPmen Bcw`n®p. 1961 ¬ No^v {]q^v FIvkman\\¿ Bbn hncan®p. cmPm¶Ww, Ie PohnXw Xs∂, kmlnXyk√m]w, kmlnXyhnZy, Z¥tKm]pcw, `mcX ]cyS\\w, kmlnXy`qjWw, `mjm ]cnNbw, hrØinev]w, imkv{X hpw kb≥kpw, icWmKXn F∂n h BWv {][m\\ IrXnIƒ. CXp IqSmsX taLktμiØns‚ KZy ]cn`mjbpw, Ipamckw`hw, A`n ⁄m\\imIp¥fw F∂o kwkvIr X {KŸßfpsS hymJym\\ßfpw cNn®n´p≠v. 1973 G{]n¬ 6 \\v A¥ cn®p.
Fw.]n. t]mƒ 30 1904 ¬ FdWmIpfw Pn√bnse ]pØ≥]≈nbmWv t]mfns‚ P∑tZiw. aebmfØnse {it≤b\\mb kmlnXy hna¿iI\\mbncp∂p. aebmfØn¬ ]ptcmKa\\ kmlnXy{]kvYm\\Øn\\p XpS°w Ipdn°p∂Xn¬ alØmb ]¶p hln®p. tImfPv A≤ym]I≥ F∂ \\nebnepw t]scSpØncp∂p Fw.]n. t]mƒ. Xncp®nd∏≈n tImtfPnemWv BZyw tPmensNbvXXv. sk‚ v tXmakv tImtfPv Xriq¿, Fkv._n. tImtfPv Nß\\mt»cn F∂nhnSßfn¬ Cw•ojv tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ `mjm[ym]I\\mbn tPmensNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Fw.]n. t]mƒkv Syqt´mdnb¬ tImfPv F∂ t]cn¬ kam¥c hnZym`ymkkvYm]\\w \\SØn. \\htIcfw F∂ t]cn¬ BgvN∏Xn∏pw sNdp]pjv]w F∂ t]cn¬ amknIbpw {]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p. tIcfm ]ptcmKa\\ kmlnXy kwLS\\bpsS A[y£\\mbn Ipd®pImew {]h¿Øn®p. tIcf kmlnXy{]h¿ØI klIcWkwLØns‚ kvYm]I A≤y£∑mcn¬ Hcmfmbpw {]h¿Øn®p. aebmf kmlnXy hna¿i\\Øn\\v B[p\\nI ]cnthjw \\¬InbXv t]mfmbncp∂p. hnizkmlnXy Øn¬ AKm[amb Adnhp≠mbncp ∂ At±lw ]m›mXy kmlnXy hna¿i\\ ssienIƒ aebmfØn te°pw ]dn®p\\´p. {]uVhpw kckhpamb KZyssien°pSabm bncp∂p t]mƒ. Cw•ojv A≤ym] I\\mbncp∂ At±lw Cw•ojv aebmfw \\nL≠phn\\p cq]w \\¬ Im≥ {ians®¶nepw AXn\\p ap≥]p 1952 Pqsse 12 \\v A¥cn®p.
D≈q¿ Fkv. ]ctaizcø¿ 31 aebmfØnse {]apJ Ihn aebmf `mjbnse {]apJ Ihnbpw ]WvUnX\\p tPm\\mkv sI.Fkv tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ ambncp∂ almIhn D≈q¿ Fkv. ]ctaizcø¿ (1877 ¢mkv 10 Pq¨ 06˛1949 Pq¨ 15.) Nß\\mt»cnbnse s]cp∂bn se Xmact»cn F∂ kvYeØmWv P\\n®Xv. Xncph\\¥]pcw D≈q¿ kztZinbmb ]nXmhv kp{_ “Wy Aø¿ Nß\\mt»cnbn¬ kvIqƒ A≤ym]I \\mbncp∂p. AΩ Nß\\mt»cn kztZin\\nbmb `KhXnbΩ. D≈q¿ s]cp∂bn¬Øs∂bmWv Xs‚ _meyImew sNehgn®Xv. A—s‚ AImeacWsØ ØpS¿∂v AΩtbmsSm∏w A—s‚ \\mSmb D≈qcnte°p Xmakw amdn. D≈q¿, Ipamc\\mim≥, h≈tØmƒ F∂o IhnIƒ Ccp]Xmw \\q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ aebmfIhnXbn¬ Imev ]\\nI{]kvYm\\Øn\\p XpS°w Ipdn®v {it≤bcmbn. kmlnXy Ncn{XØn¬ Ch¿ B[p\\nI Ihn{Xbw F∂dnb s∏Sp∂p. Ihn F∂Xn\\p ]pdta kmln Xy Ncn{XImc≥, `mjmKthjI≥, DtZymKkvY≥ F∂o \\neIfn¬ D≈q¿ t]scSpØncp∂p. XncphnXmwIq¿ DtZymKkvY≥ F∂o \\neIfn¬ D≈q¿ t]scSpØncp∂p. XncphnXmwIq¿ k¿ °mcns‚ No^v sk{I´dnbmbpw At±lw tkh\\a\\pjvTn®n´p≠v.
IqSnbm´w 32 H∂ne[nIw \\S≥am¿ IqSn BSp∂ IqSnbm´w XnI®pw Hcp t£{XIebmWv. tIcfobcpsS kwkvIrX \\mSImhXcWamWv Cu Ie. c≠mw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ tNckm{amPyØns‚ kvYm]Is\\∂p IcpX s∏Sp∂ IpetiJcs]cpamfpw tXmeIhnbpw tP°_v tN¿∂mWv IqSnbm´w Nn´s∏SpØnbsX∂v hnizkn®phcp∂p. Cu Iebnse hnZqjI ¢mkv 6 \\mbIs‚ hm°pIƒ°pw t«mI߃°pw lmkym\\pIcW߃ sNm√n cwKhmknIsf ckn∏n°p∂p. IqSnbm´Øn¬ angmhn\\p ]pdta CSbv°, iwJv, IpgnXmfw F∂nhbpw hmZyßfmbp≠v. NmIym∑mcpw \\ßym∑mcpamWv IqSnbm´Øn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂Xv. IqSnbm´Ønse kv{Xothjw kv{XoIƒXs∂ thWw AhXcn∏n°phm≥.
aebmfØnse 33 kmlnXy ]pckvImc߃ 1. A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv 2. CSt»cn ]pckvImcw 3. D≈q¿ Ahm¿Uv 4. Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \\mb¿ ]pckvImcw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 5. FgpØ—≥ ]pckvImcw 6. Fw. ]n. kpIpamc≥ kmlnXy ]pckvImcw bZp IrjvW ]n. Fkv. 7. HmS°pg¬ ]pckvImcw ¢mkv 7 8. tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan ]pckvImcw 9. sNߺpg ]pckvImcw 10. sNdpImSv ]pckvImcw 11. XIgn kmlnXy ]pckvImcw 12. X\\na ]pckvImcw 13. ]fl{]` ]pckvImcw 14. ]¥fw tIcfh¿Ω ]pckvImcw 15. ]n. Ip™ncma≥ \\mb¿ kmlnXy ]pckvImcw 16. {]`mXv t\\mh¬ Ahm¿Uv 17. _enNμ\\w {]Xn` ]pckvImcw 18. _jo¿ ]pckvImcw 19. amXr`qan kmlnXy ]pckvImcw 20. ap´Øp h¿°n ]pckvImcw 21. efnXmw_nI A¥¿P\\w ]pckvImcw 22. hbem¿ ]pckvImcw 23. h≈tØmƒ ]pckvImcw 24. sshtem∏n≈n kmlnXy ]pckvImcw 25. t]m™n°c dm^n t\\mh¬ Ahm¿Uv 26. ipc\\mSv Ip™≥]n≈ ]pckvImcw 27. Ihn ap´Øp kp[ ]pckvImcw 28. C. V. N kmlnXy ]pckvImcw
i–kpμc≥ 34 h≈tØmƒ \\mcmbW tat\\m≥ 1878 HtŒm_¿ 16\\v ae∏pdw Pn√bnse Xncqcn\\v kao]w tN∂c h≈tØmƒ tImgn∏dºn¬ Ip´n∏mdp AΩbpsSbpw a√nt»cn ZmtamZc≥ CfbXnt‚ bpw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ aI\\mbn P\\n®p. aebmf IhnXbpsS Ncn{XØnse \\ncRvP\\ hnt\\jv Hcp ImeL´Øn‚ \\Sp\\mbI\\mbncp∂p h≈ ¢mkv 8 tØmƒ \\mcmbWtat\\m≥. \\mcmbW≥ F∂mWv Ip´n°v t]cn´Xv. F√mhcpw Ahs\\ Ip´≥ F∂p hnfn®p. ]{¥≠mw hb n¬ IncmXiXIw F∂ aWn{]hmfIrXn cNn®psIm≠v aebmf kmlnXr Ønte°v {]thin® aebmfØns‚ almIhn hfsc sNdp∏Øn¬Øs∂ A„mwKlrZbw, kwkvIrXw, X¿°imkv{Xw F∂nh A`ykn®ncp∂p. ]Xnaq∂p hb n\\p≈n¬Øs∂ hymkmhXmcw , IncmX iXIw F∂nßs\\ Nne IrXnIfpw h≈ tØmƒ cNn®ncp∂p. IhnXtbmsS ∂t]mse h≈tØmfn\\p as‰m ∂nt\\mSpIqSn Xm¬]cyap≠m bncp∂p, \\mSIw. `mjmt]mjn Wn k` kwLSn∏n® IhnXm a’cØn¬ H∂maXmbtXmsS bmWv h≈tØmƒ {i≤mtI{μ ambXv. ]e kmlnXy amknI IfptSbpw ]{Xm[n]kvYm\\w XpS¿∂ph∂ h≈tØmƒ tIcf Iev]{Zpaw {] ns‚ amt\\P¿ tIctfmZbw Bflt]mjnWn F∂nhbpsS ]{Xm[n]¿ F∂o
35\\neIfn¬ {]h¿Øn®p . Cu ImeL´Øn¬ At\\Iw ]pcmWßfpw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ aebmfØnte°p X¿PPvasNbvXp. 1909 ¬ hfsc {]ikvXamb hmevaoIn cmambWw {]kn≤s∏SpØn. Nn{XtbmKamWv almImhyw. tZim`nam\\nbmbncp∂ hfftØmƒ C¥y≥ \\mjW¬ tIm¨{K nepw {]h¿Øn®p . A\\p`hØns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ _[nchnem]w F∂ JWvUImhyw cNn®p .1937 ¬ sNdpXpcpØnbn¬ tIcf IemaWvUew kvYm]n°p∂Xn\\p th≠n \\nch[n hntZicmPy߃ kμ¿in®p. sIm®n cmPmhv Ihnkm¿Δ`ua≥ F∂ _ncpZhpw, 1947¬ a{Zmkv Kh¨sa‚ v tIcfØns‚ BkvYm\\Ihn F∂ kvYm\\hpw \\¬In BZcn®p. IqSmsX C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v ]fl`qj¨ _lpaXn \\¬In. tIcf kmlnXr]cnjØns‚ A[y£≥, tI{μ kmlnXy A°mZan AwKw, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZanbpsS D]m[y£≥ F∂o \\neIfn¬ tkh\\a\\pjvTn®p. 1958 ¬ almIhn h≈tØmƒ A¥cn®p. Ipamc\\mi≥, Dffq¿, h≈tØmƒ Dƒs∏´ Ihn{XbØn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ Imew Pohn®ncp∂ At±lw i–kpμc≥ F∂v hntijn∏n°s∏´p. 1937¬ kvYm]n® IemaWvUeØneqsS At±lw IYIfnsbbpw tamln\\nbm´sØbpw ]p\\cp≤cn®p.
sNdpIYIfpsS Ipe]Xn 36 Imcq¿ \\oeIWvT∏n≈ Imcq¿ \\oeIWvT∏n≈ F∂ sNdpIYmIrØns‚ h¿j B¿ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ t]cp tIƒ°ptºmƒØs∂ hmb\\°mcpsS a\\ n ¢mkv 9 seØp∂Xv kmlnXy{]h¿ØI klIcWkwL Øns‚ Ncn{XhpwIqSnbmWv. tIm´bw \\KcØn\\v ]{¥≠p Intemao‰¿ AIse ao\\®nemdnt\\mSSpØv kvYnXnsNøp∂ G‰pam\\qcn¬ 1898 s^{_phcnbn¬ tZhkzw t_m¿Uv Poh\\°mc\\mb ]meºSØv \\oeIWvT∏n≈bpsS bpw Imcq¿ Ip™nenbΩbpsSbpw aqØ ]p{X\\mbn {io. Imcq¿ \\oeIWvT∏n≈ P\\n®p. G‰pam\\q¿ kvIqfn¬ Ggmw ¢m phsc XpS¿®bmbn ]Tn®p. ]n∂oSv ]et∏mgmbn H≥]Xmw ¢m pw kwkvIrX ]co£bpw A[ym]I ]co£bpw ]m mbn. A∂sØ G‰hpw Db¿∂ hn`ym`ymkambncp∂p Imcq¿ t\\SnbXv. 1913 ¬ ]Xn\\memw hb n¬ {InkvXy≥ anjWdn kvIqfn¬ A[ym]I\\mbn tPmenbn¬ {]thin®p. bm{Xm _p≤nap´v ImcWw Ipd®p \\mfpIƒ°p tijw B tPmen Dt]£n®p. 1914 ¬ ]Xn\\©v hb v ]q¿Ønbmbt∏mƒ k¿°m¿ kvIqƒ A[ym]I\\mbn \\nba\\w e`n®p. G‰pam\\qcpw ]cnkc {]tZiß fnepw Iptdb[nIw \\mƒ tPmen t\\m°n. 1975 sk]v‰w_¿ 30 \\v 77˛mw hb n¬ sNdpIYIfpsS Ipe]Xn Acsßm gn™p.
{]IrXnbpsS Iq´pImcn 37 kpKXIpamcn 1934 P\\phcn 22˛\\v ]Ø\\wØn´ Pn√bnse Ad∑p fbn¬ P\\n®p. ]nXmhv: kzmX{¥ykactk\\m\\nbpw Ihnbp ambncp∂ t_mt[izc≥. amXmhv: F.sI. Im¿Xym\\n AΩ. XXzimkv{XØn¬ Fw.F. _ncpZw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ t\\Snbn´p≠v. ssk e‚ v hmen {]t£m`Øn¬ AXpey _nPp kpKXIpamcn henb ]¶p hln®p. A`b{Kmaw, ¢mkv 7 AKXnIfmb kv{XoIƒ°pth≠n AØmWn F∂ `h\\w, am\\knItcmKnIƒ°pth≠n ]cnNcWmebw F∂nßs\\ tIcfØns‚ kmaqlnIcwKØv kpKXIpamcnbpsS kw`mh\\Iƒ ]eXmWv. kwkvYm\\ h\\nXm IΩojs‚ A≤y£bmbncp∂p k{XoIfpsS {]iv\\߃ ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\\v kaKXIpamcn A{im¥w ]cn{ian®ncp∂p. kmlnXyØnse ka{K ]pckvImcØn\\v 2009¬ A¿lbmbn´p≠v. Xncph\\¥]pcw PhK¿ _me`hs‚ {]n≥kn∏nembncp∂p. tIcf kwkvYm\\ _me kmlnXy C≥kv‰n‰yq´v {]kn≤oIcn°p∂ Xfncv F∂ amknIbpsS No^v FUn‰dmbncp∂p. {]IrXnkwc£W kanXnbpsSbpw A`bbpsSbpw kvYm]I sk{I´dn. kmaqlnI tkh\\Øn\\p≈ e£av n Ahm¿Uv e`n®n´p≠v. `¿Ømhv: ]tcX\\mb tUm.sI. thembp[≥. aIƒ e£van. A≤ym]Ibpw hnZym`ymkhnZK≤v bpamb lrZbIpamcn ktlmZcnbmW.v sske‚ v hmen AYhm \\n»–h\\w F∂ IhnX kpKXIpamcnbpsS {]IrXntbmSp≈ Bfl _‘Øns‚ ASbmfamW.v CXn¬ ssk e‚ v hmen \\„s∏Sptam F∂ Ihnbn{Xn bpsS Bi¶bmWv ]¶p sh°p∂X.v 2020 Unkw_¿ 23\\v kpKXIpamcn So®¿ acWaS™p.
BibKw`oc≥ 38 Ipamc\\mim≥ aebmfIhnXIfpsS Imev]\\nIhk¥Øn\\p XpS°wIpdn® IhnbmWv F≥ Ipamc\\mim≥. G{]n¬ 12, 1873¬ A©psXßv Imbn°c, Xncph\\¥ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ ]pcØmWv P\\\\w. Bims‚ IrXnIƒ tIcfob kmaqlnIPohnXØn¬ hºn® ]cnh¿Ø\\߃ Bjvan A∂ _n\\p hcpØphm≥ klmbIambn. B[p\\nI Ihn{X ¢mkv 10 bØnsemcmfpamWv Ipamc\\mim≥. BibKw`oc≥, kvt\\lKmbI≥ F∂nh At±lØns‚ hntij ßfmWv. A©psXßv {Kma]©mbØn¬ Imbn°c {KmaØnse sXmΩ≥hnfmIw ho´nemWv Bim≥ P\\n®Xv. A—≥ \\mcmbW≥ s]cpßmSn aebmf Ønepw Xangnepw \\n]pW\\mbncp∂p. At±lw CughkapZmbØnse {]apJ\\mbncp∂p. {][m\\ sXmgn¬ I®hSambncp∂psh¶nepw At±lw \\m´pImcyßfnepw {i≤ ]Xn ∏n°pIbpw aebmfØn¬ Io¿Ø\\ ߃ cNn°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ah at\\m lcambncp∂p. AΩ ImfnbΩ XnI s™mcp Cuizc`‡bmb IpSpw_n \\nbmbncp∂p. ]pcmtWXnlmkßfn sems° Ah¿°v XnI™ AhKm lap≠mbncp∂p. sNdp∏Øn¬ h√m Ø IpkrXnbmbncp∂p Ipamcp. Ipam cphns\\ AS°n\\n¿Øm≥ AΩbpsS s]mSnss°bmbncp∂p ]pcmWIY ]d b¬. A—≥ Be]n°p∂ Io¿Ø\\ ߃ tI´v Ipamcp ebn®ncn°pambn cp∂p. A—s\\t∏mse hepXmIptºmƒ
39Xm\\pw IhnXIƒ FgpXpsa∂v sIm®p Ipamcp ]dbpambncp∂p. HºXp a°fp≈ IpSpw_Ønse c≠masØ aI\\mbncp∂p Ipamc≥. Ipamcphn\\v IYIfnbnepw imkv{XobkwKoXØnepw D≈ Xmev]cyw A—\\n¬\\n∂p e`n®XmWv. aebmfIhnXmtemIØv \\ndkm∂n[yambn \\n¬°p∂ ImeØv 1924 P\\phcn 16\\v shfp∏n\\v aq∂paWn°v ]√\\bm‰n¬ {Smh≥Iq¿ B‚ v sIm®n≥ tamt´m¿ k¿hokv hI sdUoa¿ F∂pt]cp≈ Hcp t_m´v adn™p≠mb A]ISØn¬ Ipamc\\mim≥ A¥cn®p. tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ
Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥ \\mb¿ 40 aebmfkmlnXyØnepw Ne®n{XcwKØpw hy‡nap{Z ]Xn∏n® amSØv sXt°∏m´v hmkptZh≥ \\mb¿ \"Fw.Sn’ F∂ Npcp°t∏cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. anI® FgpØpImc\\pw Xnc°YmIrØpw kn\\nam tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ kwhn[mbI\\pamWv. sPscanb tXmakv sc©p P\\\\hpw _meyhpw ¢mkv 6 1933 HmKkv‰v 9 \\v ]p∂bq¿°pfØpImc\\mb Sn. \\mcmbW≥\\mbcpsSbpw IqS√qcpImcnbmb AΩm fphΩbpsSbpw aI\\mbn Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥ \\mb¿ P\\n®p. Xriq¿ Pn√bnse ]q∂bq¿°pfØpw ]me°mSv Pn√bnse IqS√qcpambn´mbncp∂p sNdp∏Imew sNehgn®Xv. hnZym`ymkhpw tPmenbpw tIm∏≥ amkv‰dpsS IpSn∏≈n°qS ØnemWv hnZym`ymkw Bcw`n®Xv. ]ns∂, aea°mhv Fensa‚dn kvIqfnepw Ipacs\\√q¿ sslkv°qfn epw kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm °n. ]me°mSv hntŒmdnb tImtfPn¬ D]cn]T\\w. tPmen e`n°m\\p≈ km[yX ]cnKWn®v ckX{¥ambn cp∂p sF—nI hnjbambns´SpØXv. tImtfPv hnZym`ymkkØn\\p tijw H∂p c≠v kvIqfpIfn¬ A[ym]I\\m bn tPmensNbvXp. 1954¬ ]´mºn t_m¿Uv sslkvIqfn¬ ]ns∂ Nmh °mSv t_m¿Uv sslkv°qfnepw A [ym]I\\mbn. c≠nSØpw IW°mWv
41]Tn∏n®ncp∂Xv. 1955˛56 ImeØv ]me°mSv Fw._n. Syqt´mdnben¬ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ A[ym]I\\mbpw tPment\\m°n. CXn\\nSbn¬ Xfn∏dºn¬ {KmatkhIs‚ DtZymKw In´nsb¶nepw Znhk߃°Iw cmPnsh®v Fw._n.bn¬ Xncns®Øn. XpS¿∂v amXr`qanbn¬ tN¿∂p. HutZymKnIPohnXw IqSpXepw tImgnt°m Smbncp∂p. kmlnXyPohnXw B[p\\nI aebmfkmlnXy cNbnXmhmWv Fw Sn. kvIqƒ hnZym`ymk ImeØpXs∂ kmlnXycN\\ XpSßn. hnIvtSmdnb tImtfPn¬ _ncpZØn\\p ]Tn°ptºmƒ ‘c‡w ]pc≠ a¨XcnIƒ’ F∂ BZysØ IYmkamlmcw ]pdØndßn. 1954¬ \\yqtbm¿°v sldmƒUv {Sn_yq¨ kwLSn∏n® temIsNdpIYma’cØns‚ `mKambn tIcfØn¬ amXr`qan \\SØnb IYma’cØn¬ Fw.Sn.bpsS hf¿ØparK߃ F∂ IY H∂mw kvYm\\w t\\Sn. CtXmsSbmWv aebmfkmlnXyØn¬ At±lw {it≤b \\mbnØo¿∂Xv. 1957¬ amXr`qan BgvN∏Xn∏ns‚ k_v FUn‰dmbn tN¿∂p. ‘]mXncmhpw ]I¬shfn®hpw’ F∂ BZyt\\mh¬ Cu kabØmWv JWvUi ]pdØp h∂Xpv. BZyambn ]pkvXIcq]Øn¬ {]kn≤oIcn® t\\mh¬ ‘\\mep sI´v’ BWv. BZyt\\mhen\\pXs∂ tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan ]pckvIm chpw e`n®p. ]n¬°meØv kz¿§w Xpd°p∂ kabw, tKm]pc\\Sbn¬ F∂o IrXnIƒ°pw tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿UpIƒ e`n®n´p≠v. aebmf kmlnXyØns‚ hgnØncn hpIfmbncp∂p FwSnbpsS ]e t\\mh epIfpw. Fw.Sn. bpsS G‰hpw anI® IY ‘c≠maqgw’ BWv. Ne®n{XPohnXw 1963˛64 ImeØv kz¥w IYbmb apds∏Æv Xnc°YsbgpXn Fw.Sn.
Ne®n{XtemIØp {]thin®p. 1973¬ BZyambn kwhn[m\\w sNbvXv \\n¿Ωn® tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 42‘\\n¿Ωmeyw’ F∂ Nn{XØn\\v cm{„]XnbpsS kz¿Æ∏X°w e`n®p. GItZiw 54 kn\\nabv°v Fw.Sn. Xnc°Y FgnXnbn´p≠v. anI® Xnc° Ybv°p≈ \\mjW¬ Ahm¿Uv 4 XhW e`n®n´p≠v. Hcp hS°≥ hocKmY (1989), IShv (1991), kZbw (1992), ]cnWbw (1994), F∂o kn\\naIfpsS Xnc°Y°mWv Ahm¿UpIƒ e`n®Xv. Fw.Sn. \\nfbpsS IYmImc≥ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. IpSpw_w 1977¬ {]ikvX \\¿ØIn IemaWvUew kckzXnsb hnhmlw Ign®p. tImgnt°mSv \\S°mhn¬ cmcn®≥ tdmUnse ‘knXmc'bnemWv Xmakw. aqØaIƒ knXmc `¿Ømhns\\m∏w Atacn°bn¬ _nkn\\kv FIvknIyq ´ohmWv. \\yqPgvknbn¬ Xmakn°p∂p. c≠masØ aIƒ AizXnbpw \\¿ØInbmWv. ]pckvImc߃ 1995¬ kmlnXyØn¬ `mcXØnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ ]pckvImcamb ⁄m\\]oTw Fw. Sn. °v e`n®p. 2005¬ Fw. Sn.sb ]fl`qj¨ _lpaXn \\¬In cm{„w BZcn®p. 2013¬ tI{μ kmlnXy A°mZan s^t√mjn]v \\¬In. anI® Ne®n{XØn\\p≈ tZiob ]pckvImcw (1973, \\n¿Ωmeyw). anI® Xnc°Ybv°p≈ tZiob ]pckIv mcw \\mep XhW; 1990 (Hcp hS°≥ hocKmY), 1992 (IShv), 1993 (kZbw), 1995 (]cnWbw). anI® Ne®n{XØn\\p≈ tIcf kwkvYm\\ ]pckvImcw (1978, _‘\\w). anI® Ne®n{XØn\\p≈ tIcf kwkvYm\\ ]pckvImcw (1991, IShv). anI® Xnc°Ybv°p≈ tIcf kwkYv m\\ ]pckvImcw (1978, _‘\\w). anI® Xnc°Ybv°p≈ tIcf kwkYv m\\
]pckvImcw (2009) (tIcf h¿Ω \\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v 43 ]g»ncmP). Xnc°YIƒ FgpØ—≥ ]pckvImcw (2011) Hmfhpw Xochpw {][m\\ IrXnIƒ apds∏Æv tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ t\\mhepIƒ hn¬°m\\p≠v kz]v\\߃ \\Kcta \\μn a™v AkpchnØv Imew ]I¬°n\\mhv \\mepsI´v Ccp´ns‚ Bflmhv AkpchnØv Ipt´ySØn hnem]bm{X CShgnbnse ]q® an≠m∏q® ]mXncmhpw ]I¬shfn®hpw FhnsStbm Hcp i{Xp Ad_ns∏m∂v sh≈w (F≥.]n.aplΩZpambn ]©m·n tN¿s∂gpXnbXv) \\J£X߃ c≠maqgw AarXw Kab hmcWmkn BcqVw IYIƒ Bƒ°q´Øn¬ X\\nsb Ccp´ns‚ Bflmhv ASnsbmgp°pIƒ Hmfhpw Xochpw Dbcßfn¬ Ipt´ySØn EXpt`Zw hmcn°pgn sshimen ]X\\w Hcp hS°≥ hocKmY _‘\\w s]cp¥®≥ kz¿§w Xpd°p∂ kabw Xmgvhmcw hm\\{]kvYw kpIrXw Zm¿Fkvkemw ]cnWbw c‡w ]pc≠ a¨XcnIƒ F∂p kz¥w Pm\\In°p´n shbnepw \\nemhpw (sNdnb sNdnb `qIºßƒ F∂ IfnhoSv sNdpIYsb B{ibn®v) thZ\\bpsS ]q°ƒ Xo¿∞mS\\w (hm\\{]kvYw F∂ sj¿e°v sNdpIYsb B{ibn®v) Hmt∏mƒ
]g»ncmP 44 Hcp sNdp]p©ncn tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ Ne®n{Xßfpw tUmIypsa‚dnIfpw \\n¿Ωmeyw (1973) tamln\\nbm´w (tUmIypsa‚dn, 1977) _‘\\w (1978) a™v (1982) hmcn°pgn (1982) IShv (1991) Hcp sNdp]p©ncn (2000) XIgn (tUmIypsa‚dn) tIcfh¿Ω ]g»ncmP (2009) a‰p IrXnIƒ tKm]pc\\Sbn¬ F∂ \\mSIhpw ImYnIs‚ Ie, ImYnIs‚ ]Wn∏pc, slanMvth Hcp apJhpc F∂o {]_ ‘ßfpw, Bƒ°q´Øn¬ X\\nsb F∂ bm{XmhnhcWhpamWv a‰p {][m\\IrXnIƒ.
amXrXzØns‚ Ihbn{Xn 45 _memaWnbΩ aebmf Ihbn{Xn. 1909 Pqsse 19 \\v kn. Ip™pÆn hniz B¿. tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ cmPbpsSbpw sIm®p AΩbpsSbpw aIfmbn ]p\\bq¿ ¢mkv 9 °pfØpff \\me∏m´p ho´n¬ P\\n®p. ho´nencp∂p Xs∂ _memaWnbΩ Cw•ojpw kwkvIrXhpw A`ykn®p. h≈t؃ \\mcmbWtat\\ms‚ AhXmcn Ibpambn 13 IhnXIƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ Ip∏pssI F∂ IhnXmkamlmc hpambmWv _memaWnbΩ 1930¬ kmlnXytemItØ°p IS∂ph∂Xv. AΩ, IpSpw_n\\n, [¿Ωk¶SØn¬, kv{XolrZbw, {]`m¶pcw, `mh\\bn¬, Du™men\\pta¬, Ifns°m´. shfn®Øn¬, Ah¿ ]mSp∂p, apØ»n, {]Wmaw, temIm¥cßfn¬, AºeØn¬, \\KcØn¬, shbnemdptºmƒ, tkm]m\\w, \\nthZyw, agphns‚ IY XpSßn Ccp]Xn¬∏cw IhnXm{K Ÿßfpw GXm\\pw KZyIhnXIfpw ]cn`mjI fpw {]kn≤oIcn®n´p≠v. Xr∏qWnØp dbn¬\\n∂v kmlnXy \\n]pW _lpaXn, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Uv (apØ»n 1965), Bim≥ ss{]kv, FgpØ—≥ ]pckvImcw, kckzXn kΩm≥, ht≈Ømƒ ]pckvImcw F∂nh t\\Snbn´p≠v. `mc Xk¿°m¿ ]fl`qj¨ \\evIn BZcn®p. {]ikvX kmlnXyImcn am[hn°p´n (Iaem kpcø) aIfmbn cp∂p. 2004 sk]v‰w_¿ 29\\v A¥cn®p.
k¿§mflIXbpsS cmPinev]n 46 hbem¿ cmah¿Ω (1928 ˛ 1975) aebmf Ihnbpw Ne®n{XKm\\cNbnXmhpw. sh≈mc∏≈n tIcfh¿ΩbpsSbpw Aw_menI Xºpcm´nbpsSbpw aI\\mbn 1928 am¿®v 25\\v hbemdn¬ P\\n®p. sslkv°qƒ hnZym`ymkw am{Xta e`n®n´p≈p. tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ hfsc sNdp∏Øn¬Øs∂ IhnXIƒ cNn®p XpSßnb cmah¿Ω hfsc s]s´∂pXs∂ aebmf IhnXmcwKØv {i≤t\\Sn. 1948 ¬ Nn°p kp\\n¬ ]pdØph∂ 13 IhnXIfpsS kamlmcamb ]mZap{ZIƒ BWv ¢mkv 10 Ct±lØns‚ BZyIrXn. XpS¿∂v sIm¥bpw ]qWqepw (1950), Bbnj (1954), F\\n°p acWan√ (1955), k¿§kwKoXw (1961) F∂o IhnXmkamlmc ߃ {]kn≤oIcn®p. sh´pw XncpØpw (1951), c‡w Ie¿∂ aÆv (1952) F∂nh Ct±lØns‚ sNdpIYm kamlmcßfmWv. 1956¬ U¬lnbn¬ \\S∂ Gjy≥ kmlnXyImcktΩf\\Øn\\p t]mb bm{XbpsSbpw A\\p`hßfpsSbpw IY IhnXmabambn hnhcn°p∂ ‘]pcpjm¥c ßfnepsS' F∂ hbemdn s‚ KZyIrXn ]mT]pkvXIam°nbn´p ≠v. Ct±lØns‚ acWtijw 1976¬ {]kn≤oIcn°s∏´ hbem¿ IrXnIƒ F∂ {KŸØn¬ Ct±lØns‚ F√m IhnXm kamlmcßfpw JWvUImhyßfpw sXcs™SpØ 1001 Km\\ßfpw ]pkvXIcq]Øn¬ hcmØ A\\h[n IhnXIfpw Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Ct±lØns‚ Ahkm\\ ]Xn\\©p h¿j߃ GdnbIqdpw Ne®n{XKm\\cN\\ bv°mWv am‰nsh ®Xv. IhnXbn¬ Km\\hpw Km\\Øn¬ IhnXbpw Aen™ptN¿∂ Ne®n{XKm\\߃ Gsd P\\ {]nbßfmWv. kn\\nam\\mSI Km\\cN\\bv°v H´\\ h[n ]pckvImc߃ e`n®´p≠v. Ne®n{XKm\\ cN\\bv°v \\nch[n kwkvYm\\ tZiob k¿°m¿ ]pckvImc߃ t\\Sn. Ct±lØns‚ k¿§ kwKnXw F∂ IhnXmkamlmcw 1962se tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Upw IckvYam°n. 1975 HtŒm_¿ 27\\v \\ncymX\\mbn. Ct±lØns‚ kvacWm¿∞amWv anI® aebmf kmlnXy IrXnIƒ°v h¿jwtXmdpw hbem¿ Ahm¿Uv \\¬Inhcp∂Xv. Ne®n{XKm\\cNbnXmhv hebm¿ icXvN{μh¿Ω Ct±lØns‚ ]p{X\\mWv.
]SbWn 47 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ ]SbWn D≠mbXns\\∏‰n Hcp sFXnlyw X_oY tPmtam≥ D≠v. {ioIrjvWs‚ `cWtijw `qanbpw ¢mkv 6 kz¿KvKhpw ]mXmfhpw ZmcnIs‚ t\\XrXz Øn¬ Akpc≥am¿ AS°nhmWp. ZmcnI s‚bpw A\\pbmbnIfpsSbpw lnwkbpw A[¿Ωhpw kln°hømsX hcptºmƒ inhs‚ icocØn¬\\n∂p≠mb Imfn ZmcnI s\\ sIm√p∂p. ImfnbpsS Ien ASßm≥ ]ehn[ hgn]mSpIfpw t\\¿®Ifpw \\SØn bn´pw ^en®n√. HSphn¬ ImfnbpsS cq]w AYh tImew Hcmƒ IfØn¬ hc®p. AXp I≠v Imfn s]m´n®ncn®p. ImfnbpsS t£m`w ASßpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu hnizmkØn¬ tZhot£{Xßfn¬ \\S°p∂ hgn]mSmb A\\pjvTm\\\\mSIamWv ]SbWn. a[yXncp hnXmwIqdnemWv CXv Actßdnhcp∂Xv. Ft´m, HºtXm, ]tØm Zn\\w \\o≠p\\n¬°p ∂ Hcp {Kma \\mStIm’hamWnXv.
\"aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv, 48 Xp©Øv FgpØ—≥\" B[p\\nI aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv F∂v hnti jn∏n°s∏Sp∂ `‡IhnbmWv Xp©Øv cmam\\pP≥ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ FgpØ—≥. At±lw ]Xn\\©mw \\q‰m≠n\\pw ]Xn \\mdmw \\q‰m≠n\\pw CSbnembncp∂ncn°Ww Pohn bq\\okv kmdm sPbnwkv ®ncp∂sX∂v hnizkn®pt]mcp∂p. C∂sØ ae∏pdw ¢mkv 10 Pn√bnse Xncq¿ Xmeq°n¬ Xr°≠nbq¿ inh t£{XØn\\v ASpØp≈ Xp©≥]dºv BWv Ihn bpsS P∑kvYew F∂v hnizkn°s∏Sp∂p. At±l Øns‚ PohNcn{Xw sFXnlyßfmepw A¿≤ kXyßfmepw aqSs∏´pInS°pIbmWv. FgpØ—\\p apºpw aebmfØn¬ sNdpt»cn \\ºqXncn t]mep≈hcpsS {]ikvXamb Imhy߃ tIcftZiØv h∂ncp∂n´pw FgpØ—s\\ B[p\\nI aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhmbpw ae bmfØns‚ kmwkvImcnI Nn”am bpw IcpXp∂p. At±lamWv 30 A £cap≈ aebmfw en]n {]tbm KØn¬ hcpØnbXv F∂p Icp Xp∂p. FgpØ—s‚ Imhy߃ X\\n aebmfØn¬ Bbncp∂n√. kwkv IrX]Z߃ At±lw Xs‚ Imhy ßfn¬ btY„w D]tbmKn®p ImWp∂p≠v. F∂ncp∂mepw Ih\\ coXnbn¬ \\mtSmSn CuW߃ BhnjvIcn®XneqsS IhnX Iptd °qSn P\\Iobam°pIbmbncp∂p
49FgpØ—≥ sNbvXXv. aebmf`mjbv°v A\\ptbmPyamb A£came tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ D]tbmKn®XneqsSbpw kmam\\yP\\Øn\\p kzoIcn°mhp∂ coXnbn¬ CXnlmkßfpsS kmcmwiw h¿Æn®v `mjmIhnXIƒ°p P\\lrZbßfn¬ CSwhcpØphm≥ Ign™XneqsSbpw FgpØ—≥sd IrXnIƒ°v AhbpsS Imhyaqey߃°∏pdw kmwkvIm cnI]cnt—Z߃°v {]ikvXamhp IbmWp≠mbXv. kvXpXy¿lamb Cu tkh\\߃ a‰mtc°mfpw aptº FgpØ—\\p km[yambXn\\m¬ `mj imkv{X⁄cpw Ncn{XImc∑mcpw sFIIWvtTy\\ Xp©Øv cmam\\pP≥ FgpØ—s\\ aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv F∂v hntijn∏n®pt]mcp∂p. IhnbpsS A`y¿∞\\ am\\n®v Infn sNm√p∂ coXnbnep≈ AhXcW coXnbmWv Infn∏m´pIƒ F∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. FgpØ—\\mWv Infn∏m´v {]kvYm\\Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhv. `mjm]nXmhmb At±lØns‚ IrXnI fmWv Infn∏m´pIƒ. imcnIss∏Xens\\ hnfn®phcpØn `Kh¬IYIƒ ]dbm≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂ coXnbnep≈ cN\\bmWnXv. Infntbs°m≠v IY ]dbn°p∂ coXn BZyw aebmfØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv FgpØ—\\mWv. tII, IfIm©n, ImIfn, A∂\\S, aWnIm©n, Du\\ImIfn, {ZpXImIfn F∂nhbmWv {][m\\s∏´ Infn∏m´phrØ߃. FgpØ—s‚ IrXnIƒ AhbpsS Imhyaqey߃°∏pdw kmwkvImcnI ]cnt—Z߃°v {]ikvXamhpIbmWp≠mbXv. aebmf`mjbpsS kwivtfjI≥ F∂Xnep]cn FgpØ—\\v kmwkvImcnI \\mbIs‚ ]cnthjw \\¬Iphm\\pw At±lØns‚ Imhy߃°mbncp∂p. aebmfØns‚ ]nXmhmb Xp©Øv cmam\\pP≥ FgpØ—≥ 1575¬ A¥cn®p F∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂p.
kmdm tPmk^v 50 1946 s^{_phcn 10\\v Xriq¿ Pn√bnse Ipcnb®nd bn¬ eqbnkns‚bpw sIm®padnbØns‚bpw aIfmbn P\\n®p. kvIqƒ A≤ym]nIbmbn HutZym KnIPohnXw Bcw`n® kmdm tPmk^v, aebmf Øn¬ _n.F.bpw Fw.F.bpw ]q¿Ønbm°nbtijw tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ sImfoPnb‰v k¿hokn¬ {]thin®p. ]´mºn Sn.sI.tPm\\mY≥ kwkvIrX tImfPn¬ aebmfw {]^kdmbncp∂p. ¢mkv 6 tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan AwKambn tkh\\a\\p jvTn®n´p≠v. tIcfØnse s^an\\nkv‰v {]kvYm\\ Øns‚ ap≥\\ncbn¬ kvYm\\apd∏n® kmdm tPmk^v, kv{XoIƒ°mbp≈ ‘am\\pjn' F∂ kwLS\\bpsS kvYm]IbmWv. aebmfØnse kv{Xo FgpØpIm cn¬ {]YaKW\\obcmWv am[hn°p´nbpw kmdm tPmk^pw. `¿Ømhv tPmk^v \\ncymX\\mbn. KoX, hn\\b≥, kwKoX F∂nhcmWv a°ƒ. Ct∏mƒ Xriq¿ Pn√bnse apf¶p∂ØpImhn¬ Xmakn°p∂p. ]pckvImc߃ tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Uv (2001) tI{μ kmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Uv (2003) hbem¿ Ahm¿Uv (2004) sNdpImSv Ahm¿Uv H.N¥ptat\\m≥ Ahm¿Uv ap´Øp h¿°n Ahm¿Uv (2011) Acßv Ahm¿Uv H.hn.hnPb≥ kmlnXy ]pckvImcw (2011) IY Ahm¿Uv (\\yqU¬ln) ]fl{]`m ]pckvImcw (2012).
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