Social Studies Book 5_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

6LESSON SYMBOLS USED IN MAP WORK Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n recognize and use the different symbols in a map. n insert river, mountain, etc in an outline map of Nepal using various signs and symbols. N Rara Lake Muktinath Mt. Sagarmatha Pokhara Sapta Koshi River Kathmandu Chitwan National Park Look at the map given above. Some signs are given there. Can you guess what facts are shown there? Rivers, mountains, lakes, capitals, cities, etc are indicated by the above given signs. These signs are called symbols or index. Maps cannot be complete without such symbols. It is not possible to write the names of place and things of everything in a map. It makes a map very dirty as well. So to represent the certain items in map like capitals, rivers, hills, lakes, natural vegetation, highways, etc different types of symbol are used in a map. Some of the important symbols used on map are given below: Social Studies - Book 5 101

Mountain Ropeways/Cable Car Mountain Range Lake River Road Path Bridge Railways Airport Capital Town/City Industry Temple Church Mosque KEY WORDS Indicate : to be a sign of Symbols : an object representing something Note to the Teacher: Make the students practice drawing the map of Nepal. Teach them to use the index and symbols properly. 102 Social Studies - Book 5

Evaluation Exercises 1 Match the following: River Lake Road Mountain Capital 2 The outline map of Nepal is given below. Look at the atlas and insert the following facts using appropriate signs and symbols on it. a) Any one river of Nepal b) The city you live in c) Any one mountain peak d) Any one highway e) Any one lake Karnali Province Sudurpashchim Province Gandaki Province Bagmati Province Province No. 1 Province No. 5 Province No. 2 3 What things are indicated by the following indexes? Name them. a) b) c) d) Project Work Draw a map of your school and its surrounding. Insert the important things that lie there using appropriate signs and symbols. Social Studies - Book 5 103

LESSON USES OF A GLOBE AND A MAPObjectives : 7 n find out the ways to study a map and the globe. After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n show the continents and the oceans in the map and also on the globe. Suniti studies in grade five. She likes to study Social Studies very much. Today, her Social Studies teacher came to the class after lunch break with two things in her hand. One she put on the desk and another she hung on the wall. Suniti and her friends were very curious to know about them. She could not stop herself from asking the question to her teacher. Suniti : What are these things, teacher? Teacher : Oh, you look so interested. The thing I hung on the wall is a map and the thing I put on the desk is a globe. Suniti : What is a map, teacher? What is the use of it? Teacher : A map is a flat picture of the earth. It is made on paper or cloth. We can see the whole world at a time in a map. 104 Social Studies - Book 5

We can know the areas of the world covered by water and land masses. We can see countries, capitals, rivers, lakes, mountain, etc. Besides, we can see famous places, highways, railways, agricultural lands and so on. There are two types of map. They are: a) Physical map and b) Political map Physical map shows the physical features like mountains, hills, rivers, lakes, height of a place, etc. Similarly, political map shows the boundary of the country, the capital, the cities, the highways, etc. Gagan : What is a globe, teacher? Teacher : Globe is a small model of earth. It shows the shape of the earth. The earth where we are living is also round like globe. Like the real earth, landmass and water mass are shown in the globe. We cannot see all the parts of the earth at the same time on the globe. We also can get the knowledge about the motion of the earth from the globe. The earth always moves from west to east which causes day and night. We can see it by moving the globe. Bhim : How is landmass and water mass shown in the globe and map, teacher? Teacher : Different colours are used to indicate land and water masses in the map and globe. Blue colour indicates the water. Green colour indicates the plain land whereas yellow indicates the hills. Similarly, high mountains are shown by the brown colour. Social Studies - Book 5 105

There are seven continents and five oceans in the world. The big landmasses are called continents. It is composed of many countries. Seven continents are: a) Asia b) Europe c) North America d) South America e) Australia f) Africa g) Antarctica Asia is the biggest and Australia is the smallest continent. We live in the continent of Asia. The big water mass is called the ocean. The five oceans are: a) Atlantic Ocean b) Pacific Ocean c) Indian Ocean d) Arctic Ocean e) Antarctic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is located in the west of Africa and Europe. Pacific Ocean lies between North America and Asia. Indian Ocean lies in the south of Asia. Arctic Ocean lies in the north part of the earth whereas Antarctic ocean lies in the southern part of the earth. Can you find out the location of the continents and oceans in the map and the globe? Students : Yes teacher. KEY WORDS Boundary : a line which marks the limit of an area Landmass : a large body of land Motion : the action of moving Note to the Teacher: Teach the students to read the map and globe. Help them to locate different countries, places, oceans, and other things by using the symbol and index. 106 Social Studies - Book 5

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Have you ever used an atlas, a map and a globe? Which one do you prefer to use? And why? 2 Match the following: City, capital Hills, river Globe Model of the earth Map High mountain North America Flat picture of the earth Atlantic Plain area Green colour Continent Brown colour Ocean Physical map Smallest continent Political map 3 Read the lesson and answer. a) What is a map? b) What is a globe? c) What can you see in the map and the globe? d) Differentiate between physical and political map. e) What colours are used to show the following things in the map and globe? 1) Water 2) Plain land 3) High mountain f) Write any two differences between a map and a globe. g) Write any two things that you can learn from a globe and a map. h) List the seven continents and write the biggest and smallest continent. Project Work Take an outline map of the world and mark the continents and oceans using different colours. Social Studies - Book 5 107

8LESSON A) OUR NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n introduce and speak about our neighbouring countries. n explain the geographical and socio-economic condition of those countries. BANGLADESH Bangladesh is one of the neighbouring countries of Nepal. It is located in the eastern side from our country. It has an area of 147,570 sq km. Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh. It has a population of about 164.7 million (2017). It is surrounded by India from east, west and north. Bay of Bengal and B H U TA N Myanmar lies in its south. NEPAL Physical Features Thakargaan INDIA Most parts of Bangladesh have plain and Pirgani Laimanirhat Rangpur Dinajpur lowland. It does not have high mountains Banra Jariashanjail and hills. Some low hills are located in INDIA Aajamaipur eastern and north-western region. BANGLADESH INDIA Bhaiara Bazar Dhaka Jeraare Like Nepal, Bangladesh too experiences KHUINA Nazir Hat Tropical Monsoon Climate. It has hot BAY OF BENGAL climate. Heavy rainfall takes place in summer. Winter is cold and dry. No rainfall takes place in winter. Floods and hurricanes destroy the lives, crops and properties in this country every year. The Padma, Ganges and Brahmaputtra are the major rivers of this country. Social Life Bangladesh is an Islamic country. More than 80% people follow the Islam religion. Bengali is the major language. Besides, Urdu is another main language of Bangladesh. Eid and Bakra Eid are the 108 Social Studies - Book 5

major festivals people celebrate in this country. Rice and fish is the staple food of the people of Bangladesh. Economic life Most of the people of Bangladesh are engaged in agriculture. Paddy, wheat, tea, sugarcane, and tobacco are the major crops. Bangladesh is one of the major jute producing country in the world. Fishing is another major occupation. The currency of Bangladesh is called Taka. Main exporting goods of this country are jute, garments, leather, paper and tobacco. BHUTAN Bhutan is a landlocked country surrounded by India from east, west and south. It shares its northern border with China. It has an area of 38,394 sq km. It has a population of 807,610 (2017). Thimpu is the capital city of Bhutan. Physical Features CHINA The landforms and climate of Laya Hindang Bhutan is similar to Nepal. It Ghasa Kurchi Gemba also has three geographical Thimpu regions like Nepal. There is mountain region in the north BHUTA N Mangar Dzong Nakot Louri Ha Dzong Kisona Bardu DichhilingDeothang Dorbi Dzong Sarnchi Dagana Dzong Chivang having cold climate. Central INDIA parts are covered by hills and valleys having a mild type of climate. Southern part has the plain landform and warm climate. Social Life Most of the people of Bhutan are Buddhist. They follow Tibetan customs and traditions. The dress worn by Bhutanese men are called Bakkhu and Docha. Women wear the dress called Kira. Dzongkha and Nepali are the major languages of Bhutan. About 50% population Social Studies - Book 5 109

of Bhutan are of Nepali origin. They mostly live in southern Bhutan and follow Nepalese culture and Hindu religion. Economic Life The main occupation of the people of Bhutan is agriculture and animal husbandry. They produce paddy, wheat, barley, maize and buckwheat. Potatoes are grown everywhere. There is no notable industry in Bhutan. Food habit is almost similar to Nepal. The currency of Bhutan is called Ngultrum. Cardamom, fruits, timber and electricity are the major products of Bhutan. PAKISTAN Pakistan is bordered by China in the north, Arabian Sea in the south, Iran in the west, Afghanistan in the north-west and India in the east. It has a population of about 212.7 million (2017). It has an area of 881,913 sq km. The capital city of Pakistan is Islamabad. Physical Features Saidu The north-western region of Pakistan AFGHANISTAN Peshawar Islamabad has the famous mountain ranges like Suleman, Hindukush and Himalaya Rawalpindi ranges. The second highest mountain of the world, Mt. K2 lies in this region. Bannu There are several rivers and passes that Sangadha lies here. The famous Khyber Pass is also located in this region. Devaismall khan Chaman Znob Punjab Sahwar khost Muttan Nakkundi Siba Dalbandi INDIA Kalat PAKISTAN Balachistan Kalat Sukure Bela Jiwani Gawadar Hyderabad Kavachi ARABIAN SEA The south-western and north-eastern region mainly consists of plateaus. This region is dry and barren. The south-eastern region is plain and fertile. It is drained by the Indus river system. 110 Social Studies - Book 5

Different types of climates are found in Pakistan according to the landform. The mountain region of northern parts has cold climate. Southern part of this country has hot climate. Jacobabad which is the hottest place of Asia is in Pakistan. This country also receives heavy rainfall in summer season. Rabi, Indus and Jhelam are the major rivers of this country. Social Life Pakistan is an Islamic country. The majority of the people follow Islam. Eid and Bakra Eid are the major festivals. Muslim people fast during the time of Ramzan. Men wear Kurta, kameej and paijama. Women wear Kurta and salwar. They are also fond of wearing different types of ornaments. Most of the women cover their whole body by the clothes called burka. The official language is Urdu and English. Urdu is the national language. Besides, Punjabi, Pastho, Sindhi and Balochi are other major languages. Dal, roti, vegetable and meat are the main food of the people of Pakistan. Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan. Economic Life Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Pakistan. Paddy, wheat, maize, sugarcane, cotton and tobacco are the main agricultural product. Textile, paper, fertilizer, iron, cement, steel, etc are the major industry. Karachi is the main port for international trade. Lahore, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Peshawar are the major trade and industrial centres. The currency of Pakistan is called rupee. KEY WORDS Barren : unable to produce, infertile Notable : worthy of attention Port : the edge of sea and ocean used to keep the ship Note to the Teacher: Bring pictures of people of these countries doing various activities like celebrating festivals, wearing their national costumes, etc. Social Studies - Book 5 111

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) If you get an opportunity to visit any one country among Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan where would you prefer to go? Why? Give reasons. 2 Complete the following table: Bhutan Pakistan Bangladesh Capital City Currency Language Festival Religion Occupation 3 Fill in the blanks. a) Flood and.................................destroy the lives and property of Bangladesh every year. b) The landform and climate of..........................is similar to Nepal. c) About 50% population of............................are of Nepali origin. d) The second highest mountain of the world, Mt. ........................ lies in Pakistan. 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Describe the climate of Bhutan. b) Name the major industry of Bangladesh. c) What are the official languages of Pakistan? Name other languages people speak in Pakistan. Project Work Look at the atlas and write the names of the countries located in the boundaries of Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan. 112 Social Studies - Book 5

9LESSON B) OUR NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n introduce and speak about our neighbouring countries. n explain the geographical and socio-economic condition of those countries. SRI LANKA Capital : Colombo Area : 65,610 sq km Boundary : Surrounded by Indian Ocean from all sides. Population : About 21.44 million (2017) Physical Features : It is an island country so it has coastal area all round. Rocky land in the north, Jaffna has plain land, central part has low hill. Climate : Hot and rainy throughout the year. Language : Sinhala (National language), JAFFNA POINT PEDRO ELEPHANT PASS Tamil and English Northern Main Religion : Buddhism Manar Vavuniya Currency : Rupee Medawachchiya NORTH CENTRAL Puttalam Galoya BATTICALOAAmpaara POLONNARWA MAHO Major products : Tea, coconut, rubber, garments, NORTH LANKA Eastern fish, diamond WESTERN SRI Central Galoya Matale SRI Kandy LANKA Main occupation : Agriculture (45%), tourism, COLOMBO Badulla industry, trade and service Sabaragamuwa Opavaka Province Tanam a lwila SOUTERN PROVINCE GALLO Main food : Rice and fish Dress : Men wear shirts and lungi, women wear sari and blouses. Literacy rate : 92%, education is free up to university level. Social Studies - Book 5 113

MALDIVES Capital : Male Area : 298 sq km Boundary : Surrounded by Indian Ocean from north, south and east. Arabian Sea lies in the west. It is a group of Titadummati Atoll islands. Population : 436,330 (2017) Indian Ocean Physical Features : It is an island country made up of Kerdiva ChanneMl ale Atoll more than 1190 islands, out of them MIsalalend 200 are inhabited by the people. The biggest island is about six km long. Ari Atoll Indian Ocean The landform is flat with no hills and mountain. MALDIVES Climate : Hot and rainy throughout the year. Suvadiva Atoll Language Natural vegetation is evergreen. Equatorial Channel : Dhivehi Addu Atoll Main Religion : Islam Currency : Rupiya Major products : Coconut and rubber Main occupation : Fishing and tourism Main food : Rice and fish Dress : Men wear shirts and lungi, women wear sari and blouses. Literacy rate : 98.52% AFGHANISTAN Capital : Kabul Area : 652,237 sq km Boundary : Pakistan and China in the east, Iran in the 114 Social Studies - Book 5

west, Turkmenistan and UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Tazeksthan in the north and Pakistan in the south. TURKMENISTAN AFGHANISTAN Kabul Population : About 36 million IRAN PA K I S TA N Physical Features : There are mountain ranges in central and eastern part, covering about three- forth of the country. Huge mountain system of Hindukush stretches from north-east to south- west. Deserts cover southern and western part. Climate : Summers are very hot and winters are bitterly cold, snow falls in mountain region during winter season. Rainfall takes place in the months between October and April. Desert region receives very little rainfall. Language : More than 40 languages are spoken in Afghanistan. Persian Dari and Pashto are the official language. Besides, Uzbek, Torkmani, etc are other major languages. Main Religion : Islam Currency : Afghani Major products : Wheat and silk Main occupation : Agriculture, trade and service Dress : Men wear kurta and paijama, women mostly wear burka which cover the whole body including the face. Literacy rate : 31.74% KEY WORDS Bitterly : extremely Coastal : a place linked with sea and ocean Note to the Teacher: Bring pictures of people of these countries doing various activities like celebrating festivals, wearing their national costumes, etc. Social Studies - Book 5 115

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) If you get an opportunity to visit any one country among Afghanistan, Maldives and Sri Lanka where would you prefer to go? Why? Give reasons. 2 Write short notes on: a) Sri Lanka b) Maldives c) Afghanistan 3 Fill in the blanks. a) Sri Lanka is surrounded by........................ocean from all sides. b) Fishing and........................are the main occupations of the people of Maldives. c) Wheat and...................................are the major products of Afghanistan. 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Describe the physical features and climate of Sri Lanka. b) Name the neighbouring countries of Afghanistan. c) What are the major products, food and occupation of Maldives? Project Work Divide your class into six groups. Assign each group one neighbouring country. Now collect information about your respective neighbouring country. And organize an exhibition in your school. 116 Social Studies - Book 5

Let’s Revise 1 Draw a map of Nepal and indicate the three regions using different colours. 2 Complete the table. Natural Vegetation Climate Type of Soil Mountain Region Hill Region Terai Region 3 Insert the following information in the given World map with the help of an atlas. a. Seven continents b. Five oceans 4 Choose the best answer. a. Which of them is not our neighbouring country? i) India ii) China iii) Spain iv) Pakistan b. The main occupations of people of Bhutan are.......................... i) Tourism and agriculture ii) Agriculture and animal husbandry iii) Animal husbandry and cloth industry iv) Cloth industry and tourism c. Male is the capital of.......................... i) Bangladesh ii) Bhutan iii) Maldives iv) Sri Lanka d. Which of them is not an Islamic country? iv) Maldives i) Sri Lanka ii) Bangladesh iii) Pakistan e. Hindukush mountain range is in.......................... i) Maldives ii) Pakistan iii) Sri Lanka iv) Bhutan Social Studies - Book 5 117

6UNIT OUR PAST Historical Things of Our Community Ancient Nepal A) Our National Heroes B) Our National Heroes Our Head of the State and Head of the Government

1LESSON HISTORICAL THINGS OF OUR COMMUNITY Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n identify the historical things in their locality. n discuss the use and importance of such things. All the events that happened in the past are called history. How were the people in the past? What type of dresses did they wear? What professions did they follow? We get the answer of such questions from history. The old coins, old documents, chronicles, old pictures, inscriptions, etc are the things from which we can know about our history. We can find such ancient and historical things in our community as well. Some of these things can be found in our houses as well. We have to identify such historical things and preserve them. Sources of History There are various sources of history. A brief description of some of them are given below: 1. Stone Inscription (Shilalekh) In olden times when paper was not available, people wrote important events on the stone. It is called stone inscription. We can find such inscriptions in ancient temples and palaces. After the Anglo-Nepal war, the British had made an inscription in Nalapani to pay respect to brave Balbhadra Kunwar and the Nepalese warriors. 2. Copper Inscription (Tamrapattra) In the past people also wrote on the copper plate which is called copper inscription. 3. Old Documents We can get information about history through old documents which can be available in our houses and government offices. They are also sources of history. Social Studies - Book 5 119

4. Stories Sometimes stories too can depict the various events which happened in the past. The old events which were told from one generation to another are also the source of history. 5. Coin/Currency Old coins have pictures, the names of the rulers and their dynasties and the date of their rule which are the valuable sources of history. 6. Statues The study of old statues and sculptures found in the temples and other public places which can provide useful information about the dresses, ornaments and social practices of ancient period. 7. Utensils Many ancient utensils have been discovered through excavation. They give us the idea about the metal used by the people in the past. 8. Picture/Paintings The old pictures and paintings tell us about the buildings, houses, clothes and the lifestyle of the people in the past. KEY WORDS Chronicles : a record of events Depict : represent by drawing, painting or other art Dynasties : a chain of rulers of the same family Excavation : digging to find ancient things Inscriptions : a historical, religious or other record, impressed or written on stone, brick, or metal Note to the Teacher: Show different sources of history like: picture, old coin, painting, temples, palaces etc to the students and explain how they help to know the history. If possible take the student to museum. 120 Social Studies - Book 5

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Are there any historical things in your community? Name any two of them. 2 Fill in the blanks. a) All the events that happened in the past is called........................ b) After Anglo-Nepal war, the British had made an.......................... in Nalapani to pay respect to Nepalese warriors. c) In the past, people also wrote on the........................................ plate which is called copper inscription. 3 What do you see in the given picture? a) b) c) 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) What is history? b) Make a list of various sources of history and describe any two of them in brief. c) What information can we get from ancient coins? d) Draw the pictures of any two sources of history. e) What is stone inscription? Project Work Visit a museum and make a list of historical things that you have seen there. Social Studies - Book 5 121

2LESSON ANCIENT NEPAL Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n describe various dynasties who ruled over ancient Nepal. n name the kings of those dynasties. In the beginning Kathmandu valley was a lake. River Bagmati made its way to the south of the valley and the water drained outside. The Valley then became fertile and suitable for settlement and people started to live here. Rule of Gopal dynasty: In ancient time plenty of grasses were available in Kathmandu valley. So the Gopals came to the valley from Mathura (India) and settled here. Later on they started to rule over the valley. Animal husbandry was their main occupation. They reared cows. The Gopals were also called “Neep” or “Nep”. It is said that ‘Nepal’ was named after their name. The first king of Gopal dynasty was King Bhuktaman. Eight Gopal kings ruled over Nepal for 521 years. The last king of Gopal dynasty was Yaksha Gupta. Rule of Mahishpal dynasty: After Gopals, Mahishpals came to power. They were also called Ahir or Abhir. The last king of Gopal dynasty, Yaksha Gupta was childless. So, after his rule, his relative Jaya Singh became the king of Nepal. The Mahishpal used to rear buffaloes. In Sanskrit buffalo is called Mahis. So they were started to be called Mahishpal. Only three kings of Mahishpal dynasty ruled for 161 years. The last king of this dynasty was Bhuvan Singh. Both animal husbandry and agriculture were the main occupations of the people in this period. Rule of Kirants: After Mahishpal, Kirant kings ruled over Nepal. In the beginning Kirant people lived by hunting in the jungle. Later on they started 122 Social Studies - Book 5

agriculture. The Kirants ruled over Nepal King Sirijunga for about 1000 years. Present Gokarna was Amshuverma their capital. They worshipped Kiranteshwor Mahadev of Pashupati. King Sirijunga introduced the Sirijunga script to the Limbus which is still in use today. The Kirants were the ancestor of present Rai and Limbus of Nepal. Gasti was the last Kirat king. During the rule of seventh Kirant king, Gautam Buddha visited Kathmandu and spread Buddhism. Rule of Lichchhavi: After the defeat of Gasti, the Lichchhavi rule began in Nepal. Mandev, Amshuverma, Shiva Dev and Narendra Dev were some of the famous kings of Lichchhavi dynasty. The Lichchhavis were rich in art and culture. They maintained good relations with Tibet, China and India. They improved trade and made all around development of the country. So the Lichchhavi period is called the “Golden Period” in the history of Nepal. KEY WORDS 123 Ancestor : a person’s father, grandfather, great grandfather Ancient : very old Defeat : lose a war Drained : to cause liquid to go out from Reared : to keep and take care of domestic animals Note to the Teacher: Describe the lesson through stories and discussion. Social Studies - Book 5

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Name any two monuments of ancient period. 2 Fill in the blanks. a) In the beginning Kathmandu valley was a................................. b) ................................was the first king of Gopal dynasty. c) After Gopal,................................came to power. d) Bhuvan Singh was the last king of................................dynasty. e) Lichchhavi period is called the...........................period in the history of Nepal. 3 Match the following: Gopals Mandev Mahishpals Gasti Kirants Gautam Buddha Lichchhavis Yaksha Gupta Jaya Singh 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Name the first and last kings of Gopal dynasty. b) How many years did the Mahishpals rule over Nepal? What were their occupations? c) Where was the capital of the Kirants? How many years did they rule over Nepal? d) Why is Lichchhavi period called the “Golden Period” in the history of Nepal? Project Work Collect information about the Kings of Lichchhavi dynasty. Share your information in your class. 124 Social Studies - Book 5

3LESSON A) OUR NATIONAL HEROES Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n identify our national personalities. n discuss their contributions. Our motherland has given birth to many great people who have made great contributions in different fields. They are regarded as our national personalities. The Government of Nepal has declared such great people as the National Heroes. Let’s discuss briefly and learn about each of them. King Janak King Janak was a famous and learned king of Mithila (Present Janakpur). His palace consisted of great philosophers and learned people. He gave great importance to soul than body. So he was called videha. He was a great scholar. Art, literature and civilization flourished to a great extent during his rule. Maithali was the official language during his rule. Sita Sita was the daughter of King Janak. She was also called Janaki. She is considered as an ideal woman. Sita was married to Ram, the Prince of Ayodhya. The Ramayan, a famous Hindu epic, is the story of Ram and Sita. Buddha In ancient times, the present Kapilvastu district of the current Province No. 5 was the state of Shakya kings. Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini in 563 BC. Since his childhood, he was kind hearted and peace loving. He used to think about the causes of pain and sorrow and remedy of all troubles. Though he was a prince and had Social Studies - Book 5 125

all the comforts in his palace, he was not happy and satisfied. At the age of 29 he left his palace in search of knowledge and truth of life. He meditated for many days and got enlightened. He preached his knowledge and founded a religion called Buddhism. He is also called the “Light of Asia.” Amshuverma Amshuverma was a famous king of Lichchhavi period. He made good relation with India, Tibet and China. He was a learned king. His Sanskrit grammar called ‘Shabda Vidya’made him popular even outside the country. During his rule Nepali art, architecture and Buddhism spread over Tibet, China and Japan. Araniko Araniko was a famous architect of Nepal. During the Malla period, the Chinese emperor Kublai Khan requested to send some artists from Nepal to make statues in China. In 1260 AD King Jaya Bhimdev Malla sent 80 Nepalese artists to Lhasa under the leadership of Araniko. They built several pagoda style monasteries in Lhasa. Arniko’s works were highly appreciated by the Chinese. He made many temples and stupas in China. His good work helped to maintain good relation between Nepal and China. Amar Singh Thapa Amar Singh Thapa was a great warrior of Nepal. He was the son of Bhim Singh Thapa and Umadevi Thapa. He was born in 1808 BS. He played an important role in conquering Sen 126 Social Studies - Book 5

kingdoms of eastern Nepal. He also conquered baise and chaubise states and extended the boundary of Nepal up to Tista river in the east and Kangada in the west. During the Anglo-Nepal war, he was the in- charge of Nepalese force. Balbhadra Kunwar Balbhadra Kunwar was a great warrior of Nepal. During Anglo-Nepal war, he was the in-charge of Nalapani. He fought bravely with the British soldiers. During the war he had only 600 soldiers including women and children whereas the British had 3500 soldiers with modern weapons like guns and cannons. Even then the British could not defeat Balbhadra Kunwar. The British soldiers were highly impressed by the bravery of Balbhadra and erected a stone inscription at Nalapani to pay tribute to him. Shankhadhar Sakhwa Sankhadhar Sakhwa was the founder of Nepal Sambat. It is said that Sankhadhar freed the people of Kathmandu from their debt during the rule of Raghav Dev. Sankhadhar Sakhwa’s name was included in the list of “National Heroes” from 1999 AD. KEY WORDS Architect : a person who designs buildings Civilization : the society, culture and way of life of a particular area Enlightened : spiritually aware Meditated : focus one’s mind for a period of time Pagoda : a type of architectural design Philosopher : a person learned in philosophy Preached : deliver religious speech to a group of people Tribute : to show respect Note to the Teacher: Show the photos of our national heroes and ask the students to identify them. Describe what they can learn from them. Social Studies - Book 5 127

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Which national hero do you like the most and why? b) In which field do you want to contribute for your country? How? 2 Match the following: Nepal Sambat Janak Buddha Nalapani Araniko King of Mithila Balbhadra Kunwar Light of Asia Sankhadhar Sakhwa Pagoda style King of Gorkha 3 Identify the given personalities and write one contribution of each of them. a) b) 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Who was Janak? Write his contributions. b) Who was Amshuverma? Write any two reforms made by him. c) What were the contributions of Araniko? d) Balbhadra Kunwar is known as a great warrior of Nepal. Why? Project Work Who has inspired you the most in your life? How? And why? Discuss about him/her in your class. 128 Social Studies - Book 5

4LESSON B) OUR NATIONAL HEROES Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n identify our national personalities. n discuss their contributions. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa Birth: 2018 BS Place of Birth: Solukhumbu Death: 2050 BS Contributions: She is the first Nepalese women to have climbed the summit of Mt. Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest). She climbed it on 10th Baisakh 2050 BS. She died while returning from the summit of Sagarmatha. She proved that Nepalese women also can do a great and brave work. She encouraged all the Nepalese women to be brave. She spread the name and fame of our country in the world. Bhanubhakta Acharya Birth: 1871 BS Place of Birth: Tanahun Death: 1926 BS Contributions: His contribution was great in the field of Nepali literature. During his time literary works were written only in Sanskrit, Urdu and Hindi languages. He wrote poems in Nepali language to prove the worth of Nepali language and make literature enjoyable for everyone. He translated Ramayan from Sanskrit to common Nepali language. It helped to develop Nepali language throughout the country. He wrote several books in Nepali language like Bhaktamala, Badhu Shiksha, etc and made Nepalese literature rich and prosperous. He was the first poet to write poems in Nepali language. So he is known as the Aadi Kabi which means the first poet. Social Studies - Book 5 129

Bhimsen Thapa Birth: 1832 BS Place of Birth: Gorkha Death: 1896 BS Contributions: Bhimsen Thapa was the Prime Minister of Nepal during Anglo-Nepal war. He ruled for 34 years as the Prime Minister. He was a clever diplomat and a true patriot. He modernized the Nepalese army. He developed trade of Nepal and abolished many bad social practices in the country. He tried to start an organization of Asian countries like India, China, Tibet, Burma, Iran, etc against the British. He brought several social and economic reforms in the country. Motiram Bhatta Birth: 1923 BS Place of Birth: Kathmandu Death: 1953 BS Contributions: Motiram Bhatta is known as the ‘Yuba Kabi’ which means the youth poet. He was the one who introduced Bhanubhakta to Nepalese society. He collected the poems written by Bhanubhakta and published them. Motiram Bhatta has written many poems and Gajals in Nepali language. He established the printing press in Nepal. He printed the Ramayan written by Bhanubhakta and made them available to the common people. He died at an early age of 30. Ram Shah Birth: 1643 BS Place of Birth: Gorkha Death: 1693 BS 130 Social Studies - Book 5

Contributions: Ram Shah was one of the great ruler of Gorkha. He was very famous for his justice. He made many rules and regulations in his kingdom. He established many courts and provided equal justice to his people. “Nyaya Napaya Gorkha Janu” was the very famous saying during his time. He introduced a standard system of weight, scales and measurements. Mana, Pathi, Dhak, Taraju, etc were introduced by him in Nepal. Phalgunanda Birth: 1942 BS Place of Birth: Ilam Death: 2005 BS Contributions: He is renowned as Mahaguru (the great teacher) especially among the Limbus. He is remembered for his outstanding socio-cultural and religious messages in the Limbu ethnicity. His one message is ‘Practice no animal sacrifice’ as animal sacrifice raises social expenditures on celebrations like birth, wedding and funeral. His further messages are: eliminate social orthodoxies, run school for children, give literacy and awareness to children through their mother tongue. He stressed on education because he believed that it brings knowledge and washes one’s heart clean. This will lead to emancipation which will further help to realize God. In his philosophy there can be no better friend than love and non-violence. Tribhuvan Birth: 1963 BS Place of Birth: Kathmandu Death: 2011 BS Contributions: He played a very active role to end the Rana rule in Nepal. He risked his life and throne and fled to Delhi to support Anti-Rana Movement. Social Studies - Book 5 131

He returned to Nepal on 7th Falgun 2007 BS after the end of Rana Rule. Prithvi Narayan Shah Birth: 1779 BS Place of Birth: Gorkha Death: 1831 BS Contributions: He was the king of Gorkha. During his rule, Nepal was divided into small kingdoms called baise and chaubise rajya. At the same time, British were ruling in India and wanted to conquer Nepal. Prithvi Narayan Shah unified all the small kingdoms and made Nepal a strong kingdom. So he is called the founder of Modern Nepal. He saved Nepal from British invasion. KEY WORDS Abolished : formally put an end to something Diplomat : an official representing the country abroad Emancipation : being set free from legal, social, political boundaries Invasion : entering a country with armed force Literary : relating to literature Orthodoxies : generally accepted theory Prosperous : rich, wealthy Patriot : a person who loves his country and is ready to defend it against enemies Renowned : famous Translated : express the sense of words in another language Note to the Teacher: Show the photos of our national heroes and ask the students to identify them. Describe what they can learn from them. 132 Social Studies - Book 5

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) What makes King Tribhuwan our national hero? Can we also become a national hero? If yes, how? 2 Match the following: Climbed Sagarmatha Aadi Kabi Mana, pathi Phalgunanda Yuba Kabi Bhanubhakta Mahaguru Tribhuvan Pasang Lhamu Sherpa Ram Shah Motiram Bhatta 3 Identify the given personalities and write one contribution of each of them. a) b) 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Who was Bhimsen Thapa? Write his contributions. b) Who was Phalgunanda? Write any two reforms made by him. c) What lesson can Nepalese women learn from Pasang Lhamu Sherpa? d) Describe the reforms made by Ram Shah. Project Work Divide your class into groups. Each group will collect information about any one international hero. Afterwards share your group’s information with the class. Social Studies - Book 5 133

5LESSON OUR HEAD OF THE STATE AND HEAD OF THE GOVERNMENT Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n identify head of state and head of government and introduce them. Our Head of the State The post of President is highest post in our country. So, the President is head of the state in Nepal. King was the head of the state before Nepal was declared as a republic country. Nepalese people started Mass Movement First Female President for Loktantra from 24th Chaitra 2062 to 11th Bidhya Devi Bhandari Baisakh 2063 BS which ended the direct rule of King. This incident is called People’s Movement-II. The powers of the king were confiscated on 4th Jestha 2063 BS. Nepal was declared as the republic country on 15th Jestha 2065 BS. Now, any common Nepali citizen can be the president through election. Dr. First President Rambaran Yadav is the first president of Nepal Dr. Ram Baran Yadav and Bidhya Devi Bhandari is the first female president of Nepal. Major functions of head of the state He/she appoints the Prime Minister, Commander in Chief of army and all heads of other constitutional organs. Head of the Government Government is responsible to conduct the administration of the country. Prime Minister acts as the head of the government. In the 134 Social Studies - Book 5

chairmanship of Prime Minister, the government is formed including Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers, State Ministers, Assistant Minister, as per the necessity. The group of Ministers and Prime Minister as whole is called Council of Ministers. Council of Ministers is also called the government. Prime Minister is also elected from among the representatives of the people. Head of the government has lots of responsibilities. Some major tasks of head of the government are as follows: • To run the daily administration • To maintain peace and order • To conduct development activities • To make relation with other countries • To provide basic facilities like food, clothes, shelter, education, etc to the people Bhimsen Thapa is regarded as the first Prime Minister of Nepal. B. P. Koirala is the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal whereas Pushpa Kamal Dahal is the first elected Prime Minister of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Bhimsen Thapa B. P. Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal Note to the Teacher: Showing the picture of head of state and head of government ask the students to identify their names and discuss their functions giving several examples. Social Studies - Book 5 135

Head of the State and Head of the Government are institutions rather than person. They are our elected representatives. All the citizen of the country should respect them. We should help them in their good works. At the same time, we should give constructive criticism and warn them for their mistakes. They are elected for certain period of time. If they do not work for the welfare of people and country, we can choose other people as the head of the state and head of the government for another term. KEY WORDS Confiscated : take or seize with authority Constructive : helping to develop or improve something Criticism : the activity of making careful judgement Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Who is the Head of the State in Nepal at present? b) Who is the Head of the Government of Nepal at present? 2 Fill in the blanks. a) President works as the................................................in Nepal. b) Nepal was declared as the republic country on......................BS. c) Dr. Rambaran Yadav is the first.....................................of Nepal. d) Government is responsible to run the.................................. e) ................................is the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal. 136 Social Studies - Book 5

3 Tick (ü) the correct answer from the given alternatives. a) Who holds the highest post in Nepal? i) Prime Minister ii) President iii) Minister iv) Commander-in-Chief b) Which of the following is not the function of the Head of Government? i) Run the daily administration ii) Maintain peace and order iii) Conduct development activities iv) Appoint the Prime Minister c) Who is the first elected Prime Minister of republic of Nepal? i) Bhimsen Thapa ii) B.P. Koirala iii) Pushpa Kamal Dahal iv) Subas Chandra Nemwang 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) What is the difference between Head of the State and Head of the Government? b) Write any four major responsibilities of the Head of the Government. c) Write the major functions of the Head of the State. Project Work Who is the head of your school/class/local club? Name him/her and collect information on how they were elected. Discuss your information with your class. Social Studies - Book 5 137

Let’s Revise 1 Look at this ancient coin of Nepal. What information can you get from it? 2 Complete the table. Last Ruler Main Occupation Some Rulers Gopal Dynasty Mahishpal dynasty Kirant Dynasty Lichchhavi Dynasty 3 Name the national hero. a. He is also known as the founder of Modern Nepal. b. She is the first Nepalese woman to have climbed Mt. Everest. c. He built several pagoda style monasteries in Lhasa. d. She is considered as an ideal woman. e. He stressed on education. 4 Fill the information in the table below. Functions Post Name Head of the State Head of the Government 138 Social Studies - Book 5

UNIT OUR ECONOMIC 7 ACTIVITIES Economic Activities of My District Learn to Take Care Domestic Products Use of Domestic Products Economic Activities of Our Country

1LESSON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF MY DISTRICT Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n discuss the occupations people follow in their district. n respect all types of occupations. Hrishav Gurung lives in Jomsom. It is in Mustang district. It lies in himalayan region. It is a part of Gandaki Province in northern Nepal. Mustang district is one of the remote districts of Nepal. It is also the second least populated Jomsom district of Nepal. It is bordered by Manang in the east, Dolpa in the west and Tibet in the north. The Kali Gandaki river flows through this district. Mt. Dhaulagiri, the 7th highest mountain of the world is in this district. It is connected with both the airways and roadways. It is the home to different ethnic groups like Gurung, Sherpa and Thakali. Agriculture, animal husbandry and tourism are the major means of livelihood for these people. But most of the people are engaged in agriculture. The farmers produce barley, wheat and buckwheat. It is also known as the capital of apples in Nepal. It produces the largest amount of apples in Nepal. People here rear mountain goats, cows and sheep for milk, meat, wool and transportation. Mustang’s mountain goats and sheep are specially sold throughout Nepal during dashain and tihar. 140 Social Studies - Book 5

Tourism is the next biggest source of income of the people of Mustang. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Nepal. It’s beautiful natural scenery, cultural heritage attract the tourists most to Mustang. Places like Jomsom, Muktinath Dhumba Lake temple, Thubchen Gompa, Mustang caves, Tukuche peak, Annapurna Conservation Area, Tilicho lake, Dhumba lake etc are some of the important tourist destinations of Mustang. Trekking on Annapurna Circuit is also an attraction for tourists. Mustang is also famous for Marpha brandy made from a variety of fruits produced in their local farm. Mustang offers adventurous Tourist in Mustang trekking and natural beauty which helps in earning foreign currency. This has helped to uplift the living standard of the people of the district. KEY WORDS Amount : a quantity of something Rear : to breed and raise an animal Remote : far away Uplift : to raise Note to the Teacher: Invite the people of different occupations like doctor, engineer, army officer, farmers, etc in class and let them interact with the students. Social Studies - Book 5 141

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Name the major places of your district and mention any four major occupations of the people. 2 Look at the picture and index given below and answer the questions. Economic activities of the people of Sankhuwasabha ;ªs\\ t] — wfgv]tL — ;G' tnfv]tL — e]8f / Rofª\\uf — cn}r+ L — Jofkf/ pBf]u — ds} — un+r} f — t/sf/L — 8fs] f8] fnf] a) What are the major crops produced in Sankhuwasabha district? b) Name the animal used for meat, wool and to carry the goods. c) What things are produced there from the locally available raw materials? 3 Read the lesson and answer. a) Where is Mustang located? b) Name the major ethnic groups living in Mustang. c) What are the major economic activities of the people of Mustang? d) What are the major agricultural productions of Mustang? e) Why is Mustang one of the major tourist destinations of Nepal? Project Work Draw an outline map of your district. Then using symbols show what economic activities happen in different parts of your district. 142 Social Studies - Book 5

2LESSON LEARN TO TAKE CARE Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n take care of their school properties. n economise the things used in the school. Raman studies in class five at Jana Jagriti Secondary School. He and his classmates love to play football. They always play football in class using the duster as the ball. Several times they have broken the window glass while playing in the classroom. Bina too studies with Raman. She loves to read story books. She borrows books from her school library. She never tears library books nor writes anything on them. She always returns those books on time. Madhu also studies with Raman and Bina. She loves to draw. She draws pictures on class’s wall and desks. She also plucks the flowers from the school garden. Saimon is Raman’s classmate. He picks and throws the litter thrown on the floor by his classmates in the dustbin. He always tries to keep his classroom clean. Adweta is Madhu’s friend. She is very good at origami. She often makes cranes, rabbits, fish, boats etc from paper. She always tears her exercise books pages to make them. She also tears chart paper and notices posted on notice board to make origami. Social Studies - Book 5 143

Now, tell me students if you have to pick the good students, who would you pick among the above mentioned students. Definitely it would be Bina and Saimon. They both are very careful students. Our school is our own property. In our classrooms there is always a duster, white/black board, chalk/ marker, desks, benches and a notice board. We need these things for our own comfort. In the same way our schools usually have library, sports items like bat, ball, table tennis board, net, swings etc, and musical instruments like guitar, keyboard, madal, flute etc for the required mental and physical growth of their students. Every available material in our school is for our own benefit. Therefore we must take proper care of those things. We shouldn’t scratch on our desks and benches. We should throw the litter in the dustbin. We should not jump or stick chewing gums on the desks and benches. We should not play inside the classrooms as we may break window glass or injure our classmates. We should not tear pages from our exercise books and the chart papers or notice from the notice board. It is a bad habit. Plucking flowers from the garden is also a bad habit. We must not destroy the beautiful environment of our school. All the materials available in our school are our own property. That’s why we all must use them carefully. KEY WORDS Classmates : a person who studies in your class Comfort : a feeling of being less worried, frightened etc Litter : garbage Material : things Origami : the art of paper folding Plucks : remove, pick off Scratch : mark the surface with a pointed object Note to the Teacher: Let the students’ practice the way of taking care of school properties. Divide the Students into groups, give them tasks. Supervise and evaluate their work. 144 Social Studies - Book 5

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) Do you take care of the things at your school? How? Write any four ways. 2 Tick (ü) the right statement and cross (û) the wrong one. Also correct the wrong sentence. a) We should write on the wall of the classroom by chalk and marker. b) We should return the books of the library on time after reading them. c) We should throw the litter everywhere in the school. d) We should play in the class by jumping on the desk and chair. e) We should take good care of school property. 3 List the property of your school and write the measures to take care of them in the table given below. Name of things Ways to take care of them 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Why must we take care of our school property? b) How can we take care of our school property? Project Work Divide your class into groups. Take turns cleaning your class, school compound or planting and watering plants at your school. Social Studies - Book 5 145

3LESSON DOMESTIC PRODUCTS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n use the goods produced in our own country. n discuss the importance of using the things produced in our own country. Nepal is an agricultural country. For the past many years people have been involved in agriculture. It is still the main occupation followed by the majority of the population in our country. Paddy is grown in the terai and hill region of our country. Maize and millet are grown in the hill region and northern hilly region. Wheat is grown almost all around the country. Oranges are especially grown in Dhankutta, Sankhuwasaba and Pokhara. Jumla, Helambu and Mustang are famous for apples. Fruits like mango, pineapple and banana are grown in the terai region. Sugarcane is grown in mid terai region. Ilam is famous for producing tea. Seasonal vegetables are grown in all parts of the country. The cottage industries are mostly established in the rural areas of Nepal. It is easier to start because it requires low investment and the raw materials are locally available. Generally, family members are involved in the smooth running of the cottage industry. The goods produced here are locally consumed. Doko, dalo and namlo are produced in almost all parts of the country. Utensils are produced in the different parts of the city and the rural areas. 146 Social Studies - Book 5

With the advancement of technology, education, transportation and communication many industries have been established. The industries are mainly located in the urban areas. These industries produce goods in a larger scale. Cement is produced in many parts of the country like Udayapur, Hetauda, Nawalparasi, Janakpur, etc. Clothes and shoes are manufactured in Kathmandu, Hetauda, Birgunj, Biratnagar and other big cities. Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Nawalparasi and Kapilbastu districts are famous for producing sugar. There are lots of things that are produced in the industries. Steel, biscuits, noodles, paper, toothpaste, pen, etc are produced Udayapur Cement Factory in the industries. The goods produced in our industries are consumed in the internal market and also exported to foreign countries which help in earning foreign currency. It helps in the economic development of the country. We have to consume the goods produced in the industries of our country. This will help in the overall development of the country. KEY WORDS Advancement : improvement Investment : money that is invested with a hope of profit Manufactured : produced Overall : all around Seasonal : things available in season Note to the Teacher: Ask the students to find out the place of manufacture of the things they used daily. Make the students familiar about the goods made in Nepal. Social Studies - Book 5 147

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a) List any six goods used at your home which are produced in Nepal. 2 Match the following with their place of production: Orange Mid-Terai Apple Hetauda Mango Pokhara Tea Mustang Cement Ilam Sugarcane Terai region 3 Place the following products in the right column. doko, cement, sugarcane, utensils, tea, paddy, clothes, sugar, maize, shoes, Nepali paper, furniture, pen, noodles, earthen pot, maize, dalo, carpet Agriculture Cottage Industry Large Scale Industry 4 Read the lesson and answer. a) Why is Nepal called an agricultural country? b) Why should we use the goods produced in our own country? c) Why is cottage industry easier to start? Project Work Make a list of any eight things used in your school and find out where they are made. 148 Social Studies - Book 5

4LESSON USE OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n name the things produced in our country. n encourage others to use the domestic products. Students of class five of Pashupati School were taken on a visit to an industry. There they met the owner of the industry, Mr. Devraj Chaudhary. Students : Sir, your factory is very big. How did you become so successful in this field? Industrialist : It takes a lot of hard work, dedication and interest to be successful. Similarly, if you work hard in your studies you will get good marks in exams. Students : Sir we are really interested to know about the products of your factory. Industrialist : Here we produce different types of shoes for all ages. We have also maintained the quality of the shoes because we have to compete in the open market. Students : Can we look at it sir? Industrialist : Sure you can. You can also try it on. Students : Oh, it looks really nice and also feels very comfortable. It must be expensive. Industrialist : No it is not expensive. It is a lot cheaper than the other brands imported from other countries. Not only this, most of the things that we produce in our own country are cheaper than the goods imported from other countries. But still our domestic products do not have a high Social Studies - Book 5 149

demand in the market. People are not really interested to buy the domestic products. Students like you have to encourage your family members, relatives and friends to buy the domestic products. Students : Sir what are the benefits if we all use the things produced in our country? Industrialist : There are lots of advantages by doing this. Listen carefully: There are lots of things like cement, clothes, soap, biscuit, etc which are produced in our country. Most of the things we produce are of very good quality and it’s cheaper too. If we use these products the industries will boom. Many new industries will be established. It will generate lots of employment opportunity. People do not have to go to foreign countries to work. The living standard of the people will increase and the economy of our country will be strong. It will also stop the flow of money going to other countries and save foreign currencies. Students : Thank you for your time sir. Now we all know the benefits of using the products of our own country. As you have mentioned, we will use the domestic products from now on. We will also encourage our elders to do so. KEY WORDS Brand : a product manufactured by a particular company under a particular name Import : bring goods into a country from abroad Note to the Teacher: Discuss with the students about the benefits of using the goods produced in our own country. 150 Social Studies - Book 5