HB-36-4-book

Journal of the Brazilian Association forHorticultural ScienceVolume 36 number 4 ISSN 0102-0536October-December 2018THE BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION Assistant Editor Francisco Antônio PassosFOR HORTICULTURAL Mirtes F Lima ABH, a convite da HorticulturaSCIENCE BrasileiraUFRPE Embrapa Hortaliças - BrasíliaR. Manoel de Medeiros s/n Itamar R TeixeiraDois Irmãos Executive and Editorial Coordination UEG - Anápolis52171-900 Recife-PE Sieglinde BruneTel (81) 3320 6000 Jackson Kawakamiwww.abhorticultura.com.br Associate Editors UNICENTRO - GuarapuavaPresident Ana Cristina PP de CarvalhoRoberto de Albuquerque Melo Jean Carlos Cardoso Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical - UFSCar - Araras UFRPE - Recife FortalezaVice-President Jesus G TöfoliJackson Kawakami Antonio T Amaral Júnior Instituto Biológico - São Paulo UENF - Campos dos Goytacazes UNICENTRO - Guarapuava José Magno Q Luz1st Secretary Arminda M de Carvalho UFU - UberlândiaJulio Carlos Polimeni de Mesquita Embrapa Cerrados - Brasília Juliano Tadeu V de Resende IPA - Recife Carlos Alberto Lopes UNICENTRO - Guarapuava2nd Secretary Embrapa Hortaliças - BrasíliaRene de Paula Posso Leandro SA Gonçalves Francisco Bezerra Neto UEL - Londrina Banco do Brasil - Campinas UFERSA - Mossoró1st Treasurer Marina C BrancoGabriel Alves Maciel Geraldo Milanez de Resende Embrapa - Secretaria de Pesquisa e Embrapa Semiárido - Petrolina Desenvolvimento - Brasília IPA - Recife2nd Treasurer Gilmar Paulo Henz Moysés NascimentoThiago Leandro Factor Embrapa Secretaria de Inteligência UFV - Viçosa e Relações Estratégicas - Brasília APTA - Campinas Patrícia AA Marques Maria do Carmo Vieira ESALQ - PiracicabaEDITORIAL COMMITTEE UFGD - DouradosSGAS, Ed. Athenas, Bl. B, s/ 102/103 Renata SB GomesCEP - 70390-020, Brasília-DF Marinice O Cardoso Embrapa Cocais - São LuizE-mail: [email protected] Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental -Tel.: (61) 3202 0507 Manaus Renato Fernando Amabile Embrapa Cerrados - BrasíliaEditor-in-chief Scientific Editors Adriano do N Simões Rhuanito S FerrareziPaulo Eduardo de Melo University of Florida - USA Embrapa - Secretaria de Pesquisa e UFRPE - Serra Talhada Desenvolvimento - Brasília Vagner Augusto Benedito Anderson F Wamser Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation EPAGRI - Caçador - USA André Luiz Lourenção Valter R Oliveira IAC - Campinas Embrapa Hortaliças - Brasília Catariny C Aleman Wagner F da Mota UFV - Viçosa UNIMONTES - Janaúba Derly José H da Silva Waldemar P Camargo Filho UFV - Viçosa IEA - São PauloHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 425

Horticultura Brasileira is indexed by AGRIS/FAO, AGROBASE, CAB, JOURNAL CITATION REPORTS, SciSearch®, Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), TROPAG Scientific Eletronic Library Online: http://www.scielo.br/hb www.horticulturabrasileira.com.br Horticultura Brasileira, v. 1 n.1, 1983 - Brasília, Sociedade de Olericultura do Brasil, 1983 Quarterly F o r m e r t i t l e s : V. 1 - 3 , 1961-1963, Olericultura. V. 4-18, 1964-1981, Revista de Olericultura. Not published: v. 5, 1965; 7-9, 1967-1969.Composition Periodicity until 1981: Annual.João Bosco Carvalho da Silva from 1982 to 1998: Biannual from 1999 to 2001: Four-monthlyEnglish revision from 2002 on: QuarterlyCarlos Francisco Ragassi From 2005 on: Sociedade de Olericultura do Brasil is called Associação Brasileira de Horticultura ISSN 0102-0536Printed copies 80 copies 1. Horticulture - Periodics. 2. Olericulture - Periodics. I. Associação Brasileira de Horticultura. CDD 635.05Journal partially sponsored by:426 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Volume 36 number 4October-December 2018 Journal of the Brazilian Association for Horticultural Science ISSN 0102-0536 CONTENTS EDITOR'S LETTER 429 ERRATA 430 COVER ARTICLEHarvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with theprotected cultivation of vegetable cropsDébora de FA Vieira; Flávia Maria VT Clemente 431 RESEARCHThe use of active modified atmosphere for the conservation of minimally processed eggplant 439Mauricio D Nasser; Flávia Aparecida C Mariano-Nasser; Cristine V Borges;Tânia Regina Kovalski; Karina AparecidaFurlaneto; Rogério L Vieites 446 453Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of coriander grown in tropical environment 461Vicente de PR da Silva; Inajá Francisco de Sousa; Alexandra L Tavares; Thieres George F da Silva; Bernardo B da Silva;Romildo M de Holanda; José Ivaldo B de Brito; Célia C Braga; Enio P de Souza; Madson T Silva 466 473Bell pepper cultivation under different irrigation strategies in soil with and without mulchingPablo A Rocha; Marcelo R Santos; Sérgio LR Donato; Cleiton FB Brito; Joseani S Ávila 480Effect of blanching on physicochemical characteristics of potato flour 486Revenli Fernanda do Nascimento; Maria Helene G Canteri 492 498Base temperature, thermal time and phyllochron of escarole cultivationDenise Schmidt; Braulio O Caron; Oscar Valera; Daniela Meira; Daniele C Fontana; Thais P Zanatta; Carla J Werner;Patricia Brezolin Morphological, enzymatic and molecular characterization of root-knot nematodes parasitizing vegetable cropsAline F Barros; Vicente P Campos; Larissa N Souza; Sarah S Costa; Willian C Terra; Josimar HL Lessa Effect of salicylic acid on pre-transplant acclimatization of native tomato populationsWilberth A Poot-Poot; Rafael Delgado-Martínez; Sergio Castro-Nava; Ma Teresa Segura-Martínez; AlejandroCarreón-Pérez; Jesús Guillermo Hernández-Martínez Seed physiological potential of “dedo-de-moça” pepper in relation to maturation stages and rest periods of the fruitsLeandro SA Gonçalves; Gisely Paula Gomes; Clério Valentin Damasceno Junior; Robison Alessandro de Queiroz;Lucia SA Takahashi; Denis S da Costa; Maria PBA Nunes Enhanced-efficiency phosphorus fertilizer: promising technology for carrot cropAdilson Pelá; Matheus A Ribeiro; Rafael U Bento; Luiz HB Cirino; Roberto A Reis Júnior Fruit yield and gas exchange in bell peppers after foliar application of boron, calcium, and StimulateAndré R Zeist; Daniel S Zanin; Cristhiano K Camargo; Juliano TV de Resende; Elizabeth O Ono; João D Rodrigues SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONMultivariate techniques in the determination of genetic diversity in pest-resistant mini tomato genotypes 504Gabriel M Maciel; Joicy Vitória M Peixoto; Jaíne Priscila R Rocha; Rafaela S Almeida; Camila S Oliveira; Thiago 510Fellipe N Mendonça 1-MCP efficiency in quality of ornamental peppersWellington S Ribeiro; Clebson dos S Carneiro; Christiane de Fátima M França; Cleide Maria F Pinto; Paula CristinaC Lima; Fernando L Finger Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 427

Journal of the Brazilian Association forHorticultural ScienceOrganic cabbage growth using green manure in pre-cultivation and organic top dressing fertilizationAna Amélia S Cordeiro; Marinete B Rodrigues; Murilo Gonçalves Júnior; José Antônio A Espíndola; Ednaldo da S Araújo;José Guilherme M Guerra 515Critical points of industrial tomato from field to processing 521Luis Eduardo de Moura; Adelmo Golynski NEW CULTIVARBRS Tui: a new Biquinho-type pepper cultivar released by Embrapa 526Cláudia S da C Ribeiro; Sabrina Isabel C de Carvalho; Ana Gláucia Heinrich; Francisco José B Reifschneider Thanks to reviwers APPENDIX 530428 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Editor's letter Dear all, This issue of Horticultura Brasileira, the 4th of volume 36, closes our collection in 2018. Another year is over and,at our secretary, a new one has already begun! In the cover article, an interesting survey on the characteristics, challenges,and perspectives of the protected cultivation of vegetables in the main pole of this production system in Brasília, the federalcapital. The study was carried out by Débora Albernaz and Flávia Clemente, from Embrapa Hortaliças, with thorough supportof the local agricultural authorities and the extension service, and, of course, the priceless collaboration of the farmers. Manyinformations and conclusions they present here are very likely valid also to your very own neighborhood. Check it out! We are preparing some improvements for the coming year in Horticultura Brasileira, in line with the mounting demandfor transparency, reliability, and promptness in scientific publication. Authors and readers will greatly benefit from them. Last, we would like to take this opportunity to thank you, who helped to run Horticultura Brasileira for its 36th year ina row! I can assure this is not a trivial achievement, and those involved in scientific editorial affairs will surely vouch! Until the next number, until the next volume. Great New Year! Paulo Melo, editor in chiefHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 429

ERRATADOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362018024We apologize for the misspelling occurred in the article cited below, published in volume 36 number 3, July to September2018, page 290. The author's name associated to DOI was incorrectly spelled as CORTE, LÍGIA ERPEN-DALLA. The cor-rect spelling is ERPEN-DALLA CORTE, LÍGIA.Where you read: CORTE, LÍGIA ERPEN-DALLARead: ERPEN-DALLA CORTE, LÍGIAOriginal citation:KOLTUN, A; ERPEN-DALLA CORTE, L; MERTZ-HENNING, LM; GONÇALVES, LSA. 2018. Genetic improvement ofhorticultural crops mediated by CRISPR/Cas: a new horizon of possibilities. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 290-298. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180302 ERRATADOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362018025We apologize for the misspelling occurred in the article cited below, published in volume 34 number 1, January to March2016, page 19. The author’s name associated to DOI was incorrectly spelled as MARINHO, GAILLT D. The correct spellingis MARINHO, CAILLET D (No artigo citado abaixo, publicado no volume 34 número 1, janeiro a março de 2016, página19, o nome do autor associado ao DOI foi escrito da forma incorreta seguinte: MARINHO, GAILLT D. A forma correta deveser MARINHO, CAILLET D).Where you read (onde se lê): MARINHO, GAILLT DRead (leia-se): MARINHO, CAILLET DOriginal citation (citação original):GOMES GP; GONÇALVES LSA; SEKIYA A; EUZEBIO MP; ROBAINA RR; MARINHO CD. 2016. Registro e proteçãode olerícolas no Brasil, período de 1998 a 2014. Horticultura Brasileira 34: 019-025. DOI - http//dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620160000100003430 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Cover articleVIEIRA, DFA; CLEMENTE, FMVT. 2018. Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with the protected cultivation of vegetable crops. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 431-438. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180402Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization andprospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with theprotected cultivation of vegetable cropsDébora de FA Vieira; Flávia Maria VT Clemente11Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Farmers and the rural extension service in Planaltina, in the Expedição-Safra Cultivo Protegido: caracterização e estudoFederal District, an important pole of tomato and sweet pepper prospectivo dos desafios e soluções associados ao cultivo protegidoproduction in the Brazilian Midwest region, have been observing de hortaliçasdecreases in yield in protected cultivation lately. Yields are gettingback to those registered in initial years of the system’s implementation Produtores e extensionistas rurais de Planaltina-DF, um dosin the region. Besides, prices paid to farmers dropped due to the principais polos de produção de tomate e pimentão da região Centro-retreat in fruit and vegetable consumption by Brazilians registered -Oeste, relataram redução de produtividade em cultivo protegido, comsince 2015, triggering a crisis in the region. The so-called “Harvest- os níveis regredindo à produtividade alcançada nos anos iniciais deExpedition on Protected Cultivation” brought together Embrapa implantação desse sistema na região. Além disso, o recuo do consumo(Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Emater-DF (Federal de frutas e hortaliças pelos brasileiros desde 2015 fez os preços pagosDistrict Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension) ao produtor despencarem, desencadeando uma crise na região. Oand SEAGRI-DF (State Secretariat for Agriculture, Food Supply, diagnóstico denominado “Expedição-Safra Cultivo Protegido” reuniuand Rural Development) to contribute on identifying and possibly Embrapa, Emater-DF e Seagri-DF com a finalidade de contribuir nafinding solutions to the bottlenecks related to the technological identificação e eventual solução dos gargalos de adoção tecnológicaand behavioral challenges likely to be causing yield drops and, e de comportamentos associados a perdas de produtividade e, conse-consequently, reductions in farmers’ incomes. We carried out semi- quentemente, possível redução de renda dos produtores. Em abril destructured interviews in April 2017 with all 127 producers who 2017, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com todos os 127adopt protected cultivation in the region to profile them, as well as to produtores que adotam o cultivo protegido na região, caracterizandocharacterize their properties, protected cultivation structures, and crop os produtores, as propriedades, as estruturas de cultivo protegido emanagement, especially for tomato and sweet pepper. Agriculture is o manejo das culturas, em especial tomate e pimentão. Constatou-seeminently family-based in the region and pressure over yield comes uma agricultura de base principalmente familiar e que o aumento damainly from the continuous increase in the incidence of pests and incidência de pragas e doenças ao longo dos anos, agravado peladiseases, strengthened by the low level of implementation of good baixa adoção de Boas Práticas Agrícolas e de Gestão, foi o principalagricultural and management practices. Despite the current adverse responsável pela redução da produtividade. Esse cenário negativoscenario, collaborative and multidisciplinary work in the region, pode ser alterado por um trabalho conjunto e multidisciplinar na re-bringing together organized farmers and the institutions involved in gião, com a participação dos produtores organizados e das instituiçõesthis survey, could revert the situation. envolvidas no levantamento.Keywords: diagnosis, tomato, sweet pepper, management, scenarios. Palavras-chave: diagnóstico, tomate, pimentão, manejo, cenários.Received on May 18, 2018; accepted on November 14, 2018 Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation” in 2017. The Expedition was in the productivity of vegetables grownCultivation meant to contribute to the identification in protected cultivation in the region and eventual solution of technological of Planaltina, in the Federal District. Embrapa Hortaliças (The National and behavioral bottlenecks associated Yields are getting back to levels similarCenter for Research on Vegetable with yield drops in the protected to those observed in the initial years ofCrops, Brazilian Agricultural Research cultivation of vegetables, which has the implementation of greenhouses inCorporation), the Federal District been jeopardizing farmers’ incomes. the region. Additionally, Brazilians haveAgency for Technical Assistance and been reducing the consumption of fruitsRural Extension (Emater-DF) and State Although figures point to increases and vegetables since 2015, when theSecretariat of Agriculture, Food Supply in the vegetable supply in the 2016/2017 current economic crisis exploded. Yieldand Rural Development (SEAGRI-DF) season in Brazil (CEPEA, 2017; CEASA, drops and the reduced demand impactedcarried out an on-farm survey named 2018), the rural extension service and the profitability of vegetable producers“Harvest-Expedition on Protected farmers have been reporting decreasesHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 431

DFA Vieira & FMVT Clementein 2017. For example, the table tomato the questionnaires. Questionnaires the evolution of rural occupation in thecontainer sold directly by farmers had a had the following blocks: a) region from this survey to conclude if73% reduction in price in the 2016/2017 identification of the property and trends are for the increase or decreaseharvest (CEPEA, 2017). farmer sociodemographic information; in the number of properties, aging of b) characterization of the protected farmers or entry of new farmers into In this context, the main objectives cultivation structures (plastic/screen/ the business.of the Harvest-Expedition on Protected tunnel); c) characterization of cropCultivation were: management; d) characterization of the Farmers have a very diverse structure use (crops); e) characterization background. Only 13.5% were born -To portray farmers’ profile and of plant health management; f) post- in the Federal District. Farmers cometo characterize the production of harvest and commercialization, and; mainly from the neighbor states of Goiásvegetables in protected cultivation in g) personal, social and situational (20.5%) and Minas Gerais (16.6%),the region of Planaltina-DF; motivation for adopting protected and of Ceará (12.7%), in the Northeast cultivation. Qualitative responses were region. Farmers’ level of education is as -To identify the challenges faced by analyzed and grouped by similarity. All follows: 39.4 and 9% have not completedthe protected cultivation of vegetables data (qualitative and quantitative) were and completed the elementary school,in the region; plotted in graphs. respectively; 12.6 and 24.4% have not completed and completed the high -To analyze the adoption of We interviewed a representative school, respectively; and just over 10%technologies by farmers; of each production unit where there of the farmers have higher education. were protected crop structures in the The level of education correlates with the -To survey the demands and region in a census-type survey, in total ability to absorb knowledge (Buainain,opportunities to technical research, to 127 interviews. These production units 2014). The high percentage of farmersstrengthen the effectiveness of technical corresponded together to approximately with low schooling in Planaltina mayassistance and rural extension services, 75 ha and 1,698 cultivation structures, be threatening knowledge advance,and to leverage the actions of institutions including plastic and wirehouses and technology adoption and innovationin charge of developing public policies. tunnels. implementation in the region, as well as improvements in business management. Interviews with farmers The diagnosis Labor is predominantly family-run The survey had a quantitative- Who are the farmers who grow in the protected cultivation in Planaltina.qualitative methodological approach. vegetables in protected cultivation? About 270 people or 56% of the workersWe carried out semi-structured are family members, while 44% (209interviews with vegetable growers from Although farmers growing people) were hired, in the last harvestthe administrative region of Planaltina, vegetables in protected cultivation (except day laborers). In periods oflocated in the green belt of Brasília, the in Planaltina had 49 years old on intense labor demand, farmers hired dayfederal capital. Planaltina concentrates average, the largest group (28%) ranges laborers (164 days/year, on average).four rural areas, namely Taquara, from 51 to 60 years old. On average,Pipiripau, Rio Preto and Tabatinga; farmers have ten years of experience Why the protected cultivation?occupies about 30% of the DF rural in protected cultivation. These figures, A relevant contribution of ourarea (Caliman, 2013); and is home for to a certain extent, support Buainain et work was the search for the reasonsa significant number of small, medium al. (2014), who states there is a process why farmers in the region adhered soand large farmers. It contributed to the of rural aging in Brazil. Nevertheless, unanimously to the protected cultivation.expansion of protected cultivation in more than half of the farmers we For this end, we asked them to name thethe DF, which began in the 1990s, with interviewed are below 50 years, and advantages and disadvantages of thethe opening of new export markets, nearly a quarter, below 40 years old. system. Half of the farmers claimed thatmainly to the north and northeast Although protected cultivation in the the main advantage is the possibilityregions of Brazil (Junqueira, 2002). region began in the 1990s, it was only of growing crops regularly during theCurrently, it concentrates a major part in the following decade that it gained rainy season when open field cropsof DF’s protected cultivation structures. momentum. In 2001, the Oziel Alves suffer intense disease pressure dueTherefore, Planaltina has an expressive III Settlement was established, with to excessive rainfall. Farmers alsovolume of production and representative 170 properties (Caliman, 2013) and, in indicated as advantages the betterproductivity indexes. 2003, the Fazenda Larga Settlement, quality of the products coming from with 77 properties. In both settlements, protected cultivation (34%) and more The semi-structured interview several producers adopted the protected comfortable work conditions (24%)was used because it allows collecting cultivation (Emater-DF, 2010). This due to the greenhouse protection frompersonal, social and situational new range of farmers may have reduced both sun and rain. Protection againstmotivation, subjective opinions and the average time of experience with challenging weather is an essentialperceptions, as well as objective data. protected cultivation in the region. It factor in lessening the difficulties ofA multidisciplinary team of researchers, is necessary to follow more closelyanalysts and extension agents from thethree institutions involved in the workplanned the interviews and elaborated432 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with the protected cultivation of vegetable cropsthe work in farmers’ point of view. The 97%, are plastic houses, widely used of the farmers also grow cucumberphysical protection structures given to grow tomatoes and sweet pepper. simultaneously. Leafy vegetables areagainst pests and diseases, and the Screen houses are much less frequent, also present, but they are not veryreduction in the use of agrochemicals about 15%. Historically, the region expressive: lettuce, rocket, and chiveswere advantages mentioned by 18 and started using greenhouses to grow + coriander appeared in 4% of the12% of the farmers, respectively. A tomatoes and sweet pepper from 1990, structures. Other vegetables, especiallysmaller share of farmers, 8 and 6%, according to reports from Emater-DF snow peas, bush beans, and zucchini,respectively included as advantages extension agents. This scenario persists are complementary and therefore grownthe higher price paid by the market and to date. The area occupied by plastic after tomato or sweet pepper, to takethe higher yields when compared to houses reaches almost 80% of the total advantage of the residual fertilizationopen field crops, while 6% of farmers area under protected cultivation in the or to try to reduce pest and diseaserecalled the economy in fertilizers and farms, with screen houses and tunnel incidence in the next cycle. Besidesreduction in labor. occupying the remaining 20%. vegetable production, some structures are used to produce ornamental plants As for the disadvantages of protected About 46% of the plastic houses and fruit tree seedlings too. At the timecultivation, 29% of farmers indicated have ceiling height (from the ground of the survey, 14% of the structures werethe high costs of maintenance and to the lower part of the cover arc) empty. According to farmers, it reflectedimplementation of the protected between 2.1 and 2.5 m. Higher structures the financial difficulties they are goingcultivation structure. Plastic covers (between 2.6 and 3.0 m) and lower through.very often tear, mainly due to wind (between 1.5 2.0 m) occurred in 26 andand whirlpools. The initial investment 18% of the surveyed areas, respectively. How farmers manage tomato andto implement the greenhouse is high, The recommended standard for ceiling sweet pepper in protected cultivation?which explains its use to grow high height to provide thermal comfortadded value products. Nevertheless, to plants and workers is over 3.0 m. Some crop management practicesthe market does not always pay such Presently, only 10% of the structures will be approached jointly for tomatovalue. In 2017 for example, prices paid are that high. The cost of higher plastic and sweet pepper, to allow comparisonto farmers for tomato and sweet pepper houses substantially reduces their between practices and optimization ofcontainers were below the expected frequency in the region. Greenhouses the information.value during most of the year. About with antechamber; airflow; radiation,12% of the farmers do not consider temperature, and humidity assessment; The use of mulching is one of suchthere are disadvantages in protected nebulization; shading; and light diffusion cases. Cost is decisive to adopt it, ascultivation and 10% complained are also rare. These technologies are also observed for previous aspects.about the high temperatures inside the associated with pest and disease control While most tomato producers (65%)greenhouses. and higher fertilizer and nutrient use abandoned the use of mulching, in sweet efficiency by plants. However, they also pepper, a high percentage of farmers How large are the properties? incur in higher implementation costs. (87%) continue to use it. The practice of covering the soil meets agronomic The properties making use of The plastic most regularly used recommendations since it significantlyprotected cultivation in Planaltina are in plastic houses is 75 μm-thick. It increases water use efficiency (Souzapredominantly small by the regional appears in 33 and 23% of the plastic et al., 2011).standards: 77% have up to 20 ha, of houses where tomato and sweet pepperwhich 39% have up to 5 ha. The effective are grown, respectively. Although the Soil chemical analysis also drawsarea under protected cultivation is 9.2% recommendation points to 150 μm- attention: although 70% of the farmersof the total area on average. Farmers thick plastic, the prevalence of the carried it out, the periodicity is hugelypredominantly grow the crops directly former is again due to the cost: the variable: 40% of the farmers who do thein the soil (94%); only 6% use semi- 75 μm-thick plastic is substantially soil analysis perform it annually; 13%,hydroponics or hydroponics in the cheaper. Approximately 53% of the whenever planting a new crop, and;region. In settlement Fazenda Larga, one plastic houses are covered with one- 24%, sporadically, with variations of upof the targets of this survey, lots are 2 ha piece plastic, and more than 90% have to four years. Unlike the soil analysis,large on average, and about 82% have a wooden structures with sides closed by the analysis of the soil electricalprotected cultivation area of up to 1 ha, insect-proof screens (67%). conductivity is much more occasional.i.e., the average productive area under Only 21% of the farmers carried it out,protected cultivation is approximately Which crops farmers predominantly a quite negative aspect as far as the50% of the property. grow in protected cultivation in the management of protected cultivation region? structures is considered. The assessment Which are the main characteristics of the soil conductivity makes it possibleof the protected cultivation structures? Tomatoes and sweet peppers to monitor cation exchange; calcium, occupy 37.6 and 32.2% of the protected magnesium, and salts content in the soil Almost all structures in the region, cultivation structures respectively, and solution; organic matter content, and 61 and 44% of the farmers. Nearly 10% other aspects. The monitoring of soilHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 433

conductivity and pH allows farmers to DFA Vieira & FMVT Clemente to raise yields, as the economic crisiskeep an adequate balance of fertigation of recent years has resulted in price(Silva Junior et al., 2016). cultivation in Planaltina reduction. Organic fertilization is widely used Tomato After a period of turbulenceto grow both tomato and pepper, 94 and between 2015 and 2016, the sales95% of the farmers use it, respectively, The area used for tomato production margin (difference between pricesand poultry litter is the leading organic in protected cultivation was 36.43 ha paid to farmers and prices paid byfertilizer (38 and 27%, in tomato and in April 2017 in Planaltina. Half of the consumers) of table tomatoes becamepepper, respectively), followed by castor farmers grow only one crop per year, minimal and retailers put pressure oncake, and soil conditioners. Only 9 and and all farmers use hybrid cultivars. farmers to reduce their prices to lower1% of tomato and pepper producers, The leading hybrids were Predador, BS financial risks and prevent the retailingrespectively, use composts, possibly 04, Timex, Jupiter, BS 12, Ellen, and business from being threatened by largedue to difficulties in purchasing or Dominator (Figure 1). The numerous price swings (Carvalho, 2018). Fromproducing it on-farm, since it is time- hybrids mentioned by farmers showed February 2016 to December 2017,and labor-demanding. Few farmers use that there is a reasonable level of cultivar the difference between prices paid tobiofertilizers (30%) and green manures diversification in the region. farmers and received from consumers(37%). has increased by approximately 100%. Most farmers (47%) harvested The new market-set left farmers with Protected cultivation makes between 100 and 200 20kg-crates per negligible profitability. In Decemberintensive use of the soil. Although we 350 m2 plastic house, while 17% of them 2017, farmers received on average R$noticed the use of some conservation reached yields of more than 200 crates 29.40 or US$ 9.00 for the 20kg-crate,practices, such as organic fertilization, (Figure 2). It is noteworthy that 23% did with an average cost of production ofno-tillage systems are nearly absent in not know their crop productivity. The R$ 28.55 per crate (US$ 8.75) (CEPEA,the production of vegetables in protected expected yield when using the inputs 2017; Banco Central do Brasil, 2018).cultivation in the region. On the other and services recommended in the costhand, 77% of the farmers use crop of production table (Emater-DF, 2017a) Sweet pepperrotation. Results point to much room is 250 20kg-crates per plastic house,to advance in the implementation of that is, 140 t ha-1. We realized that most The total area planted with sweetsoil conservation practices in protected of the Planaltina farmers could reach pepper in protected cultivation wascultivation, essential for keeping the higher yields. Probably, the limited 19.04 ha in April 2017, according tofertility and balance of the soil. productivity reported in this survey is farmers, and 88% of the farmers carry related to the low investment farmers did All interviewed farmers use drip in their crops. They saw no advantagesirrigation. However, 90% do not adopt in investing in inputs and improvementsany parameter to assess water demandin tomato or sweet pepper. Just over23% of the farmers do the “handtest”, which consists of tightening asmall amount of soil in hand and feelthe humidity of the sample throughthe touch. If the soil is moldable tothe hand, there is water available forplants. Approximately 5 and 6% of thefarmers assess the water demand usingthe conventional tensiometer and theIrrigas®, respectively. We observed that 84% of the tomatogrowers use single row planting, withan equivalent number of drip lines perplant: 49% use one drip line per row and,51%, two drip lines. In sweet pepper,the scenario is naturally different: 48%of the farmers adopt single rows and52%, double rows. However, 70% ofthe pepper producers use only one dripline per planting row. Characteristics of tomato and Figure 1. The numerous hybrids mentioned by farmers showed that there is a reasonablesweet pepper crops in protected level of cultivar diversification in the region. Brasilia, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2018.434 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with the protected cultivation of vegetable cropsout only one crop per year. Margarita, stopped repairing the plastics from the without proper sanitation. Only 48% ofRubia, and Pappone were the leading plastic houses because they could not the farmers use windbreaks, which arehybrids (Figure 3). afford the costs due to the low prices known to be efficient in containing pest received when trading their products, migration. Most farmers produced between 201 below production costs.and 400 (33%) and between 400 to 600 The two-spotted spider mite,(26%) 10kg-crates per 350 m2 plastic Plant health in the protected Tetranychus urticae, mentioned byhouse (Figure 4). The expected yield cultivation crops 31% of the farmers, led the list ofusing the recommendations of Emater- pests requiring the highest numberDF (2017) would be at least 600 sweet Growing vegetables is already of management practices in 2017,pepper crates per plastic house, the a matter by itself of handling plants repeating the previous two years.equivalent of approximately 17 t ha-1. relatively more susceptible to pests Farmers also highlighted the tomatoOnly 5% of the farmers in Planaltina and diseases. When we found out small-borer, Neuleocinodes elegantalis,reached this standard. About 26% of that farmers in this survey did not cited in 27% of the interviews, andthe farmers did not know their yields. use a few good agricultural practices, virus vectors [whitefly (Bemisia tabaci we realized that there were many biotype B; thrips (Thrip ssp.); and Sweet pepper prices fell sharply in aspects to be improved concerning aphids (Mysus sp.)], cited in 17% of the2017. At the wholesale market (CEASA) plant health. About 37% of farmers interviews. The tomato leafminer (Tutaof Brasília, sweet pepper prices went still plant new crops next to old crops, absoluta) demanded control practicesfrom R$ 2.98 per kg (US$ 0.82) in June getting to senescence, which may lead of 11% of the farmers, followed by the2016 to R$ 1.63 (US$ 0.52) in February to an increase in pest incidence in the vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae),of 2017 (Banco Central do Brazil, 2018; new crop. It occurred both inside the 3% of the farmers. The tomato powderyCONAB, 2018). The fall in prices same plastic house, as in neighbor mildium (Oidium lycopersici) was thehampered farmers’ investment in their protected cultivation structures, with most challenging disease, mentioned bycrops, as reported by some producers joint irrigation water runoff and shared 5% of the farmers.in the interviews. Some farmers, mainly use of implements, machinery, and toolsin the settlements, reported that they Most farmers (65%) did not observe pests in 2017 that had not been observedFigure 2. Tomato yield (20kg-crate in 350 m2 standard plastic houses) reached by farmers in previous seasons. Nevertheless,in protected cultivation in Planaltina, season 2017. Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2018. pests such as the fly, the vegetable leafminer, and the two-spotted spiderFigure 3. Sweet pepper hybrids grown in protected cultivation in Planaltina. Brasília, mite appeared for the first time toEmbrapa Hortaliças, 2018. 3% of the farmers each, followed by defoliating caterpillars, mildew, and the white rust, reported by 2% of the farmers each. A few farmers, 13%, had difficulties to control the Diptera Dasineura sp., which attacks sweet pepper flowers and until recently had not been observed. Farmers also mentioned secondary pests such as the mealy bug (Pseudococcus maritimus) and the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), as well as some diseases such as anthracnose (Colletotrichum phomoides), the bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), early blight (Alternaria solani), the coriander leaf blight (Alternaria dauci) and Tospoviruses. Together, the secondary pests and diseases indicated here were reported by 9% of farmers. Besides, 4% of farmers recalled weed interference: nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus), Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis), and sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), while another 3% of farmers mentioned nematodes (Meloidogyne spp).Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 435

DFA Vieira & FMVT Clemente The Ministry of Agriculture, of disease symptoms in the crop. contribution from this set of interviewsLivestock and Food Supply published the to be used by research institutes andGuidelines for Sweet Pepper Integrated Post-harvest and extension services when choosing theProduction (PIP) in 2018 to assist sweet commercialization channels to communicate with theirpepper producers. The PIP resulted beneficiaries. Agricultural supply storesfrom research carried out at Embrapa Most farmers (51%) do not have (70.1%) and Emater (68.5%) were theHortaliças. Information, demonstration, adequate facilities, understood as a first sources of information recalled byand capacity strengthening actions are covered place with a cemented or farmers. The broad scope underlinesplanned for the coming months for cemented-like floor, for post-harvest the strength of commercial agents inproducers and extension agents so that activities such as grading and storage the productive chain and the capillaritythe sweet pepper integrated production until transportation to the market. of their presence, enhancing theircan be implemented the soonest. Pest Farmers graded their products under potential as partners for communicatingand disease management is one of the trees or within the protected cultivation advances in science and innovation.main problems PIP addresses, once structure itself. About 91% of the sweet The farmers also sought informationmost farmers carry it out improperly pepper and tomato producers graded the on events such as field days, talks,(Pinheiro et al., 2016). Nematodes products on-farm, while the remaining and fairs (48%); in the TV programalso deserve attention in sweet pepper farmers alleged they did not have the Globo Rural (45.7%); and on theproduction. Their wide range of hosts, time or the laborers to do it. Farmers internet, especially in Google (44.9%).mainly among Solanaceae crops such as grade their products because they Neighboring farmers, magazines, andtomato, the scarlet eggplant, eggplant, receive higher prices than for ungraded Embrapa were cited by 19.7, 16.5 andchili pepper, and potato, makes their and many markets demand it. 16.5% of the farmers, respectively. Themanagement even more difficult in the social media What’s App also became acontext of PIP. The points of sale are variable, source of agricultural information lately. and we observed that the same farmer Approximately 15% of farmers said they Farmers combined several strategies very often used more than one point, solve technical issues using the app,to decide on the use of pesticides: depending on the convenience of the by exchanging messages within fellow63% of the farmers mentioned the moment. Main destinations were: farmers’ discussion groups. Less thancalendar-based application, as well as trade agents or middlemen (58%), 1% of the farmers looked for technicalpesticide spraying following Emater cooperatives (40%), fairs (40%), and information in books.recommendations (39%), based on CEASA, the wholesale market (32%).their own experience (20%), and by Currently, few farmers (2%) sell to Technological audiovisual resourcesrecommendation of agricultural supply government programs such as the positively influence the teaching-stores (14%). Several farmers preferred Food Acquisition Program (PAA), the learning process in children and also innot to run into risks of high losses National School Feeding Program teenagers and adults (Pazzini, 2013).due to the high investment protected (PNAE) or the Agricultural Production Videos with language suitable to farmerscultivation demands. Therefore, they Acquisition Program (PAPA-DF). tend to be better accepted by them,used pesticides as a major pest and mainly due to the still low schoolingdisease control method, even without Sources of information used by in the rural area and the high illiteracyany level of economic damage. The the farmers rate. In Brazil, 29.8% of the peopletriggering factor to use pesticides managing farms are illiterate. In thefor 72% of the farmers is simply the The identification of the sources most region surveyed here, almost 50%presence of the pest or the observation frequently used by the farmers to search of farmers did not reach the high for agricultural information is a relevant school. Printed and digital media and TV and radio programs are the mainFigure 4. Sweet pepper yield (10kg-crates in 350m2 standard plastic houses) reached by channels Embrapa uses to disseminatefarmers (%) in protected cultivation, in Planaltina, 2017. Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2018. scientific research. However, few farmers seem to have had access to this information, except for insertions in the TV program Globo Rural (Timm, 2015). Reading is rare in rural areas. Thus, the information collected in this work points to the need to innovate also in the means of communication for effectively promoting innovation and development in the field. Adapting the digital content to the literacy characteristics of its audiences creates suitable conditions for people to learn436 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with the protected cultivation of vegetable cropsand to appropriate the information, production costs have increased in greenhouses from the second year); andfindings, and knowledge which will help recent years (Figure 5A). The adequate to the reduction in pest pressure and into improve and transform their reality management of production costs would input use (pesticides and fertilizers).(Magalhães et al., 2010). have made it easier to farmers to assess appropriately the opportunity cost of When questioned about their The use of short videos, to be shared working with other crops and would perception regarding crop yields,via What’s App, can be a good strategy have assisted them in making decisions 52% of farmers reported decreases infor spreading agricultural research and regarding the adoption of technologies productivity in the last year (Figure 5),for strengthening farmers’ capacity. In and in the analysis of the impact of such and for 67% of them, the main reasonour survey, 54% of the farmers did use adoption over their costs and incomes. was the increase in the incidence ofthe messaging app. Some already use Presently, farmers ignore which items pests and diseases. Soil exhaustion orWhat’s App to buy agricultural inputs have weight the most in their production imbalance due to the repetition of theand to sell and send photos of their costs, making it difficult to assess the same crop in the area was mentionedproducts, to follow the prices paid at economic viability of their business. by 8% of the farmers as one of thethe wholesale market (CEASA), and Pagliuca et al. (2014) reported a similar reasons for the declining productivity,to exchange information. On the other scenario with tomato producers in the while 6% attributed it to the suboptimalhand, some have claimed they did not states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina. use of fertilizers and pesticides due touse it due to the lack of internet signal their high prices. Farmers who reportedwhere they live. For this means of The increase in input prices was increases in yield (17%) stated thecommunication to grow in relevance, it the primary driver of the increase in main reasons were improvements inis necessary to invest in public policies production costs for 88% of the farmers. fertilization and irrigation practicesto expand the rural Internet network, As they could point out more than one (88%), followed by more experience andwhich will significantly facilitate the reason, 14 and 13% of the farmers knowledge of crop management (19%),communication with and transference also named the increase in the use of and detailed crop control, with valuableof information to farmers. pesticides and labor, respectively, as information for decision making being the additional items responsible for recorded. Cost of production and productivity increasing production costs. Only 5% of the farmers reported cost reduction. In Farmers tend to reduce investment Most farmers (61%) did not control these cases, costs fell due to the technical in periods of financial crisis and do nottheir production costs, while those who assistance received from Emater-DF carry out technically recommendedcontrol them (39%), did not do it correctly agents, who helped the farmers to reduce practices of crop management due toaccording to the Emater-DF agents who the volume of inputs used and to manage the low prices paid by the market andassist them. Farmers did not take into irrigation properly; to the change in to minimize financial losses. Thus,consideration administrative costs, cost technology (farmers who started using productivity progressively reduces as aof money (interests), depreciation, and mulching); to the absence of greenhouse consequence of the successive failure tothe land opportunity cost. One way or implementation costs (farmers using adopt good agricultural practices.another, 82% of the farmers said thatFigure 5. Farmers’ perceptions about production costs and variations in crop yield, for protected cultivation in Planaltina. Brasília, EmbrapaHortaliças, 2018.Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 437

FINAL REMARKS DFA Vieira & FMVT Clemente médios no pimentão na Ceasa-DF. Available at http://www3.ceasa.gov.br/ The survey was quite useful to draw of productivity gains and profitability in prohortweb/?page=reports.consulta_relatorio_the profile of the farmers producing the production of vegetables in protected preco_medio_mensal. Accessed October 26,vegetables in protected cultivation in cultivation in the region of Planaltina. 2018.the administrative region of Planaltina-DF. Besides, we could identify the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EMATER-DF. 2010. IDRC de 71 unidadestechnologies that are currently in use or produtivas das 77 unidades produtivasno longer used by them and the possible We thank the Embrapa Hortaliças existentes. Equipe da unidade local docauses to the yield drops claimed by the colleagues who supported us Pipiripau, Brasília. Available at http://www.majority. in elaborating and applying the emater.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ questionnaires, especially José Luiz fazenda-larga.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2018. The crisis in the region was due to a Pereira. We also thank Francisco Rochacombination of several factors, whether (Embrapa Cerrados) who greatly EMATER-DF. 2017a. Tabela de custo de produçãofrom the current conjuncture, such as supported this work and, with high Tomate (estufa). Available at http://www.the decrease in consumption (reduced esteem, we also thank Emater-DF emater.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/demand for governmental purchases and and Seagri-DF teams, for their hard Tomate-Estufa-vers%C3%A3o-2017.1.pdf.from the market) and drops in the prices work along with us to ensure that the Accessed October 30, 2018.paid to farmers; and technological, as vegetable supply chain had access tothe decline in yields. Regardless of the qualified field information. This survey EMATER-DF. 2017b. Tabela de custo de produçãocause, the crisis hampers investments in was another excellent opportunity pimentão (estufa). Available at http://www.farm improvements. The survey pointed for the three government agencies to emater.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/out that the escalation in the incidence work jointly, allowing for a dialogue Piment%C3%A3o-Estufa-vers%C3%A3o-of pests and diseases over the years, with farmers and other institutions. 2017.1.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2018.intensified by the low adoption of good Finally, we are deeply grateful to eachagricultural and management practices, farmer who took the time to answer the JUNQUEIRA, AMR; ROCHA, LA; PERES,was one of the central causes for the questionnaire. RM; FALCÃO, LL; MATOS, FAC. 2002.yield drops among other factors. Metodologias de transferência de tecnologia: REFERENCES caso do cultivo protegido de pimentão e tomate A set of adjustments and actions on no Distrito Federal. 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Brasília: Embrapa. 1182p. bitstream/item/24274/1/682BA0D7d01.pdf.management, and; farm management, Accessed October 24, 2018.with investments in structures, CALIMAN, JF. 2013. Caracterização do potencialemphasis on management strategies agrícola da região rural de Planaltina-DF: PAGLIUCA, LG. 2014. Análise do risco financeiroand farm organization, adoption of explorando o SISATER. Planaltina: UnB. da produção de tomate de mesa em Caçadorgood agricultural practices, and use of 38p (Relatório final) Available at http:// (SC) e Mogi Guaçu (SP). Piracicaba: ESALQ.innovative means of communication. bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/6701/1/201_ 93p (Ms.C. thesis).All these factors are essential to regain JessicaFazoloCaliman.pdf. Accessed Octoberfarmers’ economic sustainability. As for 26, 2018. PAZZINI, DNA; ARAÚJO, FV. 2013. O uso dothe low prices paid to farmers, the use vídeo como ferramenta de apoio ao ensino-of cooperative marketing strategies and CARVALHO, HMG; GUARNIERI, P; GROSSI, aprendizagem. Santa Maria: UFSM. Cursoincreased access to information about ME; PEDROSO, MTM. 2018. Variação de especialização em Mídias na Educação.the prices paid by the market can help estacional e margem de comercialização dos Available at https://repositorio.ufsm.br/to increase farmers’ bargaining power. preços do tomate de mesa pagos aos produtores bitstream/handle/1/729/Pazzini_Darlin_Nalu_ e comercializados aos consumidores no Brasil, Avila.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed September A joint and multidisciplinary work no período de 2013 a 2017 (no prelo). 25, 2018.in the region, including the organizedproducers and the institutions involved CEASA. 2018. Sistema informações setoriais PINHEIRO, JB; PEREIRA, RB; GUIMARAES,in the survey, could foster the recovery de comercialização (SISCOM). Available JA. 2016. Manejo de nematoides na produção at http://www3.ceasa.gov.br/siscomweb/. integrada de pimentão. Brasilia: Embrapa Accessed October 23, 2018. Hortaliças (Circular técnica 148). CEPEA, 2017. Revista HF nº 174. Available at S I LVA J U N I O R , M J ; V I A N A , P C ; http://www.hfbrasil.org.br/br/revista/acessar/ MEDEIROS, JF; LIMA, JGA; TARGINO, completo/anuario-2017-2018.aspx. Accessed AJO. 2016. Fertirrigação em melancieira com April 30, 2018. monitoramento da condutividade elétrica e PH na solução do solo. EAgri Engenharia CONAB. ProHORT. 2018. Preços Agrícola. (Capa, v.36, n.4). SOUZA, AP; PEREIRA, JBA; SILVA, LDB; GUERRA, JGM; CARVALHO, DF. 2011. Evapotranspiração, coeficientes de cultivo e eficiência do uso da água da cultura do pimentão em diferentes sistemas de cultivo. Acta Scientiarum 33: 15-22. TIMM, CA. 2015. Uma análise sobre política de comunicação da Embrapa aplicada à transferência de tecnologia para a agricultura familiar. 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ResearchNASSER, MD; MARIANO-NASSER, FAC; BORGES, CV; KOVALSKI, TR; FURLANETO, KA; VIEITES, RL. 2018. The use of active modified atmosphere for the conservation of minimally processed eggplant. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 439-445. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180403The use of active modified atmosphere for the conservation of minimallyprocessed eggplantMauricio D Nasser; Flávia Aparecida C Mariano-Nasser; Cristine V Borges;Tânia Regina Kovalski;Karina Aparecida Furlaneto; Rogério L Vieites11Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The aim of this work was to evaluate effects of different gas Atmosfera modificada ativa na conservação de berinjelaconcentrations (O2 and CO2) on conservation of minimally processed minimamente processadaeggplants. The eggplants were sanitized, processed and packed innylon + transparent polyethylene. The vegetables were submitted to Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de gasesmodified atmospheres (T1= atmospheric air; T2= vacuum; T3= 4% (O2 e CO2) na conservação de berinjela minimamente processada. AsO2 and 5% CO2; T4= 4% O2 and 6% CO2; T5= 4% O2 and 7% CO2; berinjelas foram higienizadas, processadas e embaladas em nylon +T6= 4% O2 and 8% CO2). The minimally processed eggplants were polietileno transparente. Foram submetidas a atmosfera modificadakept at 5±1°C and 90±1% RH, for 10 days. After 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and (T1= ar atmosférico; T2= vácuo; T3= 4% O2 e 5% de CO2; T4= 4%10 days of storage, fresh weight loss, respiratory rate, color, soluble O2 e 6% de CO2; T5= 4% O2 e 7% de CO2; T6= 4% O2 e 8% de CO2).solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, SS/TA ratio, visual analysis As berinjelas minimamente processadas foram mantidas a 5±1°C eand purchase intent were determined. We used completely randomized 90±1% de UR, por 10 dias. Aos 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias de conservaçãoexperimental design, in a factorial scheme 6x6 (atmosphere x days of foram determinadas perda de massa fresca, taxa respiratória, colora-conservation). The atmosphere with higher CO2 concentration (8%) ção, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, relação SS/AT,reduced the respiratory rate more intensely. The minimally processed análise visual e intenção de compra. O delineamento experimentaleggplant maintained at 4% O2 + 6% CO2 obtained better grades on the utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6x6visual analysis and purchase intention, with 10-day storage period. (atmosfera x dias de conservação). A atmosfera com maior concen-The vacuum was not recommended to keep minimally processed tração de CO2 (8%) reduziu mais intensamente a taxa respiratória. Aeggplant refrigerated under the studied conditions. berinjela minimamente processada mantida a 4% O2 + 6% CO2 obteve melhores notas na análise visual e intenção de compra no período de 10 dias. O vácuo não foi recomendado para manter refrigerada berinjela minimamente processada nas condições estudadas.Keywords: Solanum melongena, quality, storage. Palavras-chave: Solanum melongena, qualidade, conservação.Received on October 13, 2017; accepted on June 29, 2018Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Minimally processed vegetables of by polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), which is an important non-climacteric fresh fruits, ready to be cooked, show causes browning and, consequently, thevegetable largely consumed fresh and to be convenient and do not have their depreciation of the final product qualitywholesome. About 30 millions of tons nutritional and functional properties (Ghidelli et al., 2014).are produced worldwide (Li et al., 2014). changed, when compared to freshIt is considered a low-calorie and low-fat product. Despite the advantages in terms The fast discoloration immediatelyvegetable, a good source of minerals, of convenience and freshness, cutting after cutting is an impedimentvitamin B-complex, and phenolic and slicing vegetables may lead to quality in its minimal processing. One ofcompounds, being also consumed due losses, resulting in water loss, softening, the main methods in order to delayto its medicinal properties (Shukla & microbiological contamination, changes these physiological, biochemical andNaik, 1993). As most fresh products, in chemical composition and production microbiological reduction processesa growing interest in this vegetable, of secondary metabolites. Moreover, on the crop is the use of modifiedminimally processed, has been noticed, increasing respiration and enzymatic atmosphere (Fonseca et al., 2002; Li etdue to practicality and convenience in activity can be verified, reducing the al., 2014; Steffens et al., 2009; Vieitesmeal preparation, product uniformity product shelf life. The main limiting et al., 2014).and reduced post-harvest losses (Russo factor which reduces eggplant life iset al., 2012). the oxidation of phenolic compounds Active modified atmosphere aims to decrease the metabolism of the product, consequently its senescence, throughHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 439

MD Nasser et al.partial oxygen reduction and an increase water and immersed into citric acid standardized HCl used as a tritant ofin carbon dioxide concentration; allied solution (2%) for 10 minutes, in order potassium hydroxide after respirationwith refrigerated storage, this technique to prevent browning. CO2 absorption; V1= the amount ofis considered a less costly alternative, volume of potassium hydroxide usedresulting in an extended shelf life Slices were drained using a colander in CO2 absorption (mL); P= mass of(Steffens et al., 2009; Vieites et al., for 3 minutes and placed in a centrifuge minimally processed eggplants (kg);2014). It also seems to be a convenient (Consul), for 40 seconds at 2800 rpm. T= metabolic reaction time (hour); V2=alternative to delay physiological, Right after, portions of 150 grams were the amount of volume of potassiumbiochemical and microbiological packed in plastic containers (vacuum) hydroxide used as tritant (mL); 2.2=reduction processes (Arruda et al., of nylon + transparent polyethylene of related to the equivalent to CO2 (44/2),2011). The effect of low O2 concentration high oxygen barrier (10 cm3 day-1) and multiplied by the concentration of 0.1and high CO2 concentration to control water vapor (5 m2 day-1), afterwards N hydrochloric acid.enzymatic browning and make shelf life submitted to modified atmosphere,longer has been positively reported for with application of gases provided by Soluble solids were determinedseveral minimally processed fruits and White Martins Gases. Each cylinder by direct reading using a tablevegetables (Rojas-Grau et al., 2009), was purchased with the appropriate refractometer, type Palette PR–32,including eggplants (Moretti & Pineli, gas mixture for each treatment: T1= with temperature correction to 20°C,2005).According to the reports, 2% of O2 atmospheric air, T2= vaccum, T3= 4% and results expressed in %. Titratableis the critical concentration to possibly O2 + 5% CO2, T4= 4% O2 + 6% O2, T5= acidity was determined in eggplantcause anaerobic respiration, considering 4% O2 + 7% CO2 and T6= 4% O2 + 8% pulp through titration with 0.01Nthat this limit depends on the product CO2. The process consisted of formation NaOH solution and phenolphthaleinused. However, for fresh eggplants, of vacuum followed by gas injection indicator and results expressed in gCatalano et al. (2007) reported that, and sealing using a vacuum packaging citric acid 100 g-1 pulp according to thealthough the modified atmosphere machine (Tec Maq). Control treatment recommendation of Instituto Adolfoimproves quality preservation during was sealed with ambient air, and then the Lutz (Brasil, 2008). The hydrogenionconservation at 4°C, an increase in packages were stored in a cold chamber potential (pH) was obtained using theCO2 and a decrease in O2 inside the at 5±1°C temperature and 90±1% digital potentiometer model DMPH-2packaging can stimulate PPO activity relative humidity, for 10 days. At 0, 2, Digimed.of the product. Responses for different 4, 6, 8 and 10 days, three replicates wereatmospheres depend mainly on the taken from each treatment and analysed: Color was determined at two points,product used, temperature and storage fresh weight loss, respiratory rate, color, peel and pulp, using Konica Minoltatime. For eggplants, the results found in soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity colorimeter model CR400, to determineliterature are still scarce. Thus, the aim (TA), pH, SS/TA ratio, visual analysis values (L*, Croma and Hue) (Minolta,of this study was to evaluate the effect and purchase intent. 1998).of different O2 and CO2 concentrationsin minimally processed eggplant. Fresh weight loss was calculated Visual analysis of minimally using the mass differences of processed eggplant was done by 32 non-MATERIAL AND METHODS experimental units, being the initial selected and untrained panelists, using weight of packaging of the minimally subjective scoring scale taking into Eggplant cv. Ciça was grown on a processed eggplants used as reference, consideration the product appearance,property in Campinas, São Paulo State, with the aid of an analytical scale, with where 1= very bad, showing fungitaken to the laboratory of Faculdade 5 replicates and the results expressed in (rot); 2= bad, dark and fungus-free; 3=de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, percentage (%). regular, opaque color and fungus-freeand selected. The authors eliminated (suitable for market); 4=- good, dullsamples showing physical and biological Respiratory curve was obtained and fungus-free; 5= excellent, firmdamages aiming to obtain a uniform lot. by titration. Respiratory rate was and normal color, being 3 the market determined indirectly in a respirometer, acceptance limit. In order to evaluate After washed in running water in measuring CO2 released, following the purchase intent, the authors used 5-pointorder to take off dirt from harvest and methodology adapted by Bleinroth et al. scale according to Meilgaard et al.transport, the samples were immersed (1976). Respiratory rate was calculated (1999), where 5= definitely wouldinto sodium hypochlorite solution using the equation: buy; 4= may buy; 3= maybe would(200 mg L-1) for 20 minutes. Then, the buy/maybe wouldn’t buy; 2= probablyeggplants were sliced in 1.5-cm thick (Equation 1) wouldn’t buy and 1= definitely wouldpieces, eliminating inedible parts. After not buy.cutting, the samples were placed in a where TCO2= respiratory rate insolution containing 50 mg L-1 of sodium mL of CO2 kg of fruit-1 hour-1; A= the The experiment was carried out inhypochlorite for 20 minutes; afterwards, amount of volume of standardized HCl a completely randomized design, inthey were drained, rinsed under running used as a tritant of standard potassium a factorial scheme 6x6 (atmosphere hydroxide, before CO2 absorption x days of storage). Percentage values440 (white); B= the amount of volume of for fresh mass loss were transformed to arcsin square root values (x/100); in order to make the table, original values Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

The use of active modified atmosphere for the conservation of minimally processed eggplantwere presented, though. The data were et al. (2014) for minimally processed increasing mass loss in minimallysubmitted to analysis of variance and yellow bell pepper. Vacuum and higher processed vegetables was also verifiedmeans compared using Tukey test, at oxygen atmospheric (8%) treatments for other crops, such as pumpkin (Russo5% probability. Regression analysis was showed the lowest respiratory rate, with et al., 2012) and beet (Kluge et al.,done for storage time. maximum values close to 107.8 mL 2006) stored under active modified CO2 kg-1 h-1. In overall means for mass atmosphere.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION loss, the values were significantly lower than in 6 and 7% CO2 treatments (Table A decrease in soluble solids (SS) Respiratory rate at 6-day post- 1), which anticipated the climacteric was verified, overall mean of 4.37%.harvest storage for eggplants stored in peak in relation to the control (at 2-day This reduction may be related toair was higher than in other atmospheric storage). Theoretically, the use of resource consumption for metabolicconditions, reaching 288.5 mL CO2 higher CO2 concentrations decreases reactions as well as respiration ofkg-1 h-1(Figure 1). On day 10, the respiratory rate, controls physiological minimally processed eggplant. Inauthors verified low respiratory rate changes and, concomitantly, reduces relation to titratable acidity, a decreasefor all treatments. Decreasing in weight loss of the product (Toivonen & in all treatments was observed (30 torespiratory activity after climacteric Dedell, 2002), which corroborates the 43%) (Table 2). The authors observedpeak is a result of reaction inactivation results found in this study. pH changes along the days (Figureof enzymes present in the cells on the 2). However, a small increase wascut surface with respiratory substrates Regardless of the atmosphere used observed at the end of storage period,(Kluge et al., 2014), or due to the in this study, mass loss of minimally mainly for the control which showed, inchange in glycolysis route, synthesis, processed eggplant was only influenced overall mean, significantly higher valuedegradation, inactivation or inhibition of in storage. A linear increasing was comparing to the other treatments (undercertain enzymes which take part in this verified (Figure 1), possibly in response active modified atmosphere) (Table 1).metabolic route (Araújo et al., 2005). to the stress caused by the cut during The pH values are used as an indicatorSimilar behavior was reported by Kluge processing, resulting in an increase of the microbiota in food for preserving. in respiratory activity (carbohydrate Thus, pH values lower or equal to 4.5 consumption via glycolysis). This do not favor the presence of Clostridium botulinum and other pathogenic bacteriaTable 1. Means of mass loss (%) and pH values among treatments of minimally processed (Hoffmann, 2001). Rinaldi et al. (2009)eggplants packed under active modified atmosphere during a 10-day storage. Botucatu, and Kluge et al. (2014) cited that someUNESP, 2015. studies report that pH value can increase in response to an increase in microbiota Mass loss (%) during storage. This phenomenon is characteristic in vegetables deterioratedTreatments Days of storage by Gram-negative bacteria, since protein breakdown results in a release of basic 02 4 6 8 10 Mean compounds (Jacxsens et al., 2013). Maturation index, obtained by SS/Control 0 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.06 ab AT ratio, is a variable which indicates maturation and quality of the materialVacuum 0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.09 0.02 b to be analyzed during post-harvest (Chitarra & Chitarra, 2005). Using4% O2 + 5% CO2 0 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.06 ab the results of regression in table 2, 0.10 0.16 0.22 0.10 a the authors noticed that on day 6 of4% O2 + 6% CO2 0 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.12 a storage the values reached higher 0.01 0.06 0.10 0.03 b level and then this level tends to fall.4% O2 + 7% CO2 0 0.04 0.27 Nevertheless, control treatment showed --- 67.0 higher values of maturation index since4% O2 + 8% CO2 0 0.02 0.00 day 4 of storage. In the same conditions, opposite behavior was reported byCV (%) -- - Russo et al. (2012), who verified a decrease in SS/AT ratio in all treatments pH throughout storage, working with minimally processed pumpkin duringTreatments Days of storage 12-day storage. 02 4 6 8 10 Mean For peel luminosity (Table 3), significant regression was noticed onlyControl 4.38 4.88 5.02 5.25 5.18 5.12 4.97 a for the vacuum treatment, consideringVacuum 4.38 4.56 4.71 4.77 4.57 4.57 4.59 bc4% O2 + 5% CO2 4.38 4.44 4.54 4.88 4.60 4.89 4.62 bc4% O2 + 6% CO2 4.38 4.59 4.70 4.96 4.85 4.78 4.71 b4% O2 + 7% CO2 4.38 4.63 4.62 4.72 5.02 4.70 4.68 bc4% O2 + 8% CO2 4.38 4.53 4.57 4.60 4.48 4.58 4.52 cCV (%) -- - - -- 3.6*Means followed by same lowercase letter in column do not differ significantly by Tukeytest (p <0.05).Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 441

MD Nasser et al.Figure 1. Respiratory rate (mL CO2 kg-1 h-1) among the treatments of minimally processed that from processing up to the end ofeggplant packed under active modified atmosphere and mass loss (%) during a 10-day stor- storage period, it ranged from 27.2 toage. Botucatu, UNESP, 2015. 45.4, making the peel brighter. This increase may be the result of cellular juice accumulated into the vacuum packaging, since this treatment was the one which the most depreciate vegetable quality during storage. According to Arruda et al. (2003), luminosity distinguishes light from dark colors. This attribute ranges from zero for dark colors to 100 for light colors. The lower this value, the greater the degree of depreciation of the product appearance. For pulp, the authors noticed effect only in storage, with values decreasing for luminosity (Figure 2), ranged from 87.8 to 80.2, resulting in a loss of 8.7% at 10-day storage. This loss in brightness is a consequence of product depreciation, highlighting pulp darkening, corroborating Rinaldi et al. (2009), who working with cabbage and modified atmospheres cited reduction of 8.13% in luminosity during 16-day storage. On the other hand, Russo et al. (2012), in minimally processed pumpkin in active modified atmosphere, did not observe significant differences for pulp luminosity. Regression of peel chroma (TableTable 2. Regression equations for soluble solids (%), titratable acidity (g citric acid 100 g pulp-1), and maturation index between treatmentsof minimally processed eggplant packed under active modified atmosphere during a 10-day storage. Botucatu, UNESP, 2015.Variable Treatment Equation (x= storage) R² Control Y= 5.13 - 0.224x + 0.013x² 0.49 Vacuum Y= 5.13 - 0.519x + 0.092x²- 0.005x³ 0.84Soluble solids (%) 4% O2 + 5% CO2 Y= 5.06 - 0.249x + 0.015x² 0.89 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Y= 5.04 - 0.553x + 0.117x²- 0.007x³ 0.75 4% O2 + 7% CO2 Y= 5.06 - 0.638x + 0.121x²- 0.007x³ 0.87 4% O2 + 8% CO2 Y= 4.91 - 0.119x 0.82 Control Y= 0.33 - 0.08x + 0.011x² - 0.0005x³ 0.91 Vacuum Y= 0.34 - 0.08x + 0.012x² - 0.0006x³ 0.66Titratable acidity (g of citric acid 100 g-1) 4% O2 + 5% CO2 Y= 0.34 - 0.04x + 0.002x² 0.70 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Y= 0.33 - 0.05x + 0.003x² 0.86 4% O2 + 7% CO2 Y= 0.33 - 0.05x + 0.004x² 0.83 4% O2 + 8% CO2 Y= 0.33 - 0.05x + 0.003x² 0.83 Control Y= 15.95 + 3.92x - 0.22x² 0.88 Vacuum Y= 15.21 + 3.28x - 0.27x² 0.42Maturation index 4% O2 + 5% CO2 Y= 15.63 + 1.18x 0.48 Y= 14.26 + 4.43x - 0.31x² 0.69 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Y= 14.23 + 4.07x - 0.28x² 0.62 Y= 14.71 + 3.66x - 0.31x² 0.69 4% O2 + 7% CO2 4% O2 + 8% CO2442 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

The use of active modified atmosphere for the conservation of minimally processed eggplantTable 3. Regression for peel luminosity, chroma of peel and pulp and peel color (Hue values) 3) was significant only in vacuumamong treatments of minimally processed eggplant packed under active modified atmosphere treatment. The eggplants stored in thisduring a 10-day storage. Botucatu, UNESP, 2015. system showed higher color saturation, with values ranging from 6.4 to 25.3.Variable Treatment Equation (x= storage) R² Hue angle (peel) in vacuum treatmentPeel ns ns ranged from 2.76 to 78.3, changingluminosity Control Y= 26.42 - 0.367x + 0.162x² 0.89 from red-violet to orange. However, ns ns using joint analysis for chroma andPeel Vacuum ns ns luminosity values and according tochroma ns ns Minolta (1998), a color change from a 4% O2 + 5% CO2 ns ns very dark violet red to dirty orange wasPulp 4% O2 + 6% CO2 ns ns noticed. The other treatments kept thechroma 4% O2 + 7% CO2 Y= 5.96 + 0.154x + 0.181x² 0.92 color during shelf life. In relation to pulp 4% O2 + 8% CO2 ns ns chroma (Table 3), the vacuum treatmentPeel color Control ns ns lost color saturation, making the color ns ns lighter. Pale yellow color (hue pulp) of Vacuum ns ns the eggplant slices was kept during the ns ns shelf life (103.2 to 93.3), regardless the 4% O2 + 5% CO2 Y= 24.79 - 0.959x + 0.590x²- 0.05x³ 0.94 treatment (Figure 2). Contrary, in a study 4% O2 + 6% CO2 ns ns with minimally processed pumpkin, the 4% O2 + 7% CO2 ns ns vacuum treatment kept the best color for 4% O2 + 8% CO2 ns ns the product (Silva et al., 2009). Given Control ns ns the above, the authors concluded that ns ns the vacuum treatment showed a darker Vacuum Y= 2.72 - 1.151x + 2.841x² - 0.200x³ 0.86 pulp color and that the peel of those Y= 4.30 + 3.597x - 0.347x² 0.78 slices lost the purple color typical of 4% O2 + 5% CO2 ns ns this cultivar, making it reddish. This 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Y= 0.587 + 7.939x - 0.745x² 0.42 statement was confirmed by the results 4% O2 + 7% CO2 Y= 0.683 + 6.599x – 0.579x² 0.41 of visual analysis and purchase intention 4% O2 + 8% CO2 (Table 4), the slices stored in vacuum Control packaging obtained the worst grades for visual analysis (1.5) and the lowest Vacuum purchase intention (1.1), being classified as terrible and certainly would not buy. 4% O2 + 5% CO2 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Color is the most attractive quality 4% O2 + 7% CO2 attribute when buying eggplant. 4% O2 + 8% CO2Table 4. Regression for visual analysis (grades) and purchase intention (grades), among treatments of minimally processed eggplant packedunder active modified atmosphere during a 10-day storage. Botucatu, UNESP, 2015.Variable Treatment Equation (x= storage) R² Control Y= 5.00 - 1.129x + 0.217x² - 0.013x³ 0.99 Vacuum Y= 4.99 - 1.37x + 0.182x² - 0.007x³ 0.99Visual analysis (grades) 4% O2 + 5% CO2 Y= 4.99 - 0.996x + 0.142x² - 0.007x³ 0.95 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Y= 5.00 - 0.821x + 0.141x² - 0.007x³ 0.99 4% O2 + 7% CO2 Y= 5.00 - 0.800x +0.151x² - 0.009x³ 0.99 4% O2 + 8% CO2 Y= 4.89 - 0.323x + 0.016x² 0.95 Testemunha Y= 5.00 + 1.196x - 0.232x² + 0.014x³ 0.99 Vácuo Y= 5.00 + 1.374x - 0.185x² - 0.009x³ 0.99Purchase intention (grades) 4% O2 + 5% CO2 Y= 4.94 - 0.666x + 0.041x² 0.96 4% O2 + 6% CO2 Y= 4.95 - 0.504x + 0.038x² 0.85 4% O2 + 7% CO2 Y= 4.94 - 0.370x + 0.018x² 0.94 4% O2 + 8% CO2 Y= 5.00 - 0.811x + 0.145x² - 0.009x³ 0.99Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 443

MD Nasser et al. in active modified atmosphere, 6% CO2, at the end of shelf life, obtained grade 3.5 (classified between probably would buy to maybe would buy). Dantas et al. (2005) mentioned the importance of market surveys before developing products or even improving existing products, aiming to identify market segments making it possible to improve marketing strategies. Minimally processed eggplant, stored at 5°C temperature and 90% UR, kept in modified atmosphere (4% O2 + 6% CO2), obtained better grades in visual analysis and purchase intention during a 10-day storage period. Va c u u m p a c k a g i n g i s n o t recommended to keep minimally processed eggplant. The eggplants were probably under anaerobic conditions. REFERENCESFigure 2. Values of pH, luminosity, hue of pulp for treatments of minimally processed A R A Ú J O , F M M C ; M A C H A D O , AV;eggplant packed under active modified atmosphere during a 10-day storage. Botucatu, CHITARRA, AB. 2005. Efeito da atmosferaUNESP, 2015. modificada ativa na qualidade do melão ‘Orange Flesh’ minimamente processado.Colorful and shining products are the grade, 1.5. For the other modified Ciência e Agrotecnologia 29: 817-823.most preferred, being an important atmospheres, grades ranged from 2.5characteristic in processed products to 3.1 (bad to regular). Miguel et al. ARRUDA, MC; JACOMINO, AP; KLUGE,(Chitarra & Chitarra, 2005; Miguel et (2010) stated that product preference RA; AZZOLINI, M. 2003. Temperatura deal., 2010). In visual analysis (Table test should be applied in order to know armazenamento e tipo de corte para melão4), the eggplant packed in 6% CO2 the taste and meet the demands of the minimamente processado. Revista Brasileirapackaging obtained the best grades, consumer. Purchase intention showed de Fruticultura 25: 74-76.reaching grade 3.9 (good) on day 10. The the same behavior. The lowest purchaseworst storage was observed in vacuum intention was related to the vacuum- ARRUDA, MC; JACOMINO, AP; TREVISAN,packaging, since it was classified as packed product, from day 4 on, grade MJ; JERONIMO, EM; MORETTI, CL. 2011.bad (1.9) on day 4, reaching a terrible 1.9 (probably would not buy). Eggplants Atmosfera modificada em laranja ‘Pêra’ minimamente processada. Bragantia 70: 664-671. BLEINROTH, EW; ZUCHINI, AG; POMPEO, RM. 1976. Determinação das características e mecânicas de variedades de abacate e sua conservação pelo frio. Coletânea ITAL 7: 29-81. BRASIL – MINISTÉRIO DA SÁUDE. Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Métodos físicos e químicos para análise de alimentos. 4. ed. São Paulo: Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 2008. 1020p. CATALANO, AE; SCHILIRÓ, A; TODARO, A; PALMIERI, R; SPAGNA, G. 2007. Enzymatic degradations on fresh-cut eggplants differently packaged. Acta Horticulturae 746: 469-474. CHITARRA, MIF; CHITARRA, AB. 2005. Pós- colheita de frutos e hortaliças: fisiologia e manuseio. 2. ed. Lavras: UFLA. 785p. DANTAS, MIS; DELIZA, R; MINIM, VPR; HEDDERLEY, D. 2005. Avaliação da intenção de compra de couve minimamente processada. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 25: 762- 767. FONSECA, SC; OLIVEIRA, FAR; BRECHT, JK. 2002. Modelling respiration rate of fresh fruits and vegetables for modified atmosphere packages: a review. Journal of444 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

The use of active modified atmosphere for the conservation of minimally processed eggplant Food Engineering 52: 99-119. 2014. Effects of ascorbic acid and high oxygen Journal Science Technology 44: 875-889.GHIDELLI, C; MATEOS, M; ROJAS-ARGUDO, modified atmosphere packaging during storage RUSSO, VC; DAIUTO, ER; SANTOS, BL; of fresh-cut eggplants. Revista de Agroquimica C; PÉREZ-GAGO, MB. 2014. Extending y Tecnologia de Alimentos 20: 99-108. LOZANO, MG; VIEITES, RL; VIEIRA, the shelf life of fresh-cut eggplant with a soy MRS. 2012. Qualidade de abóbora protein-cysteine based edible coating and MEILGAARD, M.; CIVILLE, GV; CARR, BT. minimamente processada armazenada em modified atmosphere packaging. Postharvest 1999. Sensory evaluation techniques. 3. ed. atmosfera modificada ativa. Semina: Ciências Biology and Technology 95: 81-87. New York: CRC. 281 p. Agrárias 33: 1071-1084. SHUKLA, V; NAIK, LB. 1993. Agro-techniquesHOFFMANN, FL. 2001. Fatores limitantes MIGUEL, ACA; ABRAHÃO, C; DIAS, JRPS; of Solanaceous vegetables. Malhotra à proliferação de microorganismos em SPOTO, MHF. 2010. Modificações sensoriais Publishing House 5: 364-399. alimentos. Brasil Alimentos 9: 23-30. em abacaxi ‘Pérola’armazenado à temperatura SILVA, AVC; OLIVEIRA, DSN; YAGUIU, ambiente. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos P; CARNELOSSI, MAG; MUNIZ, EN;JACXSENS, L; DEVLIEGHERE, F; RAGAERT, 29: 504-507. NARAIN, N. 2009. Temperatura e embalagem P; VANNESTE, E; DEBEVERE, J. 2003. para abóbora minimamente processada. Relation between microbiological quality, MINOLTA, K. 1998. Comunicação precisa da Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 29: 391- metabolite production and sensory quality of cor: controle de qualidade da percepção 394. equilibrium modified atmosphere packaged à instrumentação. Osaka: Konika Minolta STEFFENS, CA; AMARANTE, CVT; ALVES, fresh-cut produce. International Journal of Sensing Inc. 59p. EO; TANAKA, H; BRACKMANN,A; BOTH, Food Microbiology 83: 263-280. V. 2009. Armazenamento de ameixas ‘Laetitia’ MORETTI, CL; PINELI, LO. 2005. Qualidade em atmosfera modificada.Ciência Rural 39:KLUGE, RA; COSTA, CA; VITTI, MCD; química e física de berinjelas submetidas a 2439-2444. ONGARELLI, MG; JACOMINO, AP; diferentes tratamentos pós-colheita. Ciência e MORETTI, CL. 2006. Armazenamento Tecnologia de Alimentos 25: 339-344. TOIVONEN, PMA; DEDELL, JR. 2002. refrigerado de beterraba minimamente Physiology of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. processada em diferentes tipos de corte. RINALDI, MM; BENEDETTI, BC; In: LAMIKANRA, O. (ed). Fresh-cut fruits Ciência Rural 36: 263-270. SARANTÓPOULOS, CIGL; MORETTI, CL. and vegetables. Science, Technology and 2009. Estabilidade de repolho minimamente Market. Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton.KLUGE, RA; GEERDINK, GM; TEZOTTO- processado sob diferentes sistemas de p.91-123. ULIANA, JV; GUASSI, SAD; ZORZETO, embalagem. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos TQ; SASAKI, FFC; MELLO, SC. 29: 310-315. VIEITES, RL; RUSSO, VC; DAIUTO, ER. 2014. 2014. Qualidade de pimentões amarelos Qualidade do abacate ‘Hass’ frigoarmazenado minimamente processados tratados com ROJAS-GRAU, MA; RAYBAUDI-MASSILIA, submetido a atmosferas modificadas ativas. antioxidantes. Semina: Ciências Agrárias RM; SOLIVA-FORTUNY, R; MARTIN- Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 36: 329- 35: 801-812. BELLOSO, O. 2009. The use of packaging 338. techniques to maintain freshness in fresh-cutLI, X.; JIANG, Y.; LI, W.; TANG, Y.; YUN, J. fruits and vegetables: a review. InternationalHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 445

ResearchSILVA, VPR; SOUSA, IF; TAVARES, AL; SILVA, TGF; SILVA, BB; HOLANDA, RM; BRITO, JIB; BRAGA, CC; SOUZA, EP; SILVA, MT. 2018. Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of coriander grown in tropical environment. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 446-452. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180404Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of coriandergrown in tropical environmentVicente de PR da Silva1; Inajá Francisco de Sousa2; Alexandra LTavares1; Thieres George F da Silva3; BernardoB da Silva1; Romildo M de Holanda3; José Ivaldo B de Brito1; Célia C Braga1; Enio P de Souza1; Madson T Silva11Universidade Federal da Capina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande-PB, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];2Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracajú-SE, Brazil; [email protected]; 3Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco(UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The water scarcity is expected to intensify in the future and Evapotranspiração, coeficiente de colheita e eficiência de usoirrigation becomes an essential component of crop production, de água do coentro cultivado em ambiente tropicalespecially in arid and semiarid regions, where the available waterresources are limited. Four field experiments were carried out A escassez de água deve intensificar-se no futuro e a irrigação seat tropical environment in Brazil in 2013 and 2014, in order to tornar alternativa essencial da produção agrícola, especialmente nasevaluate the effect of planting date on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), regiões áridas e semi-áridas, onde os recursos hídricos disponíveiscrop coefficient (Kc), growth parameters and water use efficiency são limitados. Foram realizados quatro experimentos de campo em(WUE) of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) plants. The planting ambiente tropical (2013 e 2014) com o objetivo de avaliar o efeitodates occurred during winter, spring, summer and autumn growing da data de plantio sobre a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), oseasons. ETc was obtained through the soil water balance method coeficiente de cultura (Kc), as variáveis de crescimento e a eficiênciaand the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) through the Penman- de uso de água de coentro (Coriandrum sativum). Os plantios foramMonteith method, using data collected from an automatic weather realizadas durante as estações de cultivo de inverno, primavera, verãostation located close to the experimental area. The results of the e outono. A ETc foi obtida através do método do balanço hídricoresearch showed that the mean values of coriander ETc and Kc were do solo e da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) pelo método139.8 mm and 0.87, respectively. Coriander water demand is higher de Penman-Monteith, utilizando dados coletados de uma estaçãoin the summer growing season and lower in the winter; however, its meteorológica automática localizada próxima à área experimental.yield is higher in the autumn and lower in the winter. Coriander has Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que os valores médios de ETc ehigher yield and development of its growth variables in the autumn Kc do coentro foram 139,8 mm e 0,87, respectivamente. A demandagrowing season. The results also indicated that the interannual climate hídrica da cultura foi maior durante o verão e menor no inverno;variations had significant effects on most growth variables, as yield, e no entanto, a sua produtividade é maior no outono e menor noETc and Kc of coriander grown in tropical environment. inverno. Os resultados também indicaram que o coentro tem maior produtividade e desenvolvimento de suas variáveis de crescimento durante o período de outono. As variações climáticas exerceram efeitos significativos sobre a maioria das variáveis de crescimento, produtividade, ETc e Kc de coentro cultivadas em ambiente tropical no Brasil.Keywords: Coriandrum sativum, soil water balance, irrigation, Palavras-chave: Coriandrum sativum, balanço hídrico do solo,Penman-Monteith approach. irrigação, método de Penman-Monteith. Received on June 8, 2017; accepted on February 2, 2018Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is consumption are located; however, it has Coriander is one of the oleaginous an herbaceous vegetable with high been also cultivated in South America, seasonings with the most diverseeconomic value and socioeconomic North Africa and India (Zekovíc et al., purposes, whose seeds contain essentialimportance in the world. The green 2016). Coriander is a hot-climate crop oil rich in linalool and are used mainlyleaves and crushed seeds provide the and does not tolerate low temperatures. as a component of foods, medicinalspicy flavor, while the seed oil is used In regions of hot climate and low drugs, flavoring agents and perfumes.in perfumes, cosmetics and soaps. altitude, it can be sown during the entire Seeds and leaves of coriander are usedThis crop stands out in Asia, where the year and its harvest can be performed 3 as condiment in food industry, andleading countries in production and to 5 weeks after sowing. recent studies have addressed the use446 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of coriander grown in tropical environmentof coriander leaf extracts in applications to the edaphoclimatic conditions of slightly jagged, with an intense, shinyof biomedicine, pharmaceutical industry the region, comes to fill a large gap for green color and good adaptation toand biotechnologies (Narayanan & production optimization. To address this tropical regions (Silva et al., 2013). ASakthivel, 2008). In addition, the issue, the present study aims to determine micro-sprinkler irrigation system wasvegetable oil extracted from coriander evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and used and the flow rate of the irrigationfruits has high concentration of water use efficiency of coriander grown pipe was 60 L h-1. Irrigations weremonounsaturated fatty acids, especially in a tropical environment. Another performed twice a day, according topetroselinic acid, a compound useful objective was to study the effects of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo).for the production of detergents, which growing seasons on yield and growth Plant spacings were 0.25 m betweencan be used in the synthesis of nylon variables of coriander. rows and 0.10 m between plants.polymers (Msaada et al., 2009). MATERIAL AND METHODS Plants were fertilized using a Coriander cultivation mainly aims at compound of urea (0.9 kg/ha), dicalciumthe production of fresh leaf matter, while Four field experiments were carried phosphate (0.9 kg/ha), cow manure (30its dried fruits (seeds) are widely used out over four successive seasons in 2013 kg/ha) and sheep manure (30 kg/ha)in the industry of condiments. Some and 2014 at the Vegetable Production twice a week until the end of the cropvarieties are used for the extraction of Unit, belonging to the company cycle. In the case of intense rainfalls,essential oils with high added value, Hortaliças Vida Verde (Itabaiana, another type of fertigation was used,employed in the industries of flavoring Sergipe State), in partnership with the containing calcium nitrate, appliedagents, cosmetics and medicinal drugs. Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), after a short dry period in order to notCoriander’s popularity comes not only Brazil (10°41’06”S; 37°25’31”W; compromise the plant with excessivefrom its use for oil, such as soap, creams, 188 m altitude). The vegetable water. Every week, five coriander plantslotions and perfumes, but also from its cultivation area belonging to this were harvested for the determinationuse as a domestic spice (Burdock & business enterprise comprehends of leaf area, using a leaf area meterCarabin, 2009). Coriander essential oil approximately 6.5 hectares. The climate (LI-COR, LI-3000c Series). Root andis used as a flavor ingredient, but it has is characterized as tropical, with 24.5ºC stem lengths were measured with aalso been used as a traditional medicine mean annual temperature, 1,850 mm ruler, graduated in mm, and leaves were(Burdock & Carabin, 2009). On the annual evaporation, 60% mean relative weighed (fresh matter) at the laboratory.other hand, coriander seeds are mainly humidity and 839 mm mean rainfall.responsible for its medical use and have The rainy period occurs between May The smallest number of days frombeen used as a drug for indigestion, and July (Silva, 2004). The rainfall transplanting to harvest occurred inagainst worms, rheumatism and pain regime in the region has an irregular the spring growing season, followedin the articulation (Wangensteen et spatial and temporal distribution, which by the summer growing season. Eachal., 2004). The properties of coriander is a characteristic of the Brazilian growing season was characterizedvegetable oil have great commercial northeast region. Because of that, its with different climatic conditions. Soilimportance, because the profile of this rainfall seasonality concentrates almost water content was measured usingoil comprises the five types of fatty all its volume during the five months in a portable soil moisture monitoringacids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic the winter period (Silva et al., 2009). system (Diviner 2000, Sentek Pty. Ltd.,and linolenic), characteristic for the Australia) previously calibrated forproduction of biodiesel. The soil in the experimental area is the soil of the experimental area with classified as Red Yellow Argisol, with the gravimetric sampling technique, Coriander fruits are potentially sandy loam texture, as sand at 0-15 cm according to Morgan et al. (1999). Thean important source of petroselinic depth and as loam at 15-30 cm. The Diviner 2000 is a portable soil moistureacid, which has numerous industrial soil chemical composition indicated monitoring instrument that consistsapplications (Msaada et al., 2009). mean contents of potassium, calcium of a probe and hand-held data loggerHowever, no water requirements and crop and magnesium of 87.3 mg/dm3, 50 mg/ (Zhou et al., 2008). The measurementscoefficients have been reported so far in dm3 and 2.9 cmol/dm3, respectively. The of mean volumetric soil water contentresearches about coriander, particularly daily meteorological data were obtained were performed at daily intervals afterin semiarid regions (Ghamarnia et al., from the regional automatic weather each irrigation or rainfall at every 102013). Thus, despite the importance of stations located 600 m away from the cm depth from the surface to 50 cm.coriander in various sectors of economy, experimental area. The study analyzed For each experimental plot of 15.0 xcookery and medicine, among other the coriander crop, cultivar ‘Tabocas’, 0.7 m, 5 access tubes were installed foractivities, studies on the adequate planted on the density of 550,000 plants/ measurements of soil water content, inmanagement of coriander cultivation ha. This cultivar is considered being three replicates. Irrigation managementin tropical regions are still scarce in early, 35 to 46 days cycle, uniform, was performed using the crop coefficientthe literature. Therefore, conducting excellent rusticity and good tolerance established in the FAO-56 Bulletinregional experiments with the coriander to early bolting. The leaves are large, (Allen et al., 1998).crop in order to search for improvementsin its large-scale production, adapted Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined through the soil waterHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 447

VPR Silva et al.balance method, as follows: area, root length, stem diameter, to 56±12.5% in autumn. Summer fresh leaf weight, yield and daily transplanting date was the warmest, ETc = P + I + A - D - DW + R evapotranspiration). Differences followed by the autumn and winter between means were tested using growing seasons and insolation waswhere P= rainfall; I= irrigation depth; Tukey and Scott-Knott tests at p<0.05. quite high during all seasons.A= capillary rise; D= deep drainage; Statistical analyses were performedDW= variation of water depth available using the program ASISSTAT (Silva, Growth parametersin the soil and R= surface runoff. 1996). The experimental design was ofAll the components of the equation randomized complete blocks in factorial The growth variables of theare expressed in mm. Rainfall was scheme 4x3, factor 1 (treatments) coriander crop were measured startingmonitored using a pluviometer, installed corresponding to 4 growing seasons and 14 days after planting date (DAP),in the experimental area, and DW was factor 3 to three replications. Spacing when the plants presented favorabledetermined based on the soil moisture between plants and rows was 10 and size for measurements. From this dateprofile. The control volume considered 25 cm respectively. Each experimental on, the following growth variablesfor water balance corresponds to the soil plot’s useful area measured 9.8 m2 (0.7 were measured: leaf area, root length,layer between surface and effective root m width x 14 m length) with 65 plants. stem length and fresh leaf weight. Thesystem depth (0.4 m). Since the water values of coriander growth variableslevel in the studied area is more than RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in the four experimental periods are1 m deep, the term capillary rise was shown in Table 2. The crop showedconsidered as null. Soil water drainage Climatic data the highest values of leaf area duringwas obtained based on the procedures the autumn growing season, varyingestablished by Azevedo et al. (2006). The values of meteorological from 27.5 cm2 to 350.4 cm2 at the endSurface runoff (R) was not considered variables during the four experimental of the crop cycle. The value of leafbecause of the flat terrain topography. campaigns with the coriander crop area at 38 DAP in the autumn season isThe ETo values were determined using in the studied region are presented in statistically significant at the 0.05 levelthe air temperature, net radiation, wind Table 1. Seasonal rainfall during the of confidence. The lowest leaf area ofspeed and relative humidity data and the winter growing season was highest coriander was observed in the summer,FAO Penman-Monteith equation (Allen in comparison to the other periods, represented only 9% of that in theet al., 1998). The meteorological data of with 197.2±5.68 mm; however, the autumn cultivation. Such performancethe experimental site for determining summer showed the lowest total rainfall, is not only associated with the absenceETo were obtained from an automatic representing only 24% of the total of the of rains in the summer, because in theweather station near the experimental winter. The highest insolation and Class winter the leaf area showed its secondsite. The crop coefficient was determined A pan evaporation values were recorded lowest value, only 91.63 cm2, whichthrough the ratio between ETc and ETo for the summer growing season, while represents more than 26% of that indefined by meteorological data. On the insolation in the winter represented the winter growing season. Hence, itthe other hand, water use efficiency 74% of that of the summer and 90% is observed that the autumn growing(WUE) was obtained as the ratio of that of the autumn. Temperatures season is the most adequate period forbetween grain weight or biomass showed little variation between growing coriander cultivation in the studiedyield and crop evapotranspiration seasons, and the mean values of summer region.expressed in kilogram units per hectare and autumn were virtually equal,per millimeter of water. around 27ºC, representing only 10% Root length values are the highest of the mean temperature of the first ones and strictly equal during the spring A multivariate analysis of variance experimental campaign during the and autumn growing seasons (14 cm),(MANOVA) was performed to compare winter. Mean annual relative humidity which are statistically significant at thethe effect of different growing seasons varied significantly among growing 0.05 level from those found in winter(winter, summer, spring and autumn) seasons, from 39±5.4% in spring and summer growing seasons. In theon coriander growth variables (leaf winter period, in which the rainfallTable 1. Mean ± standard deviation of climate data during four growing seasons of coriander grown in tropical environment. Mean airtemperature (Temp), Wind speed (WS), Relative humidity (RH), Class A pan evaporation (Class A), Insolation (Ins) and Rainfall (Rain).Itabaiana, UFS, 2013-2014.Growing seasons Temp (oC) WS (m/s) RH (%) Class A Ins (h) Rain (mm)Summer 27.5±0.75 1.8±0.59 57±11.9 364.0±1,9 320.8±3.2 48.0±1.99Autumn 27.1±1.16 0.7±0.32 56±12.5 259.7±1,9 265.1±2.7Winter 24.5±1.14 1.4±0.44 47±10.6 217.8±3,6 239.0±3.2 121.2±5.70Spring 27.2±1.19 2.3±0.64 39±5.4 309.1±1,51 328.1±2.94 197.2±5.68 15.2±1.64448 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of coriander grown in tropical environmentindices are higher, root growth is in spring growing season. At the end of growing season. Coriander plants havelower, because the search for water and the coriander development cycle, the high values of leaf area, root length,nutrients is facilitated by the interaction difference between stem length values yield and water use efficiency in thewith the environment. In this period in the winter and summer periods is autumn growing season. However,of the year, total rainfall was equal to not statistically significant at the 0.05 stem length and fresh leaf weight are197.2 mm and mean air temperature level, but is statistically different from highest during summer and springwas 24.5ºC (Table 1). At the beginning those found in the summer and autumn growing seasons. There were significantof vegetative growth (14 DAP), stem growing seasons. Only the stem length differences in growth variables betweenlength showed lowest value in the winter referring to the spring growing season growing seasons at the end of crop cycleseason, representing less than 50% of did not show statistically significant (38 DAP).that of the spring season. On the other difference between the values of 21hand, at the end of the crop cycle, stem and 38 DAP. Coriander showed higher The differences between means oflength was higher in summer and lower vegetative development in the autumn fresh leaf weight for autumn and the other growing seasons were deemedTable 2. Growth variables throughout the development cycle of coriander plants grown in to be significant at p<0.05. The freshtropical environment. Itabaiana, UFS, 2013-2014. leaf weight of coriander showed slight development in the summer season,Growing Day after planting (DAP) as well as the other growth variables,seasons 14º 21º 38º because the plant has high sensitivity to high temperatures and low rainfalls Leaf area (cm2) that normally occur in this period of the year. The variation in corianderWinter 1.30 aB 9.17 bB 91.63 bA fresh leaf weight only occur betweenSpring 2.40 aB 47.60 bB 100.77 bA 21 and 38 DAP, precisely at the end of the crop cycle. On the other hand,Summer 3.43 aA 10.60 bA 31.63 cA between 14 and 21 DAP, there was no statistically significant change in freshAutumn 27.53 aC 119.13 aB 350.40 aA leaf weight, according to the Scott- Knott test. Unfavorable environmental Root length (cm) conditions were responsible for changes in coriander growth variables.Winter 4.67 bB 11.17 aA 10.17 bASpring 6.67 bB 12.67 aA 14.00 aA Evapotranspiration and water use efficiencySummer 8.67 aB 9.50 aB 11.83 bA Fresh leaf weight yields of corianderAutumn 5.67 bC 9.67 aB 14.00 aA during the four experimental campaigns are shown in Table 3. The lowest Stem lenght (cm) crop yield occurred in the summer, representing only 33.5% of that obtainedWinter 0.67 bB 1.83 aA 1.50 bA in the autumn growing season. TheSpring 1.33 aB 1.83 aA 1.17 bB highest crop yield in the autumn is statistically significant at the 0.05Summer 0.60 bB 1.83 aA 2.00 aA level from those of the other growing seasons. Otherwise, there were noAutumn 0.50 bB 1.50 aA 1.83 aA significant differences between yields of winter and spring growing seasons. Fresh leaf weight (cm) Yields of coriander grown in tropical environment in Brazil were significantlyWinter 0.23 aB 1.20 bB 6.53 cA high, specially throughout the autumnSpring 0.10 aB 3.23 bB 10.00 bA growing season. Coriander yield varied from 2,715 kg ha-1 in the summer toSummer 0.43 aB 1.70 bB 4.93 cA 8,103 kg ha-1 in the autumn. Similar results were obtained by Tavella et al.Autumn 1.40 aC 6.37 aB 4.73 aA (2010), who observed yields ranging from 7,218 kg ha-1, with conventionalMeans followed by the same letter(s), uppercase in rows and lowercase in columns, do not soil tillage, to 8,004 kg ha-1, with nodiffer by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05). tillage. Low values in coriander yield varying from 800 kg ha-1 to 2,297 kgTable 3. Cumulative crop evapotranspiration [Cumulated ETc (mm)], reference evapotranspi-ration [ETo (mm/day)], daily evapotranspiration [Daily ETc (mm/day)], Yield [Y (kg/ha/mm 449water)] and water use efficiency [WUE (kg/ha/mm water)] of coriander grown in tropicalenvironment. Itabaiana, UFS, 2013-2014.Growing seasons Cumulated ETo Daily ETc Y WUE ETcWinter 103.4 2.70 2.3 b 3597 ab 34.9Spring 187.7 3.46 4.9 a 5500 ab 29.9Summer 223.1 4.62 5.2 a 2715 b 12.2Autumn 180.8 3.07 3.9 ab 8103 a 44.8Means with the same letter within columns are not significantly different at p<0.05 by Tukeytest.Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

VPR Silva et al.ha−1 have been previously reported date on seed yield and oil composition grown in tropical environment. These(Ayanoglue et al., 2002). Zheljazkov in Atlantic Canada. Our results indicated significant effects were due to theet al. (2008) reported coriander yield that the interannual climate variations changes in air temperature, rainfallduring both summers of 429 kg ha-1 showed significant effects on growth and relative humidity throughout thewhen analyzing the effects of sowing variables, yield, ETc and Kc of coriander year (Table 2). Similar results were obtained by Msaada et al. (2009), who found changes in essential oil yield for the eight samples of coriander growing in two different Tunisian regions. They also reported that changes during fruit maturation and the physiological maturation process promote changes in yield. In addition, coriander plants produce high biomass, grain yield and essential oil in favorable environments (Lenardis et al., 2007).Figure 1. Seasonal course of evapotranspiration, rainfall and irrigation during winter, spring, Coriander water consumption issummer and autumn growing seasons in tropical environment. Itabaiana, UFS, 2013-2014. higher in the summer (5.19 mm/day), in the period in which temperatures are higher and rainfalls are lower, followed by spring, reaching a mean value of 4.9 mm day-1. The winter is the period in which coriander plants show the lowest water demand, 2.3 mm day-1, probably in response to the milder temperatures and higher values of total rainfall. Coriander ETc during the winter campaign was statistically different from those observed in the spring, summer and winter campaigns, according to the Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. In addition, ETc still in the winter campaign was, on average, lower than half of the values found in spring and summer campaigns, and 57% lower than the values of the autumn campaign. This is associated with the fact that the mean values of air temperature, insolation and wind speed were lower in the autumn compared with spring and summer campaigns. Thus, crop evapotranspiration is strongly influenced not only by soil water content, but also by air temperature and the number of hours in which the plant is subjected to it. The smallest Y and WUE values occurred on the summer growing season because of the inherent highest values in crop evapotranspiration. There were no significant differences of Y values between the winter, spring and autumn growing seasons. Otherwise, there were significant differences for Y values between autumn and the other growing seasons. The results of the current study also indicate that the autumn cultivation450 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of coriander grown in tropical environment which varied from 6.53 mm at 14 DAP to 6.28 mm at 35 DAP. During the autumn experimental period (Figure 1d), there were the highest rainfall values at the beginning and at the end, which were equal to 53.1 and 56.2 mm at 7 and 40 DAP, respectively. The highest irrigation depths applied in the area were 38.5 mm at 21 DAP and 32.9 mm at 35 DAP.Figure 2. Coriander crop coefficient curve (solid line) and mean weekly values (filled circles) Crop coefficientalong its growth development for tropical environment. Itabaiana, UFS, 2013-2014. The values in Kc of corianderprovides significant increases in both Y season. These results suggest that the obtained through the soil water balanceand WUE of coriander grown in tropical climatic variables during the summer method as a function of the days afterenvironment. The lowest values of water growing season produce changes in the planting (DAP) are presented in Figureuse efficiency were achieved in the metabolism of coriander, which resulted 2. In this case, coriander Kc can besummer, when rainfall is low and air in decrease of its yield variables. obtained through the equation: Kc=temperature, Class A pan evaporation 0.3523 + 0.0564 DAP - 0.0012 DAP2and insolation are high. These results are Seasonal course of with R2= 0.94. The mean Kc is 0.86,in agreement with Farahani et al. (2008), evapotranspiration with values of 0.80, 1.00 and 0.80 inwho pointed out that drought stress the initial, middle and final stages,significantly affects WUE, studying During the winter growing season, respectively. Therefore, the observedthe effects of drought stress on some there was the highest total rainfall (47.7 temporal variation in Kc is assumed tocharacteristics of coriander in Iran. mm) at 7 DAP (Figure 1a). In addition, be a function of the DAP, with highly due to the higher amount of rains in this significant correlation coefficient. The values in ETo follow the same period, there were not many irrigations These results suggest that the equationbehavior pattern of ETc, with maximum in the coriander plantation area and reasonably describes the relationshipvalues in the summer and minimum the highest irrigation depth applied between the crop coefficient and DAP.values in the winter. Cumulative crop was equal to 7.1 mm, at 14 DAP. Thisevapotranspiration varied from 103.4 indicates that ETc responded to the Similar results were obtained by Silvamm in the winter to 223.1 mm in the reduction in evapotranspiration with et al. (2013), using the methodologysummer. These results are in contrast the excess of moisture in the soil and of dual crop coefficient. Thesewith previous findings reported by the low evaporative demand. During authors found Kc values for corianderGhamarnia et al. (2013), who found ETc the spring growing season, coriander phenological stages of 0.82 (initial);values of coriander grown in semiarid ETc reached 5.8 mm at 38 DAP (Figure 1.03 (developing); 1.07 (middle) andclimate in Iran to be 647 mm. This 1b), when there were less rainfalls and 0.93 (final). However, Ghamarniaabrupt difference between results can consequently more irrigations, which et al. (2013) reported different Kcbe attributed to climate conditions, varied from 38.0 to 35.5 mm between values in the calculation of crop watercrop variety, soil and crop management 21 and 38 DAP, respectively. requirements and crop coefficients ofpractices, growing conditions and coriander grown in semiarid climate inplanting arrangement. Increasing water The same occurred during the Iran. They found single crop coefficientamounts in the winter growing season summer growing season (Figure 1c), values of 0.66, 1.19, 1.36, 0.98 for thedecreased crop evapotranspiration and a period in which the crop showed initial, developing, middle and finaldid not increase yield as expected. Leaf the highest values of ETc, due to the stages, respectively. The interannualarea and yield are lowest during summer small number of rainfall events and climate variations have effects on mostand highest during the autumn growing high number of irrigations. In this case, growth parameters, yield, ETc and Kc coriander ETc reached highest values, of coriander plants. Similar results were obtained by Rashed & DarweshHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 (2015), who analyzed the effect of microclimate on coriander planting date and water requirements under different nitrogen sources in Egypt. During the phenological stages of coriander, its growth variables varied significantly between the growing seasons. According to the result of the interaction between the coriander 451

VPR Silva et al.crop and the atmosphere, there is Management 84: 259-264. 1.21. Stepney: Sentek Pty. Ltd. 2000.higher development in the growthvariables and higher yield values for the BURDOCK, GA; CARABIN, LG. 2009. Safety SILVA, VPR. 2004. On climate variabilityautumn growing season. The coriander assessment of coriander (Coriandrum sativum in Northeast of Brazil. Journal of Aridcrop shows higher water demand in L.) essential oil as a good ingredient. Food and Environments 58: 575-596.the summer period, due to the high Chemical Toxicology 47: 22-34.temperatures and low total rainfall in SILVA, FAS. 1996. The ASSISTAT Software:the region. Evapotranspiration, yield FARAHANI, A; LEBASCHI, H; HUSSEIN, M; statistical assistance. In: Internationaland water use efficiency of coriander HUSSEIN, SA; REZA, VA; JAHANFAR, D. Conference on Computers in Agriculture.are highly affected by the climatic 2008. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trans. 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A comparative study on the effect of ZHOU, Q; KANG, S; LI, F; ZHANG, L. 2008. microclimate on planting date and water Comparison of dynamic and static APRI- requirements under different nitrogen sources models to simulate soil water dynamics in on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Annals a vineyard over the growing season under of Agricultural Sciences 60: 227-243. alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 95: 767-775. SENTEK DIVINER 2000. User guide version452 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

ResearchROCHA, PA; SANTOS, MR; DONATO, SLR; BRITO, CFB; AVILA, JS. 2018. Bell pepper cultivation under different irrigation strategies in soil with and without mulching. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 453-460. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180405Bell pepper cultivation under different irrigation strategies in soil withand without mulchingPablo A Rocha1; Marcelo R Santos1; Sérgio LR Donato1; Cleiton FB Brito2; Joseani S Ávila31Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), Guanambi-BA, Brazil; [email protected];2Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Janaúba-MG, Brazil; 3Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB),Vitória da Conquista-BA, Brazil ABSTRACT RESUMO This study aimed to evaluate productive, physiological and Cultivo do pimentão sob diferentes estratégias de irrigaçãophytotechnical characteristics of bell pepper under different irrigation em solo com e sem coberturastrategies, in soil with mulch (polyethylene film, black on bottom,white on top) and without mulching. The experimental design was of Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de diferentes estratégias de irrigaçãorandomized blocks with four replicates, arranged in split plot scheme; nas características produtivas, fisiológicas e fitotécnicas de plantasplots consisted of treatments with and without mulching, and in the de pimentão, em solo com e sem cobertura (filme de polietileno,subplots ten irrigation strategies = 1) 125% of crop evapotranspiration preto na parte inferior e branco na parte superior). O experimento(ETc); 2) 100% of ETc; 3) 75% of ETc; 4) 50% of ETc, both in foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, emvegetative phase (FI) and production phase (FII); 5) regulated deficit esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas os tratamentos foramirrigation (RDI); with 50% of ETc in FI and 100% of ETc in FII; 6) cobertura do solo e nas subparcelas dez estratégias de irrigação = 1)RDI with 100% of ETc in FI and 50% of ETc in FII; 7) RDI with 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc); 2) 100% da ETc; 3) 75%75% of ETc in FI and 100% of ETc in FII; 8) RDI with 100% of ETc da ETc; 4) 50% da ETc, tanto na fase vegetativa (FI) e de produçãoin FI and 75% of ETc in FII; 9) RDI with 125% of ETc in FI and (FII); 5) irrigação com déficit controlado (RDI) com 50% da ETc na75% of ETc in FII; 10) RDI with 75% of ETc in FI and 125% of ETc FI e 100% da ETc na FII; 6) RDI com 100% da ETc na FI e 50% dain FII. Two phytotechnical and one physiological evaluations were ETc na FII; 7) RDI 75% da ETc na FI e 100% da ETc na FII; 8) RDIdone during the phases of development and production. Moreover, 100% da ETc na FI e 75% da ETc na FII; 9) RDI 125% da ETc na FIwe determined productivity and water-use efficiency 90 days after e 75% da ETc na FII; 10) RDI 75% da ETc na FI e 125% da ETc naseedling transplanting. Plants maintained quantum efficiency and FII. Foram realizadas duas avaliações fitotécnicas e uma fisiológicachlorophyll a content close to the ideal. Mulching provided higher durante as fases de desenvolvimento e produção da cultura. Alémnumber of fruits in comparison to plants grown in bare soil. Diameter, disso, determinou-se produtividade e eficiência do uso da água apósmass and length of the fruits as well as peel thickness were higher 90 dias das mudas transplantadas. Verificou-se que as plantas man-at the first two harvests. Irrigation at 50% of ETc in mulched soil tiveram a eficiência quântica e os valores de clorofila a próximos aoprovided higher productivity using less water, increasing water-use ideal. O uso do mulching proporciona maior quantidade de frutos,efficiency. comparado ao solo descoberto. O diâmetro, massa e comprimento dos frutos e a espessura da casca foram maiores nas duas primeiras colheitas. Por fim, a irrigação com 50% da ETc em solo com mulching, proporcionou maior produtividade com a utilização de menos água, ou seja, com maior eficiência de uso da água.Keywords: Capsicum annuum, water deficit, mulching, water-use Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum, irrigação com déficit, coberturaefficiency. do solo, eficiência do uso da água. Received on December 6, 2017; accepted on June 20, 2018Bell pepper is a vegetable of great the main producers in the Northeast locations, bell pepper is produced economic importance in Brazil. region of the Country (Nascimento, in open field during dry season or inThis vegetable has been grown and 2014). plastic-covered greenhouses, where theconsumed throughout the country; irrigation is an essential practice in orderthe planting area is estimated on 19 Bahia has vegetable crops in to supply the water demand of the plants.thousand hectares and production over Chapada Diamantina, Irecê, Vitória da420 thousand tons (FAO, 2017). The Conquista, Juazeiro and Jaguaquara. In this context, further studies oncrop shows good adaptation to Semiarid In Vitória da Conquista, bell pepper is availability and use of water in theconditions. States such as Pernambuco, grown in urban and periurban areas, Northeast Region of Brazil, especially inParaíba, Ceará and Bahia are considered with planting areas in the municipalities semiarid region, considering irrigation of Barra do Choça and Poções. In these water use efficiency, are still necessary.Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 453

PA Rocha et al.The use of deficit irrigation strategies In the experimental period, a rainfall rows were arranged in seedbeds, 0.15has contributed to maintain productivity accumulation of 87 mm, average m high and 0.50 m wide. In the plotsand increase water use efficiency. maximum and minimum temperatures with mulching, the seedbeds wereAmong these strategies, partial rootzone of 27.4 and 16.3°C, respectively, and covered with polyethylene film (blackdrying (PRD) and regulated deficit average relative humidity of 74% on bottom, white on top), 1.6 m wideirrigation (RDI) stand out (Santos et (Figure 1A) were verified. and 50 microns thick.al, 2014, Chai et al., 2016; Santos &Brito, 2016), being used to control The experiment was conducted During the experiment, cultural andwater use during irrigation in important in randomized blocks, with four phytosanitary practices were carrieddevelopment phases of the crop, favoring replicates, in a split plot scheme, out according to the recommendationsthe reduction of the water applied to consisting of two treatments in the plots, for the crop: control of invasive plants;crop and to maintain productivity. with and without mulching, and ten elimination of the first flower/fruit on treatments in the split plots, consisting the first fork of the plant, woody stakes RDI consists of applying deficit of water depths and regulated deficit to support the plant, in a mattressirrigation during phases of plant irrigation (RDI) in vegetative (FI) system, using plastic ribbons placeddevelopment which the growing and and production phase (FII) = 1) 125% horizontally, spaced 20 cm in thequality of fruit show low sensitivity, of crop evapotranspiration (ETc); 2), cultivation line direction; and sproutbeing possible to reduce water and 100% of ETc; 3) 75% of ETc; 4) 50% thinning, removing the excess of shootsenergy consumption without losing fruit of ETc, both in vegetative (FI) and and branches. In the crop phenologicalquality and harming the plant (Santos et production phase (FII); 5) regulated cycle, the authors verified low incidenceal., 2014; Chai et al., 2016). deficit irrigation (RDI) with 50% of of pests and diseases. ETc in FI and 100% of ETc in FII; 6) Besides these irrigation strategies RDI with 100% of ETc in FI and 50% Soil chemical and physicalwhich aim to increase water use of ETc in FII; 7) RDI 75% of ETc in FI characteristics, 0-0.2 m deep, beforeefficiency, the use of plastic mulching and 100% of ETc in FII; 8) RDI 100% the installation of the experiment were:on bell pepper crops have been adopted of ETc in FI and 75% of ETc in FII; 9) pH (H2O)= 5.1; P= 145 mg dm-3, K=by producers worldwide due to higher RDI 125% of ETc in FI and 75% of 0.49 cmolc dm-3, Ca= 3.00 cmolc dm-3;soil water conservation, resulting in ETc in FII; 10) RDI 75% of ETc in FI Mg= 0.74 cmolc dm-3, Al= 0.30 cmolclower soil moisture variability on the and 125% of ETc in FII. Accumulated dm-3, Na= 0.06 cmolc dm-3, H+Al= 7.26superficial soil layer, with higher root irrigation in vegetative and production cmolc dm-3, SB= 4.28 cmolc dm-3,concentration and less irrigation need phase are shown in Figure 1B. CTC= 11.54 cmolc dm-3, V= 37%,(Marouelli, 2016). M.O.= 37 g kg-1, Cu= 1.27 mg dm-3, The experimental unit consisted of Fe= 98.91 mg dm-3, Zn= 4.22 mg dm-3, The combination of factors such four rows with seven plants, in which Mn= 6.51 mg dm-3 and sandy clay loamas irrigation strategies and mulching the useful plants were the ones in the texture. Soil correction and top-dressingmay result in significant increases center rows and the five center plants, fertilizations via fertigation were donein production system and this fact totalizing ten useful plants in the split according to the analysis result.is relevantly important in Semiarid plot, considering that each plot consistedRegion, where availability of water of ten split plots. For vegetative and Fertilization via fertigation was doneresources is limited. Thus, the aim of this productive characteristics, the seasons every 15 days, according to each cropstudy was to evaluate various irrigation of evaluation were considered, in which stage. To perform fertigation, the authorsstrategies on bell pepper productivity the authors used plots subdivided in used a reservoir in which fertilizer wasand physiological growth characteristics time, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after diluted in water and then injected intoand fruit quality of plants cultivated with planting (DAP) at the subsplit plots. submain lines. The experimental areaand without mulching. was managed using soil conservation The planting of Mayara hybrid bell practices, with history of previousMATERIAL AND METHODS pepper seedlings (Hortec; Bragança land-use: pasture, black mucuna, corn, Paulista-SP) was performed on May 11, cucumber and bell peppers. The experiment was carried out 2016. This cultivar shows a cone-shapedin an experimental area in Estiva, fruit (conic group), green color, 275 g A dripping irrigation system wasmunicipality of Vitória da Conquista, average weight, 120-day cycle and meet used, with self-compensating drippersSouthwest of Bahia State (14º52’06”S, supermarket demand since it presents “online”, nominal flow rate of 2.3940º44’55”W, 917 m altitude), from big and heavier fruits, besides being the L h-1, operating pressure of 0.8 to 3.0March to December, 2016. The local most cultivated by the producers from bar. Spacing among drippers was 0.50climate was classified as Cwa, according the Region of Planalto da Conquista, m along the lateral rows, spaced 1.0to Köppen. Annual average temperature in Bahia. m, placed near the plants, forming aof 20.2ºC and 733.9 mm average continuous wet track. Before seedlingannual rainfall, registering the rainy The crop was installed in simple planting and during the experiment,season, from November to January. rows at 0.40 m spacing between the authors determined average flow, plants and 1.0 m between rows with a Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient454 population of 25,000 plants ha-1. The (CUC), Distribution Uniformity Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Bell pepper cultivation under different irrigation strategies in soil with and without mulchingCoefficient (DUC), Statistical considered productivity and water depth interactions between the factors for theUniformity Coefficient (SUC) and applied to the treatment, according to variables submitted to more than oneApplication Efficiency (AE) (Keller Silva et al. (2009) and Santos et al. factor, according to their significance.& Karmeli, 1975) in order to calculate (2014; 2015) (Equation 1). The averages were compared by F,irrigation time. Tukey (p<0.05) tests for mulching WUE = Pr/WDA (1) and grouped by the Scott-Knott Every day, on the first 15 days, all grouping test (p<0.05) for irrigationplots were irrigated equally, in order in which WUE= water use efficiency strategies (physiological and productiveto uniform the soil water content and (kg ha-1 mm-1); Pr= productivity (kg ha-1); characteristics). To evaluate quantitativefavor seedling initial growing and crop WDA= water depth applied during the factors, the authors used regressionestablishment. After the 15th day of the crop cycle (mm). analysis.seedling transplant, the authors began toapply different irrigation water depths, During the crop cycle, vegetative RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONcalculating irrigation time using crop characteristics were evaluated: plantevapotranspiration (ETc) based on height, quantity of leaves and fruits, For productivity and water usereference evapotranspiration (ETo) and in two seasons of each crop stage, in efficiency, the effects were significantcrop coefficient (Kc) (Allen et al., 1998), vegetative and production phase. Ten in the interaction between irrigationusing data obtained at the weather plants of the useful area were evaluated, strategies and treatments with andstation Nexus (14º52’S, 40º56’W), 200 measuring height (using a measuring without mulching. Bell pepperm away from the experimental unit. tape adapted to a board), quantity of production accumulated in threeThroughout the cycle, three values for leaves (through counting total leaves) harvests ranged from 24 to 42.15 t ha-1the crop coefficient (Kc) were used, and quantity of fruits (counting total in mulched plot and from 17.72 to 24.58considering 0.4 in the initial phase, 0.8 fruits of the plants). t ha-1 in nonmulched plot (Table 1). Thisin the development phase and 1.0 in the average productivity is consistent withproduction phase (Marouelli, 2016). Physiological characteristics the national average value of 22.3 t ha-1 such as chlorophyll index a and b (Goto et al., 2016). For irrigation management, irrigation and chlorophyll fluorescence weretime was calculated daily (Santos & determined in two readings: one reading In relation to soil cover factor, theBrito, 2016). Due to rain, the quantity in vegetative phase and one reading authors verified that in 50% of ETcof irrigation water was subtracted from in the production phase, in July and treatments and in all RDI treatments,the ETc to obtain the irrigation time September, 2016, respectively. mulching provided higher productivities,and when the quantity of rainwater when comparing with treatments withoutwas larger than ETc, the irrigation was To evaluate chlorophyll index a and mulching. These results are consistentsuspended and restarted when actual soil b, the authors always used the middle with the comparison with bell pepperwater storage was exhausted. third of the plant, using a chlorophyll cultivation with and without mulching meter (CLOROFILOG model CFL (Rasal et al., 2017; Paul et al., 2013). In one extreme of the submainlines, 1030; Falker Automação Agrícola, Porto These obtained results are also relatedthe authors installed a fixed manometer Alegre-RS). to the beneficial effects of mulchingBourdon type with a reading range which result in a better weed control,from 0 to 10 bar, so that the pressure Chlorophyll fluorescence readings lesser amounts of nutrient leached fromestablished of 1.2 bar on the research were taken using a modulation the soil, favorable soil temperature, anwas maintained constant during the fluorometer (model OS1-FL; OPTI- increase in microorganism activities anddaily irrigation management, as well as Sciences, Hudson, NH) in the morning, improvement in physiological activities,during uniformity test. from three plants of the useful plot. as well as the results observed for Fv/ Tweezers for measuring chlorophyll a Fm. After 90 days of seedling fluorescence were placed in the middletransplanting, three harvests were third of the plant and the measurement In mulching treatments, irrigationperformed [90, 120 and 150 days was done after five minutes of dark strategies with application of waterafter transplanting (DAT)] to evaluate adaptation, with emission of saturating depths of 50% and 75% of ETc andproductivity and quality of fruits. The light pulse of 0.3 s, under frequency RDI conditions provided higherharvested fruits from the plants of of 0.6 KHz, when the photochemical productivities, whereas water depthsthe useful area were weighed using a efficiency (Fv/Fm) was determined. of 125 and 100% of ETc showed lowerdigital scale. Three fruits were randomly During measurements, tweezers were productivities. In the treatments withoutobtained for measuring length, diameter used to adapt chloroplasts to the dark, so mulching, the authors verified noand pulp thickness, using a caliper. that all reaction centers of photosystem differences in relation to productivities.In order to quantify productivity, the II (PSII) acquired the condition ofauthors obtained fruit production of the “open” and the heat loss was minimal Bell pepper plants prioritizesum of harvests of the useful area. (Strauss et al., 2006). biomass accumulation in the shoot area to detriment of the root system, Water use efficiency was calculated Plant growing, Fv/Fm, chlorophyllfor all treatments and the authors index, production and WUE data were submitted to variance analysis and afterwards the authors verifiedHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 455

PA Rocha et al.so considering this aspect in relation Figure 1.Temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity and rainfall (A) and ac-to irrigation management, due to small cumulated irrigation (B) during the experiment. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) (I) – 50%soil volume exploited by the roots ETc in vegetative phase (FI) and 100% ETc in production phase (FII); RDI (II)- 100% ETc(Oliveira et al., 2015). In this sense, in FI and 50% ETc in FII; RDI (III)-75% ETc in FI and 100% ETc in FII; RDI (IV)- 100%water depths of 125% and 100% of ETc in FI and 75% ETc in FII; RDI (V)- 125% ETc in FI and 75% ETc in FII; RDI(VI)- 75%ETc under mulching condition provided ETc in FI and 125% ETc in FII. FI: 0-60 days after transplanting; FII: 61-170 days afterexcess of water for the crop and, transplanting. Vitória da Conquista, IF Baiano, 2016.probably, leached essential nutrientsout of the reach of plant roots (Aragão bell pepper roots (Paul et al., 2013), (Araújo et al., 2009).et al., 2013; Rasal et al., 2017) reducing and also promoted lower soil water Mass, diameter and length of fruitsproductivities. Besides these factors, evaporation and consequently improveexcess of irrigation water in bell pepper use efficiency. as well as the bell pepper peel thicknesscultivation provides the development in relation to different harvest seasonsof anaerobic conditions which reduce The quantity of bell pepper fruits (90, 120 and 150 DAT) presented higherthe efficiency of the rhizosphere in the was always higher in the presence average values in the first and secondabsorption of water and nutrients (Rasal of mulching (Table 2), which can be harvests, differing from the third harvestet al., 2017). related to the advantages of this soil (Table 3). This analysis of fruit quality cover, such as lower water evaporation, per harvest is important, since these The results found in this study higher efficiency in nutrient use and are determinant characteristics forsuggest that for bell pepper irrigation lower root stress (Rodrigues & Goto, classification and commercializationunder mulching conditions, water 2016). Moreover, higher quantity of of bell pepper and, since Braziliandepths of 50% of ETc and RDI (II) leaves in the presence of mulching market appreciates big fruits (Santosshould be applied in order to obtain (Figure 2B), possibly promoted higher et al., 2017). Therewith, the producerhigh productivities and greater water light uptake and, consequently, higher can manage the supply of bell peppersavings. This fact is reported in other photoassimilate production which was available to the market and that waystudies on dripping irrigation system reversed in a greater amount of fruits it is possible to obtain better pricesunder mulching conditions, showingthat greater bell pepper yields wereobtained under water supply of 60% ETc(Paul et al., 2013; Rasal et al., 2017). Using mulching, treatment 50% ETcprovided the best water use efficiency(WUE) followed by RDI (II) whichpresented the second best value. In theplots without mulching no differenceswere noticed among irrigation strategies(Table 1). The increase of water use efficiencyis obtained keeping productivity andlower use of water (Santos et al., 2016),which explains the results in this study,since treatment with 50% ETc is amongthe most productive treatments using thelowest quantity of water during the bellpepper crop cycle (282.93 mm) (Figure1B). The authors verified that treatment50% of ETc showed satisfactory results,both in water savings and in maximizingproductivity. Comparing soil cover factor, theauthors verified that in 50% of ETctreatments and RDI treatments (II, IIIand V), the use of mulching providedthe highest WUE in comparison tothe treatments without mulching. Thistendency is also verified in other studiesand shows that irrigation water was welldistributed without causing damage to456 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Bell pepper cultivation under different irrigation strategies in soil with and without mulchingconsidering the characteristics of class 12 (12 to 15 cm in length) and medium to big fruits, ranging from 12harvested fruits. subclass 6 (6 to 8 cm in diameter) to 16 cm (Blat et al., 2007). Therefore, (Carvalho Filho et al., 2016). Overall, the classification done in this study is In the three harvests performed in several bell pepper hybrids show consistent with the average productivethis study, fruits were classified into characteristics of the crop.Table 1. Productivity and water use efficiency (WUE), Mayara hybrid bell pepper grown Another important characteristicunder different irrigation strategies, with and without mulching. Vitória da Conquista, IF of bell pepper is peel thickness, sinceBaiano, 2016. fruits which present thicker peel are more resistant to transport, show longer Productivity (t ha-1) WUE (kg ha-1 mm-1) post-harvest lifespan and higher mass yield, and it is also a greater consumerWater depths With Without With Without preference (Charlo et al., 2009). Thus, mulching mulching the values found in two initial harvests mulching mulching are satisfactory for commercialization of bell pepper and contributed to the125% ETc 27.72 Ba 20.70 Aa 42.92 Ca 29.26 Aa fruits presenting greater mass and, consequently, allow the producer to100% ETc 24.00 Ba 19.87 Aa 54.94 Ca 35.13 Aa market the fruits using mass and not volume.75% ETc 33.01 Aa 27.18 Aa 77.78 Ca 55.70 Aa Chlorophyll index a and b did not50% ETc 42.15 Aa 17.72 Ab 148.99 Aa 62.65 Ab show any differences in July considering the factors in this study (soil coverRDI (I) 33.55 Aa 24.58 Ab 70.35 Ca 51.54 Aa and irrigation strategies) (Table 4). Chlorophyll is strongly influencedRDI (II) 36.61 Aa 24.88 Ab 103.23 Ba 70.14 Ab by environmental factors such as availability of light, water and mineralRDI (III) 34.39 Aa 18.88 Ab 66.13 Ca 33.12 Ab nutrients and when the plants are submitted to stress (Kaya et al., 2013).RDI (IV) 33.67 Aa 23.76 Ab 71.44 Ca 50.40 Aa Thus, in this study, these indexes did not show any stress condition for plantsRDI (V) 35.18 Aa 20.82 Ab 68.01 Ca 40.24 Ab under different strategies of water application.RDI (VI) 37.93 Aa 20.11 Ab 54.43 Ca 37.10 Aa In September, the authors verifiedAverages followed by same uppercase letters, in columns, for irrigation strategies, belong to higher values for chlorophyll b, withoutthe same group by Scott-Knott criteria and, averages followed by the same lowercase letters in mulching, in 100% of ETc, RDI, I, II,lines, for soil cover, did not differ significantly by F test, at 5% probability. Regulated deficit IV, V and VI treatments. This increase inirrigation (RDI) (I) - 50% ETc in vegetative phase (FI) and 100% ETc in production phase chlorophyll b values can be considered as(FII); RDI (II)- 100% ETc in FI and 50% ETc in FII; RDI (III)-75% ETc FI and 100% ETc an important characteristic for vegetativein FII; RDI (IV)- 100% ETc in FI and 75% ETc in FII; RDI (V) - 125% ETc in FI and 75% adaptability, since chlorophyll b absorbsETc in FII; RDI (VI) - 75% ETc in FI and 125% ETc in FII. FI: 0-6 days after transplanting; energy at wavelengths different fromFII: 61-170 days after transplanting. chlorophyll a and transfers this energy to reaction center, thus maximizing theTable 2. Quantity of Mayara hybrid bell pepper fruits in different harvest seasons. Vitória energy capture that effectively acts onda Conquista, IF Baiano, 2016. the photochemical reactions (Taiz & Zeiger, 2013).Season Number of fruits Quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) was With mulching Without mulching influenced by soil cover, in evaluations done during July, when the plants underDevelopment 4.57 Ac 3.5 Bc mulching showed higher average values in relation to plants without mulchingFlowering/fructification 7.70 Ab 4.6 Bb for 100% and 125% of ETc and RDI V treatments (Table 4). In the evaluationFull Production 11.07 Aa 9.05 Ba done in September, no significant difference among irrigation strategiesCV (%) 24.7 was noticed; but in water depth of 125 and 50% of ETc, the authors verifiedAverages followed by same uppercase letters in lines for soil cover, did not differ significantly higher value for Fv/Fm under mulchingby using the F test at 5% probability, and lowercase letter in columns, for seasons, did notdiffer by Tukey test at 5% probalility.Table 3. Fruit mass (FM), fruit diameter (FD), fruit length (FL) and peel thickness (PT) ofMayara hybrid bell pepper in different harvest seasons. Vitória da Conquista, IF Baiano, 2016.Harvest FM (g) FD (cm) FL (cm) PT (cm)90 DAT 219.86 a 7.52 a 14.23 a 0.60 a120 DAT 227.97 a 7.47 a 13.77 a 0.59 a150 DAT 144.73 b 6.65 b 12.06 b 0.51 bCV (%) 21.41 8.44 9.65 13.14Averages followed by same letters in column did not differ by using Tukey test at 5%probability.Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 457

PA Rocha et al.Table 4. Chlorophyll a and b and quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), evaluated in July and September 2016, in Mayara hybrid bell pepper plantssubmitted to different irrigation strategies with and without mulching. Vitória da Conquista, IF Baiano, 2016. JulyWater depths Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Fv/Fm With Without With Without With Without mulching mulching mulching mulching mulching mulching125%ETc 40.9 41.3 22.4 22.8 0.70 Ba 0.67 Ab100%ETc 40.2 41.8 21.6 22.6 0.72 Aa 0.69 Ab75% ETc 40.8 41.1 22.8 21.4 0.69 Ba 0.70 Aa50% ETc 41.0 40.2 22.3 21.6 0.70 Ba 0.69 AaRDI (I) 41.1 40.1 23.8 21.6 0.70 Ba 0.69 AaRDI (II) 40.9 41.8 22.0 23.5 0.70 Ba 0.69 AaRDI (III) 38.2 40.8 19.2 21.8 0.68 Ba 0.69 AaRDI (IV) 40.7 41.3 20.8 23.6 0.70 Ba 0.69 AaRDI (V) 39.8 40.4 21.4 20.7 0.73 Aa 0.70 AbRDI (VI) 41.5 41.4 23.9 23.1 0.69 Ba 0.70 AaCV(%) 3.05 9.74 2.90 September125%ETc 42.8 Aa 43.7 Aa 25.1 Aa 28.4 Aa 0.74 Aa 0.70 Ab100%ETc 41.2 Aa 42.8 Aa 24.4 Ab 28.5 Aa 0.72 Aa 0.72 Aa75% ETc 44.0 Aa 42.1 Aa 26.8 Aa 22.0 Bb 0.74 Aa 0.73 Aa50% ETc 41.0 Aa 41.4 Aa 26.2 Aa 26.2 Ba 0.73 Aa 0.69 AbRDI (I) 42.8 Aa 44.0 Aa 24.9 Ab 29.9 Aa 0.72 Aa 0.72 AaRDI (II) 40.6 Ab 44.3 Aa 24.1 Ab 30.3 Aa 0.72 Aa 0.72 AaRDI (III) 41.8 Aa 41.3 Aa 24.8 Aa 24.6 Ba 0.73 Aa 0.71 AaRDI (IV) 41.9 Ab 45.7 Aa 23.4 Ab 30.3 Aa 0.73 Aa 0.71 AaRDI (V) 41.3 Ab 45.1 Aa 21.4 Ab 28.5 Aa 0.72 Aa 0.72 AaRDI (VI) 40.3 Ab 43.6 Aa 19.7 Ab 28.7 Aa 0.74 Aa 0.70 AaCV(%) 7.36 16.02 3.40Averages followed by same uppercase letters in columns, for irrigation strategies, belong to the same group by Scott-Knott criteria and,averages followed by same lowercase letters, for soil cover, did not differ significantly by F test at 5% probability. Regulated deficit irriga-tion (RDI) (I) - 50% ETc in vegetative phase (FI) and 100% ETc in production phase (FII); RDI (II)- 100% ETc in FI and 50% ETc in FII;RDI (III)-75% ETc in FI and 100% ETc in FII; RDI (IV)- 100% ETc in FI and 75% ETc in FII; RDI (V) - 125% ETc in FI and 75% ETcin FII; RDI(VI)- 125% ETc in FI and 75% ETc in FII; RDI(VI)- 75% ETc in FI and 125% ETc in FII. FI: 0-6 days after transplanting; FII:61-170 days after transplanting.treatment. for most crops (Fv/Fm of 0.800 ± 0.5) even the small ones, did not cause stress (Bolhàr-Nordenkampf et al., 1989). in bell pepper plants. Fv/Fm indicates the functional However, the stress suffered was notphotosystem II (PSII), and consequently, enough to cause severe damage to the Plant height and quantity of bellphotochemical radiation use efficiency functional photosystem II (PSII) and pepper leaves increased in the growingin carbon assimilation by plants and drastically reduce Fv/Fm. season, both with or without mulchingunder water stress condition hinders (Figures 2A and 2B). This result ismainly electron transfer and so it limits The change in quantum efficiency expected since growing is undeterminedthe assimilation of carbon in bell pepper occurs when the amount of and bell pepper plants show continuousplants (Campos et al., 2014). photochemical energy introduced into growth over time. the leaves is greater than the capacity of The authors highlight that irrigation the photochemical process, resulting in With mulching, the crop showsstrategy consisting of 50% ETc, without decreases in Fv/Fm, which characterizes higher number of leaves after 30 DAT,mulching, resulted in moderate water a greater non-photochemical dissipation. however, at 120 DAT, the authors verifieddeficit stress for bell pepper plants, Therefore, under the conditions of the similar quantity of leaves, both with andwhen the value of Fv/Fm, equal to 0.69, present study, the applied water depths, without mulching. For plant height,is below the range considered optimal with mulching, the authors observed458 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Bell pepper cultivation under different irrigation strategies in soil with and without mulchingFigure 2. Plant height (A) and quantity of leaves (B) of Mayara hybrid bell pepper under dif- ARAÚJO, JS; ANDRADE, AP; RAMALHO,ferent seasons of evaluation with or without mulching. Vitória da Conquista, IF Baiano, 2016. CI; AZEVEDO, CAV. 2009. Cultivo do pimentão em condições protegidas sobthe highest value in the third season of was obtained. diferentes doses de nitrogênio via fertirrigação.evaluation, and in the fourth season of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola eevaluation, the authors observed the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ambiental 13: 559-565.opposite, though. These results mayhave been influenced by temperature, The authors thank to FAPESB BLAT, SF; BRAZ, LT; ARRUDA, AS. 2007.since the three evaluation seasons were (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Avaliação de híbridos duplos de pimentão.done in Autumn and Winter, seasons Estado da Bahia) for scholarship granted Horticultura Brasileira 25: 350-354.with the lowest temperatures. The last to the first author.evaluation was done in Spring, when it BOLHÀR-NORDENKAMPF, HR; LONG, P;is warmer (Figure 1A). REFERENCES BAKER, NR; OQUIST, G; SCHREIBER, U; LECHNER, EG. 1989. Chlorophyll The authors concluded that mulching ALLEN, RG; PEREIRA, LS; RAES, D; SMITH, fluorescence as probe of the photosyntheticprovides higher quantity of fruits, when M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines competence of leaves in the field: a review ofcompared to crops in treatments without for computing crop water requirements. Rome: current instrumentation. Functional Ecologymulching; diameter, mass and length of FAO. 300p. (FAO. Irrigation and Dranaige 3: 497-514.fruits as well as peel thickness are higher Paper, 56).in the first two harvests; chlorophyll CAMPOS, H; TREJO, C; PEÑA-VALDIVIA, CB;index was not changed in relation to ARAGÃO, VF; FERNANDES, PD; GOMES GARCÍA-NAVA, R; CONDE-MARTÍNEZ,plots with or without mulching under FILHO, RR; CARVALHO, CM; FEITOSA, FV; CRUZ-ORTEGA, CO. 2014. Stomataldifferent irrigation strategies. Applying HO; FEITOSA, EO. 2013. Produção e and non-stomatal limitations of bell pepperwater depths of 50% ETc, higher water eficiência no uso de água do pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) plants under wateruse efficiency with superior productivity submetido a diferentes lâminas de irrigação stress and re-watering: Delayed restoration offor plants under mulching conditions e níveis de nitrogênio. Revista Brasileira de photosynthesis during recovery. Environmental Agricultura Irrigada 6: 207-216. and Experimental Botany 98: 56-64.Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 CARVALHO FILHO, JLS; MESQUITA, JCP; MACIEL, GM. 2016. Cultivares. In: NICK, C; BORÉM, A (org). Pimentão: do plantio à colheita. Viçosa: UFV. p. 17-33. CHAI, Q; GAN, Y; ZHAO, C; XU, H; WASKOM, MR; NIU, Y; SIDDIQUE, MHK. 2016. Regulated deficit irrigation for crop production under drought stress. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36: 01-21. CHARLO, HCO; CASTOLDI, R; FERNANDES, C; VARGAS, PF; BRAZ, LT. 2009. Cultivo de híbridos de pimentão amarelo em fibra da casca de coco. Horticultura Brasileira 27: 155-159. FAO. Faostat – StatisticsDatabase. Available at <http://www.fao.org/statistics/en/> Accessed May 17, 2017. GOTO, R; CUNHA, AR; SANDRI, MA; ONO, EO. 2016. Exigências Climáticas e Ecofisiologia. In: NICK, C; BORÉM, A (org). Pimentão: do plantio à colheita. Viçosa: UFV. p. 17-33. KAYA, C; SÖNMEZ, O; AYDEMIR, S; DÍKÍLÍTA, Ş. 2013. Mitigation effects of glycine betaine on oxidative stress and some key growth parameters of maize exposed to salt stress. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Forestry 37: 188-194. KELLER, J; KARMELI, D. 1975.Trickle irrigation design. Glendora: Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing. 133p. MAROUELLI, WA. 2016. Manejo de Irrigação. In: NICK, C; BORÉM, A (org). Pimentão: do plantio à colheita. Viçosa: UFV. p147-172. NASCIMENTO, WM. 2014.Produção de sementes de hortaliças. Brasília: Embrapa Hortaliças. 315p. OLIVEIRA, AD; CARVALHO, DF; PEREIRA, AJB; PEREIRA, VC. 2015. Crescimento e produtividade do pimentão em dois sistemas de cultivo. Revista Caatinga 28: 78- 89. PAUL, JC; MISHRA, JN; PRADHAN, PL; PANIGRAHI, B. 2013. Effect of drip and surface irrigation on yield, wateruse-efficiency and economics of capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) grown under mulch and non 459

PA Rocha et al. mulchconditions in eastern coastal India. SLR; COELHO, EF. 2014. Fruit yield and FS; LIMA FILHO, FP; MENEZES, D. European Journal of Sustainable Development root system distribution of ‘Tommy Atkins’ 2017. Desempenho de linhagens e híbridos 2: 99-108. mango under different irrigation regimes. de pimentão em dois sistemas de poda no Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e cultivo hidropônico. Horticultura BrasileiraRASAL, D; KANWAR, HS; KIRTI, S; PAWAR, Ambiental 18: 362-369. 35: 129-134. R; SHARMA, A; GIR, V. 2017. Effect of drip irrigation and polyethylene mulching on SANTOS, MR; NEVES, BR; SILVA, BL; SILVA, VPR; CAMPOS, JHBC; AZEVEDO, growth and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum DONATO, SLR. 2015. Yield water use PV. 2009. Water-use efficiency and annuum L.) under mid hill zone of Himachal efficiency and physiological characteristic of evapotranspiration of mango orchard grown Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango under partial rootzone in northeastern region of Brazil. Scientia Phytochemistry 6: 2798-2802. drying irrigation system. Journal of Water Horticulturae 120: 467-472. Resource and Protection 7: 1029-1037.RODRIGUES, DV; GOTO, R. 2016. Yellow STRAUSS, AJ; KRÜGER, GHJ; STRASSER, RJ; bell pepper production in greenhouse with SANTOS, MR; DONATO, SLR; ARANTES, VAN HEERDEN, PDR. 2006. Ranking of dark mulching and irrigation. Current Agricultural AM; COELHO FILHO, MA. 2016. Irrigação chilling tolerance in soybean genotypes probed Science and Technology 22:33-39. lateralmente alternada em lima ácida ‘Tahiti’ by the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient na região norte de Minas Gerais. Irriga 21: O-J-I-P. Environmental and ExperimentalSANTOS, MR; BRITO, CFB. 2016. Irrigação com 71-88. Botany 56: 147-157. água salina opção agrícola consciente. Revista Agrotecnologia 7: 33-41. SANTOS, PR; MELO, RA; CARVALHO TAIZ, L; ZEIGER, E. 2013. Fisiologia vegetal. FILHO, JLS; FERREIRA, IVS; SILVA, 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed. 954p.SANTOS, MR; MARTINEZ, MA; DONATO,460 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

ResearchNASCIMENTO, RF; CANTERI, MHG. 2018. Effect of blanching on physicochemical characteristics of potato flour. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 461-465. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180406Effect of blanching on physicochemical characteristics of potato flourRevenli Fernanda do Nascimento; Maria Helene G Canteri11Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Ponta Grossa–PR, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Offering new products obtained from potatoes is a market Efeito do branqueamento nas características físico-químicasopportunity which may increase and motivate the consumption of this de farinha de batatatuber. It also can contribute for waste reduction and ensure marketfor growers. Thus, we aimed to produce potato flour and to evaluate A oferta de novos produtos a partir da batata é uma oportunidadethe effect of blanching on the physiochemical characteristics of this de mercado que pode aumentar e incentivar o consumo deste tubércu-product after 3-month storage at room temperature. Potatoes cultivar lo, contribuir para a redução do desperdício e garantir mercado paraAgata were used to make unblanched and blanched flour, through os agricultores. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivothermal treatment at 97°C for 5 min. The unblanched potato flour produzir uma farinha de batata e avaliar o efeito do branqueamentopresented significantly smaller contents of moisture (p= 0.006), sobre as características físico-químicas desse produto após três mesesproteins (p= 0.001) and soluble fibers (p= 0.024), as well as color de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Para o desenvolvimentoalteration. However, it presented higher phenolic compound content do trabalho, batatas da cultivar Ágata foram utilizadas para produção(23.77%). The blanched potato flour presented similar nutritional de farinha não branqueada e branqueada, por meio de tratamento tér-quality compared with the raw potato flour, and also longer shelf mico 97°C por 5 min. A farinha de batata não branqueada apresentoulife, since dehydration can reduce about 95% of the initial moisture teores significativamente menores de umidade (p= 0,006), proteínascontent of the potato. The thermal treatment (blanching) improved (p= 0,001) e fibras solúveis (p= 0,024), bem como alteração dathe supply of proteins and soluble fibers of the final product, as well coloração. No entanto, apresentou conteúdo de composto fenólicosas prevented enzymatic browning reaction which would result in superior em 23,77%. A farinha de batata branqueada apresentoucolor alteration of the product. The treatment reduced total phenolic qualidade nutricional semelhante à batata in natura, associada aocompound content, though. prolongamento da vida útil, visto que a desidratação pode reduzir cerca de 95% da umidade inicial da batata. O tratamento térmico (branqueamento) melhorou o aporte de proteínas e fibras solúveis do produto final, bem como impediu a reação de escurecimento enzi- mático que levaria à alteração da cor da farinha, no entanto, reduziu o teor de compostos fenólicos totais.Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, color, physicochemical properties, Palavras-chave: Solanum tuberosum, tratamento térmico,phenolic compounds, thermal treatment. propriedades físico-químicas, compostos fenólicos, cor.Received on October 17, 2017; accepted on September 11, 2018Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one and processing, great quantities are lost mechanic damages. Besides these, of the most consumed vegetables causing substantial economic loss for potato tubers have limited lifespan,and it is accessible to all social classes. growers and waste of precious food, resulting in large losses due to delaysThis food can be easily prepared and because of inefficient post-harvest in retail sales, since in Brazil mostit has a high nutritional value (Lovat management, mechanical injuries, of the production is destined to freshet al., 2016). For these reasons, potato market demands for lighter color tubers consumption.has become the third most important after washing and with the minimumfood crop worldwide, third only to of external defects, bad distribution Thus, the supply of new productswheat and rice (Yamdeu et al., 2016). In and inappropriate storage facilities made from fresh potatoes is a great2017, Brazil produced over 4.2 million (Rafiq & Ghosh, 2017). Guerra et al. market opportunity to be exploitedtons of potatoes, with an increase of (2014) noticed that 13.12% of potatoes in order to increase and motivate the9.3% comparing with the previous year, commercialized in retail market, in consumption, besides contributing toshowing an average yield of 30.8 t ha-1 Santarem-PA, were discharged since reduce waste and to ensure growers’(IBGE, 2017). they showed some kind of damage; market (Rafiq & Ghosh, 2017). Potato 73% of theses damages were considered flour production is a simple process During harvest, commercialization that, differently from potato starch,Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 461

RF Nacimento & MHG Cantericorresponds to the starch product 97°C for 5 min and cooled in water-ice amounts of tannic acid (TAN)/g dryextracted from this tuber; the flour bath (4°C). Afterwards, BC followed the weight of potato flour (Figure 1).is elaborated using the whole potato same process used to obtain UB flour.tubers, in some formulations even the The evaluation of the instrumentalpotato peel is used (ANVISA, 1978). Blanched and unblanched flours color was carried out directly in theTherefore, besides aggregating value to were stored in airtight bottles, in a dry, potato flour, with the aid of a colorimetertubers which would be discarded, potato dark place, at room temperature during (Hunter Lab Ultra Scan Pro). CIE L* a*flour provides the consumer market with three months. b* color-space coordinates and C* indexa new product with nutritional quality of were evaluated. L* value representsthe fresh potato, associated with longer Physicochemical analysis luminosity of color stimulation, rangingshelf life. Additionally, this flour can from zero (black) to 100 (white), a*be used both as food to be consumed Physicochemical analyses ranging from green (-60) to red (+60), b*directly and raw material for other were carried out in laboratories ranging from blue (-60) to yellow (+60)product preparation, such as loaves of of Departamento de Alimentos of and C* representing chroma relating tobread, cakes, appetizers, cookies, among UniversidadeTecnológica Federal do color intensity (Buckley & Giorgianni,others (Lovat et al., 2016). Paraná, Campus Ponta Grossa, Brazil. 2015). Humidity, ashes, proteins, lipids and Thermal treatment (blanching) fibers (insoluble and soluble) were Statistical analysisbefore the processing of potato analyzed following the methodologytubers aims to inactivate enzymes suggested by AOAC (2005), methods Statistical treatments of theseand microorganisms which cause 925.10, 923.03, 945.18-B, 922.06 and data were performed using SPSS 23®deterioration, in order to increase 991.43, respectively. Analyzes were software. Levene and Kolmogorov-quality and useful life of processed performed in triplicate. Carbohydrate Smirnov tests were applied in order tofoods during storage. One of the main content (%) was determined by verify variance homogeneity and normalinactivated enzymes through blanching difference, 100 - (ash + lipid + protein distribution of data, respectively.is polyphenoloxidase (PPO), which + fiber).causes enzymatic browning of fruits and Considering that no homogeneousvegetables, responsible for changes in Total phenolic compounds were data was noticed (Levene’s test: p>0.05),texture, color, odor, taste and nutritional determined using Folin-Ciocalteu as well as no normal data was verifiedquality (Araújo, 2008). method according to the methodology either (Kolmogorov-Smirnov’s test: by Lombardo et al. (2013) with the p>0.05), variance analysis (ANOVA) Given the above, this work aims to following modifications: to extract total was performed to differentiate groupsproduce potato flour and evaluate the phenolic compounds 5 mg of sample considering 95% confidence leveleffect of blanching on physicochemical were mixed with ethanol (10 mL 80% (p≤0.05) using a completely randomizedcharacteristics of this product. v/v), remaining at 24-hour rest. Then, design, with three replicates. The results the authors extracted 0.3 mL of the were expressed as averages ± standardMATERIAL AND METHODS supernatant from each extract obtained deviation. and 3.3 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu (10% The authors used 2.2 kg of potatoes v/v) were added and 2.4 mL of sodium RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONcultivar Agata (raw material), from carbonate (7,5% m/v). Absorbancethe November (planting) to January was measured at 760 nm using a Potato flour yields, UB and BC, were(harvest) of 2017 season, cultivated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Femto from 8 to 9%, respectively (p= 0.005),growers in the Region of Campos Gerais 800 XI). Phenolic compound content possibly the highest yield of BC flourdo Paraná. Washed tubers were provided was determined based on a standard is associated to the highest moistureby a vegetable processing company calibration curve generated with known content. Santos (2009) reported inof Parana State, after 7-day storage at9-10°C controlled temperature and 80- Figure 1. Standard calibration curve generated using tannic acid. Ponta Grossa, UTFPR, 2018.85% relative humidity. In order to produce unblanched flour(UB), 1.1 kg of potatoes were washed,peeled, grated and then taken into adryer with forced air circulation at 45ºCfor 24 hours, or until reaching constantmass and then, crushed in a blenderuntil obtaining a fine and homogeneouspowder. To produce blanched flour(BC), after being washed, the rest ofpotatoes was immersed into water at462 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Effect of blanching on physicochemical characteristics of potato flourTable 1. Physiochemical characterization of potato flours. Ponta Grossa, UTFPR, 2018. may have caused the reduction of this component. Similar result found in BCDeterminations UB BC p potato flour was reported by Garmus et al. (2009) for potato peel flour, whichMoisture (%) 3.25±0.11 4.48±0.38 0.006 showed 2.46% proteins.Ashes (%) 6.95±0.83 6.91±0.48 0.065 Potatoes are considered to be a low-fat food, generally between 0.02Proteins (%) 1.70±0.01 2.40±0.06 0.001 and 0.96%, depending on the cultivar (Leivas et al., 2013). Corroborating thisLipids(%) 0.69±0.08 0.62±0.07 0.337 statement, potato flours showed in this study 0.69% and 0.62% (p= 0.337) forInsoluble fibers (%) 6.28±0.36 4.06±0.42 0.002 UB and BC flour, respectively. Virmond et al. (2014), studying physicochemicalSoluble fibers (%) 1.33±0.21 1.82±0.10 0.024 characteristics of flour made of potatoes, cultivar Agata, Atlantic and BRS Clara,Carbohydrates (%) 83.02±1.04 80.67±1.50 0.090 reported 0.09%, 0.09% and 0.11% of lipids, respectively.Total phenolic compounds (TAN/g) 1.43±0.01 1.09±0.02 0.001 The value found for insolubleUB= unblanched potato flour; BC= blanched potato flour. p<0.05 shows statistical difference fibers in UB potato flour (6.28%) wasat a 5% significance level. higher (p= 0,002) than in BC flour (4.06%), whereas the opposite wasTable 2. Instrumental color evaluation of potato flours. Ponta Grossa, UTFPR, 2018. found for soluble fibers (p= 0.024), with average contents of 1.33% forCoordinates UB BC p UB flour and 1.82% for BC flour. According to Araújo (2008), enzymaticL* 46.72±0.02 55.29±0.01 0.001 browning reaction results from phenolic compound oxidation caused by PPO anda* 2.69±0.03 1.24±0.02 0.001 peroxidase (POD) enzymes, resulting in quinone formation, which rapidlyb* 8.20±0.01 6.09±0.03 0.002 condenses into dark insoluble pigments called melanins. Thus, PPO and PODC* 8.63±0.01 6.22±0.03 0.002 enzymes which remain in UB flour, probably caused melanin formation,UB= unblanched potato flour; BC= blanched potato flour. p<0.05 shows statistical difference which could be quantified as insolubleat a 5% significance level. fibers, increasing the content of this compound in the flour in this study. Duehis study yield of 13% for flour made flour, considering that the main minerals to the enzymatic inactivation by thermalwith Agata potato, higher comparing found were potassium, phosphorus, treatment, the pectinolytic enzymes,with this study probably due to higher calcium, iron and magnesium (Shin which degrade pectin, soluble fibermoisture content of the final product. et al., 2015). UB and BC potato flours present in fruits and vegetables, also studied in this experiment had not lose their activity. That is the reason Moisture content of BC potato flour presented significant differences for why, active enzymes in flour withoutwas significantly superior (p= 0.006) mineral content (p= 0.065), showing any thermal treatment could havecomparing with UB flour, probably 6.95 and 6.91%, respectively. Leivas reduced the soluble fibers. Nascimentodue to the water absorbed by the potato et al. (2013) reported an average of & Canteri (2016) reported similar resultsused for producing the first flour during 4.56% of minerals in potato flour made for UB and BC sweet potato flour, whichthermal treatment (Table 1). Higher from cultivar Agata. Mineral content showed 15.08% and 7.17% of insolublevalue was reported by Kaur et al. (2016) variation in potatoes may be attributed to fibers and 2.46% and 4.13% of solublefor flour made using potato cultivar conditions of growing and fertilization, fibers, respectively.Kufri Pukhraj, which showed 13.07% as this crop is highly influenced bymoisture. Santos (2009) mentioned nutrients added to soil (Zörba et al., Thermal treatment did notmoisture content of approximately 2014). Quadros et al. (2009) carried significantly affect (p= 0.09)90% for raw potato cultivar Agata. out a study which showed that potato carbohydrate content of the studiedThus, this information allowed inferring tubers tend to increase ash content when flours, with an average of 81%. Thisthat the dehydration process used in potassium dose is increased during high carbohydrate content is mainlythis study could produce flours with a fertilization. due to the presence of starch, 60-80%reduction of initial moisture content (Murniece et al., 2011). Similar resultsof about 95%, which is extremely In relation to proteins, BC potato were mentioned by Leivas et al. (2013),relevant to ensure longer shelf life, since flour showed larger quantity (p= 0.001)water activity above 0.9 contributes to when comparing to UB flour. Accordingbacteria development, and above 0.7 to to Escaramboni et al. (2013), thedevelopment of molds and yeasts, as proteases, which hydrolyze peptidewell as intensifies the enzymatic activity bonds of the proteins, lose their catalytic(Schultz, 2016). activity at temperatures above 70°C. Thus, remaining proteolytic enzymes Values found for ash contents are and still active in UB potato flourrelated to mineral content in potatoHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 463

RF Nacimento & MHG Canteri82.49% and 80.84% of carbohydrates in Process of producing potato flour, GOYENECHE, R; AGÜERO, MV; ROURA, S;flours made using potato cultivars Agata besides aggregating value to tubers SCALA, KD. 2014. Application of citric acidand Cristina, respectively. Trancoso- which would be discarded, provides a and mild heat shock to minimally processedReyes et al. (2016) found 87% of new product with nutritional quality sliced radish: color evaluation. Postharvestcarbohydrates in sweet potato flour, of fresh potato, associated with longer Biology and Technology 93: 106-113.higher values comparing with the ones shelf life, considering that dehydrationreported for potato flour. may reduce 95% of potato initial GUERRA, AMN; FERREIRA, JBA; COSTA, moisture. Additionally, blanching ACM; TAVARES, PRF. 2014. Causas de Potatoes are a good source of process improved the supply of proteins perdas pós colheita em cenoura e batata nophenolic compounds: the main ones and soluble fibers of the final product, mercado varejista de Santarém-PA. Revistaare phenolic acids and flavonoids, as this thermal treatment is able to Tecnologia e Ciência Agropecuária 8: 61-68.including flavonols and anthocyanins inactivate enzymes, such as proteases(Akyol et al., 2016). Total phenolic and pectinases, besides PPO and POD; IBGE. 2017. Brazilian Institute of Geography andcompound content in UB potato flour prevented enzymatic browning reaction Statistics. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. 93p.was higher (p= 0.001) than in BC which would result in color alterationflour, probably the thermal process of flour; however, this process reduced KAUR, A; KOCHHAR, A; PRASAD, P. 2016.used corroborate the reduction of total total phenolic compound content. Nutritional evaluation of value added productsphenolic, since quantity and stability using potato flour. International Journal ofof these compounds are differently ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Health Sciences and Research 6: 466-472.associated with processing thermalconditions (Lemos et al., 2014; Siroha & The authors thank Coordination LEIVAS, CL; COSTA, FJOG; ALMEIDA,Sandhu, 2017). Moreover, the absence of Improvement of Higher Education RR; FREITAS, RJS; STERTZ, SCS;of phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase (PAL), Personnel (CAPES) for the financial SCHNITZLER, E. 2013. Structural, physico-which can be inactivated by thermal support for postgraduate studies in the chemical, thermal and pasting properties ofprocessing could also have collaborated area of Production Engineering. potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour. Journalwith the reduction of total phenolic of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 111:compounds in BC potato flour, taking REFERENCES 2211-2216.into consideration that such enzyme isinvolved in total phenolic processing AKYOL, H; RICIPUTI, Y; CAPANOGLU, E; LEMOS, M; ALIYU, M; HUNGERFORD, G.metabolism (Cantos et al., 2002). CABONI, MF; VERARDO, V. 2016. Phenolic 2014. Influence of cooking on the levels ofThe mechanical stress caused by the compounds in the potato and its byproducts: an bioactive compounds in purple majesty potatoprocessing in cellular tissue of the plants overview. International Journal of Molecular observed via chemical and spectroscopicresults in an increase of the activity of Sciences 17: 835-853. means. Food Chemistry 173: 462-467.the enzyme PAL (Palharini et al., 2015),causing an increase in the concentration ANVISA. 1978. Agência Nacional de Vigilância LOMBARDO, S; PANDINO, G;of phenolic compounds (Cantos et al., Sanitária: Resolução - CNNPA nº 12, de 1978. MAUROMICALE, G. 2013. The influence2002). p 21-24. of growing environment on the antioxidant and mineral content of “early” crop potato. Journal L* value of UB potato flour was AOAC. 2005. Official methods of analysis of of Food Composition and Analysis 32: 28-35.smaller (p= 0,001) than in BC flour AOAC international. Washington: AOAC.(Table 2), showing that this flour LOVAT, C; NASSAR, AMK; KUBOW, S; LI,remained darker, in relation, mainly, ARAÚJO, JMA. 2008. Química de alimentos. XQ; DONNELLY, DJ. 2016. Metabolicto the presence of PPO and POD Viçosa: UFV. p389-391. biosynthesis of potato (Solanum tuberosumenzymes, which are responsible for the L.) antioxidants and implications for humanenzymatic browning reaction, which BUCKLEY, RR; GIORGIANNI, EJ. 2015. health. Critical Reviews in Food Science andlead to formation of dark compounds Encyclopedia of color science and technology. Nutrition 56: 2278-2303.(Araújo, 2008). Although both flours Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. p 1-9.present color closer to red, the authors LOVATTO, MT; BISOGNIN, DA; TREPTOW,noticed that a* value of UB flour was CANTOS, E; TUDELA, JÁ; GIL, MI; ESPÍN, RO; STORCK, L; GNOCATO, FS; MORINhigher (p= 0.001) than in BC, possibly JC. 2002. Phenolic compounds and related JUNIOR, G. 2012. Processamento mínimo dedue to enzymatic browning, since this enzymes are not rate-limiting in browning tubérculos de batata de baixo valor comercial.reaction initiated with reddish color development of fresh-cut potatoes. Journal Horticultura Brasileira 30: 258-265.(Lovatto et al., 2012). Identically, b* and of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:C* values of UB flour was higher (p= 3015-3023. MURNIECE, I; KARKLINA, D; GALOBURDA,0.002) than BC flour, showing that this R; SANTARE, D; SKRABULE, I; COSTA,flour remained yellow and with higher ESCARAMBONI, E; SILVA, DF; NETO, PO. HS. 2011. Nutritional composition ofcolor intensity. According to Goyeneche 2013. Influência da temperatura na atividade freshly harvested and stored Latvian potatoet al. (2014), these results are related to de amilase e protease de Rhizopus oligosporus (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties dependingbrowning reaction. cultivado por fermentação em estado sólido. on traditional cooking methods. Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Reports 2: Food Composition and Analysis 24: 699-710. 285-288. NASCIMENTO, RF; CANTERI, MHG. GARMUS, TT; BEZERRA, JRMV; RIGO, M; 2016. Modificação das fibras dietéticas no CÓRDOVA, KRV. 2009. Elaboração de armazenamento de vegetais sem tratamento biscoitos com adição de farinha de casca térmico. Revista Brasileira de Produtos de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.). Revista Agroindustriais 18: 423-426. Brasileira de Tecnologia Agroindustrial 3: 56-65. PALHARINI, MCA; SANTOS, CAJP; SIMIONATO, EMRS; KODAWARA, RK; KLUGE, RA. 2015. 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Effect of blanching on physicochemical characteristics of potato flour potato incorporation on the physico-chemical, potatoes cultivated in Korea. Food Science and CÓRDOVA, KRV; SLOMPO, PJH. 2014. textural and sensory properties of processed Biotechnology 24: 955-963. Características físico-químicas de cultivares cheese. Journal of Food Measurement and de batata sob cultivo orgânico. Ambiência Characterization 11: 776-780. SIROHA, AK; SANDHU, KS. 2017. Effect of 10: 31-42. heat processing on the antioxidant propertiesSANTOS, AP. 2009. Farinha de batata (Solanum of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) YAMDEU, JHG; GUPTA, PH; PATEL, NJ; tuberosum L.): obtenção, caracterização cultivars. Journal of Food Measurement and SHAH, A; TALATIJ, G. 2016. Effect of storage físico-química, funcional, elaboração e Characterization 11: 872-878. temperature on carbohydrate metabolism and caracterização de sopas desidratadas. development of cold-induced sweetening Itapetinga: UESB. 105p (MSc. thesis). TRANCOSO-REYES, N; OCHOA-MARTÍNEZ, in Indian potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) LA; BELLO-PÉREZ, LA; MORALES- varieties. Journal of Food Biochemistry 40:SCHULTZ, C. 2016. Water activity as related CASTRO, J; ESTÉVEZ-SANTIAGO, R; 71-83. to microorganisms in the manufacturing OLMEDILLA-ALONSO, B. 2016. Effect environment. General Internal Medicine and of pre-treatment on physicochemical and ZÖRBA, C; SENBAYRAMB, M; PEITER, E. Clinical Innovations 1: 1-2. structural properties, and the bioaccessibility 2014. Potassium in agriculture – Status and of β-carotene in sweet potato flour. Food perspectives. Journal of Plant PhysiologySHIN, EH; BAIK, MY; KIM, HS. 2015. Chemistry 200: 199-205. 171:656-669.. Comparison of physicochemical properties of starches and parenchyma cells isolated from VIRMOND, EP; KAWAKAMI, J; VONCIK, KS;Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 465

ResearchSCHMIDT, D; CARON, BO; VALERA, O; MEIRA, D; FONTANA, DC; ZANATTA, TP; WERNER, CJ; BREZOLIN, P. 2018. Base temperature, thermal time and phyllochron of escarole cultivation. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 466-472. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180407Base temperature, thermal time and phyllochron of escarole cultivationDenise Schmidt¹; Braulio O Caron¹; Oscar Valera²; Daniela Meira¹; Daniele C Fontana¹; Thais PZanatta¹; Carla J Werner¹; Patricia Brezolin¹¹Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen-RS, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; ²Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zongolica, Zongolica-Veracruz, México; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The objective of this study was to determine the base temperature Temperatura base, soma térmica e filocrono no cultivo deof escarole and to apply in the phenological analysis of crop during escarolafour growing periods. The study was carried out with escarole(Chicorium endivia) ‘Escarola Lisa’cultivar, at the Federal University O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura base daof Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen-RS. The experiment chicória e aplicá-la na análise fenológica da cultura, durante quatrowas performed in a randomized block design with four sowing periods períodos de cultivo. O trabalho foi realizado com a cultura da chicória(P1: 2/15/2015; P2: 04/29/2015, P3: 07/22/2015, P4: 10/16/2015) (Chicorium endivia) cultivar Escarola Lisa, na Universidade Federaland 10 replicates, each replicate being one plant. The evaluations de Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen-RS. O experimentoconsisted of counting the number of leaves, performed three times a foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro pe-week after transplanting date until the harvesting point. To determine ríodos de cultivo (P1: 15/2/2015; P2: 29/04/2015, P3: 22/07/2015,the base temperature, the following methods were used: standard P4: 16/10/2015) em 10 repetições, com uma planta por repetição. Asdeviation in degree-days (SDgd), standard deviation in days (SDd), avaliações consistiram da contagem do número de folhas, realizadacoefficient of variation in degree-days (CVgd), coefficient of variation três vezes por semana após transplante até o ponto de colheita. Parain days (CVd), regression coefficient (RC) and X-intercept. The base determinação de temperatura base utilizaram-se os métodos desviotemperature for emission of two successive leaves in the escarole is padrão em graus dias (DPgd), desvio padrão em dias (DPd), coeficiente4.7°C, obtained by values of 4.0 and 5.5°C, observed in the SDgd da variação em graus dias (CVgd), coeficiente de variação em diasand RC methods. For two leaves emission, the temperature between (CVd), coeficiente de regressão (CR), X-intercepto. Desta forma, a16.6 and 27.8°C day leaf-1 is necessary. temperatura base para emissão de duas folhas sucessivas na escarola é de 4,7°C, obtida através dos valores de 4,0 e 5,5°C, observados nos métodos DPgd e CR. Para a emissão de duas folhas é necessário entre 16,6 e 27,8°C dia folha-1.Keywords: Chicorium endivia, phenology, degree-days, leaf Palavras-chave: Chicorium endivia, fenologia, graus-dia, emissãoemission. de folha. Received on September 5, 2017; accepted on June 21, 2018Escarole (Chicorium endivia) is relationships among climatic conditions The plant’s development is given a specie of Asteraceae family and agricultural production are complex as thermal units accumulated above a(Filgueira, 2000), constituting the most because they directly affect the growth base temperature, whereas below thispopular group of leafy vegetables in and development of plants under temperature the development of plantsBrazil, together with lettuce, cabbage, different forms at different vegetative is negligible or null (Souza et al.,rocket and kale (Feltrim et al., 2008). stages of crops. For escarole crop, for 2015). Through thermal accumulation,Its growing and consumption in greater example, it is desirable to have warmer also known as degree-days or thermalscale occurs in the South and Southeast diurnal and mild night temperatures, sum, excellent correlations have beenregions of Brazil, mainly in the winter which is optimal for plant development, obtained with the crop cycle duration,months. It may be consumed in the form in the range of 14 to 16°C (Reghin et al., or with the stages of phenologicalof salads and sauces, and, regardless 2007). However, the ideal conditions for development of a given cultivar (Volpeof the consumption form, it has large the development of the escarole crop et al., 2002).amounts of vitamins and nutrients, as are still not well elucidated, due to thewell as functional components (Feltrim scarcity of studies that quantify base The air temperature is the mainet al., 2008). temperature for development of this element that determines the growth leafy vegetable. rate of the crop, changing the period of According to Caron et al. (2007), the growth necessary to reach the harvest466 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Base temperature, thermal time and phyllochron of escarole cultivationpoint (Beckmann-Cavalcante, 2009). Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina The lower base temperature (Tb) isIt also affects the speed of chemical (CQFSRS/SC, 2004). defined as the daily thermal time abovereactions and internal processes of a lower base temperature (Rosa et al.,solutes transport and the normal plant Seedlings were transplanted with 2011), which was determined by thedevelopment (Taiz et al., 2017). two or three leaves, 25 days after methods below. sowing. Seedlings were grown in beds The lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 1.2 m wide and planted at 0.2x0.25 Methods for calculation of lower Tbbelonging to the same botanical family m spacing. For irrigation, reference For the estimation of the lowerof escarole, presents a requirement evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated base temperature (Tb), differentof short days during the vegetative according to Penman (1948) and methodologies proposed by Arnold,phase, and long days, so that the adapted by Monteith (1965). Thus, (1960) were used:flowering occurs; when there is an daily water requirement was calculated Standard deviation in degree-daysassociation between long days and high by multiplying ETo by crop coefficient The standard deviation methodtemperatures, it accelerates flowering (Kc) (Allen et al., 1998), necessary in degree-days (SDgd) considers Tb(Diamante et al., 2012). However, its irrigation being made available through as result from the smallest standardgrowing has limitations, mainly due to the drip irrigation system. deviation of the thermal time obtainedits sensitivity to adverse conditions of using a series of Tb. The SDgd istemperature, humidity and rain (Gomes The experiment was conducted in calculated using the equation:et al., 2005). randomized blocks design, with 10 replicates, each replicate consisting of (3) The ability of a species to adapt one plant. The treatments consisted of 4to a wide range of environments is growing periods: P1) February 15, 2015; Where SDgd = standard deviation inconsidered of great interest to producers P2) April 4, 2015; P3) July 7, 2015 and degree-days, GDi = accumulated degree-(Figueiredo et al., 2004), so it is of P4) October 16, 2015. Growing periods days in the i-th growing period using afundamental importance to know were analyzed according to seasons of series of Tb, GDa = average of degree-the minimum temperature for plant the year, defined in south Brazil. The days accumulated in all i-th transplantdevelopment. Thus, hypotheses were evaluations consisted of counting the periods, n= number of growing periods.formulated: 1) base temperature for number of leaves (NF), consideringescarole allow development and growth the emission of a fully expanded leaf Standard deviation in daysin four seasons?; 2) thermal accumulated (>5 cm), performed three times a week In the method of standard deviationtime in hot seasons may decrease cycle after transplant until the plant reaches in days (SDd), Tb is resulted from theperiod? The objective of this study 50 leaves, considered the harvest point. smaller standard deviation amongwas to determine base temperature and different growing periods, according tothermal accumulation time for escarole The meteorological data (rainfall, the equation:from emergence to harvest stage. solar radiation, temperatures) were obtained through the automatic (4)MATERIAL AND METHODS meteorological station of Frederico Westphalen-RS (INMET, Frederico Where SDd = standard deviation in days, Vegetal material and experiment Westphalen, A854), located 200 meters SDgd = standard deviation in degree-conditions distant from the experiment. days using a series of Tb, = average air temperature (°C) of all i times, Tb = The present study was carried out Thermal time lower base temperature (°C).at Federal University of Santa Maria(UFSM) Campus Frederico Westphalen- In order to determine the lower base Coefficient of variation in degree-RS (27º39’S, 53º42’O, 490 meters temperature (Tb), the daily thermal time daysaltitude). The cultivar Escarola Lisa (Tt) was estimated according to the(Chicorium endivia) was used during the equation proposed by Arnold (1960): The coefficient of variation infour experimental seasons. According to degree-days (CVgd) method considersthe classification of Köppen, the climate (1) as Tb the one that presents the lowestis type 3, subtropical humid, 2100 mm coefficient of variation in relationaverage annual rainfall and 19.1°C where Tt= thermal time, Ta= average to degree-days accumulated in theaverage annual temperature (Alvares air temperature, Tb= lower base development phase in question. CVgdet al., 2014). The soil is classified as temperature. The results are expressed is obtained from the formula:typical Latosol Red alumino-ferric in growing degree-days (GDD, °C day),(Embrapa, 2013). where 1 GDD is equal to 1°C above Tb. (5) Soil was prepared through plowing The thermal time was calculated Where CVgd = coefficient of variation inand sorting, and fertilized according to from the emission of the first true leaf, degree-days, SDgd = standard deviationthe interpretation of soil analysis, by and the accumulated thermal time (Tta) in degree-days using a series of Tb, GDathe Fertilization and Liming Manual for was obtained from the daily thermal = average of degree-days accumulated time, expressed in °C day: in all i-th transplant periods. (2) Coefficient of variation in days The coefficient of variation in days Where Tta= accumulated thermal time, Tt= daily thermal time. 467Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

D Schmidt et al.(CVd) determines Tb in the lowest Statistical analysis by Martins et al. (2012), who estimatedcoefficient of variation obtained from base temperature for olive trees, andthe relation between the standard The values of cycle duration in days, observed temperatures from 4 to 14°Cdeviation in days (SDd) and a number of thermal time and phyllochron were using other methods for its calculation.days in the development phase, so the submitted to variance analysis by the Fagundes et al. (2010), using standardCVd is determined from the equation: F test, afterwards mean comparison by deviation in days, regression coefficient the Tukey test at 5% probability was and X-intercept methods observed base (6) performed. temperatures of 12.9 to 14°C and 5.5 to 9.3°C for two different developmentWhere CVd = coefficient of variation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION phases of Aspilia montevidensis, also observing variations among the usedand days (%), SDd = standard deviation During the four growing periods, methods.in days, d= number of days in the air temperature showed variationsdevelopment phase. as observed in Table 1. The average However, the used methods proved temperatures used for the estimation of to be feasible, since as already mentioned Regression coefficient Tb ranged between 16.2 and 22.9°C, in the SDd, CVgd and CVd methods, with absolute temperatures between calculated Tb values were similar. In The regression coefficient (RC) 4.0 and 33.7°C. This exposure to addition, the smaller variance amongmethod is based on linear relationship different air temperatures is essential thermal time of each period, whichbetween average air temperature during in studies that use thermal time as a was used for Tb estimative by differentplant development (Tx) and degree- measure of biological time on growth methods (except for X-interceptdays (GDi) accumulated during the and development parameters. method), was given when the basedevelopment phase. Considering the temperature of 4°C (Figure 1G) wasfollowing: The calculated base temperature used, being similar to the value obtained values showed variation among methods by SDgd method. (7) (Figure 1). In the SDgd method, a base temperature of 4.0°C was observed, For the RC method, the linearWhere a = coefficient of linear however, for SDd, CVgd and CVd, a regression equation showed an angularregression, T = average air temperature temperature around 2.5°C was observed. coefficient of 0.16 (Figure 1F). Fagundesduring plant development, b= linear In the RC and X-intercept methods, et al. (2010), using the same method,coefficient. base temperatures of 5.5 and 3.0°C, obtained coefficients of 0.19 and 0.44 respectively, were observed. Differences for two development subperiods, being X-intercept in lower base temperatures observed that values closer to zero represent a in six methods were probably due to more accurate Tb value, as observed This method is based on linear variations in air temperature shown in the study. As shown in Figurerelationship between average air during the escarole development phase 1D, the linear regression used in thetemperature (Ta) during the development during four growing periods. The X-intercept method showed a coefficientphase and relative development (DR) differences among methods are justified of determination (R²) of 84%, beingvalues, according to the equation: by the specificity of each evaluation considered statistically high. method (Table 1).Where Considering the above, none of The lower base temperatures the methods used could be discarded, (8) estimated ranged between 2.5 and 5.5°C. however, the estimated Tb values of This variation is smaller than that found 2.5 and 3.0°C were below the absoluteWhere a= coefficient of linear regression, minimum (4.0°C), that is, they are notTa = average air temperature, b= linearcoefficient. Table 1. Maximum and minimum air temperatures (0C) recorded at four growing periods of Chicorium endivia. Frederico Westphalen, UFSM, 2015. In the X-intercept, the Tb valueis given when DR = 0, obtained by Growing Absolute Absolute Average Average Averageextending the linear regression between period minimum maximum minimum maximum 22.9the DR as function of Ta, such thatTb= -b/a. P1 12.8 33.4 18.6 29.2 Determination of lower base P2 7.6 30.2 14.6 22.4 16.7temperature and phyllochron P3 4.0 32.1 12.2 21.8 16.2 Tb was determined by mean Tbvalues obtained from different methods P4 9.4 33.7 17.3 25.1 21.1used. With the obtained Tb value,the phyllochron was estimated. For P1= February 15, 2015 - May 4, 2015; P2= April 29, 2015 – October 7, 2015; P3= Julythis, linear regression was performed 22, 2015 - September 21, 2015; P4= October 16, 2015 - December 21, 2015.between number of leaves (NL) andaccumulated thermal time (Tta, °C day) Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018for each period. Thus, the phyllochronvalue was determined by inverse ofangular coefficient linear regressionbetween Tta and number of leaves.468

Base temperature, thermal time and phyllochron of escarole cultivationFigure 1. Lower base temperature of Chicorium endivia estimated by coefficient of variation in degree-days (CVdg) (A); standard deviationin days (SDd) (B); standard deviation in degree-days (SDdg) (C); relative development (RD) (D); coefficient of variation in days(CVd) (E);linear regression coefficient (RC) (F); methods and variance between accumulated thermal time and different base temperatures (G). Blackcolor point indicate the value of the base temperature. Frederico Westphalen, UFSM, 2015.Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 469

D Schmidt et al.between the temperatures registered. The significant difference (p<0.05) only during P2 and P3 (Table 1). Accordingmethods used are statistical methods, for phyllochron variables and cycle to Sá & Reghin (2008), minimumso there may be differences between length (Figure 2). Regardless of the temperatures of 8 and 9°C may slowphysiological Tb and statistically cycle duration, the escarole presented a escarole development, consequently, asdetermined Tb. According to Moreno thermal accumulation between 1107.4 observed in this study, it was necessaryet al. (2014), it is important to maintain and 1275.0°C day in four growing to increase the number of days to reachthe classification of estimated Tb within periods (Figure 2B), requiring, on the harvest point that is not desiredrange of temperatures registered, since it average, 1198.28°C day to reach harvest for leafy vegetables. In this context,is a determinant factor in the estimated point. Establishing thermal time might Feltrim et al. (2006) reported thatTb. be used in escarole as a physiological lower amplitudes may provide better clock of development, being more escarole development, justifying results Therefore, the average between precise than using chronological time observed for growing periods. The4.0 and 5.5°C was used, obtained in in days. results observed in this study, for fourSDgd and RC methods, respectively, growing periods, were contrary toresulting in a Tb of 4.7°C. There are no For the cycle duration, there is those shown by Reghin et al. (2006),registers of a minimum temperature that a significant difference between P1 which reported a good developmentmight affect escarole development, but and P2, and among P4 and P2 and P3 under mild temperatures showingcomparing it with other leafy vegetables, growing periods. In P2 and P3, cycles cycles of 86 and 83 days. However,such as lettuce, estimated temperatures of 63 and 58 days were observed, being temperatures of 22.9 and 22.4°C aswere of 4°C in Japan (Madariaga & longer than those observed in P1 and shown in P1 and P4 periods conditionedKnott, 1951) and 10°C in Campinas-SP P4, which presented cycles of 44 and faster development, which may result in(Brunini et al., 1976). 39 days, respectively (Figure 2B). This gains, since shorter cycles might reduce may be due to the low temperatures expenses in agronomic management, in The variance analysis showed a addition to ensuring better sale prices in the market.Figure 2. Phyllochron of Chicorium endivia (A) and cycle length in days and accumulatedthermal time (B) from emergence to harvest point in four growing periods. P1= February 15, For phyllochron, values of 16.62015 - May 4, 2015; P2= April 29, 2015 – October 7, 2015; P3= July 22, 2015 - September and 17.9°C day leaf-1 were observed in21, 2015; P4= October 16, 2015 - December 21, 2015. Frederico Westphalen, UFSM, 2015. P1 and P2 growing periods, differing statistically from P3 and P4, which showed values of 26.5 and 27.8°C day leaf-1, respectively (Figure 2). The higher phyllochron values indicate a lower leaf emission rate (Figure 3), since they require higher thermal time (°C day leaf-1) for its growth (Mendonça et al., 2012), and consequently lower phyllochron values indicate lower amount of thermal time to emit a leaf (Martins et al., 2012), that is, fast development. Therefore, phyllochron results reflect a faster development for the P1 and P2, however, this result was not observed, probably due to the differences in air temperature, occurred in growth period. Beckmann-Cavalcante et al. (2009) cite that air temperature is a main variable that affects a plant growth rate. In this context, Dalmago et al. (2013), in the phyllochron estimate for canola, observed 23.5 to 59.0°C day leaf-1, reaching this variation at several air temperature regimes during day and night, such as low temperatures. The differences in phyllochron values observed in this study were influenced by variations in air temperature (Table470 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018

Base temperature, thermal time and phyllochron of escarole cultivationFigure 3. Linear regression between number of leaves and accumulated thermal time (°C day) for the calculation of the phyllochron (°Cday leaf-1) of Chicorium endivia at growing periods, being P1= February 15, 2015 - May 4, 2015; P2= April 29, 2015 – October 7, 2015;P3= July 22, 2015 - September 21, 2015; P4= October 16, 2015 - December 21, 2015. Values are of one repetition. Frederico Westphalen,UFSM, 2015.1). According to Birch et al. (1998), study. Since it was assumed that leaf species, temperature fluctuations (Itohdifferences in phyllochron values emission has a linear behavior in relation & Shimizu, 2012), as well as ontogenicmay be related to the temperature to average air temperature, during the changes (Pržulj & Momčilović, 2013)oscillation in short periods of time. entire development phase, and probably during the development period, mayDuring P2, the temperatures decreased temperature requirements were different strongly influence the phyllochron.at the end of the period, observing during each stage after issuing a newminimum temperatures of 20 to 10°C leaf. According to Itoh & Sano (2006), For each period, it was possible toand maximum of 30 to 20°C, registering leaf emission rate might vary after a observe in the simple linear regressionminimum and maximum peaks of 7.2 determinate number of leaves, because between number of leaves andand 30.2°C, respectively. For P4, from minimum temperature required for leaf accumulated thermal time, coefficientsbeginning to end of cycle there was an emission varies with the position and of determination (R²) above 81%increase in temperatures, observing that order of leaf in question. (Figure 3), showing high correlation,the minimums were 10 to 20°C and the fact that proves that linear regressionmaximum of 30 to 25°C, with minimum Thus, in general, the plants respond method is efficient to phyllochronpeaks of 9.4°C and maximum of 33.7°C. distinctly, where minimum and estimative (Cocco et al., 2016).In both P2 and P4 the temperature maximum temperatures may havevariation was higher, compared to caused an imbalance in the emission Since the objective is to have a toolP1 and P3, whereas in P3 the lowest of leaves. According to Cocco et al. to predict leaves emission, and thustemperatures were recorded (Table 1), (2016), the occurrence of maximum possible estimate crop performance,however, they remained more constant. temperatures during plant development the phyllochron method might be used influences the phyllochron variation in as a development model for Chicorium Temperature variation explains the crop cycle, because leaf emission is endivia. The use of air temperature asphyllochron values obtained in this dependent of temperature. Regardless of variable may be sufficient, considering that there are several elements andHortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 471

D Schmidt et al.climatic factors that may influence Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. 10. ed. Porto Brasileira de Fruticultura 34: 15-23.development (Gramig & Stoltenberg, Alegre: SBCS/Núcleo Regional Sul.2007). MONTEITH, JL. 1965. Evaporation and D A L M A G O , G A ; F O C H E S AT TO , E ; environment. In: SYMPOSIUM OF Thus, we determined 4.7°C the lower KOVALESKI, S; TAZZO, IF; BOLIS, LM; DA THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTALbase temperature for Chicorium endivia CUNHA, GR; NIED, AH; BERGAMASCHI, BIOLOGY, 1965, New York. Anais… Newgrowth, obtained through the values of H;SANTI, A. 2013. Filocrono e número de York: The state and movement of water in4.0 and 5.5°C, observed in standard folhas da canola em diferentes condições living organisms. v.19, p.205-239.deviation in degree-days and regression ambientais. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileiracoefficient methods. Chicorium endivia 48: 573-581. MORENO, LS; PEDREIRA, CG; BOOTE,requires on average, from the emergency, KJ; ALVES, RR. 2014. 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ResearchBARROS, AF; CAMPOS, VP; SOUZA, LN; COSTA, SS; TERRA, WC; LESSA, JHL. 2018. Morphological, enzymatic and molecular characterization of root-knot nematodes parasitizing vegetable crops. Horticultura Brasileira 36: 473-479. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180408Morphological, enzymatic and molecular characterization of root-knotnematodes parasitizing vegetable cropsAline F Barros; Vicente P Campos; Larissa N Souza; Sarah S Costa; Willian C Terra; Josimar HL Lessa11Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Species of the genus Meloidogyne are limiting factors in vegetable Caracterização morfológica, enzimática e molecular decrop production. Studies in Brazil about the occurrence of root-knot nematoide das galhas, parasitas de hortaliçasnematodes in areas of vegetable crop growth have been conductedwithout using advanced techniques. Using modern techniques, such Espécies do gênero Meloidogyne constituem um dos fatoresas biochemical and molecular methods, improves the accuracy of limitantes à produção de olerícolas. Estudos têm sido realizados noMeloidogyne species identification. The present study characterized Brasil a respeito da ocorrência de espécies de nematoide de galhasspecies of Meloidogyne in 36 samples associated with vegetable crops em áreas de cultivo de olerícolas sem o uso de técnica avançada.using isoenzyme electrophoresis, SCAR markers, and morphological O uso de técnicas modernas, tais como, os métodos bioquímicos emarkers, in addition to validating SCAR markers for accurate species moleculares aumentam a segurança na identificação das espéciesidentification. The species M. incognita, M. javanica, M. hapla, M. de Meloidogyne. Neste trabalho foram caracterizadas espécies demorocciensis, and M. arenaria were identified, with the first two being Meloidogyne associadas a olerícolas em um total de 36 amostras porthe most frequent. Here, the species M. arenaria parasitizing scarlet meio de eletroforese de isoenzimas, marcadores SCAR e morfológico.eggplant and M. morocciensis parasitizing pumpkin and cabbage are Além disso, foram validados marcadores SCAR para identificaçãoreported in Brazil for the first time. Esterase electrophoresis efficiently acurada dessas espécies. Desta forma, foram identificadas as espéciesseparated the species of Meloidogyne found in vegetable crops; M. incognita, M. javanica, M. hapla, M. morocciensis e M. arenaria,however, SCAR markers were only effective for the identification of sendo as duas primeiras espécies mais frequentes. Foram ainda relata-M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla, since the primer pair Far/ das, pela primeira vez no Brasil, as espécies: M. arenaria parasitandoRar yielded no amplification product to confirm the identity of M. plantas de jiló e M. morocciensis parasitando plantas de abóbora earenaria. The species M.arenaria and M. morocciensis could not be repolho. A eletroforese de esterase foi eficiente em separar todas asdistinguished by the female perineal patterns. Based on the present espécies de Meloidogyne encontradas em olerícolas. Entretanto, osresults, new primers should be designed for the identification of M. marcadores SCAR foram eficientes, somente, na identificação de M.arenaria and M. morocciensis. incognita, M. javanica e M. hapla, no entanto, os primers Far/Rar não promoveram amplificação para confirmação da identidade de M. arenaria. Na avaliação da configuração perineal de fêmeas, não foi possível distinguir as espécies M. arenaria e M. morocciensis. Com base nos resultados, novos primers devem ser desenvolvidos para identificação de M. arenaria e M. morocciensis.Keywords: Meloidogyne, diagnosis, molecular biology, vegetable Palavras chave: Meloidogyne, diagnose, biologia molecular,crops. hortaliças. Received on September 4, 2017; accepted on October 10, 2018Plant parasitic nematodes are the (Noling, 2012). Meloidogyne is the and sequence-characterized amplified major pest problem in vegetable most important genus in Brazil due region (SCAR). Firstly, in 1949,crops in the tropics (Carneiro et al., to its wide distribution throughout Chitwood described the Meloidogyne2008b). In certain production areas, different vegetable production regions, genus and subsequently developed aroot-knot nematodes are responsible for polyphagia, and physiological variability perineal pattern method that was ablean approximate 30% yield reduction in among populations of the same species to distinguish between five species ofvegetable crops (Anwar et al., 2009). (Moens et al., 2009). Meloidogyne. During 1950−70, theVegetable productivity reductions descriptions were improved (Taylor &are directly related to preplant There exist three techniques for Sasser, 1978). Secondly, application ofinfestation levels in the soil; as soil Meloidogyne identification, representing electrophoresis to Meloidogyne speciesinfestation increases, the amount of the evolution of knowledge regarding identification was well established bydamage and yield loss also increases this nematode species over time: perineal Esbenshade & Triantaphyllou (1990). pattern, electrophoresis of isoenzymes,Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.36, n.4, October-December 2018 473