WOMEN,PEACEand WSOMECENU,PREIATCYEAinND BSSTEABSCAUTATUCAUEHRSIITCTaYEHndSiInBaEnNdUEBENUE BaBsaelsineeliSnuervSeyu2r0v1e9y2019 1
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 ©UNWomenNigeria,2020 Content:InstituteforPeaceandConflictResolution Photosandimages©UNWomenNigeria Editinganddesign:EdwardMiller Disclaimer:Theviewsandrecommendationsexpressedhereinarethoseofthecontributorsand donotnecessarilyreflectthepositionofUNWomenortheimplementingorfunding organizationsmentionedinthetext. WOMEN,PEACEAND SECURITYin BAUCHIandBENUE STATES BaselineSurvey2019 2 3
4 CONTENTS AcronymsandAbbreviations i BaselineSurveyTeams ii Acknowledgements iii ExecutiveSummary 1 SECTION1:OVERVIEW OFUNSECURITYCOUNCILRESOLUTION1325ANDITS 5 IMPLEMENTATIONINNIGERIA 1.1Introduction 5 1.2Background 7 SECTION2:BASELINESURVEYMETHODOLOGY 9 ResearchMethodology 9 SECTION3:SITUATIONOFTHETARGETSTATESANDLOCALGOVERNMENTAREAS 13 3.1BauchiState 13 3.2BenueState 15 5 SECTION4:ANALYSISOFFINDINGS 19 4.1BauchiState 19
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 4.1.1LevelofAwarenessaboutWomen’sParticipationinPeaceandSecurity 19 4.1.2LevelofParticipationofWomeninPeaceandSecurity 21 4.1.3EffectivenessofWomen’sEffortsinPeaceandSecurityProcesses 24 4.1.4ObstaclestoWomen’sEffectiveParticipationinPeaceandSecurity 24 4.1.5WomeninDecisionMaking 25 4.1.6SecurityAgencies 26 4.1.7JudiciaryandPublicService 26 4.1.8PlatformsforWomen,PeaceandSecurity 27 4.1.9PerceptionofWomen’sParticipationinPeaceandSecurityProcesses 28 4.1.10ImprovingSupportforandPerceptionsofWomen’sMeaningful 28 ParticipationinPeaceandSecurityProcesses 4.2BenueState 29 4.2.1LevelofAwarenessaboutWomen’sParticipationinPeaceandSecurity 29 4.2.2LevelofParticipationofWomeninPeaceandSecurity 32 4.2.3EffectivenessofWomen’sParticipationinPeaceandSecurity 32 4.2.4ObstaclestoWomen’sEffectiveParticipationinPeaceandSecurity 35 4.2.5CommitmentofLawmakerstoWomen,PeaceandSecurity 36 4.2.6SecurityAgencies 38 4.2.7JudiciaryandPublicService 39 4.2.8PlatformsforWomen,PeaceandSecurity 39 4.2.9PerceptionofWomen’sParticipationinPeaceandSecurityProcesses 41 4.2.10ImprovingSupportforandPerceptionsofWomen’sMeaningful 43 ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 45 5.1Conclusion 45 5.2Recommendations 45 References 48
ACRONYMSAND ABBREVIATIONS CSO civilsocietyorganization FGD focusgroupdiscussion FOMWAN FederationofMuslim Women’sAssociationsofNigeria GBV gender-basedviolence IDP internallydisplacedperson LGA LocalGovernmentArea NAP NationalActionPlan NGO non-governmentalorganization NPF NigeriaPoliceForce NSCDC NigerianSecurityandCivilDefenceCorps UNWomen UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen UNSCR1325 UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1325 VAPP ViolenceagainstPersons(Prohibition)Act WOWICAN WomenWingoftheChristianAssociationofNigeria 6i BASELINESURVEY TEAMS ProgrammeDirector BauchiStateTeam Leader ChidozieAcholonu BakutT.Bakut FieldResearchers BenueStateTeam Leader GraceAwodu FieldResearchers
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 ChukwuemekaMbah GabrielJana GraceAtim GeraldOkafor CalebAyuba MosesOludeleAkangbe AdesolaOlowokere AishaArigu IshaqDaksiri AishaKaka BelloZarma HafsatHamidu DataCollationandAnalysis PaulAndrewGwaza BejiGowal MonitoringandEvaluation TaofikOyewo GeraldineAku SecretariatandDocumentation YomiAdedairo AishaIreneNuhu FinanceandAccounts SundayDaji 7ii ACkNOWLEDgEMENTS ThisbaselinesurveywasundertakenbytheInstituteforPeaceandConflictResolutiononbehalfofthe UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen(UN Women),withthe supportoftheGovernmentofNorway.Itprovidesabaselineandsituationalanalysisonwomen,peace andsecurityinBauchiandBenueStatesofNigeria.TheInstituteprofoundlyappreciatesthissupportto Nigeriainitseffortstopreventconflictandachievesustainablepeacebuildinginthefaceofraging insecurityanddysfunctionalconflicts. TheInstitutefurtheracknowledgesthecollaborativesupportoftheGovernmentsofBenueandBauchi States,particularly the Ministries ofWomen Affairs,Justice,Budgetand Planning,Information, Agriculture,Youth and Sports,Health,Education,LocalGovernmentand ChieftaincyAffairs.The InstitutealsocommendstheroleofthefollowinginBenueState:theCommissionerofWomenAffairs, Hon.Mrs.TabithaIgirgi;theSolicitor-GeneralandPermanentSecretary,MinistryofJustice,LadyBarr. ChristyAnageende;theDirectorofWomenAffairs,Mrs.DooshimaAgeh;theSpeakeroftheStateHouse ofAssembly,Hon.TitusUba;andtheExecutiveSecretaryofBenueStateEmergencyManagement Agency,Dr.EmmanuelShior.InBauchiState,weacknowledgetheDirectorofAdministrationand FinanceintheMinistryofWomenAffairsandSocialDevelopment,MohammedIbrahim Gangai;State DirectoroftheNationalOrientationAgency,Ibrahim UsmanLame;andChairmanoftheStateHouseof AssemblyCommitteeonSecurity,Hon.TijjanniMuhammadAliyu;MaryAnnEmmanuel,Community RescueInitiative;andMagistrateAminaGarubaAhmed.Ourappreciationalsogoestothecivilsociety organizations(CSOs),headsofthetraditionalinstitutions,andrelevantsecurityagencies–suchasthe DepartmentofStateSecurity,theNigeriaPoliceForce,theNigerianArmy,andtheNigerianSecurityand CivilDefenceCorps(NSCDC)–inthetwostates. Thesurveyalsoreceivedcriticalsupportfrom somestakeholders,includingfaith-basedorganizations, community-basedorganizations,CSOsandthemedia;theyplayeddiverserolesthatwerepivotaltothe survey.TheInstituteextendsitsgratitudetoHRHChiefJ.D.Abenga,theTerofMakurdi;Mal.Ahmad
Sardauna,Secretary,Jama’atuNasrilIslam;theStateAmirahoftheFederationofMuslim Women’s AssociationsofNigeria(FOMWAN),HajiyaHauwaIsah;StateChairmanoftheChristianAssociationof Nigeria,Rev.AkpenLeva;andMrs.JudithGemahoftheWomenWingoftheChristianAssociationof Nigeria(WOWICAN)inBenueState.InBauchistate,thefollowingstakeholdersaredeservingofmention: HRH AlhajiYunusaDanyaya,theEmirofNingi,andAlh.NuruAdamuJumba,theChiromanBauchi. OthersareSylvesterYibisoftheBauchiHumanRightsNetworkandHajiyaAi’shaKilishi,theState AmirahofFOMWAN. Weappreciatealltheindividualswhoprovidedresearchassistanceindatacollectionduringtheconduct ofthefieldwork. iii8
ExECUTIVESUMMARY Thisreportpresentsananalysisofdatacollected agenda. from BauchiandBenueStatesduringabaseline surveyconductedbytheInstituteforPeaceand 3. Review and analyse institutional ConflictResolution,Abuja,from 24 Julyto 2 mechanismsonwomen,peaceandsecurityin August 2019. The baseline survey was NigeriatoenhanceUN Women’sprogramming conductedfortheWomen,PeaceandSecurity towards successful support for the (WPS)ProgrammeofUN WomeninBauchiand implementation and monitoring of the WPS Benue States,funded by the Governmentof agendaatthenationallevelandintargetstates. Norway.Thesurveywascarriedoutagainstthe overarchinggoalof ensuring‘gender-inclusive SUMMARYOFKEYFINDINGSBY andsustainablepeaceinNigeria’asitrelatesto STATE the intended results: i) women participate effectively in peace and security processes, Asummaryofthemainfindingsofthereportis peace negotiations, conflict prevention and presentedbelow;detailsarepresentedinSection resolution;andii)improvedpublicperceptionof 4:AnalysisofFindings. theroleofwomeninpeaceandsecurity. TheselectedLocalGovernmentAreas(LGAs)are The key findings from the two states are Bauchi,TafawaBalewa,NingiandItasGadaufor summarizedbelow: BauchiStateandAgatu,GwerWest,Logoand GumaforBenueState.Datawasgeneratedfrom 1. Levelofawarenessaboutwomen’s these LGAs using qualitative and quantitative participation in peace and security:Public researchmethods:12focusgroupdiscussions, awarenessofwomen’sparticipationinpeace questionnaires,deskreviews,andkeyinformant efforts is generally high among allgroup interviews. respondentsinthetwotargetstates:79per Theobjectivesofthebaselinesurveyareto: centinBauchiStateand51percentinBenue State.Thefindingsfrom bothstatesshow 1. Determinethecurrentsituation atthe that the objectives of the WPS agenda nationallevelandintargetstatesinrelationto correlatewiththeinvolvementofwomenas theprogramme’skeyelements:Nigeria’ssecond conflictmanagersatfamily,communityand NationalAction Plan on UN Security Council CSOlevels. Resolution(UNSCR)1325astheframeworkfor 2. Levelofawareness aboutUNSCR programme implementation;the capacities of 1325:Key informantinterview participants legislatorsandpolicymakers;thesecuritysector from thelegislature,securityagencies,media institutions atthe state level(the police and andofficersatthemanagementlevelinboth judiciary);and women leaders and the media states (permanent secretaries, directorial withregardtotheWPSagendaintargetstates staffandheadsofagencies)statedthatthey andNigeriaatlarge. werenotawareofUNSCR1325andtheNAP 2. Establishabaselinethatcanbeusedfor onwomen,peaceandsecurity. comparison atthe end ofthe programme to 3. Women’s participation in religious measurechangeswhichcanbeattributedtothe institutions:Religious institutions in Bauchi programmeactivitiesandrelatedoutcomes.The and Benue States have platforms for baseline willbe used to measure policy and women’s participation in peace processes institutional changes,as well as attitudinal suchasFOMWANandWOWICAN. changeofthetargetedcommunities,LGAsand states (Bauchiand Benue)around the WPS However,theirrolesarelimitedbyreligious 1
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 injunctionsandpatriarchalpersuasions.This Thepublicknowsofwomeninintra-family isgraduallychanging,particularlyin Benue peacebuildingandconflictmanagement. State,withmalereligiousleaderssupporting andcallingformorewomentobeincludedin 2 peaceandsecurity. • Women are predominantly active in civil 4. Perceptionofwomen’sparticipation societyorganizations,particularlywomen-led bygender:InBauchiStatetheparticipationof community-based and faith-based womeninpeaceandsecurityprocessesis organizations. There are also traditional viewedaseffectivebybothmenandwomen structuresthroughwhichwomenparticipate inthecommunities.Moremenviewwomen’s inpeaceandsecurity,especiallyintraditional participation as effective than women.In palaceswheretheyhavetitles. communitiesinBenueState,women’sefforts in peace and security are viewed as • The participation ofwomen in peace and ineffective,whilemenareperceivedasmore securityprocessesisviewedaseffectiveby effectiveininitiatingandimplementingpeace both men and women.More men than andsecurityinitiatives. women viewed women’s participation as effective. 5. Representation of women in decision making: The representation of • The study reveals thatreligion,tradition, womenindecision-makingpositionsislowin discrimination and marginalization,due to thetwostates.InBauchiState,noneofthe thepatriarchalnatureofBauchisociety,were legislatorsorLocalGovernmentChairpersons the majorobstaclesto women’s effective arewomen.Womenconstitute28.6percent participationinpeaceandsecurity. ofjudgesandmagistrates,5percentofthe commissioners and 13.8 percentofthe • Women are conspicuously marginalized permanent secretaries. The numbers in from thetop hierarchyofdecision-making Benue showed a slight improvement in structuresandfrom mainstream peaceand comparisontoBauchi. securityorganizations. 6. Representationofwomeninsecurity • Thereisverylowrepresentationofwomenin agencies:Inthesecurityagencies,thereis securityagencies,the judiciaryand public verylow representation ofwomen in both service atboth juniorand seniorlevels. states.Sixpercentoftheseniorofficersin Therearespecialdesksthatdealwithissues theNigeriaPoliceForce(NPF)and4.2per such as gender,human rights and child centoftheseniorNSCDCofficersinBauchi welfarethatarewomenled. State are women,whereas in Benue State, 15.6percentand84.4percentofthesenior • Thereareveryfewwomeninvolvedinformal officers in the NPF are women and men peace and security platforms orbodies. respectively. WomenhaveformedsmallgroupsofCSO networksto engagein peace and security 7. In both states,there are veryfew activities. womeninvolvedatthedecision-makinglevel in government-led peace and security • Women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurity platformsoragencies. is viewed as positive by both men and women,and the levelof acceptance of BAUCHISTATE women is relatively dependent on their credibilityandhardwork. • The levelof awareness about women’s participation in peace and security • Community mobilization ofmen,TV and processesisgenerallyhighinBauchiState. radio sensitization,advocacy to decision makers,andgender-mainstreamingtraining forsecurityagenciesandpublicservants,are identified as criticalways ofimproving
perceptionsaroundwomen’sparticipationin organizationsandcivilsocietyorganizations peace and security and reducing the have been changing the trend to one in obstacleswithintraditionalsociety,including whichwomenaretakinguprolesthatwere institutionalbureaucracy. hithertostrictlyformen. BENUESTATE • In view of the negative perception of women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurity • A very high percentage of women are inBenueState,theresearchfindsthatthe unawareofwomen in peaceand security trend can change for the better with compared to men.Logo has the highest sensitization, advocacy and community proportion of respondents who are not mobilizationthroughtheuseofthemedia awareofwomeninpeaceandsecurity. (especially the radio)and othercapacity- buildingplatforms. • WomeninBenueStatehavedemonstrated commitmentand areactiveparticipantsin peaceandsecurityprocessesdespitetheir marginal inclusion in governmental and traditionalstructures. • Ahigherpercentageofrespondentsviewed women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurity asineffective,while 19.8 percentviewed womenaseffective. • Discriminationandmarginalizationaremajor obstaclestowomen’sparticipationinpeace andsecurity. • Atthelaw-makinglevelinBenueState,the participationofwomenislow.Thecurrent Benue State House of Assembly has members who have some degree of awarenessonissuesaroundwomen,peace andsecurity. • Thesecurityagenciesaredominatedbymen, both in number and in key leadership positions.Therearespecialdeskscreated withintheagenciestodealwithissuessuch asgender,humanrightsandchildwelfare thatarewomenled. • The participation ofwomen atdecision- making levels in the judiciary and public serviceofBenueStateisfairlylow. • Violentconflictinthestatehasexposedthe limitsofthemale-drivenpeaceandsecurity structures. The traditional victimhood perception ofwomen in violentconflictis gradually giving way to women’s active participation, even within the traditional institutions. • AlthoughBenueStateisapatriarchalsociety withassignedrolesforwomenandmen,the incidence of violent conflict and the increased activities of international 3
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 4 5
SECTION1:OVERVIEW OF UNSECURITYCOUNCIL RESOLUTION1325ANDITS IMPLEMENTATIONIN NIgERIA 1.1INTRODUCTION onUNSCR1325serveastoolsforgovernments to articulate priorities and coordinate the UNSCR1325isthefirstofthenineUNSecurity implementation of the WPS agenda at the Council Resolutions supporting the women, nationallevel.TheNAPisanofficialdocument peace and security globalagenda.Itis the thatincludesplanstomainstream genderinto frameworkwithinwhichallissuesrelatedtothe peaceandsecurityoperationswithinacountry; challengesaffectingwomen’sactiveinvolvement serves as a guiding nationalpolicydocument inandengagementwithpeaceandsecurityare thatcaptures the diverse setofgovernment addressed. bodies and stakeholders thatare tasked with security,foreignpolicy,developmentandgender The UNSCR 1325 builds on a body of equality; and provides opportunity for internationalhumanrightsandlegalinstruments. governmentstoinitiatestrategicactions,identify Itisthefirstinternationalpoliticalframeworkthat priorities and resources, and determine acknowledges and addresses the responsibilitiesamongdifferentactors(Federal disproportionate impactofconflicton women Ministry of Women Affairs and Social and girls.Itrecognizes the importantrole of Development,2017). womeninallpeacebuilding,peacenegotiation, humanitarian planning,peacekeeping operation AccordingtotheNigerianNationalActionPlan andpost-conflictprocesses. (2017), by March 2019 81 countries had developed theirUNSCR 1325 NAPswithin the Severalresolutionshavebeenadoptedsincethe socio-politicaland developmentcontexts and year2000 to strengthen UNSCR 1325.They realitiesoftheircountries.TheGovernmentof include1820(2008),1888(2008),1889(2009), Nigeriain2013developeditsfirstNAPthrough 1960(2010),2106(2013),2122(2013)and2242 the coordination of the FederalMinistry of (2015).The fourpillars ofthe UNSCR 1325 WomenAffairsandSocialDevelopment,andthis agenda (or WPS agenda) are Participation, wasreviewedin2017.TheNAPhasbeenfurther Protection,Prevention,andReliefandRecovery. cascadedto11stateswiththedevelopmentof State Action Plans.The states are Adamawa, UNSCR 1325 and therelated WPS resolutions Bayelsa,Borno,Delta, refertotheinternational,nationalandlocallevels Gombe,Kaduna,Kano,Kogi,Plateau,Riversand topromoteandprotecttherightsofwomenin Yobe.Fourstates–Plateau,Gombe,Adamawa conflictand post-conflictsituations.National and Delta – progressed to developing Local Action Plans (NAPs) are the modalities for ActionPlans(LAPs).Alsoinexistencearesix domesticatingtheresolutionsnationally.NAPs ZonalActionPlans, WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 whichcapturethepeculiaritiesofeachofthesixoftheViolenceagainstPersons(Prohibition)orgeo- politicalzonesinNigeria.NoStateActionPlanVAPPActisamilestoneinthestruggletoentrench existsforeitherBauchiorBenueStates.awomen’sprotectiveregimeinNigeria;itwassignedintolaw bythePresidentin2015.TheThefirstNAP,thoughhelpfulinhighlightingtheVAPPActpunishesnot onlydirectactsofspousalrolesofwomeninpeacebuilding,didnotaddressviolence,butalsoactsof coercive controlbydepriseveralcore issuesrelated to women’sengagementvation,isolation and
emotionalabuse(Ukhuegbeinpeaceandsecurityprocesses.TherevisededitionandEwere,2016).built onthegapsobservedintheimplementationoftheformer,incorporatedemergingtrendsinThereare gender-responsivebillspendingbeforethecountry’speaceandsecurityissues–suchastheNational AssemblysuchastheSexualOffencesviolentextremism,extensivepost-conflictandBill,Genderand EqualOpportunitiesBill,andreintegrationissues,andcrisismanagementandLabourAmendmentBill. TheGenderandEqualOprecoverystrategies–anddealtwithambiguityinportunitiesBillseekstogive effecttocertainprovidescriptionsofterms,policyandoperationalgaps,sionsofthe1999Constitution (asamended),suchandaninadequatemonitoringandevaluationasChaptersIIandIV,whichdealwith Fundamentalarchitecture.ObjectivesandDirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicyandtheFundamental HumanRights,theUnited Features ofthe revised (2017)NAP:Nations Convention on the Elimination ofAllForms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW),and Pillar1 -Prevention and DisasterPreparednessthe ProtocoltotheAfricanCharteronHuman Pillar2-ParticipationandRepresentationandPeoples’RightsontheRightsofWomeninAfPillar3- ProtectionandProsecutionrica,amongothers(Ekhator,2018:12).TheLabour Pillar4-CrisisManagement,EarlyRecoveryand AmendmentBillseekstoexpungesomeprovisions Post-ConflictReconstructionoftheLabourAct2004thatcontainclausesmiliPillar5-Partnership– Coordinationandtatingagainstemploymentprospectsforwomen Management inNigeria(Ekhator,2018:12).TheSexualOffences Billseeks to abolish every form of sexual violence,TheNAPprovidesforaNationalTechnicalWorkingespeciallyrape. Grouptoensureseamlesscooperationandoperationatalllevels(national,zonal,state,andlocal AlthoughNigeriacanbesaidtohavemademeagovernment).Inaddition,theFederalMinistryofsurable progress in domesticating UNSCR 1325 Women Affairs and SocialDevelopmentmonitors and increasingthegenderresponsivenessofpolicyimplementationandprogressofthe1325through frameworks,thishasbeenslowandherculeandueaNationalAdvisoryCommitteecomprisingcriticalto severalfactors:lowawarenessoftheresolutionstakeholdersfrom specializedfieldsinpeaceandand relatedframeworks;negativeperceptionssecurity.OneoftheseistheInstituteforPeaceandaboutthe roleofwomeninleadershipanddeci- ConflictResolution. sion-makingpositionsintheareasofpeaceand security; gender-based discrimination in recruitLegalinstruments exist in Nigeria that encourage ment and appointments;inadequate representaincreasedrepresentationandparticipationoftionofwomeninleadershippositions;and strongwomeninnationaldevelopment.TheNationalpatriarchalinhibitionsandgeneralinadequaciesin GenderPolicyofNigeria(2006)makesprovisionscapacityandresourcesforeffectiveimplementato ensureatleast35percentrepresentationoftion,monitoringandreporting. womeninareassuchaspublicservice,politicalparticipation anddecisionmaking.Theenactment 6 1.2BACKGROUND cognizanceofwomen’srolesandcontributions. Women are often seen only as victims of Nigeria is faced with incessant security conflicts needing protection,rather than as challenges,includingtheBokoHaram insurgency agents of change for peace. This leaves intheNorthEast,theconflictbetweenfarmers untappedthepotentialandcapacitiesofwomen andherdersintheMiddleBelt,andconflictsover whose contributions can be harnessed to naturalresourcesintheoil-richNigerDeltaregion. promotetransformativechangeandsustainable While there are several efforts aimed at peace. addressingtheseconflicts,theyoftendonottake 7
Inabidtoaddressthisgap,UN Womenfrom theimplementationofUNSCR 1325atnational 2014to2018implementedaprogrammeaimed and state levels,including strengthening the atpromotingwomen’sengagementinpeaceand capacityofpolicymakers to advocate forand security in northern Nigeria.The programme, promotegenderresponsivesecuritypolicies.The whichwasimplementedinthreenorthernstates WPSprogrammewillsupporttheestablishment (Adamawa,Plateau and Gombe)and selected and training of a women peace mediators’ constituentLocalGovernmentAreas,soughtto network; support genderresponsive security supporttheNigeriangovernmenttostrengthen sectorpolicies;and strengthen the role and women’s leadership,advance genderequality engagementofthemediainpromotingtheWPS andimproveprotectionforwomenandchildren agenda.The expanded programme is to be in conflict settings by ensuring the guided by a strategic approach aimed at implementation ofUNSCR 1325 (UN Women, maximizingpartnershipswithnetworksandlocal 2016). partnerssuch as the legislature,the judiciary, civil society organizations, community-based Attheconclusionoftheprogramme,UNWomen organizations,the security sector,traditional expandeditsWPSportfoliotoasecondphase institutions,academia and the media,among from 2019/2020.Thistime,thefocusisonpolicy others. supportto theGovernmentofNigeria towards
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SECTION2:BASELINE SURVEYMETHODOLOgY RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY researchers,two female researchers and one femalecoordinator.Eachstatehadonemaleand ThissurveywasconductedinBauchiandBenue one female monitoring and evaluation officer, States following a desk review of relevant includingonefemalesecretaryineachstatefor documents and the development and support.In addition,fourresearch assistants deployment of instruments for structured werehiredforeachstate. questionnaires,focusgroupdiscussions(FGDs) andkeyinformantinterviews(KIIs). b)SampleSizeEstimationand a)SurveyPreparationand Questionnaire Organization Forthe administration ofquestionnaires,the studyconsideredtheTaroYamaneFormulafor Adeskreview ofrelevantdocuments,including samplesizedetermination.Yamaneprovidesa UNSCR1325,Nigeria’sNationalActionPlanand simplifiedformulatocalculatesamplesizes.The existing genderpolicydocuments,wascarried studyadoptsa95percentconfidenceintervalor out.Theliteratureenabledtheresearchteam to 5 percentsampling error.Bauchiand Benue organizeafive-dayworkshopinwhichtoolswere Stateswereselectedforthisbaselinestudy.Four developedforthesurvey.Thetoolsdeveloped LGAseachwereconsideredforareliableand included questionnaires and guidelines for effective investigation.The sum ofthe total conductingstructuredinterviews,keyinformant projected population fortheselected LGAsin interviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsinthe BauchiState(Bauchi,TafawaBalewa,Ningiand targetstates. ItasGadau)is1,946,500,whilefortheselected LGAsinBenueState(Agatu,GwerWest,Logo A capacity-buildingworkshopwasorganizedto andGuma)thetotalpopulationis812,100. train researchers on research methods and ethicsand familiarize them with the research Thecalculationformula(TaroYamaneFormula) instrumentsandtargetstates.Asimulationwas ispresentedasfollows: organized fortheresearchersassigned to the twostates.Beforethemaindatacollection,the N questionnaires were presented to ensure n= relevance and to confirm thatthe questions 1+N(e)2 wouldbewellunderstoodbytherespondents. Where Thepre-testfieldworkwasundertakenovera n=samplesizerequired,N=numberofpeoplein two-dayperiod,andfeedbackontheflow and the population and, e = standard easeofadministering questionswasprovided error/confidenceinterval(percentage). andthendiscussed.Thereafter,thetoolswere refined in preparation forthebaseline survey. Substitutingnumbersintheformula: Twelveresearchdatacollectors,comprisingboth malesandfemales,wererecruitedandtrainedon ForBauchiState: how to administer the data collection tool. 1,946,500 Bauchi had three male and three female researchers,with one male state coordinator. n= 2=399.92 Afterthetraining,fieldworkersweregroupedinto 1+1,946,500(0.05) twoteamsanddeployed.Benuehadfourmale WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 n=400(approximately) c)SamplingErrors ForBenueState: Samplingerrorsarisebecauseconclusionsarebased 11
812,100ononlyasampleofthepopulation,notthetotality,n= =399.8 andcanbestatisticallyevaluated.Thesampletable 1+812,100(0.05)2ofrespondentsselectedfor thesurveywas400n=400(approximately)foreachstate,butonly382respondentsinBauchi Stateand388inBenueState(totalling770outof TheresultsoftheapplicationoftheYamanethe800proposedrespondentsforthetwostates)Formula forBauchiandBenueStatesare399.92werereached.Samplingerrorsareameasureoftheand399.8 respectively.Forreliabilityofdata,thevariabilitybetweenallpossiblesamples.Althoughsamplesizefor thetwostateswasincreasedto400thedegreeofvariabilityisnotknownexactly,itcanpersons. beestimatedfrom surveyresults. Afterthe sample size determination,the numberofd)Method ofDataCollection and questionnairesadministeredperLGAwasbasedonAnalysis thepopulationofeachLGA.DuetothevariationsinthepopulationoftheLGAsconsidered,thenumber Focusgroupdiscussions:TwelveFGDsessionswereofquestionnairestoeachLGAiscalculatedbased heldwithsecurityagencies,media,civilsocietyonthetotalprojectedpopulationofthefourLGAsand communitymembersengagedinpeaceandforeachstate.Thetablebelowshowsthemethod-security –distributedbetweenthefourlocalgovologyforthequestionnaireadministrationineachernmentsin thethreesenatorialdistrictsinthe LGA. twostates. TABLE1:SAMPLESIzEANDqUESTIONNAIREADMINISTRATION State Population Numberof NumberAdministered Questionnaires BauchiState 693,700 143 143 Bauchi 310,900 64 58 TafawaBalewa 542,300 111 101 Ningi 399,600 82 80 ItasGadau 1,946,500 400 382 Total 156,000 77 65 BenueState 165,100 81 81 228,900 113 113 Agatu 262,100 129 129 GwerWest Logo 812,100 400 388 Guma Total 10 Key informantinterviews:In BauchiState,9 indepthinterviewswereheldwithpolicymakers and members of the legislature, security agencies,judiciary,religious bodies,traditional institutions, media and CSOs engaged in peacebuildingandconflictmanagement. Questionnaire: Questionnaires consisting of closed-ended questions were administered purposefullytomembersofthepublicservice, security agencies,religious bodies,traditional institutions,mediaandNGOs,alongwithtraders, artisans, women, students, youths and
community members – a total of 382 respondentsinBauchiStateand388inBenue State. 13
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SECTION3:SITUATIONOF THETARgETSTATESAND LOCALgOVERNMENTAREAS Thisprofilegivesbackgroundinformationonthe knownas‘SaraSuka’. demographic,geographic,socio-economic and politicalterrainofBauchiandBenueStates.The According to the Nigeria Demographic and profiles,whicharebasedlargelyonfindingsfrom Health Survey2013,among the ten states in theInstituteforPeaceandConflictResolution’s Nigeria with the highestincidence ofpoverty, Strategic Conflict Assessment:Consolidated BauchiStateisrankedfourth,with83.3percent andZonalReports(2016),areherebypresented ofthepopulationpoorandonly13.7percentrich. bystateandtargetlocalgovernment. Theeffectofpovertyisstrongestonwomanand children,with43percentofwomenlivingonless 3.1BAUCHISTATE than50nairaaday,while21percentliveonjust 100nairaperday.Educationalattainmentisvery In 1976,North-Eastern State was divided into low inthestate:about51percentofwomen Bauchi,BornoandGongola,andin1996Bauchi neverattendedschool(NigeriaDemographicand wasfurtherdividedintotwowiththecreationof Health Survey2013).About72.8 percentof GombeState.Itisborderedbysevenstates.Ina women aged 15–49 years had no formal clockwise direction,these are Yobe,Gombe, education,indicating a very low literacy level Taraba,Plateau,Kaduna,KanoandJigawa.There (NigeriaDemographicandHealthSurvey2013). are 20 LocalGovernmentAreas in the state: Schoolenrolmentatbothprimaryandsecondary Alkaleri,Bauchi,Bogoro,Dambam,Darazo,Dass, levelsindicatesthatfemalesconstitute40per Gamawa,Ganjuwa,Giade,ItasGadau,Katagum, centorlessofthetotalnumberofpupils;thenet Kirfi,Jama’are,Missau,Ningi,Shira,Tafawa attendance ratio forfemales in the northeast Balewa,Toro,WarjiandZaki.Thestateoccupies (39.1 percent)isgenerallylowerthan thatof about49,259km2,withapopulationof4,653,066 males(49.5percent). accordingtothe2006census. According to the BauchiGenderPolicy 2017, Bauchi State is heterogeneous, and the predominant ethnic groups are the Hausa, Jarawa,Tangale,Waja,Balewa,Sayawa and Tarewa.Although there are about55 ethno- linguisticgroups,theHausalanguageisthemost widelyspoken language across the state.The southernpartofthestateandBauchicityare predominantlyChristian,whilethenorthisheavily Muslim,withaminorityoffollowersoftraditional religions throughout the state. Bauchi and Tafawa Balewa LGAs have witnessed religious violence between Muslims and Christians (Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution, 2016). Patronage politics also feed into existing ethnoreligiousdynamicsand add to theyouth bulgeto putthestatein politicaltension.The patronage politics encourage a form of patron–clientrelationships between politicians andarmedgangsthatperpetuateviolence.Such armed gangs linked to politicians are locally
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 Thesetrendscloselycorrelatewiththepractices empowermentanddevelopment. ofchildmarriageandchildlabour,poverty,and the attendant prohibitive cost of education ThesurveywasconductedinBauchi,Ningi,Itas (NigeriaDemographicandHealthSurvey2013). GadauandTafawaBalewaLGAs. In Bauchisociety,the man is the head ofthe household,andauthorityispassedfrom malesto i)BauchiLocalGovernmentArea malestoensuremenholdthepowerandwomen are largely excluded.BauchiState is greatly BauchiLGA isthesiteofthecapitalofBauchi influenced byreligious values,which give the StateandofthetraditionalBauchiEmirate.Itis husbandameasureofauthorityinthefamilyand locatedonthenorthernedgeoftheJosPlateau, also impose clearly defined duties and atanelevationof616metres.TheLGAcoversan responsibilitiesonhim.Thewomenareraised area of3,687 km2 and had a population of nottobeoutspoken,butrathersubservienttothe 493,810in2006.TheLGAisrelativelypeaceful, man. This limits their desire to actively eventhoughtherewasanattackbytheBoko participateinpubliclifeandbepartofdecisions Haram group following thearrestofsomeof thataffecttheirlives. theirmembersin2009.Thisattackresultedin over50peoplekilledandover100arrested.The Thesedifferencesinpowerrelationshaveledto threats to Bauchilargely stem from political theunderrepresentationofwomeninpubliclife, crises related to Sara Suka,land disputes, especially in leadership positions and communal clashes, religious clashes and decisionmakingstructuresthataffecttheirsocial, farmer–herderclashes.InBauchiLGA,women politicaland economic standing.Women in facedomesticviolence,forcedmarriage,gender- Bauchi State have low representation in basedviolence(GBV)from familymembersas government bodies,and the percentage of wellasSara Suka criminalorganizations,and females is low in allpoliticaland appointive exploitation through prostitution,in which the posts.Ofthe20commissioners,onlyoneisa handlersthatcontrolthewomenandgirlsalso woman, and there are only four women encouragedrugabuse.Thepolicehaveinitiated appointed aspermanentsecretaries.Presently amnesty programmes and law enforcement therearenowomeninthe31-seatlegislaturein activitiesthathavereduced theprevalenceof theBauchiStateHouseofAssemblyandnoneat attacksbymembersofSaraSuka. the federal legislature. In the 20 Local GovernmentCouncils,there hasneverbeen a ii)ItasGadauLocalGovernmentArea woman elected as chairperson.Women are hardlyappointedtochairboardsandparastatals ItasGadauisanLGAofBauchiState,Nigeria.Its ortoheadinstitutions.Itisworthnotingthatin headquartersareinthetownofItasItesiwaju, BauchiState,Islam isthepredominantreligion, andthetownofGadauisintheeastofthearea withsocialjusticevaluesthathaveprovidedlaws at11°50’08”N 10°10’02”E.TheLGAhasanarea andnormsthatchallengethepatriarchalorderin of 1,398 km² and a population of 229,996 favourofamoreequitablesocialrelationshipin accordingtothe2006census.Thepredominant the system.However,the interpretation ofthe ethnicgroupistheHausa.TheHausalanguage Islamic religion bythe Sharia courts and the iscommonlyspokeninthearea,whileIslam is peoplecontinuestomarginalizewomen. the mostpracticed religion in the LGA.Itas Gadauresidentsarelargelyagrarian.Theyalso BauchiStateisapatriarchalsociety;thissystem reardomesticanimalssuchassheep,cowsand results in the use orthreatofgender-based horses.Othereconomicactivitiesincludetrading, violenceagainstwomenandgirls.Itiswithinthis potterymakingandhunting.ItasGadauisnota contextthattheBauchiStateGenderPolicyof conflict-prone area,buttheyhave experienced 2015wasdeveloped;itwasrevisedin2017in conflictsoflowermagnitude,suchastheconflict consonancewiththegenderaspirationsofthe betweenfarmersandherders,landandborder state, including national and international frameworksthatarecommensurateto gender 17
conflicts between Itas in BauchiState and eventhoughtheyholdtighttotraditionalnorms. KiyawainJigawaState,andGBV atthefamily Theysupportthe representation ofwomen in level. formaldecisionmaking,includinginpeaceand securityprocesses,andstronglyseekouttheir iii)NingiLocalGovernmentArea adviceandcontributionstowardsthegrowthof theircommunities. NingiisanLGAandanemirateinBauchiState, 3.2BENUESTATE Nigeria.TheNingiemiratecomprisestwolocal government areas,Ningi and Warji,with a AccordingtotheInstituteforPeaceandConflict combinedareaof5,250km2 andapopulationof Resolution Strategic Conflict Assessment of 501,912accordingtothe2006census.NingiLGA 2016,BenueStatelieswithinthelowerBenue coversanareaof4,625km2,withapopulationof RivertroughintheMiddleBeltregionofNigeria. 387,192 (2006 census).The area is inhabited BenueStatesharesboundarieswithfiveother mostlybytheFa’awa,Warjawa,Duwa,Ningawa states:Nasarawatothenorth,Tarabatotheeast, and Fulani peoples. Yunusa Mohammadu CrossRivertothesouth,Enugutothesouth-west Danyaya is the current Emir of Ningi.The andKogitothewest.Thestatealsosharesa educationallevelinNingiLGA isverylow,and common boundary with the Republic of about49 percentofthe women have never Cameroon to the south-east. Benue has a attended any school. This trend closely population of 4,780,389 (2006 census) and correlateswith the practicesofchild marriage occupiesalandmassof32,518km2.BenueState and child labour.Women’s representation in isethno-nationallyplural,andsomeofthemain leadership positions and decision-making ethnic groups are the Tiv,Ijoma,Igede,Etulo, structuresisverylow.Therearehighlevelsof Abakpa,Jukun,Hausa,AkweyaandNyifon.The GBVinNingiLGA,especiallyinNasaru,Ningiand Tivarethedominantethnicgroup,occupying14 Buracommunities,aswellasinGadanMaiwa LGAs,whiletheIjoma,Igedeandothersoccupy community. the remaining nine.Christians make up the religiousmajority,withasprinklepopulationof iv)TafawaBalewaLocalGovernment Muslimsandtraditionalists. Area Occupationally,mostofthepeoplearefarmers, Tafawa Balewa LGA has a population of whiletheinhabitantsoftheriverineareasengage approximately 222,000 people (2006 census). infishingastheirprimaryorimportantsecondary ThisLGAisinthesouthernpartofBauchi,with occupation.Agriculture is the mainstayofthe itsheadquartersinTafawaBalewatown.Jarawa, economy,engagingmorethan70percentofthe Fulani, Hausa, Sayawa, Kanuri, Tapshinawa, workingpopulation.Thestatealsoboastsofone Angasandotherethnicgroupsinhabitthearea, ofthelongeststretchesofriversystemsinthe with the Sayawa being the majority.Overthe country,withgreatpotentialforaviablefishing decades,TafawaBalewahasseenturbulenceas industry,dryseasonfarmingthroughirrigation, aresultoftusslesoverleadershipandownership andaninlandwaterhighway.Thevegetationof ofthecommunity.Thisledtoadecisionbythe thesouthernpartsofthestateischaracterized Governorandselectstakeholdersfrom Tafawa by forests,which yield trees fortimberand BalewaLGA anditsborderingcommunitiesto provideasuitablehabitatforrareanimals.The relocateitsheadquartersfrom TafawaBalewa state thus possesses potential for the towntoBununuDistrictin2012inabidforpeace development of viable forest and wildlife toreign.Thisactionwasvehementlycondemned reserves. by the majority tribe,who feltslighted and oppressedbytherulershipoftheHausa-Fulani WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 group.The Sayawa are considered by some Farmer–herderconflictsarecommoninAgatu, observers to be tolerantand accommodating, Logo,Gwerand Guma LGAs ofBenue State, 18
executedwithsophisticatedweaponry.Thereare primary schools in saferneighbouring towns bloody atrocities between farmers and Fulani (additionalclassroomsandanincreasedsupply herdersinthestateoverlandforfarmingand ofteaching and learning materials)foruse by grazing.ThepeaceandstabilityofBenueState displaced students and teachers in times of overthelastonedecadehasbeenthreatenedby violence. Generally, violent conflicts create theseviolentandvolatileclashes.Theresultant imbalances in psychologicalattitudes,cultural effectsonhumansecurity,economicwell-being practicesandtraditionalcopingmechanisms. andthesocioculturalpracticesofthepeopleof the state have been devastating.Forinstance, i)AgatuLocalGovernmentArea between2010and2013,HumanRightsWatch reported thatan estimated 3,000 peoplewere Agatu LGA was created outofApa LGA on killedinviolentconflictsbetweenTivfarmersand October1996,withitsheadquartersatObagaji. herders, while over 5,000 residents were TheLGA bordersApaLGA tothesouth,Gwer- displacedintheaffectedcommunities.Thirteen WestLGAtotheeast,andKogiStatetothewest. LGAsoutofthe23LGAsofBenueStatehave Thereisabundantfadama(irrigableland)where experiencedvarioustypesofconflictsasgroups theriverflows,andhighlandsstretchfrom the battle overland,borders,and access to and easttothewest.Therearealsoscatteredthick controlofnaturalresources;thefarmer–herder forests in the west where trees (including conflictsarerecurring,expandingandwidening potentialtimber)andwildlifeabound.TheLGA eachyear(AdamuandBen2017). hastencouncilwards.AgatuLGAisoneofthe acclaimed food baskets ofBenue State,and In Benue State,the violentconflicts between fishing and farming are the major income- herders and farmers have affected access to generatingactivities.TheLGA islocatedalong educationandviolatedtheeducationalrightsof thebanksofBenueRiver,withtributariesthatare school-age boys and girls.Schoolenrolment richinmarineproteinandresources.Theuplands figures of Local Government Education ofAgatuarefertileandsuitableforbothcrop AuthoritiesofselectedLGAsbelievethatpriorto farming and grazing. The people selltheir thefullescalationofviolenceinthecommunities, products through local markets within anaverageofoneoutofeverythreeboysand communities,asaccessroadsareinadeplorable oneoutofeveryfivegirlsofschoolagewerenot state and are inaccessible during the rainy in schooldue to extreme poverty and other season.ItisnoteworthythatmarketsinAgatu socioculturalinhibitionsinAgatu.Theenrolment LGAappeartobecentralizedfortheentireward levelofLogoLGApriortotheconflictwasone council;this maybe a resultofthe particular outofeveryfourboysandoneoutofeverysix socialsystem ofthepeopleinthearea.Women girls(InstituteforPeaceand ConflictStudies, and youth constitute the most productive 2016). sectionsofsociety,andthelossoflivelihoods from the violence has resulted in emerging There are worrisome evolving trends such as dynamics such as depression,the increased earlymarriageandtheprostitutionofadolescent participation of girls and young women in girls that portend increased schooldropout commercialsex in neighbouring towns,early cases. Due to the deteriorating situation, marriage,childlabourinfemale-headedhomes, community members suggested that the andariseincriminalactivities. government should increase its security presenceandactioninaffectedwardsforproper ii)GumaLocalGovernmentArea governance ofspaces exploited forviolence. They further solicited the support of the GumaLGAwascreatedoutofthethenMakurdi government,theprivatesectorandinternational LGA onMay1989.TheLGA derivesitsname organizations to rebuild destroyed secondary from theGumaRiver,whichtraversestheLGA schools,ascommunitieswereimpoverishedby from thenorth-westandflowsintothenorthern the conflictand were unable to finance such bankofBenueRiver.Itsharescommonborders reconstruction. Local Government Education Authorities advocated for the expansion of 19
withTarkaandLogoLGAstotheeast;Makurdi constitutes one ofthe food baskets ofBenue LGA tothesouth;andDomaLGA ofNasarawa State.TheLGAcomprisestwomajorTivethnic Statetothewest.TheheadquartersoftheLGA blocks,namelyUgondo and Gaambe-Tiev,with are atGbajimba town,which is strategically ten council wards. In Logo LGA, income- locatedattheconfluenceoftwobigriversinthe generating activitiesofinhabitantsincludethe state,Benue and Katsina-Ala.Farming is the farmingofyam,cassava,rice,guineacornand main occupation ofthepeoplein Guma LGA, sesame seed. These crops were largely whichisendowedwithalargeexpanseoffertile destroyedbycattleorbyherderswhovandalized, land,bothinthehinterlandandalongthevalleys burnedordemolishedhousesandbarnswhere ofthetworivers.TheLGA cultivatesseasonal stockswerekept.InLogoLGA,conflicthasalso foods such as yam,cassava,maize,millet, inhibitedaccesstoeducation,whichhasresulted groundnuts,soybeans,guinea corn,and white in the shutdown of several public primary and yellow melon (egusi).In 2013,about30 schools.The Mbawar Community Secondary farmers were killed in armed clashes that School,which wasbuiltthrough 100 percent occurred between herders and Tivfarmers in communityeffort,wascompletelyburneddown GumaLGA. anddemolished,forcingthelong-term closureof theonlyaffordable,accessiblesecondaryschool iii)GwerWestLocalGovernmentArea intheward.Insecurityisveryhigh,aschildren, womenandmenwereobservedtobelivingin GwerWestLGAwascreatedoutoftheoldGwer perpetualfear. LGA in1991.TheheadquartersoftheLGA are strategicallylocatedatNaka,whichissituatedat kilometre40alongtheMakurdi–Ankparoad.Itis borderedby MakurdiandDomaLGAstothenorth,GwerEast LGA totheeast,OtukpoLGA tothesouth,and ApaandAgatuLGAstothewest.TheLGA is predominantlyinhabitedbytheTivethnicgroup, including in the major towns/settlements of Naka,Agagbe,Aondoana,NagiCamp,Jimba, Bunka,Ikyande,KuleandEnger.TheLGA isan agrarianareaendowedwithalargeexpanseof fertile land,and over 90 per cent of the populationareengagedinagriculture.TheLGAis oneofthelargestproducersofriceinthestate, inadditiontoothercropssuchasmaize,millet, yam,guinea corn,soybeans,groundnuts and citrus.Livestocksuchascattle,pigs,sheepand poultry are also produced in commercial quantities.Between January and April2014, herders’attacksledtothedeathof35peoplein Gwer West LGA.According to the National Accord,recurringviolencebetweentheherders andthefarmingcommunitieshasledtoother deathsintheLGA,whereherdersmakesurprise attacksonunsuspectingvillages. iv)LogoLocalGovernmentArea LogoLGAhasavastexpanseoffertileland,asit 20
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WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 SECTION4:ANALYSISOF FINDINgS The baseline survey findings from the traditionalroles as wives and mothers and questionnaires,key informant interviews and command respectand provide neutralitywhen focus group discussions in BauchiState are mediating familyand communitydisputes,as presentedbelow inquantitativeandqualitative wellashaving thecapacityto exertinfluence form.Findings derived from answers in the overtheirmale children to persuade them to questionnaires are presented as quantitative refrainfrom violenceandadvisethem onpeace. dataintheform ofpercentagesfrom graphsand The FGD participants also said women were tablesto offera tabular/graphicalanalysis of involvedinsecurity,asmembersoftheNigeria women in peace and securityin BauchiState. Police Force,the Nigeria Security and Civil The findings from the qualitative information DefenceCorps,andthemilitary.Amajorityofthe provided by key informants and focus group FGDparticipantsfrom CSOs,themediaandthe participantswillprovidecontexttounderstand, communityintheLGAsandthesecurityagencies support or highlight differences in the wereinagreementthatthereshould bemore quantitativeinformationprovided. recognitionofwomen’scapacitytocontributeto peaceandsecurity. 4.1BAUCHISTATE AllfourLGAsshowedahighlevelofawareness abouttheroleofwomeninpeaceefforts:93.1 4.1.1LevelofAwarenessabout percentinTafawaBalewaand91percentinItas Women’sParticipationinPeaceand Gadau,closelyfollowedbyNingiwith74percent Security andBauchiwith70.4percent. Finding:Thelevelofawarenessaboutwomen’s TheresponsesandcontributionsofFGDandKII participationinpeaceandsecurityprocessesis participants in the fourLGAs demonstrated a generallyhighinBauchiState.Thepublicknows keen awarenessthatwomen’sparticipation in of women in intra-family peacebuilding and peaceandsecurityprocessesisarequirementto conflictmanagement. ensuresustainablepeaceandsecurity.However, the findings also show thatamong the FGD ThesurveyshowsthatacrossBauchiState,291 participantsandmanykeyinformants,therewas outof367respondents,representing79percent a lack ofknowledge aboutthe existence of ofrespondents,knowofwomen’sparticipationin UNSCR1325andtheNationalActionPlan.Those peace and security processes. While 64 who were aware ofthe existence ofUNSCR respondents(18percent)opinedthatwomendo 1325/NAP werealmostallCSO staffbasedin not participate in peace and security, 12 urbanareasorthosewhohadundergonetraining respondents (3 percent)said they were not withUNorganizationsorCSOs.Furthermore,the aware.TheFGD participantsexplainedthatthe majority of research participants who knew high share of participants who answered abouttheexistenceofUNSCR1325/NAPwere affirmatively on awareness of women’s unawareofitscontents. participation in peace and securityprocesses was due to the efforts and involvementof Five outofthe 12 KIIrespondents from the womenasconflictmanagersatthehouseholdor legislature,securityagencies,mediaandofficers family level in their communities. Most atthemanagementlevel(comprisingpermanent participantssaid theyknow women who have 24
FIGURE1:LEVELOFAWARENESSABOUTWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy FIGURE2:LEVELOFAWARENESSByLGAABOUTWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy secretaries, directorial staff and heads of community-basedandfaith-basedorganizations. agencies)admittedthattheywerenotawareof There are also traditionalstructures through UNSCR1325andtheNAPonwomen,peaceand whichwomenparticipateinpeaceandsecurity, security.Mostofthose who were aware were especiallyintraditionalpalaceswheretheyhave from thejudiciary.Theyexplainedthattheyfirst titles. learnedaboutUNSCR1325andtheNAPthrough research and programmes organized by UN Overall,25.3percentofrespondentsidentified Women. CSOactivitiesasthemainplatform thatwomen usetoachievepeaceandsecurity,while20.8per 4.1.2LevelofParticipationofWomen centofrespondentssaidthatwomenparticipate inPeaceandSecurity inpeaceandsecuritythroughreligiousactivities in faithbased organizations. KIIs and FGDs Finding:Womenarepredominantlyactiveincivil confirmed that women participate through society organizations, particularly women-led community-basedorganizationsandfaith-based organizations at the level of family and 25
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 communitytopromotepeacethroughprovidingpeaceeducationtochildren,thecollectivepresentation ofgrievancesthroughpeacefulmeans,familysupportandprayers.TheyidentifiedtheCommunity Rescue Initiative,Schoolbased ManagementCommittees,Ward DevelopmentCommittees,Rahama Women’sDevelopmentProgramme,FOMWANandtheChristianAssociationofNigeria’swomen’swing assomeoftheCSOsthathaveprovidedhumanitarianrelief,mediation,dialogueandadvocacyto preventormitigateviolenceincommunitiesacrossBauchiState.TheNPFandNSCDCFGDparticipants affirmedthatwomenCSOsassistedthepolicewithrehabilitationcentresthathelpedtheSaraSuka gangstorenouncetheirbanditry. “Theparticipationofwomentoachievepeaceandsecurityisstillverylow,butwomen’sparticipationin peaceandsecurityinthestateismostlythroughCSOs.Womenareclosertothechildrenandthe peoplein thecommunity;theyaremorealert,bettercoordinated and good managers.Women’s inclusivenesswillhelpinstrengtheningthesecurityinthestate.”–MaryAnnEmmanuel,Community RescueInitiative,BauchiLGA,30/7/2019 AsshowninFigure3,22.5percentofinformantsconfirmedthatwomenparticipateinpeaceand securitythroughtraditionalrolesintheircommunities.InTafawaBalewaLGA,forinstance,femaleFGD participantssaidthattherearetraditionalstructuresthroughwhichwomenparticipateinpeaceand securityefforts,especiallyinthetraditionalpalacewheretheyhavetitularrolessuchasGimbiaya, Waziriya and Hakemiya.In these rolestheyalso actasspokeswomen,advisers,mediatorsand communitytreasurers,asisthecasein theTafshin community,Tafawa Balewa.TheFGD male participantsinTafawaBalewaaffirmedthatwomenwhooccupythesepositionshaveprovenintegrity andarerespectedintheircommunities.Thefindingsalsoshowthatalowerpercentageofwomen(6.5 percent)areinvolvedinpeaceandsecuritythroughformalmechanismsingovernmentbodies,the legislatureandthejudiciary. Thereisadifferencebetweentheresponsesfrom menandthosefrom womenwithregardtowomen’s participationinpeaceandsecurityprocesses.Ahigherpercentageofwomen(49.3percent)viewtheir participationinpeaceandsecuritythroughCSOactivities,followedcloselybytraditionalroles(42.5per cent)andreligiousroles(36.9percent).Menincontraststatedthatwomen’sparticipationisthrough religiousroles(27.5percent),traditionalroles(26.3percent)andCSOs(26.3percent).SeeFigure4. Thefindingsfurthershow thatregardingwomenasperpetratorsofviolence,7.2percentofwomen agreedcomparedto4.8percentofmen.TheFGDsshedmoreclarityonthispointbyexplainingthat womenhavebeenreportedtobepartoffactorsthatleadtooutbreaksofviolenceinBauchiState. Thesedisputesoccurwhenyoungmenfrom opposinggangsclashovertheirinterestinonewoman. ThisusuallyinvolvesthenotoriouslyviolentSaraSukagangs. 26
FIGURE3:WOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyPROCESSES 27
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 FIGURE4:WOMEN’SMEANINGFULPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyPROCESSESBy GENDERFIGURE5:EFFECTIVENESSOFWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy 28
FIGURE6:GENDERDISAGGREGATIONOFThERESPONSETOEFFECTIVENESSOFWOMEN’S PARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy 4.1.3EffectivenessofWomen’s community.KIIandFGD participantssaidthat EffortsinPeaceandSecurity theaverageperceptionofwomen’seffectiveness Processes waspositivedueto thefactthattherearea limited numberofwomen in decision-making Finding:Theparticipationofwomeninpeaceand roles. securityprocessesisviewedaseffectivebyboth menandwomen.Morementhanwomenviewed Thefindingsrevealthatmorementhanwomen women’sparticipationaseffective. respondedthatwomenwereeffectiveinpeace andsecurity.ThemaleparticipantsintheFGD Mostrespondentsviewedwomen’sparticipation andKIIsessionsnotedthattheeffectivenessof inpeaceandsecurityprocessesaseffectiveor women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurityis somewhat effective. Thirteen per cent of relatedtotheirtraditionalroleasmothersand respondents viewed women’s participation as wivesandassuchareperceivedasneutralwhen beingveryeffective,27percentaseffective,and mediating family and community disputes. 30 per cent as average.The FGD in Lere Femaleparticipantsidentifiedtheircapacityto communityofTafawaBalewaLGArevealedthat exert influence over their male children to intheabsenceofthemen,whenanemergency persuadethem torefrainfrom violence. decisionneedstobetakenthatwouldimpactthe peace and security of the community,the Gimbiya, Waziriya and Hakemiya (female 4.1.4ObstaclestoWomen’sEffective traditionaltitleholders)usuallystepinandhave ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity proven to be effective in these roles. Respondentsalsosaiddecisionsbythewomen Finding:Thestudyrevealsthatreligion,tradition, arerespected and hardlyeverreversed inthe discrimination and marginalization due to the 29
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 patriarchalnature ofBauchisocietywere the women’s participation in peace and security major obstacles to women’s effective processes, while 18.8 per cent identified participationinpeaceandsecurity. traditionalcustoms.Thisalignswiththeviewsof the participants in the FGDs and KIIs,who Religion stronglyopined thatthe patriarchalnature of Bauchisocietyhas dramaticallyinfluenced the FIGURE7:OBSTACLESTOWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy Based on the findings, 25.8 per cent of roles assigned to women,which are mostly respondents identified religion as the main secondary responsibilities.The KIIand FGD obstacletowomen’sparticipationinpeaceand participantsconfirmedthateventhoughwomen securityprocesses.TheFGDsandKIIsclarified in the judiciary have achieved a level of thatcertaininterpretationsofIslamicprinciples acceptanceandsuccessintheirfield,thereare anddoctrineshavepreventedwomenfrom fully stilldiscriminatoryprovisionsundercustomary participatinginsociety. andreligiouslaws,includingSharialaw inthe state,whichrestrictwomen’srightsinpractice. “Men use wrong interpretations ofreligion to dominatewomen,butIslam giveswomenthe Laws opportunitytocontributetodecisionmakingin thefamilyandinthelargercommunity.Ifgiven A totalof13.3 percentofrespondents said theopportunity,womenwilltakedecisionsthat existing laws can be obstacles to women’s benefitthesocietybecausetheycarefortheir participation in peace and security.The FGD husbands,fathersorsons.”–AlhajiNuruAdamu participantsexplainedthattheexistenceoflegal Jumba, District Head, Bauchi,Bauchi LGA, systemsinthestatesuchasShariaCourtsoften 31/07/2019 hinderaccesstojusticeforwomen.Furthermore, theystated thattraditionalcultures thathave Patriarchy deeplyembedded discriminatorypracticesand attitudesregardinggenderrolesaremajorroad Overall, 20.6 per cent of the respondents blockstowomen’participation. identified discrimination as an obstacle to 30
Marginalization security.Theywerealsooftheopinionthatthe government and legislature do not support Themarginalizationofwomen,asidentifiedby women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurity,and 12.9percentofrespondents,isanotherobstacle thatonly traditionaland religious institutions towomen.TheFGD participantspointedtothe supportwomenbygivingthem roles. purdahsystem,apracticebysomeMuslim men whokeeptheirwivesathomeanddonotallow 4.1.6SecurityAgencies them togoanywhereorminglewithotherpeople. AlsoreferredtoasKulleintheHausalanguage, Thedataontheproportionoffemalepersonnel this practice prevents women from fully intheNSCDCandNPFsuggeststhatgrowthis participating in anyactivityoutside the home verylow intheseniorofficerleadershipranks. (seeFigure7).Themalesecurityagentsduring Thepercentageofwomenintheseniorofficer theFGDwereoftheopinionthatculture,religion ranksoftheBauchiPoliceCommandis6per andliteracylevelsaffecttheroleofwomen.They cent,whileintheNSCDC femalesmakeup4.2 said thatin the Bauchicommunity generally, percentoftheofficercadre.Outof943NSCDC women were not given the opportunity to officers,only40arewomen,while903aremen. participatebecausetheyareexpected to take IntheNPF,thestudyfindssimilarnumbers:out careofthehome,whilethemenworktoprovide of1,211officers,thereare1,138menandonly forthe family,and thatthis marginalization 73womenofficers.SeeTable2. affectswomeninthesecurityagencies. From theFGD with membersoftheNPFand “Duringhigh-temposecurityoperationsinawar NSCDC,therewasawillingnesstowelcomeany zone,theleadership redeploywomen;women capacity-building programmes thatcan further themselvesworktoberejectedfordeployments empowerfemale police and NSCDC officers. to dangerzones.They often telltheirmale Theyalso said thatthe securityagenciesare counterparts they would preferto engage in strivingtoimprovewomen’sempowermentand guarddutyattherearratherthanfightinthe eliminate discriminatory practices that are front(‘when jungle don mature’),where the harmful–forexample,byensuringthatwomen possibilityofbecomingacasualtyishigher.”– headtheunits.Thesecurityagencieshavealso MaleFGDparticipantinBauchiLGA,30/07/2019 institutedequalpayformenandwomenacross alltheranksandunits.Accordingtothefemale 4.1.5WomeninDecisionMaking participants,thepolicehavemadestridestocurb violenceagainstwomenbyestablishingahotline Finding:Womenareconspicuouslymarginalized to report GBV,and this has increased the from the top hierarchy of decision-making reportingofrapecasesbywomen. structures and from mainstream peace and securityorganizations. “The police supportpolicies thatfocus more attentiononwomenpoliceofficersandissues The findings show that the 2019 general that affect women in the community. For electionsusheredinanall-malegovernmentand instance,theJuvenileWelfareCentreisincharge legislature in BauchiState.The Governor,his ofeverythingconcerningchildren,butitalsoacts deputyandtheentire31legislatorsintheninth onissuesconcerningwomen.TheJWCcanbe StateHouseofAssemblyaremen.SeeTable2. saidtobethegenderunit,butwewelcomeany support and training that can improve our The FGD participants emphasized that the capacityto establishapropergenderunit.”– exclusionofwomeninthelegislaturecanpose NanyilNancy Dayen,Head of the Juvenile challenges to the legislature in terms of WelfareCentre,BauchiStatePoliceCommand advancing the cause of women,peace and 31
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 According to the FGD with members ofthe NigerianPoliceForceandNSCDC,therewasno activegenderunit;theywerealsonotawareof theNigerianPoliceForceGenderPolicy.Ofthe 16menandwomenparticipatingintheFGD,only onemanwasawareoftheNPFGenderPolicy. Noneoftheparticipants,maleorfemale,knewof theBauchiGenderPolicy,VAPP ActorUNSCR 1325.They also revealed that the Juvenile WelfareCentre,runbyafemalesuperintendent, is the unitcharged with investigating issues concerningchildrenandGBV. TheFGDparticipantsconfirmedthatmalepolice officers outnumbertheirfemale counterparts disproportionately. 4.1.7JudiciaryandPublicService Finding:There is very low representation of womeninthejudiciaryandpublicservice. BauchiStatecurrentlyhasafemaleChiefJudge and13femalemagistrates,representing28.6per centofthestate’sjudgesandmagistrates,while the public service has only four female permanentsecretariesoutof29,translatingto 13.8percentfemalerepresentation.SeeTable2 andFigure8. “Indecisionmaking,theparticipationofwomen isverylow.Infact,thereisnowomaninthe StateHouseofAssembly,and,mostlikely,very few womenwillbeappointedtopoliticaloffices inthenew administration.Inpositionsofmerit, therearewomeninthestateasChiefJudge, permanentsecretariesandmagistrates,etc.The mainreasonforthisdevelopmentisthefactthat thepublicserviceisguidedbyrules,andwomen usuallycompetefavourablyinsituationslikethat. Samegoesforthestatejudiciary,becausethere are many women there who are effectively contributinginthatsector.Thiscouldbebased onthefactthattherehavenotbeenany 32
TABLE2:PROPORTIONOFMENTOWOMENINDECISION-MAkINGPOSITIONINBAUChISTATE Gender Commissioners Legislators Judiciary Local Permanent NSCDC Police (Nominees) (Ninth (HighCourt Govt. Secretaries Judgesand Chairs Assembly) Magistrates) Male 19 31 35 20 25 903 1,138 Female 1 0 14 0 4 40 73 Total 20 31 49 20 29 943 1,211 FIGURE8:PERCENTAGESOFMENTOWOMENINDECISIONMAkING allegationsofcorruptionagainstanythem,they security.The BauchiState Police Command are notpolitically indebted to anybody,and initiatedtheEminentPersonsForum tobringthe criticalcaseshavebeenwellhandledbythem.”– leadership of these platforms together to AminaGarubaAhmed,Magistrate,BauchiState, collaboratemoreeffectively.ParticipantsinFGDs 30/07/2019 saidthereisalimitednumberofwomeninvolved inthepeaceandsecurityplatforms.Forexample, 4.1.8PlatformsforWomen,Peaceand women have very low representation in the Security EminentPersonsForum.Theforum comprises traditional leaders, community leaders, Finding:Thereareveryfew womeninvolvedin governmentofficials,opinion leaders,religious formalpeaceandsecurityplatformsorbodies. leaders,academia,media,police,vigilantesand Women have formed smallCSO networks to eminentpersonalitiesselectedfrom allpartsof engageinpeaceandsecurityactivities. thestate.Ofthe40participants,only2(5per cent)arewomen. The findings show that peace and security DuringtheFGD,CSOparticipantssaidwomenare platformsconsistoffederalsecurityagencies; marginalized and excluded in decision making, public service ministries, departments and includinginthepeaceandsecurityplatforms.As agencies;traditionalinstitutions;andcivilsociety a result,women have formed smallgroups of organizationsthatworktopromotepeaceand CSOsthathaveestablishednetworksthatmeet 33
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 to discuss and engage in peace and security more than men before theyare recognized by activities. They include platforms such as men in such environments.Onlyafterwomen Christian Muslim Peace Movement and the distinguishthemselvesdotheyearntherespect KungyanYanSulhu.Thereareotherwomen-only ofthemenandgainthefavourneededfortheir platforms organized bythe Women Advocates involvementinpeaceandsecurity. ResearchandDocumentationCentretodiscuss peace and securityatthe communitylevel– 4.1.10ImprovingSupportforand including in the School-based Management PerceptionsofWomen’sMeaningful Committees,Ward Development Committees andaCSOnetworkinBauchi. ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity Processes 4.1.9PerceptionofWomen’s ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity Finding:Communitymobilizationofmen,TVand Processes radiosensitization,advocacytargetingdecision makers,and gender-mainstreamingtraining for Finding:Theperceptionofwomen’sparticipation security agencies and public servants are inpeaceandsecurityisviewedaspositiveby identified as critical ways of improving both men and women, and the level of perceptions around women’s participation in acceptanceofwomenisrelativelydependenton peaceandsecurityandreducingtheobstacles theircredibilityandhardwork. within traditionalsociety,including institutional bureaucracy. The survey assessed the perception of respondents to women’s meaningful Thesurveyidentifiedvariouswaystosupportand participation in peace and securityprocesses improve perceptions concerning women’s based on gender,as shown in Figure 9.The participation in peace and security in Bauchi findings show that 43 per cent of female State (Figure 10).The surveyhighlighted that respondents and 42 per cent of male 22.6percentofrespondentschosecommunity respondentshaveapositiveview oftheroleof mobilization, 21.6 per cent supported women in peace and security. The FGD sensitization,16.9 percentsupported gender- participantsaligned with theaboveperception mainstreaming training and capacity thatwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurity development,15.3percentchoseadvocacy,and wasviewedfavourablybybothmenandwomen. 8.6percentchosemediainitiativesaswaysto Theysaidtheparticipationofwomenwillhelpin supportandimproveperceptionsaboutwomen thedevelopmentofthestate. and theirinvolvementin peace and security. Meanwhile, 13.4 per cent of respondents Nevertheless, 27.5 per cent of female identifiedpolicyimplementationasanactionto respondents and 21 per cent of male improvetheparticipationofwomenindecision respondents perceived the participation of making. womenunfavourably.Asignificantpercentageof male respondents (16.6 percent)and female respondents(12.5percent)wereindifferentto women’s participation in peace and security. DuringtheFGD sessionswithjournalists,both themaleandfemaleparticipantssaidmenfeel uncomfortable when women are involved in criticalissuesthatrequiredecisionmaking.They notedthatwomenmustdistinguishthemselves 34
TheFGD withtheNigerianUnionofJournalists 4.2BENUESTATE suggestedthatcommunitymobilizationamong men;targetedTVandradiosensitization;gender- 4.2.1LevelofAwarenessabout FIGURE9:GENDERDISAGGREGATIONOFThEPERCEPTIONOFWOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITy FIGURE10:IMPROVINGSUPPORTFORANDPERCEPTIONSOFFORWOMEN’SMEANINGFULPARTICIPATION INPEACEANDSECURITyPROCESSES mainstreaming training for security agents, Women’sParticipationinPeaceand legislators,the judiciaryand religious leaders; Security and advocacy targeting decision makers in governmentandtraditionalinstitutionswillhelp Finding:Mostrespondents know ofwomen’s toimprovesupportforwomen’sinvolvementin participationinpeaceandsecurity.A veryhigh peaceandsecurityprocesses.Theparticipants percentageofwomenareunawareofwomenin also called for the training of lawmakers, peaceandsecuritycomparedtomen.LogoLGA journalists,clerics,traditionalleadersandpublic hasthehighestproportionofrespondentswho servantsonwomen,peaceandsecurity. arenotawareofwomeninpeaceandsecurity. 35
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 Thesurveyindicatesthat51.3percentofthe FGD participantsnotedthatfemalecommunity respondents were aware of women’s membersinLogoLGA,incontrasttootherLGAs, participationinpeaceandsecurity,while36.6per arenotallowedtoparticipateindecisionmaking centwerenotawareand12.1percentdidnot generallyorinpeaceandsecuritymatters.There know.Thesurveyadditionallyshowsthat91.4 isalsoahighlevelofilliteracyamongthewomen, percentofthefemale respondentswere not partlycausedbythetraditionalrolesassignedto aware ofwomen’s participation in peace and womenthathavehinderedfemaleeducation– security,while8.6percentwereeitherawareor and consequently public participation on donotknow.Thedatasuggeststhatmoremen importantissues. thanwomenareawareofwomen’sparticipation inpeaceandsecurity. Fivepersons,representing50percentoftheten KII respondents – mainly officers at the TheFGDparticipantsinLogoLGAexplainedthat management level (permanent secretaries, the views of women are influenced by the directorialstaff and heads of agencies) – entrenched culture of exclusion and the admitted thattheywerenotawareofUNSCR persistent omission of women in decision 1325 orthe NAP.Meanwhile,60 percentof makingatthecommunity,LGAandstatelevels. thosewhowereawareexplainedthattheyfirst The participants further pointed out that learned ofUNSCR 1325 and theNAP from a awarenessaboutwomeninpeaceandsecurityis sensitization programme organized by UN moreconnectedtoissuesrelatedtosexualand Women.However,allofthem admittedthatthey gender-basedviolencesuchasrapeandother didnothaveanyorganizationalprogrammeor domesticviolenceagainstwomen. policyongenderorwomen,peaceandsecurityin theirrespectiveorganizations. FIGURE11:LEVELOFAWARENESSOFWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEAND SECURITy 36
FIGURE12:LEVELOFAWARENESSABOUTWOMENINPEACEANDSECURITyBy GENDER FIGURE13:LEVELOFAWARENESSByLGAABOUTWOMENINPEACEAND SECURITy 37
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 4.2.2LevelofParticipationofWomen Logo LGA, the respondents observed that inPeaceandSecurity women’s involvementin peace and securityis seenintheactivitiesofCSOs.InGwerWestand Finding: Women in Benue State have Agatu LGAs,the respondents said women are demonstrated commitment and are active victimsoftheviolentconflict.However,inallthe participants in peace and security processes LGAs there were other respondents who despitetheirmarginalinclusioningovernmental observedthatwomenalsogetinvolvedinconflict andtraditionalstructures. earlywarningandearlyresponsesystemsoras perpetrators,andthattheyalsoplayotherroles. FGDparticipantssaidthatduetotheexperience There were significant percentages of ofthecommunitieswithviolentconflicts,women respondents who highlighted women’s are gradually being engaged in peace and participation in peace and securitywithin the securityprocesses.Forinstance,the wives of confinesofreligiousrolesorwithintheformal traditionalrulersarebeingassignedtherolesof structureofthestate,suchaspeacecommittees, speaking and representing their spouses in security agencies,taskforces and government publicfunctions.Similarly,duringtheFGD with agencies. internallydisplacedpersons(IDPs),theypointed outthatwomen areactivecommitteeleaders Furthermore,Figure15showsthatwomenare and members at the IDP camps and in seen to play traditional roles and actively communityconflictearlywarningstructures.In contribute through CSO activities across the theIDP campsinAnyiinandUgba(LogoLGA) three LGAs,with fewer respondents seeing andDaudu(GumaLGA),womenareincreasingly women participating within the formalstate being involved in decision-making processes. structures.KIIandFGDparticipantswarnedofa Regarding women’s involvementin peace and growing concern over the non-inclusion and securitysituations,23.1percentofrespondents marginalization ofwomen in governance and agreed thatwomen perform traditionalroles, peaceprocesses,especiallyatthegovernmental while 19.3 per cent observed women’s level. participationinreligiousroles.Atotalof16.5per centofrespondentsnotedthatwomenareactive Asshown in Figure16,themalerespondents inCSOs;8.1percentindicatedthatwomenplay assertedthatwomenareparticipatinginallthe roles in conflict early warning;7 per cent identifiedpeaceandsecurityprocesses,butthe indicatedthatwomenareactiveingovernmental female respondents indicated that they are structures;and 3.2 percentsaw women as marginalparticipants in allprocesses except perpetratorsofviolencethroughtheiraffiliation conflict early warning and early response withgroupsinconflict. systems.TheFGDparticipantsclarifiedthatthe men are more exposed to the activities of Furthermore,FGD participants explained that womeninpeaceandsecuritythanthewomen. womenarevictimsofviolentconflictsituations. Theyalsosaidthatwomenareinvolvedinthe Therespondentsnotedthatcivilsocietyworking traditional community and in CSOs’ early on issues of peace and security,especially warning/response systems.However,women humanitarian and development organizations, areexpresslyexcludedintheformalconflictearly have recently been involving women. warningandearlyresponsesystems,asshownin OrganizationssuchastheBenueNGOsNetwork the structure ofthe Benue State Emergency (BENGONET)insiston the involvementofall ManagementAgency. stakeholders in the conceptualization, implementation and monitoring ofintervention 4.2.3EffectivenessofWomen’s initiatives. ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity Figure 15 demonstrates thatin Guma LGA,a Finding:A higherpercentage ofrespondents majority of the respondents observed that viewed women’s participation in peace and women play traditionalroles in peace and securityas security,takingcareofthehouseholdandbeing involvedinsubsistencefarming,procreationand as companions to theirmale counterparts.In 38
FIGURE14:WOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyPROCESSES FIGURE15:WOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyPROCESSESBy 39
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINE SURVEY2019 LGA 40
FIGURE16:WOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyPROCESSESBy GENDER ineffective,while19.8percentviewedwomenas effective. 41
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 AsdemonstratedinFigure17,25.6percentof HeadofServiceforBenueStateCivilServiceis therespondentsindicatedtheineffectivenessof thefirstwomantobeappointedinthatposition women’s participation in peace and security sincethecreationofthestate. processes,while23.7percentindicated‘average’ and19.8percentindicated‘effective’;13.5per centindicated‘lessthaneffective’,11.6percent indicatedthattheydidnotknow,and5.8percent indicated‘veryeffective’.TheFGD withwomen stressed that the pessimism towards the effectivenessofwomen in peace and security stems largely from the exclusion and marginalization of women from peace and security structures.They clarified that most peoplewereunawareofwomen’sactivitiesand asaconsequenceviewedwomenasineffective inpeaceandsecurity. AlectureratBenueStateUniversity,Makurdi,in an interview on 29 July2019,observed that: “Women groups have complained of marginalization through non-inclusion in the processes of peace making at local and government levels. They have protested by stripping themselves naked,yetthis political arrangement continues to reduce women’s inclusion in public offices. In fact,women themselvesarenothelpingmattersbecausethey arenotcohesiveintheirstruggles.” Thedataindicatesthat14.8,12.4and4percent of female respondents rated women’s participationinpeaceandsecurityasaverage, effective and veryeffective,respectively.This showsthattherearesuccessstoriesofeffective participationinthemidstofineffectiveness. TheFGDparticipantsaffirmedthatmorewomen aretaking up criticalrolesasa resultofthe protractedviolentconflict.Womenwereinthe vanguardforthepassageoftheViolenceAgainst Persons (Prohibition) Law of Benue State, protests againstviolence,calls forimproved security measures, and dialogue. The participantsalsocitedtheprayermeetingsthat theFirstLadyofBenueStateorganizedmonthly, which,accordingtomostinformants,contributed to the peacefulcoexistence in the state and women’sinclusionin government.Thecurrent 42
FIG17A:EFFECTIVENESSOFWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy FIGURE 17B: GENDER DISAGGREGATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN PEACE AND SECURITy 4.2.4ObstaclestoWomen’sEffective thatthemajorobstacleisdiscrimination,while ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity 19.5percentindicatedthatitismarginalization. Meanwhile,12.1percentpointedtotraditional Finding:Discrimination and marginalization are institutions and 10.5 per cent to religion. major obstacles to women’s participation in Importantly,7.6,5 and 1.9 percentofthe peaceandsecurity. respondentsidentifiedlaws,conflictandmedia AsdemonstratedinFigure18,women’seffective coveragerespectively. participation isconstrained byseveralfactors, but35.5percentoftherespondentsindicated The FGD participants explained that women 43
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