TG Guides (1)

INNOVATION FOR THE NEXT GENERATION HQ RAF Air Cadets TG Branch



Wg Cdr Stuart McNeill, Director of Training, led a team that produced 31 electronic “How To” training guides and a new range of subject notebooks and syllabus topics covering Air Power and Space. He said: “We faced an immense challenge and at first sight it seemed quite daunting but with the aid of a small dedicated group of permanent staff and volunteers from the HQ Training Ground Team we put together a training and engagement schedule which led to the training guides being produced on a weekly basis. “The ‘How To’ guides were aimed at highlighting to squadron staff how they could continue to offer training in a lockdown environment. Our volunteers have since been able to navigate through the new world of virtual training and help cadets engage with VPN activities.” Even after lockdown the new training material will be useful. Almost all squadrons have now participated in some kind of virtual parade and they are able to access the library-like resources to dip in and out of at any time. The guides have covered everything from STEM subjects, to space, to cyber and leadership. Electronic certificates have also been produced for cadets that help to celebrate their achievements at the point of completion

Contents 8 Progressive Training Commander’s Dashboard 8 ATF: SNCO Staff Drill Instructor Course – How To 15 TG Training & Engagement Schedule 8 ATF: Senior Leaders’ Course – How To 8 Bronze, Silver & Gold Duke of Edinburgh’s Classification Training Awards – How To 23 Ultilearn & Classification Training – How To 8 Leadership: SMEAC Briefings – How To 24 Leading Cadet Notebooks 8 First Aid Training – How To 27 Basic Navigation using Map and Compass 8 Shooting and Skill At Arms – How To 27 Principles of Flight 8 International Air Cadet Exchange – How To 8 Airmanship 8 Classification Training: Air Power – How To Ceremonial and Music 8 RAF Aircraft Recognition – How To 8 Current RAF Aircraft 8 National Drill & Ceremonial Camp – How To 8 Training Apps – How To 8 RAF Air Cadets Music – How To 8 Training Apps – 2D and AR Personal Development Ground Training 8 CVQO BTEC L2 8 Caring for your Uniform – How To 8 Adult Training facility: ILM Qualifications – How 8 Pre-Duke of Edinburgh’s Award – How To 8 Pre-DofE – Physical Section Fitness Cards To 8 ATF: SNCO Staff Initial Course – How To 8 ATF: Officers’ Initial Course – How To 8 ATF: Sqn Commanders’ Course – How To

Training Ground branch 8 ATF: SNCO Staff Drill Instructor Course – How To 8 STEM Training – How To 8 ATF: Senior Leaders’ Course – How To 8 STEM Activities: Aiming for Awesome 8 STEM Activities: RAF100 History Cyber, Radios, Space & STEM 8 STEM Activities: RAF STEM Ambassador 8 STEM Activities: STEM in 60 Minutes 8 Refreshed STEM Portal 8 STEM Activities: MTa STEM Kits 8 Bronze iDEA Award – How To 8 STEM Activities: Engineering@Home 8 Bronze, Silver & Gold Cyber Training – How To 8 STEM Apps – 2D and AR 8 CyberFirst – How To 8 CREST Awards for STEM Projects – How To 8 The CyberCenturion Competition – How To 8 Discovery CREST Award Activity: Hoop Glider 8 Coding Courses – How To 8 Discovery CREST Award Activity: Paper Plane 8 Radio Training – How To 8 Applications of Space Technology – How To Challenge 8 Space: Applications of Space Technology Subject 8 Discovery CREST Award Activity: Airship Design Guide Challenge 8 Space: The Bronze Syllabus – How To 8 Bronze CREST Award Activity: Power Glider 8 Exploring Space (Bronze) Subject Guide 8 Bronze CREST Award Activity: Stomp Rocket 8 Using Space Apps – How To 8 Bronze CREST Award Activity: Sphero Chariot 8 Space Apps – 2D and AR Racing

RAF AIR CADETS GROUND TRAINING TRAINING & ENGAGEMENT SCHEDULE VERSION 4 JUNE 2020 SPACE WEEK 15-19 JUNE 15 Video interview with Tim Peake and Launch of Space Ambassadors 16 Training Tuesday How To Guide #11 - Blue Space Syllabus 17 Launch of the RAFAC Space Booklet 18 How To Guide #12 - Space STEM Activities 19 Overview of the Bronze Space Syllabus 21 Clay Target Championships photo retrospective CYBER & COMMUNICATIONS WEEK 22-26 JUNE 22 Launch of Cyber Ambassadors 23 Training Tuesday How To Guide #13 - RAFAC Cyber Syllabus 24 How To Guide #14 - CyberFirst Syllabus and Courses 25 How To Guide #15 - Hour of Code 26 How To Guide #16 - Radio and Channel D STEM WEEK 29 JUN–03 JUL 29 Launch of STEM Ambassadors 30 Training Tuesday How To Guide #17 - STEM Activities 1-3 Jul STEM videos JULY 2020 LEADERSHIP WEEK 06-10 JUL 6 Air Cadet Leadership Course photo retrospective 7 Training Tuesday How To Guide #18 - BTEC Teamwork & Personal Development 8 Qualified Aerospace Instructors Course photo retrospective 9 Junior Leaders Course photo / video retrospective 10 How To Guide #19 - ILM Institute of Leadership and Management 11 ISCRM Bisley Shooting Championships photo retrospective 14 Training Tuesday How To Guide #20 - Air Power 17 RIAT Cadet Detachment photo retrospective 21 Training Tuesday How To Guide #21 - Aircraft Recognition 24 Nijmegen Marches photo retrospective

JULY 2020 (continued) INTERNATIONAL WEEK 27-31 JULY 29-31 Squadrons encouraged to engage with overseas units 27 UK IACE programme video release 28 Training Tuesday How To Guide #22 - International Air Cadet Exchange 29 Overseas IACE Programme photo retrospective 30 International Engagement Day - selected countries 31 Sweden Exchange photo retrospective AUGUST 2020 4 ATF How To Guide #23 - SNCO Staff Initial Course 4 ATF How To Guide #24 - Officers Initial Course 4 ATF How To Guide #25 - Squadron Commanders Course 4 ATF How To Guide #26 - SNCO Staff Drill Instructors (Arms) Course 4 ATF How To Guide #27 - Senior Leaders Course 11 Training Tuesday How To Guide #28 - Drill and Ceremonial Camp 14 Drill and Ceremonial Camp video release including final parade and ATC 75 15 Super Camps photo retrospective MUSIC WEEK 17-21 AUGUST 17 Concert Band 18 Training Tuesday How To Guide #29 - Music PTS 19 Choir 20 Strings 21 Marching Band 25 Training Tuesday How To Guide #30 - Uniform Preparation 28 National Aerospace Camp photo retrospective SEPTEMBER 2020 1 Training Tuesday How To Guide #31 - Bronze Space Syllabus





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RAF Air Cadets CYBER, RADIOS, SPACE & STEM

HOW TO GUIDE #6 BRONZE iDEA AWARD COMPLETING THE BRONZE iDEA AWARD The Inspiring Digital Enterprise Award, known as iDEA, STEP 3 Choosing Modules is an international programme that helps you develop and demonstrate your digital, enterprise and To be eligible for a Bronze Cyber Award you must employability skills . You can complete this at home. take the following modules: You must complete a Bronze iDEA Award before undertaking Bronze Cyber training or the CyberFirst  Cyber Security  Fake News Adventurers course.  Jr. Website Designer  Cyber Spies  GDPR  Making Websites STEP 1 Sign Up  Safe Online  What is the Cloud?  Automation  e-Safety  Visit https://idea.org.uk to sign up for the award.  Sysadmin  JQuery Coding  Internet & Web  Internet of Things SCAN ME/CLICK TO VISIT  Big Data  Social Media Setup IDEA.ORG.UK  Data Visualisation  Python Quiz  Social Media Ethics  Random Coding  Click Sign Up. You can find this button on the top  Make a Game  Digital Ethics right-hand corner of the site:  Digital Research  DataPlay  Coding Solutions  Enter your details as requested. Choose a sensible nickname and enter an email address that you have You can use any other modules to complete the access to. Select a password that you will remember. required points for the iDEA Bronze. If you have already completed modules somewhere else then STEP 2 Enter an Organiser Code just add these modules in.  Get in touch with a member of your squadron staff STEP 4 Recording the Award and tell them that you are completing a Bronze iDEA Award. They will provide you with an  When you have completed enough modules to Organiser Code. achieve the Bronze iDEA Award a certificate will be generated.  To enter this code click on the image next to your nickname in the top right-hand corner of the screen  Send this certificate to a member of your squadron and select Edit Profile. staff, who will arrange for it to be recorded against your cadet record.  Enter your Organiser Code in the box and click Add. You can add more than one code if you have one  You can now undertake Bronze Cyber training if from school or somewhere else. you are aged 14+.  Make sure you press Save. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 3

STAFF GUIDE #6 BRONZE & SILVER iDEA AWARDS GETTING YOUR CADETS SET UP Cadets can complete iDEA Awards at home. iDEA is a COMPLETING THE AWARDS digital and enterprise version of The Duke of Edinburgh’s Award in which participants complete a  Cadets must save a copy of their certificate and send series of challenges to achieve an award at Bronze, Silver it to squadron staff. When they have done this it can or Gold level. When sufficient points have been be passed on to the relevant Point of Contact. Who accumulated, participants are then awarded their you send them to may differ across wings. Bronze or Silver Digital Enterprise Award.  If you are not sure who your Point of Contact is then REGISTERING CADETS ask your Wing Training Officer or visit the Cyber sub- site on Bader SharePoint. Find this by clicking on the  Cadets must complete a Bronze iDEA Award before HQAC Sub Sites dropdown and then clicking on they can move onto Silver. Cadets must register for Cyber. the Bronze Award themselves. CHECKLIST  Cadets register according to the procedure found in Give your cadets the correct Organiser Code. the Bronze iDEA Award How To Guide. Find it in the table below.  To complete their registration cadets will need an Organiser Code. Give your cadets the correct code Pass on any certificates to your Wing PoC for by finding your Wing in the table below. Cyber qualifications. This person differs from  At this point, remind cadets they must save a copy Wing to Wing. of their certificate when they have finished. ORGANISER CODES Organiser Codes are in bold below. Give the correct code to your cadets.  Central & East London & SE South West Wales & West North Scotland & NI Beds & Camb: Essex: Bristol & Gloucs: Merseyside: C & E Yorkshire: Highland: CE-BCwing LASER-ESSEXwing SW-BGwing WW-MERSEYSIDEwing NORTH-CEYwing SNI-HIGHLANDwing Herts & Bucks: Kent: Devon & Somerset: No 1 Welsh: Cumbria & Lancs: NE Scotland: CE-HBwing NORTH-CLwing SNI-NESwing LASER-KENTwing SW-DSwing WW-N1Wwing Norfolk & Suffolk: London: Dorset & Wiltshire: No 2 Welsh: Durham & Northum: Northern Ireland: WW-N2Wwing CE-NSwing LASER-LONDONwing SW-DWwing NORTH-DNwing SNI-NIwing South & East Mids: Middlesex: Hampshire & IoW: No 3 Welsh: Greater Manchester: SE Scotland: CE-SEMwing LASER-MIDDLESEXwing SW-HIOWwing WW-N3Wwing NORTH-GMwing SNI-SESwing Trent: Surrey: Plymouth & Cornwall: Staffordshire: S & W Yorkshire: West Scotland: CE-TRENTwing LASER-SURREYwing SW-PCwing WW-STAFFSwing NORTH-SWYwing SNI-WSwing Warks & Bham: Sussex: Thames Valley: West Mercian: WW-WMwing CE-WBwing LASER-SUSSEXwing SW-TVwing HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 3

BRONZE, SILVER & GOLD HOW TO GUIDE #13 CYBER TRAINING COMPLETING CYBER TRAINING Cyber security is really important because smartphones, CYBER SPECIALIST tablets, computers and the internet are now such an important part of modern life, that it's difficult to For cadets aged 14+ imagine how we would function without them. From social media and gaming to online shopping and email, There are 2 ways to earn your Silver RAFAC Cyber it's more important than ever to take steps that can badge: prevent cyber criminals getting hold of your details or 1. Complete the CyberFirst Defenders Course. This targeting you. The Cyber syllabus allows you to gradually increase course is either a 5-day residential course or an your computer skills and Cyber knowledge through online course completed over 10 half-days. Once Bronze, Silver and Gold levels. completed you will be awarded your Silver RAFAC Some of the modules are online e-learning packages Cyber badge. that you can access at home or through a virtual parade 2. Complete the Silver iDEA Award and The Open and others will need to be delivered more formally as University OpenLearn Introduction to Cyber part of face to face activity. Security; Stay Safe Online course. More information on Silver iDEA is in How To Guide #6. BEFORE YOU START  Once the silver iDEA and OU Cyber Security courses have been completed, save a copy of the certificates Ensure you have watched the Introduction to generated and send them to a squadron staff member. You will be awarded your Silver RAFAC Cyber Security video that is included in the Blue Cyber badge. Level Basic Radio Operator and Cyber Awareness Course. This looks at online footprints, ADVANCED CYBER SPECIALIST texting, sexting and cyber bullying. For cadets aged 16+ Check you meet the age requirements for the There are 2 ways to earn your Gold RAFAC Cyber external courses provided by the Open University, badge: iDEA Award and CyberFirst. 1. Complete the CyberFirst Advanced Course. 2. Complete one of the RAFAC 5-day residential CYBER FOUNDATION courses that are usually held at RAF Cosford in For Cadets aged 13+ August. This is the same course that is delivered to RAF Cyber trainees. There are usually 3 courses per  First, complete the Bronze iDEA award. Find out how year for 14 cadets per course who must be over 16 to do this by looking at How To Guide #6. years old.  The selection process is undertaken between  Then complete either one of the following: February and May each year. 1. RAFAC Bronze Cyber course.  Once the course has been completed, a certificate 2. CyberFirst Adventurers course. and Gold RAFAC Cyber badge will be presented at a graduation ceremony held on the last day of the  Both of these courses are delivered by an instructor. course.  Once you have completed the courses you will be awarded your Bronze RAFAC Cyber badge. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 2

STAFF GUIDE #13 BRONZE, SILVER & GOLD CYBER TRAINING CYBER TRAINING: STAFF SUPPORT It is becoming more and more important for cadets and CYBER SPECIALIST staff to stay safe on-line and be aware of the risks associated with on-line bullying, sexting, malicious sites, Details of Silver courses are in ACTO 71 Annex B. viruses, malware, identity theft, fraud and through social There are 2 ways for cadets to earn their Silver RAFAC media and gaming sites. Cyber badge: The RAFAC Cyber syllabus has been designed to 1. Complete the CyberFirst Defenders Course. This gradually increase computer skills and Cyber knowledge and awareness through Bronze, Silver and course is either a 5-day residential course or an Gold levels. online course completed over 10 half-days. The syllabus allows cadets to achieve RAFAC Cyber 2. Complete the Silver iDEA Award and The Open badges by engaging with training courses that are University OpenLearn Introduction to Cyber delivered by a range of providers including: Security; Stay Safe Online course. More information  RAFAC Staff and Cadets on Silver iDEA is in Staff Guide #6.  RAF No1 Radio School  When a cadet has completed a course, the details  The Open University should be passed to your local contact as detailed in  iDEA Award Bader SharePoint.  National Cyber Security Centre-CyberFirst ADVANCED CYBER SPECIALIST CYBER FOUNDATION Details of Gold courses are in ACTO 71 Annex C.  Details of Bronze courses are in ACTO 71 Annex A. There are 2 ways to earn your Gold RAFAC Cyber  Cadets must have watched the Introduction to badge: 1. Complete the CyberFirst Advanced Course. Cyber Security video that is included in the Blue 2. Complete one of the RAFAC 5-day residential Level Basic Radio Operator and Cyber Awareness Course before completing this training. courses that are usually held at RAF Cosford in  To achieve a Bronze Cyber badge, cadets must first August. Cadets must be 16 years old or above. complete the Bronze Level iDEA Award. The award can be found at www.idea.org and further details EXTRA INFORMATION are contained in After completing the iDEA Award, cadets must then complete one of the following: A limited number of staff are also able to attend 1. RAFAC Bronze Cyber course the RAFAC 5-day residential courses held at RAF 2. CyberFirst Adventurers course. Cosford.  When a cadet has completed a course, the details should be passed to your local contact as detailed in Cadets who have completed ALL of the following Bader SharePoint > HQAC Sub Sites > Cyber > Contact Information. can teach Bronze Cyber to Cadets:  Only staff or cadets who have completed a Bronze 1. Completed the RAFAC Advanced Cyber Cyber Instructor Course, run by a registered trainer, Specialist Gold Course can teach Bronze Cyber to cadets. 2. Completed the MOI Course. 3. Completed a Bronze Cyber Instructor course. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 3

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HOW TO GUIDE #16 RADIO TRAINING COMPLETING BLUE & BRONZE RADIO TRAINING You can take part in radio operator training from home STEP 2 using MS Teams and the RAFAC virtual radio network known as Channel-D.  Ask your staff member about the Blue and Bronze Badge radio courses which maybe available at your This is a virtual radio system provided primarily to Squadron or as a Wing course. facilitate Cadet Radio Operator training. This system has encryption and will record all uses. With Channel-D STEP 3 treated as an ‘actual’ RAFAC radio system, ACTO73 applies. To maintain security of the system, Regional  Your Staff member will help you set up MS Teams Radio Officers’ will issue callsigns and passwords and CHANNEL-D. through the chain-of-command. They will also close them down after training.  For Channel-D you will be issued with a Callsign and unique access code which will be used during the BEFORE YOU START course. Make sure you know which course you want to  Read the Channel-D instructions available from your Radio Instructor. do, Basic Radio (Blue) or Cadet Radio Operator (Bronze). To use Channel-D, you need access to a Laptop or PC with a keyboard and mouse, microphone and loudspeaker. However, a headset with microphone is better option if available. STEP 1  Check you can access the CHANNEL-D web site, visit: https://channeld.alphacharlie.org.uk  You should see the radio control panel but you will not be able to actually use Channel-D at this stage. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 1

STAFF GUIDE #16 RADIO TRAINING   CADET RADIO TRAINING: STAFF SUPPORT Cadets and staff find radio operation an engaging and  The LaSER radio team have provided guidance useful skill to have. During these restrictions it is not notes for setting up and using Channel-D, these possible to delivery radio operator training in a can be found on the Radio Sub Site on Bader classroom or field environment. Instead, virtual SharePoint. classrooms can be created in MS Teams and radio operator skills may be practiced using the RAFAC  Instruction and guidance for setting up Channel-D Channel-D virtual radio network. for Cadet use from home should be provided by the instructor if required. Information on Radio Operation and Radio Training is available on Bader SharePoint. Find this by clicking on  Channel-D access codes for Squadron and the HQAC Sub Sites dropdown and then clicking on individual Cadet or Staff Training Callsigns are Radio. Advice is available from your Wing and Region managed by and available from your Region Radio Radio Officers. Officer through your Wing Radio Officer. BLUE RADIO TRAINING  Radio exercises which can be used for radio operator practice are in ACP44 Chapter 9 which is  Any member of Squadron staff may deliver the Blue accessible from the Radio Sub Site on Bader Radio course using the training material available in SharePoint. the Radio pages in Bader SharePoint OTHER NOTES  The operator assessment can be carried out on MS Teams by a qualified assessor this can be a Cadet  RAFAC radio instructors who have access to suitable with a radio qualification at Bronze or above. radio equipment away from squadron premises may apply for a temporary ‘training’ callsign. BRONZE RADIO TRAINING  The callsign will permit RAFAC CFAVs at non-  Cadet Radio Operator [Bronze] is an instructor lead squadron locations to operate on RAFAC and 5MHz course delivered by qualified instructors using MS (shared) frequencies for the purpose of developing Teams and the RAFAC Channel-D system. instructor skills in Radio Operator (Bronze), Advanced Radio Voice Op (Silver) and Data Modes to support  Course material in bite-sized lessons has been Cadet Radio Training using Channel-D and the produced by the LaSER radio team and is available in RAFAC HF networks when squadrons are parading the radio pages in Bader SharePoint. face to face. CHANNEL D  Operation on the RAFAC and 5MHz(shared) frequencies will be in accordance with ACTO73,  Channel-D is a virtual radio network which can be ACP44, ACP45/a. used to deliver Radio operator practice and assessment.  A request for a temporary CFAV training callsign should be made to your Region or Corps Radio Officer. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 1

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CREST AWARD PROJECTS: DISCOVERY & BRONZE LEVELS







SPACE: APPLICATIONS OF HOW TO GUIDE #11 SPACE TECHNOLOGY COMPLETING THE BLUE SPACE SYLLABUS Welcome to the beginning of your journey into The STEP 3 Open University OpenLearn Launch Pad Space Award for the Air Cadets.  Click on the Start button on your registered course This course has been specifically developed for distance to view the content. learning and you can complete it at home. The blue syllabus concentrates on the applications of technology  Press Launch to start the Course. It will open in a developed for space travel. To complete this course you new window. Then click the Go arrow. need to access an e-learning course on Ultilearn and be at least First Class Cadet.  Click Launch Course. It will open in a new window. Ask your staff members for your logon information if  Once the course has started do not click the launch you have forgotten your password. course button again, but go to the new window BEFORE YOU START instead. You should only close the launch course window when you have successfully completed the Make sure you know your Ultilearn username and course or need to exit part way through. password. VIEWING THE COURSE STEP 1  You can close and revisit this course at any time.  If the Start or Resume buttons are greyed out, press  Open Ultilearn via Cadet Portal or by visiting https://learning.bader.mod.uk the Delete button and re-register yourself for the course (see step 2).  If the Blue Space: Applications of Space Technology course isn’t already displayed, click COMPLETING THE COURSE Explorer Register. This is near the top of the screen on the right hand side.  To complete this course you need to have access to the internet as you will need to complete some STEP 2 research at the end of each section.  In Explorer Register find the Blue Space:  If you are completing this course in a group via your Applications of Space Technology course. You will squadron then you may be asked to present what find it in the Progressive Training Syllabus > you have found to other group members. Space folder.  Follow the instructions within the e-learning course  Click on the course and then click the Register and answer each question carefully and to the best button found near the top right hand corner of the of your ability. screen. The course should now appear in the My Courses Area.  If you are stuck, don’t be afraid to ask other cadets or your Squadron staff for assistance.  If you are interested in this topic, you can also find a subject guide within the Space folder. Access it via  You must answer each question successfully to pass the Blue Space: Applications of Space Technology this course. If you don’t then you can try again as Subject guide course. many times as you like.  Tell a staff member when you have finished so they can issue you with your certificate. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 4

SPACE: APPLICATIONS OF STAFF GUIDE #11 SPACE TECHNOLOGY   BLUE SPACE SYLLABUS: STAFF SUPPORT The RAFAC Training Team are pleased to release the CHECKLIST first part of The Open University OpenLearn Launch Pad Space Award for the Air Cadets syllabus. Make sure each cadet has a valid Ultilearn This initial course has been specifically developed for username and password. Their username is the First Class cadets and above and can be completed on long number next to their name on SMS. a squadron virtual parade or at home. Pass on any password request emails to the cadet It concentrates on the applications of technology developed for space travel. To complete this course concerned as soon as possible. These are cadets need access to Ultilearn where they will find a delivered to the OC email account. short e-learning course which contains links to all the resources they need. Encourage your cadets to get in touch with COMPLETING THE COURSE another cadet/ staff member if they are having trouble completing the course.  You do not need to set up or register cadets for the Blue Space module on Ultilearn. Cadets access the ASSESSMENT OPTIONS course by navigating to Progressive Training Syllabus > Space > Blue Space: Applications of  Cadets are able to complete this course Space Technology. They should follow the independently. They will be directed to websites instructions within the course and use the internet or videos to conduct their own research and answer to conduct research to answer the questions found questions based on their findings. at the end of each section.  They must answer each question successfully to  You may wish to designate a senior cadet or staff pass this course and initially get three attempts per member to encourage and provide support to question. Cadets need to take the course again if cadets completing the course. A comprehensive they answer any question incorrectly more than Subject Guide and a Course Delivery Guide is three times. If a cadet does need multiple attempts available through the Training Officers’ Area on to complete the training then support should be Bader SharePoint. Cadets should be encouraged to provided by other cadets or squadron staff. view the Subject Guide, but should not be given access to the Course Delivery Guide.  The blue space syllabus can also be completed as an instructor led course. A special instructor  The course is self marked within Ultilearn so cadets version of the course has been provided on Ultilearn will not need to submit anything else. If cadets in the RAFAC Staff Courses > Space folder in complete the course independently then the they Ultilearn. A downloadable version can also be should tell a staff member when they have found in the Training Officers’ Area on Bader successfully passed. SharePoint. Both of these can be delivered more flexibly than the cadet version and have unlimited  An electronic certificate is available through the assessment attempts. Training Officers’ Area on Bader SharePoint for cadets who have successfully completed the  On an instructor led course cadets should work course. Click on the e-certificates menu button to together to answer the questions and feed back access the template. what they have found to the rest of the group. HQ RAFAC Training Team Version 4

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OPENLEARN LAUNCH PAD SPACE AWARD FOR AIR CADETS APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE 1

CONTENTS 4 5 SECTION 1 WHERE DOES SPACE BEGIN? 7 The Changing Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere 8 Find Out More 9 10 SECTION 2 WHAT HAS SPACE EXPLORATION BROUGHT DOWN TO EARTH? 11 12 Introduction 13 Firefighting Robotic Arms 15 Laptops and Non-Reflective Screens 16 Portable Hand Tools 17 Memory Foam 18 Find out More 19 20 SECTION 3 HOW DO WE LOOK FROM SPACE? 21 Introduction Environmental Monitoring Global Communications Astronomy Satellite Navigation Reconnaissance Find out More APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE 2

APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE SECTION 1 WHERE DOES SPACE BEGIN? 3 APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE

SECTION 1 WHERE DOES SPACE BEGIN? THE CHANGING LAYERS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE The simple question of ‘where does space begin?’ fluctuate, depending on what height you are at. The is not an easy one to answer. It's a bit like asking temperature variation with height is used to define where the edge of a cloud is. From some distance the different layers of the atmosphere. away it appears relatively clear, but when flying through it a cloud is much less sharply defined. The atmosphere that surrounds Earth has weight and pushes down on anything below it. The weight If you have ever climbed a mountain then you may of air above a given area on Earth’s surface is called have observed how the temperature changes with atmospheric pressure. As altitude increases, increasing height. As you go higher up the atmospheric pressure decreases as molecules temperature decreases at about 6˚C for every 1000 become more spread out. At the top of the metres climbed. This steady reduction in average stratosphere, atmospheric pressure is only around temperature continues to an altitude of 0.1% of what it is at sea level. approximately 20 km which is more than twice the height of Mount Everest. Above 20 km, the The diagram below illustrates each of the Earth’s temperature stops decreasing and begins to atmospheric layers. The next page looks at each of increase. As you climb even higher temperatures these layers in more detail. APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE 4

SECTION 1 WHERE DOES SPACE BEGIN? 1. TROPOSPHERE 0 to 8-12 km 3. MESOSPHERE 40-50 to 80-90 km This is the closest layer to Earth. It is thinnest at the North This is the highest layer where gases are mixed together, and South poles. Air is at its densest in this area, making rather than being layered by their mass. Meteors burn up up 75% of the mass of the entire atmosphere. in this layer. 2. STRATOSPHERE 11 to 50 km 4. THERMOSPHERE 80-90 to 800 km This layer contains the ozone layer which protects us This layer is home to the International Space Station (ISS). from UV radiation. There are no storms or turbulence There are some gas molecules, but not enough to here and temperature increases with altitude. transfer heat or for sound to travel through. 5. EXOSPHERE 800 to 3000 km The outermost layer of the atmosphere. It separates our atmosphere from outer space and is the biggest section, containing low amounts of hydrogen and helium. There is no exact point where the atmosphere ends the International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth and outer space starts. The space agencies have at around 400 km. At this altitude there’s still some defined the Kármán line as an imaginary line that is drag caused by the presence of very low density gas set at an altitude of 100 km above sea level to define molecules. Therefore, to maintain orbit, the ISS has to the start of outer space. At this altitude, air density is re-boost its altitude several times a year with small, so low that conventional aircraft cannot generate on-board rocket engines and from visiting resupply enough lift . If you reach this height or higher you vessels. Without this support the ISS would can claim to be an astronaut (or cosmonaut). eventually re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. FIND OUT MORE If you’re interested in any of topics that have been covered in this section then you can use the links below to conduct your own research. You can click on the links if you are viewing this document electronically. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1 Some detailed information about each atmospheric layer bit.ly/2Xx7vn6 2 National Geographic article about the atmosphere bit.ly/2A3pFUt 3 ESA article about changing gases in the Earth’s atmosphere bit.ly/3dzlb6L 4 An article about how the atmosphere extends into space bit.ly/2MGbzeJ 5 APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE

APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE SECTION 2 WHAT HAS SPACE EXPLORATION BROUGHT DOWN TO EARTH? APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE 6

SECTION 2 WHAT HAS SPACE EXPLORATION BROUGHT DOWN TO EARTH? INTRODUCTION has been used to create or improve products on Earth. The European Space Agency (ESA) calls this Space is a very hostile environment which process ‘technology transfer’. There are 1000s of presents problems for scientists. To get products that have been developed as a result of astronauts and cosmonauts into space safely space exploration, with a selection shown below. space agencies have had to develop some innovative solutions. The knowledge that This section looks at five areas where space scientists and engineers have gained to solve technology has been utilised to create or improve a some of the barriers to space travel has helped product. It focuses on firefighting, robotic arms, inspire innovations in technology that have laptops and non-reflective screens, portable hand made life on Earth easier for all of us. tools and memory foam. Much of the technology that NASA, other Space agencies and companies have developed for space This infographic illustrates some of the technology developed from space. Visit go.nasa.gov/2BtgBIT for more info. 7 APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE

SECTION 2 WHAT HAS SPACE EXPLORATION BROUGHT DOWN TO EARTH? FIREFIGHTING In January 1967 NASA’s Apollo 1 spacecraft was their uniform to provide protection for their being prepared for the first piloted launch the firefighters. It is also used within motor sports, the following month. While undertaking some military and the aerospace industry. routine pre-flight tests, disaster occurred; a fire in the command module of the spacecraft killed Disaster Management all three astronauts inside. One of the lessons learned from the tragedy was to reduce the The European Space Agency (ESA) REMSAT program amount of flammable material the astronauts has also been used to tackle forest fires in Canada. had to wear. The REMSAT system is housed in a container and is carried by a truck or helicopter to a location near a Flame Resistant Material disaster. The system provides real-time satellite imagery of a disaster zone to aid in recovery NASA developed a material called PBI which is used planning. It also provides reliable telephone and data in space suits and the interior of spacecraft. It is heat access to all members of a disaster team meaning and flame resistant up to very high temperatures they don’t need to rely on existing networks that and can protect astronauts for much longer periods may be damaged or congested. It does all of this by in the event of a fire. Later on, PBI was also used in relaying communications via satellite. webbing, tethers and other pieces of equipment that needed to be durable and fire resistant. Firefighters and emergency service workers have also benefitted from lighter air tanks and improved PBI has also been used outside of NASA to provide portable life support systems based on technology fire protection. Many fire and rescue services use it in first introduced for space travel. The material PBI was developed by NASA for astronauts Satellite imagery can also be used to view the extent of and spacecraft, but is now also used to protect forest fires. They can monitor situations in real time, emergency service workers from fire. enabling firefighters to plan ahead. APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE 8

SECTION 2 WHAT HAS SPACE EXPLORATION BROUGHT DOWN TO EARTH? ROBOTIC ARMS Robotic arms are used extensively in space. The called NeuroArm which, in 2008 removed a International Space Station (ISS) uses an arm for brain tumour from a patient in Canada. maintenance and to move things around. The This pioneering procedure has led to the use of Mars rover Perseverance also uses an arm to similar arms being used in surgery. The technology conduct scientific experiments. But these arms used in the robotic arm on the ISS has also been are not just used in space; there are many uses used to develop a robot called IGAR that can work for them here on the ground as well. inside an MRI scanner to accurately locate and treat cancer tumours. Medical Applications The NHS now uses robotic arms during surgery because they are able to create much smaller holes and incisions than a surgeon. They also allow surgeons to perform procedures they would have struggled to do manually. A robotic arm called Mako enables surgeons create customised, longer lasting hip replacements that are unique to each patient. Pictured is the i²Snake Robot during testing. i²Snake is a Manufacturing prototype of a robotic arm that can navigate through the mouth and perform internal surgery. Industrial robotic arms are used extensively in industry, especially in car manufacturing. They can Surgical procedures are increasingly being be used for assembling parts, material handling, completed with robotic arms. One of the first was welding and material removal. Industrial robotic arms move much faster than human arms and can perform tasks more accurately. This cuts down on worker error and employment costs, delivering a higher quality product for a lower price. These robotic arms are assembling car parts on a modern assembly line. Photo: KUKA UK 9 APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT GUIDE