PES Solar Issue 30 2017

ASK THE EXPERTSComprehensive monitoring Here we present a different take on our usual PES Ask the Experts. Patricia Darez, a director at 350renewables, interviews Marc Korevaar, a physicist at Kipp & Zonen, to find out what makes the new RaZON+ stand out from its competitors. Patricia Darez Marc Korevaar102 PES Solar

ASK THE EXPERTSPatricia Darez: Congratulations on the Furthermore, in the future an auxiliary MK: The main improvements are easynew product, I haven’t had a chance input for plane of array pyranometers will connectivity during installation andyet to test it out in the field but I be available, which will be great for operation. During installation becausealready like the name, in Spanish it operational uses. there are less cables involved, justtranslates as Reason. Could you Modbus 485 or Ethernet for data and theintroduce the RaZON+ and tell us a bit PD: I like the idea of a system that power cable. During operation becauseabout how it works? comes with an integrated data logger. If the system can be remotely accessed to this arrangement is flexible enough and check data and status.Marc Korevaar: The RaZON+ is an takes care of the customerall-in-one Solar Monitoring Station that requirements, it is a very effective way Furthermore, there is also the possibility ofwas developed and engineered by a of minimising interface problems within a more sophisticated interaction betweendedicated team at Kipp & Zonen. Apart the system, because they can often take the Smart instruments and the Smart sunfrom the Spanish meaning we also chose a lot more time than was budgeted for! tracker in future versions of the system.the name because ZON means sun in the What are the main improvements whenDutch language. compared with a “more traditional” PD: Are there any drawbacks? measurement approach?The system provides the three solar MK: A drawback can be a problem inradiation components: direct, diffuse andglobal. Direct and diffuse are measured andthe global is calculated using the time andlocation from the GPS.The way the system is designed it is moreresistant to soiling than traditional systems;mainly because of the way the PH1pyrheliometer is designed. Using the SmartPH1 and PR1 fast response pyrheliometerand pyranometer the system can rapidlyfollow changing levels of irradiance.However, there is also the option to go forhigher performance instruments using theSHP1 first class pyrheliometer and aSMP10 secondary standard pyranometer,using an adapter kit.The on-board microcontroller performs thecalculations and logs the data. It alsoallows communication through four-wireRS-485, Ethernet or the optional Wi-Fi.PD: Sometimes, there is a divide betweenpre-construction and operationalmeasurements. For which type ofcustomers and in what situations wouldyou recommend using the RaZON+?MK: We would advise using the RaZON+ asan accurate and cost-efficient solution forsolar energy and meteorology applications.For solar energy we expect it to be deployedon both prospecting and operational sites,where the low maintenance and ease of useare an added benefit.For prospecting, the possible absence of alogger infrastructure is no problem for theRaZON+, as it comes with an on-board loggerwhich doesn’t need any additional setup.The RaZON+ also gives you the 3components of solar irradiance whichenables you to find the best angle ofyour panels.For diffuse or overcast only, horizontalpositioned panels are optimal and onlydirect would favour an angle close to thesolar angle.For operational sites there is the option toconnect the RaZON+ directly to the SCADAsystem, either through Modbus 485 orEthernet, is attractive. www.pessolar.com 103

ASK THE EXPERTS Patricia Darez is a director at 350renewables, a consultancy which specialises in providing technical and commercial advice to investors, operators and developers of renewable energy projects from the early stages through to full operation. Their main offices are currently in Chile, and they have a strong presence in the Latin American market. Dr Marc. Korevaar is a scientist in the research department at Kipp & Zonen. He has a PhD in scintillation detectors using CCDs, from the Technical University Delft and has 10 years’ experience in optical detector physics. He has been working in the solar radiometry field since 2013.transferring from the old infrastructure to a The expected maintenance interval is much can be used for other applications, such asnew one. longer than with traditional systems. controlling PV panel trackers or solar concentrators, which can reduce costs.PD: In the Atacama Desert, we often PD: One of the main issues to considerwork with stations that do not have with measurements is the quality of the We have also introduced our Suncertaintyregular maintenance due to their remote data and the uncertainties related to the mobile app that calculates the uncertaintylocation, how do you ensure that the measurements. For the technical of global irradiance measurements bysoiling is minimised and how much advisors like us, or even technical different Kipp & Zonen pyranometers andmaintenance does the system require? departments within a company, it is includes the RaZON+. often clear what the best ways ofMK: Because of the design of the PH1 measuring are. But the reality of In this we see that, due to the globalpyrheliometer, with no front window and a corporate life is that it is difficult to calculation of the measurement of directdiffuser type detector, there is reduced justify spending money, if the and diffuse, the directional error is a lotsensitivity to soiling and this has been investment does not reflect a reduction smaller, which reduces the uncertaintyshown in preliminary testing. of uncertainty, which makes the project under clear sky conditions when the sun is more valuable. What sort of studies have closer to the horizon. RaZON+ lowers theAlso, because the shaded PR1 pyranometer you done to help with such decisions? uncertainty of the whole solarmeasures diffuse light from all directions, it measurement infrastructure.is less susceptible to soiling, such as MK: One of the main reasons RaZON+ isparticles blocking part of the light through interesting is that it offers a very simple and Suncertainty is a free download from thethe dome. There is no need to change any cost effective way to get good quality Apple Store and Google Play.desiccant as both instruments are sealed. measurements. Additionally, the system offers an output of the sun’s position that www.kippzonen.com104 PES Solar

Solutions for the precise measurement of solar radiationIn solar energy, accurately measuring the sun’s radiation is key to finding optimal locations, helping investment decisions,maximising operating e iciency, scheduling maintenance, monitoring performance and improving technology; in PV, CPV and CSP.At Kipp & Zonen our experts develop high quality instruments for the measurement of global, direct, di use and plane of arraysolar radiation. Whether you want to accurately know if your solar energy project is working at its best, and achieving thetargeted performance ratio, or if you want to schedule maintenance. From our well-known CMP, and innovative Smart SMP, ranges of pyranometers to the new all-in-one solar monitoring system RaZON+, we o er the best solutions. When accuracy matters, measure with Kipp & Zonen. www.kippzonen.com

ASK THE EXPERTS Highest throughput and minimal space PES asked Gregor Reddemann, CEO at M10 Industries AG, about Kubus, innovation, sharing know-how and the future and discovered many more interesting things about this progressive company. Gregor Reddemann106 PES Solar

ASK THE EXPERTSPES: Welcome back to PES Solar. For our the more important ones? built as a supply chain KUBUS can benew reader would you like to introduce thought of as a supply network. Foryour company and explain a little about GR: It really is an honour for us to receive example: we have two identical cell loadinghow you serve the solar industry? awards frequently and we are very thankful stations, each delivering 50% of the for the recognition. throughput. However, if one entire cellGregor Reddemann: M10 Industries AG loading station went down, for whateverspecialise in developing and producing One highlight was the Intersolar reason, the KUBUS is still able to deliverhighly efficient, state of the art cell Photovoltaics Award in 2016, for our 75% of its nominal total performance.connecting automation equipment. outstanding and unique stringer conception which allows a significant cost reduction in We understand know-how as anBased in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, in PV production. indispensable tool. Creation from innovationthe so called Solar Valley, our young and know-how happens throughdynamic team of skilled engineers and Additionally, in 2016 we were named in the experience. We have been in business fortechnicians faces this challenge under the Top 100 Innovators in Germany. over 20 years now. Our founders Günterleadership of solar pioneers of Günter Schneidereit and Reinhard Willi are pioneersSchneidereit, Reinhard Willi and CEO In February we won the city of Freiburg of PV manufacturing industrialisation.Gregor Reddemann. innovation award. PES: Can you explain the recentOur development and technology centre, These exemplary awards, along with improvements and the benefits to clients?production and material tests include frequent recognition for our premises,preliminary acceptance, 24/7 service mean a lot to us and encourage us to follow GR: We are very proud to announce that wesupport and service – in order to provide our vision. achieve an even better performance now.our customers with ideal solutions, our Through the latest optimisation andperformance areas are perfectly Recently, in April, we were awarded with developments, we are able to guarantee asynchronised to suit each other’s needs. the 2017 Industry prize, in the energy and performance of 5,500 cells per hour which environment category, for our outstanding equals 10% more output, achieving herebyThis is achieved through the close machine concept and our environmentally approximately 190 MW per year. Needlessconnection to our subsidiary, SI Module – friendly premises. to say that the already excellent total costour module manufacturer, in a cutting of ownership is getting significantly better.edge facility. PES: We also note the KUBUS passed the 72-hour stress test on the first PES: You have mentioned the total costPES: Last year, M10 was the winner of attempt and is running in continuous of ownership calculation. Can you namethe Intersolar Award 2016. What can we production? Can you expand? some key performance indicators?expect to see from M10 this year atIntersolar Europe in Munich and GR: Both machines were installed and GR: The investment in KUBUS will be paidIntersolar San Francisco? commissioned by October last year and back within the shortest time because of the working in production ever since. Following better yield advantage, material usage andGR: For the second year, we are looking on from that we did a major ramp up on uptime. The uniqueness of KUBUS is thatforward to presenting the M10 Solar assistance, including product changes and the uptime can be understood as net uptime.Campus Freiburg, including M10 Industries training, because our customer set up twoand SI Module, at Intersolar Europe 2017, brand new lines, including new staff, with a Considering that a similar number ofthe world’s leading specialist trade fair for capacity of 340MW. stringers are placed into production inthe solar sector. order to achieve the performance of 190 The equipment was on the customer’s MW per year, KUBUS produces 25-30 MWWe will also be presenting the awarded, production line, in a three-shift system. Of more per year because the processhigh-performance stringer KUBUS, as well course we know our equipment and its doesn’t need to be interrupted for materialas current trends in double-glazed modules ability very well; however it was a great relief refill at the same cost base.and building-integrated photovoltaics, at and good way to prove the theory in field.our shared trade fair stand number A1.620 The line, including the high redundancy, canin Munich. Beyond that we have been amazed by the finally be productive in the most efficient performance achieved - yield was at possible way. In total, the integration ofOur subsidiary, SI Module GmbH, is both a 99.85% and average breakage around KUBUS in the production line will reducesolar manufacturer and an independent 0.01%, connecting more than 5000 cells production costs significantly.technology and service centre for our stringer per hour at 100% speed.KUBUS. Its facilities allow system tests and PES: Can we assume that training yourtraining in real production conditions as well PES: Please tell us about KUBUS and the clients’ operators and techniciansas parallel support for external maintenance importance of know-how and innovation? remains very important to M10?processes. We are glad to have suchopportunities in our company. GR: KUBUS is the fastest and first stringer GR: The KUBUS is a sophisticated machine in the world which is designed for however easy to operate. Nevertheless theIn Munich and San Francisco we will give uninterrupted production. Usually it is best equipment does not pay off when it is3D simulations of our new soldering necessary to stop the machine and down and people aren’t able to recover it.machine, KUBUS MTS 5500, to interested therefore interrupt the process just to refill Therefore training, on-site and optionally incustomers. We will also discuss the 10% the ribbon. Freiburg, is an essential to us because ofperformance increase and the related two reasons.potential savings in greater detail. We will We know that this is absolutely outmodedexplain that KUBUS in the production line and where manufacturers effectively lose First we see our customers as partners andallows our customers to achieve greater money. By having four independent working want them to grow successfully. Thisperformance and quality, reduce material ribbon supplies and only needing three mission starts with the equipment andcosts and increase sales. ribbon supplies the customer is able to refill especially the people who operate and one ribbon supply while the machine maintain it.PES: Since the middle of 2016, M10 AG continues to produce.has receievd of a number of awards and Second we benefit from experiencedaccolades; can you tell us about some of Also, we want to highlight the redundant professionals who can feedback daily and way of manufacturing which is possible help us to improve continuously. That’s why using KUBUS. While all other stringers are www.pessolar.com 107

ASK THE EXPERTSwe share our know-how very openly and equipment is needed and so doesn’t need prepare our equipment for rising newtransparently from the beginning. to be purchased and maintained. materials and requirements.PES: You are an expanding company; do The most significant cost reduction potential Our subsidiary SI Module, a high qualityyou see this continuing in the future? however is indeed the uninterrupted manufacturer specialised in building production process. The net availability of integrated products, helps us a lot toGR: Considering the general market standard stringers lay between 80-86%. understand current and future problems ofdevelopment and the rising amount of KUBUS delivers 98% net uptime including PV manufacturers.negotiations we face: yes. We do expect to 2% of planned maintenance.expand further in the future. However we try PES: Speaking from a global standpoint,to grow at a reasonable rate and consider Furthermore ribbon cutting of strings is no which geographical regions do youcarefully who is joining us. longer necessary, as the ribbon length of anticipate being key for M10 as we move each string can be easily adjusted, into 2017?Our team is a good mix, experienced in according to the desired interconnectionautomation and especially stringer design. This saves 75,000 – 100,000 € per GR: M10 is globally active and involvedtechnology and well harmonised. We want year per machine. when it comes to new lines starting atto keep and develop this ethos. 100MW capacity and predestined when a PES: Moving into 2017, how are you company plans to exchange existingPES: Your products are aimed toward intending to stay one step ahead of the equipment while increasing the capacity.reducing production costs through competition in meeting theuninterrupted production processes? requirements of module manufacturers Generally speaking we are totally convincedTell us more? in the PV market? of the advantages of photovoltaic and after difficult years, appreciate the risingGR: As mentioned we deliver the highest in GR: We will clearly follow our vision and demand. We are receiving very positivemarket available throughput combined with continue our successful work in terms of signals from many countries and are glad tominimal space requirements. Considering improving cell connection quality, reducing be considered as a supplier.the throughput which can be operated by costs for module manufacturers andone employee only, less frontend www.m10ag.de108 PES Solar

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ASK THE EXPERTS Technological change is clearly on the horizon Dieter Manz, founder and CEO of Manz AG talks to PES about the German high-tech engineering firm’s unwavering commitment to the CIGS thin-film solar technology and how it is about to pay off. Inside a CIGSfab focus on glass coating/co-vaporization110 PES Solar

ASK THE EXPERTSDieter Manz electronics, solar and energy storage. or even lower. This will make photovoltaics increasingly attractive, without subsidies.PES: Would you like to begin by We have served the PV industry for almost The result will be strong growth worldwideexplaining a little about the background 30 years now. We can deservedly claim to and I think Manz has everything lined up toof your organization and how you be one of the pioneers in designing and capitalise on this growth.currently serve the Solar/PV industry? building high-tech equipment for the first mass production lines of this industry. Our PES: How important is China, andDieter Manz: The automation company I solutions have helped cell and module indeed, Asia as a whole to Manz AG?founded in 1987 just outside of Stuttgart, makers offer their products at a fraction ofGermany, is a globally active high-tech their original cost and get them on the DM: We already went to China in the lateequipment manufacturer today. We have market faster and faster. 90s. Because we could see it was emergingabout 1,800 employees, 750 of which work as one of the most important markets forin Asia. We had a footprint in the crystalline solar us. In 2012 we opened a new factory in market for many years. Nowadays, we focus Suzhou in order to serve our ChineseWe see ourselves as key enablers of new exclusively on thin-film solar, especially CIGS customers better from the solar, energy,technologies: manufacturing equipment which stands for copper, indium, gallium and and electronics sector.“Made by Manz” makes innovative selenide. Why? This is the most-promisingproducts, for a start, possible, and thin-film technology, for Manz, when it We have an even longer history in Taiwan,secondly, affordable. Think touch screens comes to production process efficiency and were we bought a company focussing onfor smart phones, or batteries for electric scalability. With our CIGSfab, we are the sole wet-chemistry for the display and PCBvehicles, or ever-efficient solar modules. provider of an integrated turn-key production industry in 2008. In India and in South KoreaYou might agree, these products would not line for CIGS thin-film modules. we have had local sales & service teams forhave found – or are about to find – a global many years now.mass-market without reliable equipment for PES: Is solar/PV still a growing businessmass-production. area for you? How are you capitalising Besides Europe, Manz is nowhere stronger on this growth? than in Asia. I think, that shows howOur technological expertise covers six important the Asian markets are for us, andwide-ranging sectors: automation, metrology, DM: We got into CIGS thin-film in 2010 by here, I am talking about all three of ourlaser processing, wet chemistry, printing and taking three steps. We first partnered with strategic business segments: solar, energycoating, as well as roll-to-roll processes. Wuerth Solar, the leading manufacturer of storage and electronics.These technologies we deploy and develop CIGS modules. A year later, we bought theirfurther in three strategic fields of business: production line, in Schwaebisch Hall, as PES: We see that in the beginning of 2017, well as the rights to commercialize the Manz AG and affiliated subsidiaries of CIGS technology they had developed Shenhua Group, Shanghai Electric, and together with the ZSW, a globally renowned Beijing Future Science Park Development research institute and current holder of the Group founded a unique R&D joint venture efficiency world record in thin-film solar on dedicated to the CIGS thin-film technology. a cell level. Can you tell us how this works? Finally, we converted the production line to DM: Unique indeed. But let me start with what we call our CIGSinnoline. It has 6 MW of the big picture. Shanghai Electric Group capacity and we use it as our testing ground Co., Ltd. is the biggest manufacturer of for new equipment and materials that will be fossil power plants in China and a major part of our CIGSfab offering. So, what comes shareholder of Manz since May 2016. One out of the ZSW lab, we can immediately test of the goals of the collaboration is to under factory-floor conditions. speed-up the further development and commercialisation of the CIGS-technology. We have invested heavily in the CIGS solar technology over the last few years. And we The Shenhua Group is the largest and most did this for a reason: The solar energy story modern coal enterprise as well as one of is just about to begin. As we speak, solar the biggest electricity producers of China. power reached grid parity in more than half Now, the leadership of China is committed of all countries worldwide. This means that to reducing carbon intensity of its economy solar energy costs are now at the same by 4 percent this year alone. This means, level as conventionally produced electricity, the share of clean energies must rise, no way around that. www.pessolar.com 111

ASK THE EXPERTSCIGSfab layout already. It will be the largest CIGS production a significant percentage of cost-reductionThe R&D joint venture you are asking about line in China and the second largest for CIGS thin-film in the medium term. Thatwill cater towards this trend and will worldwide. It will be built in Chongqing, with would lower the cost per watt to about 30become the world-leading research a completion date in early 2019. US-cents.company dedicated to CIGS thin-filmtechnology. The joint venture will set up a PES: Why is R&D so important? I think the technological change in solar ICIGS R&D line in Beijing with 44 MW have been talking about for years – awaycapacity, similar to our CIGSinnoline, which DM: We should not forget that the from silicon towards thin-film – is nowis now also part of the newly formed R&D processes involved in CIGS are relatively clearly on the horizon with ourjoint venture. Completion of the new 44 MW complex and thus require a continued advancements in CIGS.line is already planned for 2018 and with research effort.both lines located in Germany and China PES: Can you tell us what R&D projectswe will contribute significantly to the further Our partner ZSW is the current world are currently being worked on?development of the CIGS technology. record holder in CIGS efficiency on a cellDespite selling the Manz CIGS Technology format, they pushed the number up to 22.6 DM: Well, we strongly believe in CIGSGmbH including the CIGSinnoline to the percent. On the other hand, the best Manz thin-film and we focus all our solar resourcesR&D joint venture, Manz keeps the exclusive CIGS module from Schwaebisch Hall on this technology. Right now, I see threerights of use for the CIGS technology for achieves 16 percent efficiency right now. parameters which are not maxed out yet: theprojects outside China. Within China, we So, here one can clearly see the potential composition of the materials, the optimisedexclusively market our turn-key CIGSfab and we keep investing in R&D to narrow this application of processing steps, optimisationthrough another joint venture. This joint gap by reaching 18 to 20 percent within the of form factors or of the module form factor.venture is called Suzhou Manz New Energy foreseeable future.Equipment Co., Ltd. and includes Manz, PES: We note that Manz AG has beenShenhua, and Shanghai Electric. As we speak, CIGS thin-film modules from awarded some sizeable contractsA first order for a production line, with 306 Manz already provide cheaper electricity recently in this market, a well-MW capacity, has been placed with Manz AG than crystalline-silicon modules. If I multiply publicised fact! This must give you the targeted higher module efficiency with immense satisfaction and confidenceCIGS module in operation - building-integrated highly scalable optimised processes, I see moving forward? DM: You bet. We have been working on CIGS for quite some years and our unwavering commitment is paying off now. These two recent contracts, for the CIGS R&D line Beijing and for the first CIGSfab in Chongqing, will break the ice. At first prospective customers hesitated to go with the CIGS technology. But now it is evident that this technology is worthwhile investing in and its potential can be seen on real projects. We are now able to show our capabilities and I am thus very optimistic for follow-on contracts, especially in China, the Middle East or Latin America. PES: How about the scope of services? Together with production equipment and the right to use the CIGS technology, what other services can Manz provide? DM: Of course, our engineers will be on the factory floor when a CIGSfab customer is about to ramp-up its production. And these customers will also benefit from extended technology upgrade packages, as our CIGS R&D efforts warrant such upgrades of already-installed fab lines. Another service designed and proposed especially for utilities in developing countries, are Manz’ continuous education and staff training programs on various levels. We also provide hands-on training per the highest German engineering standards for local engineers and operators. Because to me, this is what the term turn-key implies: Provide your customer with all he needs to just turn the ignition on a CIGSfab. So, when I said, we at Manz see ourselves as enablers, we really mean it! www.manz.com112 PES Solar



THINK TANKReliable PV modulemeasurements in productionWords: Antti Tolvanen, Technology Manager at Endeas Oy As the PV market is growing, so also is the need for more reliable measurements. Because the output power of every module should be measured in production and as the resulting power class affects the selling price, inaccurate measurements lead to money loss.Antti Tolvanen tests to prove PV modules from production characteristics of a PV module under are of high quality. illumination. The nominal peak power,Other tests on the quality of PV modules are which mainly forms the selling price of thealso performed based on the needs of the Standards module, is obtained from this. Solarend user and because of market regulation. simulators are given classificationThese include, for example, International standards give the mandatory according to standard IEC 60904-9, whichelectroluminescence imaging, electrical safety testing requirements. They tell which kinds is currently being revised.testing of the modules and visual inspection. of tests should be performed and what kind of equipment should be used for the tests. The new 3rd edition will bring the unofficiallyKey aspects in reliable measurements are International Electrotechnical Commission used class A+ in to official use. Emphasishigh quality testing equipment and (IEC)1 prepares standards for the PV will also be given to the measurementinformation on their actual performance, industry. These include safety standards on uncertainty of the classification, which willease of use and level of automation. the construction of modules (IEC 61730-1) assist in the uncertainty analysis of theFinland based Endeas Oy has been and on the measurements to guarantee the module power rating. This is especiallymanufacturing solar simulators since 2001. safety (IEC 61730-2), a standard series important as the 2nd edition of IEC 61730-1A global clientele has proven that which details the measurements of calls for production tolerances on theQuickSun solar simulators are a key part in electrical characteristics (IEC 60904), and module label.highly efficient production lines. QuickSun standard series which details how real life550CE is the latest high-end testing energy yield may be calculated (IEC 61853). The three main features of a solar simulatorstation that can perform all necessary are spectral match, irradiance non- When PV modules are manufactured uniformity, and temporal instability of according to standards and their irradiance. The first two will undergo characteristics are measured with changes in the upcoming 60904-9 standard. equipment that follows the standards, the module end user can be confident in their Irradiance non-uniformity is the most investment. Their PV installations will important characteristic of a solar simulator produce energy according to as the effects of poor uniformity cannot be specification and long term energy yield corrected from the measurement data. The will behave predictably. new edition of the standard will increase the required number of test points when Solar simulator classification determining non-uniformity. Additionally, the need for regular non-uniformity checks A solar simulator measures current–voltage is emphasized. Here, the integrated 1 IEC standards are available on webstore.iec.ch114 PES Solar

THINK TANKQuickSun 550CE Testing Station incorporates an automated reference module loader, where the reference needed as advances in technology, e.g. UVmodules are stored securely. transparent encapsulants, have extended the response of crystalline silicon modules.High resolution non-uniformity measurement is straightforward and easy with automated tools. The standard will also introduce two new parameters that help quantify spectrum.non-uniformity measurement equipment of fully customisable.QuickSun 550CE is both unique and of Spectral coverage (SPC) checks how eachspecial value. Both the measurement and The spectral match is extended to cover a wavelength on the spectral range hasassociated lamp adjustments are fully range from 300 nm – 1200 nm, presently output. This is especially important as newautomated and the number of test points is 400 nm – 1100 nm in 2nd edition. This is technologies are introduced which extend or change the spectral response of the modules. With poor coverage, gains in efficiency might go unrecorded. Spectral deviation (SPD) measures the average error between the spectrum of the simulator and the reference spectrum. The spectral match classification integrates spectrum into six ranges, so deviations inside a range are lost. Module quality and safety While peak power of a module may be the main selling point, high build quality ensures the safety of the modules. Standard IEC 61730-1 sets requirements on the construction of PV modules. The second part, IEC 61730-2, lists the tests a module must pass for safety qualification. While the tests are not practical or even required to be performed in production, the standard also recommends a set of tests that will make sure the produced modules meet the requirements of the standard. IEC 61730-2 recommends that module output power determination, visual inspection of the distance of live parts to module edge and a bypass diode test be performed on all modules. Additionally, a wet insulation test and a ground continuity test are recommended on one module per shift. While these are minimum recommendations, it gives confidence in the quality of the product if these tests can be performed on a 100% sampling basis. In addition to current-voltage characteristics and maximum power, QuickSun 550CE can test insulation resistance, leakage current, ground continuity and bypass diode quality. EL analysis is also in integral part of the test set. There are no mandatory requirements to take electroluminescence (EL) images of finished modules. However, this is nowadays the norm as an EL image may show hidden defects, such as micro-cracks, that cause power loss in outdoor operation. The first edition of an EL imaging standard for PV modules (IEC 60904-13) is currently www.pessolar.com 115

THINK TANKComprehensive support tools, such as service cameras, minimize equipment downtime. established rules on how they should be measured, but standards on bi-facial moduleThe upcoming IEC 60904-9 3rd edition brings more detailed spectrum criteria. measurement are currently being drafted.being drafted. It will specify how to take, a long, >> 10 ms, measurement duration. Measurement uncertaintyprocess and interpret EL images. While Making the flash pulse of a solar simulatorthe upcoming standard has no rules to longer works up to a point, but a too long When assessing the total uncertainty ofclassify modules according to defects, it is pulse will heat the module, which will lead to module power, the largest factor comesa good first step to harmonize the uncertainty in temperature measurement. from the uncertainty of short circuit currentmethods in EL imaging. of the reference module that is used in Advanced measurement techniques can calibrating irradiance measurement.Issues caused by advanced effectively extend the measurement timetechnologies without heating the module. On QuickSun Requirements for reference modules are 550CE, the nominal measurement duration stated in standard IEC 60904-2. ReliabilityPV technology advances also bring some of 35 ms can be extended to an effective of use of reference modules is increased ifdifficulties in performing reliable IV measurement duration of 450 ms. the calibration procedure requires minimalmeasurements. One such issue is the so work, as it will be easy to do on regularcalled internal capacitance of PV cells or Bi-facial modules, which can capture light on basis. An automated calibration proceduremodules. Some years ago, this was mainly both sides of the module, are a growing trend leaves out manual module handling whichan issue for some IBC and heterojunction cell as they have the capability to increase limits possible mishandling of referencetechnologies, but now with ever higher energy yield by approximately 20% without modules improving reliability further.efficiencies on standard c-Si modules, the adding significant extra cost to theirinternal capacitance is high enough to require manufacturing. So far, there are no Other main sources of uncertainty are module temperature uniformity and temperature measurement accuracy, irradiance non-uniformity, measurement reproducibility and uncertainty related to module contacting. A recent estimate showed that the production tolerance of PV modules lies in the range 3 – 5%, if appropriate quality assurance is in place2. Reliability Reliability in production usually means maximising output with the current resources3. It’s a combination of quality, speed and availability. High quality has already been discussed above. Speed or high throughput directly leads to maximised output. Availability is a combination of a low number of faults, straightforward maintenance tasks and easy to use service tools. How can a module manufacturer influence the reliability of their measurements? Even if measurement equipment is good on paper, the actual performance is important to know. As a first rule, a solar simulator should come with an extensive test report that shows its performance during the factory acceptance test. For long term performance, regular checks on key characteristics should be carried out. A third-party performance certificate, such as the certificate for class A+ performance of QuickSun 550CE by TÜV Rheinland, assists here. In summary, by adhering to methods described in standards, reliable measurement can be done in production. This leads to lower measurement uncertainty, which results in better control of the modules’ selling prices. www.endeas.fi 2 Monokroussos C., Reliability of Power Rating and Labeling, Sayuri 2016 Workshop, AIST, Japan, October 2016 3 Maintenance Management - Defining, Clarifying “Reliability”, www.idcon.com/116 PES Solar

microCELLTM TLSHalf Cell Cutting using Thermal Laser Separation ‚ More than 1 Watt additional module power ‚ High throughput > 5,000 wph (full cells) ‚ Particle free process ‚ Low cost of ownership ‚ Patented process www.lasers-for-photovoltaics.com

CORPORATE FOCUS With 150 GW connected worldwide, our experience is your advantage. Minimising risk, maximising return The demand for safe, clean reliable renewable power is growing at an ever increasing rate. Today PV technology is not only ecologically, but also economically a sensible alternative for power generation. A large scale PV power plant has to be competitive against conventional energy sources as well as other PV projects. With the elimination of government subsidies for this kind of energy generation in many regions and markets, the focus has now shifted to the plant’s overall efficiency.118 PES Solar

CORPORATE FOCUS‘A minimal investment in high-quality components can have abig impact on a project’s bankability, improving the safety andefficiency of an installation and protecting its long-term health.’In the face of increasing cost-consciousness In order to ensure a competitive LCOE and Why save at the wrong place andwithin all industrial sectors, the downward the success of a PV system, but also the increasing risks?pressure on costs as well as on BOS necessary financing, the appropriate,components (balance of system) are bankable project partners must be chosen. During the project planning phase of a PVbecoming more and more crucial. Due to Careful selection of bankable products and system, the main focus is on the initial coststhis, profitability has been lagging, so components to be built into the system is and largely on the two highest-cost items:companies try to optimise CAPEX costs also a core topic, as these have considerable the solar modules and the power inverters.mainly and safe money on these impact on the bankability of the PV project. Connectors as crucial part of the cablingcomponents – often even during the design are often put aside even though they have tophase. But the real keys to improvement are The guiding principle for bankability is to secure safe and reliable transmission of theboth better capital and operational minimise risk while to maximise the return. power being produced. Without constantefficiency. The determining factor concerning This can only be achieved through secured connection or due to failure, there is nofavourable conditions for investment loans efficiency in the long term on the basis of assured feed-in and, as consequence,and credits is the profitability of a project high-quality components. reduced profitability as well as less return.during the operation period on the basis ofreliable partners, components and an To ensure both maximum profitability and Connectors may be small components, butadequate operation and maintenance. return and to enhance chances for low their careful selection and impact on the interest rates, it is indispensable to take into bankability of every photovoltaic project areWhen it comes to the profitability and the account that the success of a PV plant substantial. Often neglected during thereturn on investment of a PV project, a low relies on several factors. The selection of project planning phase of a PV system,LCOE (Levelised Cost of Energy) is the the PV technology and components is a key considering the long-term operational anddeciding factor. This crucial metric, parameter for the performance of the plant. maintenance costs (OPEX) is, however,expressed in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh), utterly crucial.takes in to account not only the capital cost Thorough planning should always provideof building a project, but also operating and for carefully chosen project partners and The components for cabling - connectors,maintenance expenses over time, such as suppliers of components that feature junction boxes, cables - play only a minorthe length of a power agreement, cost for highest reliability. Wrong choices in role in the calculation as they amount to lessfuel, etc. It is used to compare the cost of planning, due to lack of knowledge, or than 1% of the total initial costs (CAPEX), forsolar energy to other sources and low-quality components, in order to reduce connectors an even tinier percentagedetermines the long term profitability of a the cost, can cause unexpected loss of (approx. 0.003%). Thus, choosing low-endpower plant. production or potential safety issues during connectors that are about 30% cheaper in the lifecycle of a PV system. price compared to Stäubli connectors might signify an absolutely minor cost differential:CAPEX, short hand for capital expenditure, is an expenditure which results in the acquisition of permanent That means a potential saving of no moreasset intended to be permanently used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue; OPEX or than 0.001% of the initial costs.operational expenditure applies to expenditure on an ongoing, day-to-day basis in order to run a businessor system. Regardless those minuscule potential savings, PV project developers sometimes try to save costs by selecting low-end product- solutions in order to optimise CAPEX. The compromise with quality however involves many risks, endangers the return on investment and can quickly turn those short-term savings into substantial losses. A minimal investment in high-quality components can have a big impact on a project’s bankability, improving the safety and efficiency of an installation and protecting its long-term health. The fact has to be stressed that these apparently minor components can have a massive and ultimately decisive influence on the risks and on the return on investment respectively the LCOE of the PV project. If www.pessolar.com 119

CORPORATE FOCUSthe wrong decisions are made at this point, under any circumstances and may lead Further informationthe risk of power losses, a (partial) system to severe damages with a negative affectfailure/downtime, or even a fire may all on the efficiency, as well as the Stäubli Electrical Connectorsincrease and will result in higher operation profitability, of a project.and maintenance costs (OPEX) as well as Haldi Olivier, Global Businesslower energy yield during the operation There are several reasons that make Stäubli Development Photovoltaicsphase. Lower yield inevitably results in a Electrical Connectors your ideal partner.negative impact on the efficiency of a PV Phone: +41 61 306 55 55plant as a whole. Original MC4 connectors set the standard: Since its introduction in 2004, the original E-mail: [email protected] MC4 connector has been setting the About StäubliSmall components (only 0.003% of total initial costs), but still low saving potential. Wrong connectorselection can lead to higher operating and maintenance expenses (OPEX) and lower energy yield over time Stäubli is a mechatronics solutions(>25 years). Result: Lower efficiency of the PV system and a negative impact on the Return on investment. provider with three dedicated activities: Connectors, Robotics and Textile. WithChoosing Low-end connectors over our industry standard. The outstanding a global workforce of over 4,500, theOriginal MC4 connectors may have severe technical characteristics of the innovative company generates annual turnoverconsequences for your PV project that could MULTILAM advanced contact technology surpassing 1.1 billion Swiss francs.even happen shortly after the initial operation: guarantee continuous contact with the Originally founded in 1892 as a small contact surface, resulting in a constantly workshop in Horgen/Zurich, today• P ower and performance loss due to low contact resistance. Stäubli is an international group higher contact resistance and defective headquartered in Pfäffikon, Switzerland. connectors Half-way through 2017, we have more than Worldwide, Stäubli operates twelve 150 GW of installed photovoltaic capacity, industrial production sites and 29• H otspots and fire due to defective amounting to 50% of the global cumulative subsidiaries, expanded with a network connectors and resulting heat evolution. PV capacity, connected successfully using of agents in 50 countries, delivering Damages may also lead to legal cases our Stäubli photovoltaic connectors. This innovative solutions to all industrial figure demonstrates the reliability and sectors. www.staubli.com/en/profile• High downtime/PPM-rates and service/ highest quality of our products. They maintenance costs due to deficient guarantee proper operation over their whole About Stäubli Electrical Connectors performance and frequent replacement lifetime (>25 years), defy harsh environmental influences and have a Stäubli is a recognised specialist forThe risks mentioned above might also positive impact on the bankability of advanced contact technology andoccur due to cross-connection. There photovoltaic projects. sophisticated solutions with a productare several manufacturers that claim to portfolio ranging from miniatureproduce “MC4 and thus Stäubli Less risk, higher return: The use of reliable, connectors up to high-powercompatible” components. Cross- connectors for power transmission, testConnection, however, is not permitted and measurement, transportation and many other industries. In Photovoltaics, Stäubli is global market leader with its MC4 connector components. The core of all Stäubli electrical connectors is the unique MULTILAM contact technology. www.staubli.com/electrical long-lasting Stäubli photovoltaic connectors guarantees low service cost, low power losses and reduced downtime due to their low contact resistance, as well as their elimination of risks for hotspots and fire. Stäubli therefore is your reliable, bankable partner when it comes to tried and trusted results, as well as giving a sustainable return on investment in the long run. Meet us at Intersolar Europe in Munich, May 31 - June 02, 2017 | Hall A2 – 540 The Stäubli team will be happy to welcome you to our booth. www.staubli-alternative-energies.com120 PES Solar



ASK THE EXPERTSHigh precision metrologytester for solar modules Moritz Meixner, the general manager at h.a.l.m. elektronik gmbh, came back to PES to catch us up on the developments in their high quality range of testers. He is also enthusiastic about the need for R&D and training – both for staff and the customer. PES: Welcome back to PES Solar/PV has worked for numerous industrial sectors magazine. Thanks for talking with us. like material testing, chemical, For our new readers you like to begin by pharmaceutical, and automotive, before explaining a little about the background turning the focus on the photovoltaic of your organisation and how you industry 15 years ago. currently serve the solar/PV industry? Today, we provide complete measurement Moritz Meixner: h.a.l.m. elektronik gmbh is systems for the characterisation of solar a family owned business with high ethical cells and solar modules. Our PV product standards and a strong belief in the future range offers cell testers, module testers for of renewable energies. Established in 1984 production and for R&D use as well as in Frankfurt am Main / Germany, h.a.l.m. outdoor testers for solar systems. Moritz Meixner122 PES Solar

ASK THE EXPERTSPES: h.a.l.m is well known for delivering Combined with the h.a.l.m. state-of-the-art in production lines as well as R&D systems.high-end measuring systems for IV curve tracer and our uniquephotovoltaic technologies. Can you give measurement method for high-efficiency Thus, the tool offers additional benefits forus more information about your tools for solar cells, the ‘Advanced Hysteresis’ advanced in-line quality control andthe measurement of solar modules? measurement, this system is capable of research applications. The option is fully meeting the requirements of current and integrated into h.a.l.m.’s standard operatingMM: h.a.l.m.’s product portfolio includes a up-coming solar cell technologies. software, allowing seamless data handlinglarge variety of measurement equipment and analysis in one system.covering a wide range of applications. Our In addition, the system is based on anmodule production systems are available in innovative modular design which allows the The cetisPV-Therm-package-M is andifferent system designs depending on the easy retrofitting of the standard base optional package for our offline systemtechnical requirements of our customers. package with additional hardware and which means it’s possible to take software options such as irradiance- and temperature-dependentThe so-called cetisPV-IUCT-M is a flexible electroluminescence image capturing, performance measurements of solar cellsmodule production system, which can be temperature-controlled measurements and modules. This enables researchutilised either as tunnel or tower flasher. and standard compliant low irradiance laboratories and R&D centres to determineOptional features, like the IV measurements. temperature coefficients as well as toelectroluminescence image capturing, can perform power rating measurementsbe integrated in this flasher type, providing Our cetisPV-EL-package-M comprises a according to IEC 61853-1 standard.a more enhanced quality control of the completely flasher-integrated inspectionmanufacturing process. system that complements the standard IV The option features a thermally insulated test tester with a high-resolution chamber with a high-precision temperatureOur cetisPV-IUCT-Q represents a more electroluminescence imaging solution. It is regulating device. The control is completelyadvanced module production solution. This a flexible tool for the visualisation of a wide embedded into the h.a.l.m. softwaresystem type comes in a table flasher design range of defects and can be implemented PVControl, allowing a fully automatedintended for sunny side down solar module electrical performance measurement.measurement. The compact unit does notneed to be integrated in an additional darkchamber and the small footprint makes thesystem perfectly suitable for workshopswith little space.The simplified integration principle, into anykind of automation line, eliminates the needfor additional module handling, thus makingthe system a cost and time saving solutionfor manufacturers.Besides the mentioned productionsystem, we also offer measurementequipment for R&D purposes. OurcetisPV-Moduletest3 is a one-of-a-kindmeasurement system especiallydeveloped for high-end R&D applications.Its uniqueness is based on the numerouspossibilities to retrofit the system, withvarious options, e.g. extension of flashduration, performance of dark IVmeasurements, temperature-controlledmeasurements, power rating,electroluminescence imaging, hysteresismeasurement with smart averagingevaluation and class A+ spectral mismatchat low irradiance measurement.PES: What are the advantages of theh.a.l.m. tools for R&D use? We areespecially interested in the flasher-integrated electroluminescence imagecapturing and the temperature-controlled measurement.MM: The cetisPV-Modulestest3 is an offlinesystem designed to match the demands ofmodern R&D laboratories and institutes.The system is equipped with a pulsed sunsimulator, the corresponding IVmeasurement electronics and an optimiseddark chamber. The freely programmablesimulator provides a highly stable irradianceoutput over long flash times from a singlelight source. www.pessolar.com 123

ASK THE EXPERTS PES: With regards to the varying module124 PES Solar types being produced, where are you seeing the most interest and/or demand at this time? MM: Market trends are going in the direction of high efficiency cells/modules, which intrinsically have high capacitive effects and high throughputs. This requires advanced measurement methods which are capable of performing reliable IV-measurement of these cell/module types and comply with the throughput requirements. PES: We are interested to know more about your software feature the single-flash advanced hysteresis for high-efficiency modules. How big an advancement is this and why is it important? MM: The Advanced Hysteresis is a unique evaluation procedure that was introduced by h.a.l.m. in 2014. The measurement method is based on a “hysteresis measurement” in which the IV-curve is measured from Isc to Voc and from Voc to Isc within a single light pulse. The two individual measurements are each strongly affected by the capacitive effects of the solar cell capacitances. However, using an extended diode model, we are able to extract the steady-state equivalent IV-curve from the two measurements without the need to adjust any additional parameters. Our new method allows for extremely accurate IV-curve measurements of highest efficiency silicon solar cells and modules, in measurement times as short as 60 ms, without any effect on the cells capacitance on the measurement result. This way, we are able to provide a solution that is capable of complying with the current and up-coming high throughput demands of the market. PES: Please can you tell us why and how h.a.l.m’s solutions differ from those of others and what are the advantages for manufacturers? MM: Over the past 15 years h.a.l.m.’s reputation and experience in the PV market has become well-known and recognised. The outstanding performance of our standard IV measurement equipment has been approved by many market leading manufactures in the industry. With our standard IV system as a solid basis and our additional fully integrated add-on features, we can offer our customers a unique and complete solution for quality and process control that can be combined in one measurement station and matching the current and upcoming throughputs of the PV industry. PES: How important is R&D to h.a.l.m? What new projects/products are you currently working on?

ASK THE EXPERTSMM: h.a.l.m. focuses very much on the to create solutions. Just selling hardware is growing demand in India. h.a.l.m. observesdevelopment of new products and solution. no solution for h.a.l.m. at all. We are new emerging markets closely and regularlyFor this reason, we have established a interested in combining know-how with the evaluates new possibilities.close relationship and cooperation network best possible usage and the best possiblewith leading manufacturers and research handling of our high quality systems for the PES: There have been significantinstitutes worldwide, giving us a good view sake of our customers and their products. changes in the political landscape, withof the current market situation and future BREXIT and Donald Trump in the Whitemarket trends. PES: Speaking from a global standpoint, House. How do you think these will which geographical regions do you affect the current trade agreements?Currently, we are co-working on a pilot anticipate being key for h.a.l.m as weproject, with one of the leading institutes, to move into 2017? MM: Most than likely there will be no effect,develop an in-line system for the since PV is seen more and more as one ofmeasurement of bifacial solar cells. MM: Key markets in 2017 are of course in the major energy generation sources Asia with a focus on China, Taiwan, and worldwide. We do not expect a significantThis new system will open new possibilities Korea. But Southeast Asia, Thailand, effect on the global PV market.for manufacturers in regards to quality Malaysia and Vietnam are of high interest,assurance for this new cell technology. as well. This year we see the ongoing www.halm.deAdditionally, we recently integrated aspecially adapted module productionsystem in a manufacturing line for bifacialsolar modules.PES: I would suggest that the role oftraining has huge importance to you. Doyou provide regular training both to yourtechnicians and to your customers?MM: Absolutely, this is extremely importantto h.a.l.m. We train our customers regularlyand repeatedly to ensure the best use ofour equipment.Alongside our customers, we put a lot effortin training our engineers. Personnel trainingis ongoing because we are continuallydeveloping new features. We know only toowell that only qualified operators andengineers will do their job successfully.Our success is based on our commitment www.pessolar.com 125



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We know how to efficiently turn the infinite Testing NO wafer flipping power of the sun into energy by spanning the entire LESS handling process chain from the wafer through cell production to the Reliable mounting systems Quick follow-up Innovative commercial Outstanding calculation complexity complete solar module. & residential solutions software & engineering 2F4ro0m0 “Meyer Burger is on track into service a decarbonized future.” cells/hr MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR André Borschberg & Bertrand Piccard, co-founders of Solar Impulse SLANTED ROOFS www.indeotec.com [email protected] Meyer Burger provided the premium technology, which was Phone: +41 32 545 30 24 used to connect the over 17,000 high-efficiency solar cells to the 269.5 m² wing panel of the Solar Impulse airplane, which collects up to 340 kWh of solar energy per day. www.meyerburger.com MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR FLAT ROOFS© Solar Impulse | Revillard | Rezo.ch QUICK Esdec BV [email protected] w w w. e t e r n a l s u n . c o m w w w. s p i r e s o l a r. c o m RELIABLE Paderbornstraat 4 www.esdec.com INNOVATIVE 7418 BP Deventer 085-7607220 The Netherlands www.solarimpulse.com www.esdec.comAZISE2017_Solar + Power Management_210x297_EN_Besucher.qxp_Layout 1 27.02.17 15:28 Seite 1 Powerful innovation. 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Leveraging its certification department, APsystems adjusting the power factor of each unit to utility requirements, has already been approved on numerous certifications required facilitating PV integration into the Grid and ensuring maximum to access targeted markets worldwide, including ARN 4105, CQC, Est utati aut volorro endunt lam, APsystems microinverters serve Built-in safety and compliance efficiency. CSA, CE, SAA, and ETL, but also VDE126-1, G83-2, NRS 0972-1 autA qguloabtaulsl,eaodffeicriiansadpvaanncoesdam multiple PV modules—cutting with local grid regulations across It’s the innovation you’ve come to expect from APsystems, the and EN50438 certifications. incsiposlamr micsritoindvoelroterr treecmhnqoulaomgy installation time by 50% or more the whole EMEA region. company that revolutionized the residential Module Level Power With 50% of its global workforce dedicated to product engineering, quisaenrtviinugnctiubsetorummersasinpemraoreuthman over competing brands. Electronics (MLPE) segment with the YC500, the first-ever dual- design and development and 10% dedicated to quality and product qui8o0pctouur?ntArcieesp.uditas. module microinverter and installers’ choice – then did it again verification, the company does not compromise in quality to reach with the YC1000, the world’s first true 3-phase, 4-module unit for excellence in performance standards for its products and leading emea.APsystems.com IT‘S TIME FOR A CHANGE commercial applications and still the top seller in its product class. market recognition worldwide. But it’s not enough to be the first. 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To ensure optimum performance in any kind of With a broad and growing product portfolio, APsystems offers climate, and reduce the possibility of failure in any conditions which installers intelligent, affordable microinverter solutions, plug-and- may be experienced in the field, APsystems products go through power features and hassle-free installation. numerous and rigorous Quality & Reliability Verification Tests and Today, with hundreds of thousands of units installed in more than 80 simulations, including a high-low temperature test, salt spray test, countries around the globe, APsystems installations have produced waterproof test, drop test and vibration test. more than 130 GWh of clean, renewable energy. APsystems has APsystems uses Kanban, 5S, Six Sigma principles and JIT inventory also been a solid corporate performer, profitable each of the past five management, as well as ISO 9001 certified processes. years as a leader in the growing MLPE segment. Innovative and reliable, powerful and proven – that’s APsystems. co-located with Top information The CIGSfab, our fully integrated turnkey production line for CIGS thin- Learn more about for your visit in film solar modules, is currently one of the most profitable investment the business model Munich, Germany! opportunities on the energy market. www.manz.com By investing in a CIGSfab you can achieve lowest cost of energy and thus maximize your profit. Visionary thinking and entrepreneurial spirit have helped so many technologies to make a breakthrough. In the energy market it is now time for the solar CIGS revolution! Don‘t miss your chance to be part of it! 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ADVERTISERS’ INDEX+10% UPGRADED 1 Intersolar Munich RENOLIT REFLEXOLAR 05/31 – 06/03 | A1.620 The cost-effective Intersolar San Francisco co-extruded PV back sheet Operator 07/11 – 07/13 | German Pavillon NEW MATERIALS5PER5FOR0MAN0CE 190Cells/h NEW PROCESSES MW / year NEW OPPORTUNITIES 3-4-5-6 Reaching new heights in reflection & endurance. Busbar RENOLIT REFLEXOLAR 1500 PO is a new breed of co-extruded back sheet. It is ideally ≥98 35 suited for the construction of reliable and cost-effective 72 cells 1500 VDC rated PV % Uptime modules. Minimized warping, enhanced abrasion resistance and an increased output m² Footprint are but a few of its many advantages. The new REFLEXOLAR back sheet is made from specially developed polymers, recyclable, halogen and solvent free. Thanks to superior 24/7 water and acetic acid barrier properties, EVA corrosion is further reduced. For further information, visit: renolit.reflexolar.com ProductionMORE MADE IN GERMANY —THAN engineering ABB central inverter, PVS980 manufacturing 1,500 reasons for lower LCOE20 photovoltaic ABB central inverters are designed to secure low levelized cost of energy (LCOE) forYEARS www.m10-solar-campus.de multi-megawatt PV power plants. The PVS980 central inverters, rated up to 2,300 kVA, have a robust enclosure with a unique cooling system to ensure outstanding enduranceKUBUS THE NEXT STRINGER Your contact person: for outdoor use in the toughest environments. The high DC input voltage up to 1,500 VDC, Maximilian Germann high efficiency, proven components, compact and modular design, and a host of lifeEXPECT EVEN MORE cycle services ensure PVS980 central inverters provide an attractive and sustainable• Highest material conversion yield M10 Industries AG return on your investment. To discover more, visit www.abb.com/solarinverters• Up to 1800 modules per day (72 cells) Munzinger Strasse 10• Only 1 operator per shift needed and only to refill goods 79111 Freiburg | Germany• Non-stop production, even during ribbon exchanges or Phone: +49 761 4019 68 51 [email protected] maintenance / 10 MW more at same costs per year www.m10ag.com• Soldered cell matrix on a tray and contactless soldering for highest precision• All state-of-the-art materials processable (3–6 busbar; half-cells; PERC etc.) Located on the M10 Solar Campus the solar competence center Discover more at: www.m10-solar-campus.com GENERIS PVD – Sputtering System for InitneMrSAsseuo2telna-a4inurc1dsh260a1t7, FTeusttuirnegPSrtoaotfioMnodule Heterojunction Solar Cells Evaporation, Sputtering, Selenization & more for CIGS & CdTe LINEX – Inline Wet Processing System for Crystalline MA DE IN Solar Cells ND FINLA Innovative Production • 120 modules / hour – 300 MW testing capacity Equipment • Combined IV, EL, and Hipot – Save floor area • Fully automatic – No operators needed for Crystalline & • TÜV Rheinland certified A+A+A+ simulator Thin-Film Solar • Accurate high efficiency / PERC module testing • IEC 60904-9 Ed. 3 ready spectrumCome & see us at • Automatic calibration and irradiance uniformityINTERSoLaR EuRoPE 2017 adjustmentBooth No. a2, 360 www.endeas.fi Ask for Innovation. Call SINGULUS TECHNOLOGIES mail: [email protected]_tel: +49-6188-4400 www.singulus.de REAL EQUIPMENT FOR POWERFUL PERFORMANCE MODULE PRICE -/- 4% PER WP LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY -/- 9% MODULE PERFORMANCE +/+ 6,5% INVESTOR PROFIT +/+ 12%High-tech for the sunny side of life. Minimizing your risk.BREYER CellProtect Maximizing your return. NEW: Energy saving system · No post-annealing · No interlayer film Paying attention to the smallest details pays off. By choosing Stäubli, you benefit from profound expertise and extensive support by a global network of trained staff and experts. Our long-lifeVisions of today – solutions of tomorrow. Please use our components keep your PV installation running efficiently and safely. Stäubli guarantees a sustainable return on investment in the long term andThe convincing extrusion technology for the production of low shrinkage website for further is your reliable partner fulfilling the requirements of bankabilityEVA and POE encapsulant film for PV-modules. information and special requests: As of January 2017, MC4 inventor Multi-Contact conducts its business and services as Stäubli Electrical Connectors. BREYER GmbH Maschinenfabrik Van Beukelaarweg 45 +31 (0)184 69 11 05 Your bankable partner Bohlinger Strasse 27 2971 VL Bleskensgraaf [email protected] D-78224 Singen The Netherlands www.eurotron.nl | May 31 - June 02, 2017 | Hall A2 - 540 Germany The Stäubli team will be happy to welcome you at our booth. Tel. +49 77 31 920-0 Fax +49 77 31 920-190 www.staubli-alternative-energies.com solarfi[email protected] CellProtect extrusion line www.breyer-extr.com MADE-TO-ORDER IS WHAT WE EXCEL AT –for the production of solar encapsulant film AND ARCHITECTS, PLANNERS, DEVELOPERS AND ELECTRICIANS ALL BENEFIT FROM OUR EXPERTISE OF 20 YEARS. www.solarnova.com Quality made in Germany · www.breyer-extr.com WWW.EUROTRON.NLCellProtect Solar A4 ENG.indd 1 30.03.17 17:34 Staubli is a trademark of Stäubli International AG, registered in Switzerland and other countries. 05.04.2017 11:23:57 © Stäubli 2017 | Photocredits: Stäubli PV_Bankability_risk_210x297mm_tur.indd 1M10 Industries AG: 53 MBJ solutions: 65 RENOLIT: 79 ABB: 89www.m10ag.com www.mbj-solutions.com www.renolit.reflexolar.com www.abb.com/solarinvertersSingulus Technologies AG: 57 Endeas Oy: 67 Dow Corning: 83 MESSERSI: 93www.singulus.de www.endeas.fi www.dowcorning.com/solar www.roboklin.comBreyer GmbH Machinenfabrik: 59 solarnova: 71 Eurotron: 87 STÄUBLI: 97www.breyer-extr.com www.solarnova.com www.eurotron.nl www.staubli-alternative- energies.com128 PES Solar

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX microCELLTM TLS Half Cell Cutting using Thermal Laser Separation ‚ More than 1 Watt additional module power ‚ High throughput > 5,000 wph (full cells) ‚ Particle free process ‚ Low cost of ownership ‚ Patented process www.lasers-for-photovoltaics.comSolutions for the precise measurement of solar radiation ALD Vacuum Technologies High Tech is our BusinessIn solar energy, accurately measuring the sun’s radiation is key to finding optimal locations, helping investment decisions,maximising operating e iciency, scheduling maintenance, monitoring performance and improving technology; Multi- and Mono-Crystalline Silicon Ingot Production from the Technology Leader in PV, CPV and CSP. � Single Crucible: SCU up to Gen 8At Kipp & Zonen our experts develop high quality instruments for the measurement of global, direct, di use and plane of array � Four Crucible: SCU 4 x Gen 6solar radiation. Whether you want to accurately know if your solar energy project is working at its best, and achieving the � High Performance Multi and Mono2TMtargeted performance ratio, or if you want to schedule maintenance. From our well-known CMP, and innovative Smart SMP, Process Technology Transfer ranges of pyranometers to the new all-in-one solar monitoring system RaZON+, we o er the best solutions. � Built to High European Quality Standards When accuracy matters, measure with Kipp & Zonen. ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH www.kippzonen.com Otto-von-Guericke-Platz 1 63457 Hanau, Germany Phone +49 6181 307-0 Fax +49 6181 307-3290 E-Mail [email protected] www.ald-vt.demore infoMORNSUN: 101 HUAWEI: 113 SNEC PV POWER EXPO HUAWEI: OBCwww.mornsun-power.com www.huawei.com/solar 2018: 126 www.huawei.com/solar www.snec.org.cnKipp & Zonen: 105 3D MICROMAC: 117www.kippzonen.com www.lasers-for- ALD Vacuum Technologies photovoltaics.com GmbH: 130PV Taiwan: 109 www.ald-vt.dewww.pvtaiwan.com h.a.l.m. Elektronik GmbH: 121 www.halm.de Hukseflux Thermal Sensors: IBC www.hukseflux.com www.pessolar.com 129

WORD ON THE TWEETThe tweets are full of good news for Solar PV.Here are just a few which caught our attention.Mike Hudema @MikeHudema Beluga SolarLighting @BelugaSolarPOW! #Solar employs more U.S. workers than Public support for renewables reachesApple, Google, and Facebook - combined. ‘record highs’http://buff.ly/2qBuIkM #ActOnClimate #renewablesKitty Chen @Futurelighting5 Integrated #LED renewableenergyindia @REIndiaExpo#Solar #Street #Light Integrated design without Moving towards greener future #Renewable #Energycable, simple and diverse installation, various lamp #India #Expo 20-22 September 2017 by @ubmhttp://future-lighting.com/product-item/integrated- #REIndiaExpo #greenup #Solar #wind #thermalled-solar-street-light-fl-stl20wd2/ … A Macdonald-Smith @angelamacd Grid of the future to Lumo @LumoFrance China’s #Solar harness rooftop solar: AEMO’s Zibelman targets ‘emu Output Increased 80% in First Quarter curve’ #solar #energy http://www.afr.com/business/energy/ https://bloom.bg/2pWN4iA solar-energy/grid-of-the-future-to-harness-rooftop-solar- zibelman-20170509-gw147x … via @FinancialReviewALD Vacuum Technologies High Tech is our Business Multi- and Mono-Crystalline Silicon Ingot Production from the Technology Leader � Single Crucible: SCU up to Gen 8 � Four Crucible: SCU 4 x Gen 6 � High Performance Multi and Mono2TM Process Technology Transfer � Built to High European Quality Standards ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH Otto-von-Guericke-Platz 1 63457 Hanau, Germany Phone +49 6181 307-0 Fax +49 6181 307-3290 E-Mail [email protected] www.ald-vt.de