Body Systems Flipbook Tarun Sontam (7th Grade)

7th Body Systems Flipbook

Tarun Sontam 2ACoach Martinez

Table of Contents 1) Introduction 2) Integumentary System 3) Musculoskeletal System 4) Nervous System 5) Special Senses 6) Cardiovascular System 7) Respiratory System 8) Digestive System 9) Urinary System10) Reproductive System11) Conclusion

IntroductionThe human body is the most complex machine known to mankind. From allowingus to breathe and move to allowing us to create buildings and vehicles, the humanbody allows us to do things other organisms can’t do. But how does our bodywork? What makes it so unique compared to other animals? In this flipbook, wewill explore each body system that each allows us to live. Table of Contents

WatchThe body is limitless, so let us begin! Table of Contents

Integumentary Table of Contents System(Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions

Functions ● Protection from UV rays ● Releases sweat ● Maintains body temperature ● Allows touch ● Production of Vitamin D Table of Contents

Structures ● Sebaceous glands - A gland that secretes oil that moistens skin ● Keratin - A protein found in hair and nails ● Epidermis - Outermost layer of skin ● Dermis - Thick layer of skin directly below the epidermis ● Collagen - Protein found in skin ● Subcutaneous Layer - Connects the skin to the surface muscles ● Sweat Glands - Glands that secrete sweat ● Mammary glands - Glands that produce milk ● Hair Follicles - Sacs that hold the roots of the hair ● Unguis - Also known as a nail, a plate that cover the edge of each finger and toe. Table of Contents

Diseases ● Acne Vulgaris - Swelling of the sebaceous glands ● Dermatitis - Swelling of the skin ● Verrucae - Skin wounds caused by HPV ● Eczema - Swelling of the skin caused mainly by itching Table of Contents

Professions ● Dermatologist - A person who treats disorders of the skin ● Cosmetic Surgeon - A person who restores body structures through surgery Table of Contents

Musculoskeletal System (Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions Table of Contents

WatchFunctions● Provides framework, movement, and protection● Calcium is stored in bones● Red bone marrow produces blood cells● Muscles generate heat● Muscles help move fluids, blood, and food through digestive system Table of Contents

Structures ● Cartilage - connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. ● Ligament - connective tissue that connects one bone to another ● Tendon - connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone ● Axial Skeleton - 80 bones that protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems ● Appendicular Skeleton - 126 bones that make body movement possible and protect the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs ● Skeletal Muscles - Muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton ● Smooth Muscles - Muscles located within the walls of internal organs ● Cardiac Muscles - Heart muscles ● Kinesiology - Study of muscular activity ● Range of Motion - The change in joint position Table of Contents

Diseases ● Ataxia - Inability to control the muscles ● Muscular Dystrophy - Inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness ● Osteoporosis - Loss of bone density, bone becomes hollow ● Talipes - A birth disorder in which the foot may be turned outward or inward Table of Contents

Professions ● Chiropractor - A person who specializes in treatment of disorders originating from weird shapes of the spine ● Rheumatologist - A person who treats diseases that involve the swelling of connective tissues including muscles. Table of Contents

Nervous System(Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions Table of Contents

Functions Watch● Coordinates all bodily activities● Maintains equality in body● Communicates between body parts Table of Contents

Structures ● Central Nervous System (CNS) - The brain and the spinal cord ● Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Other nerves not including the brain and spinal cord ● Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - A division of the PNS, includes outside neves of spine ● Neuron - Basic cell of the nervous system ● Nerve - Neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other body parts ● Impulse - Waves sent through nerve fiber cells ● Stimulus - Anything that activates a nerve ● Reflex - A response to some change ● Cerebrum - Largest and uppermost part of the brain, controls thought, judgement, memory ● Lobe of the Brain - A section of a hemisphere of the cerebrum (4 sections) Table of Contents

Diseases ● Cephalalgia - Also known as a headache, it is pain in the head ● Alzheimer’s Disease - A disease that leads to slow memory loss, impaired cognition, and personality changes ● Concussion - A violent shaking of the brain ● Insomnia - Inability to sleep Table of Contents

Professions ● Anesthesiologist - A physician who gives chemicals that makes the person faint before a surgery ● Neurosurgeon - A physician who does surgery the nervous system Table of Contents

Special Senses Table of Contents (Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions

Functions ● Receives images and sends them to brain ● Receives sounds and sends them to brain ● Inner ear helps maintain balance Table of Contents

Structures ● Orbit - Also known as the eye socket, contains and protects the eyeball ● Eyelids - The upper and lower folds of the skin that protect the eyeball ● Globe - Also known as the eyeball, helps us see ● Sclera - The white of the eye ● Choroid - The middle layer of the eyeball ● Retina - The inner layer of the eye, receives light ● Tympanic Membrane - Also known as the eardrum, vibrates in response to sound waves ● Labyrinth - The inner ear, makes sure that there is enough air in the ear and releases extra air ● Pinna - The outer portion of the ear that catches sound waves ● Auditory ossicles - Three small bones found in the middle ear Table of Contents

Diseases ● Blepharoptosis - The drooping of the upper eyelid ● Conjunctivitis - Also known as pinkeye, the swelling of the eye ● Otalgia - Also known as an earache, pain in the ear ● Deafness - Complete or partial loss of the ability to hear Table of Contents

Professions ● Audiologist - A physician who specializes in the measurement of hearing functions and treating of people with hearing impairments ● Ophthalmologist - A physician who treats disorders of the eye Table of Contents

Cardiovascular Table of Contents System (Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions

Functions ● Spreads blood throughout the body ● Transports oxygen and nutrients to body and collects waste from organs ● White blood cells fight diseases ● Blood regulates heat ● Maintains fluid balance in body Table of Contents

Structures ● Erythrocyte - Also known as a red blood cell (RBC), transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste ● Hemoglobin - The pigment that gives an RBC cell its red color ● Leukocyte - Also known as a white blood cell (WBC), protects the body against harmful invaders ● Artery - A blood vessel in the body that carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart ● Vein - A blood vessel in the body that carries oxygen poor blood back to the heart ● Aorta - The largest artery in the body ● Venae Cavae - The two large veins in the body that carry oxygen poor blood into the heart ● Capillary - The smallest blood vessel in the body, connects the arteries to the veins ● Atria - The two upper chambers of the heart, all blood vessels enter here ● Ventricles - The two lower chambers of the heart, all blood vessels leave from here Table of Contents

Diseases ● Atherosclerosis - The hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up in the arteries ● Myocardial Infarction - Also known as a heart attack, a blockage of flow to the heart ● Leukemia - A cancer of blood forming tissues, weakens the body’s ability to fight infection ● Arrhythmia - Not normal rhythm of the heart beat Table of Contents

Professions ● Cardiologist - A physician who treats disorders of the heart ● Hematologist - A physician who treats disorders of the blood Table of Contents

Respiratory Table of Contents System(Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions

Functions ● Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide ● Exchange gases between the lungs and the bloodstream ● Produce airflow through the larynx to allow speech Table of Contents

Structures ● Upper respiratory tract - The nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and windpipe of the respiratory system ● Lower respiratory tract - The bronchial tree and lungs of the respiratory system ● Pharynx - Also known as the throat, a pathway for air and food ● Larynx - Also known as the voice box, changes pitch and volume to allow speech ● Trachea - Also known as the windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi ● Bronchi - Tubes that send air from the trachea into and from the lungs during respiration ● Alveoli - Also known as air sacs, the area where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange inside the lungs ● Diaphragm - The muscle between the abdomen and lungs, contracts and relaxes so air can enter and exit the body ● Inhalation - The act of taking air into the body, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward ● Exhalation - The act of breathing out excess air out of the body, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward Table of Contents

Diseases ● Asthma - A disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty ● Emphysema - The slow loss of lung function due to the decrease in number of alveoli ● Influenza - Also known as the flu, a highly contagious infection spread by airborne bacteria ● Bronchitis - Swelling of the bronchi, usually caused by infection or smoking Table of Contents

Professions ● Otorhinolaryngologist - Also known as an ENT, physician who treats disorders of the ears, nose, and throat ● Pulmonologist - A physician who treats disorders of the lungs Table of Contents

Digestive Table of Contents System(Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions

Functions● Take and digest of food● Absorption of nutrients from digested food● Release solid waste products Table of Contents

Structures ● Upper GI Tract - The mouth, esophagus, and stomach of the digestive system ● Lower GI Tract - The small intestine, large intestines, rectum, and anus of the digestive system ● Esophagus - A tube that breaks down food and leads from the pharynx to the stomach ● Peristalsis - The contractions of the esophagus that break down food ● Small Intestine - Absorbs nutrients from food, consists of 3 sections ● Large Intestine - Absorbs minerals and water, food is changed into waste ● Liver - Removes extra blood sugar and stores it as glycogen, produces bile for digestion ● Gallbladder - Stores bile produced by liver ● Bile - A greenish-brown juice that aids in digestion ● Pancreas - Makes and releases pancreatic juices to help in digestion, produces insulin as well ● Digestion - The process in which foods are broken down into nutrients Table of Contents

Diseases ● Cirrhosis - Damage over time to the liver from a variety of causes, mainly from drinking ● Gastralgia - Also known as a stomach ache, a sharp sense of pain in the stomach ● Obesity - A buildup of too much fat in the body ● Constipation - Not being able to enough waste, the bowels are usually hard and dry Table of Contents

Professions ● Gastroenterologist - Also known as a GI, a physician who treats disorders of the stomach and intestines ● Internist - A physician who treats disorders of the internal organs Table of Contents

Urinary System Table of Contents (Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Structures Diseases Professions

Functions ● Maintain proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body ● Filters blood to remove urea and waste ● Converts waste in urine and excretes urine Table of Contents

Structures ● Nephron - Functional unit of the kidney ● Ureter - Narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder ● Urinary Bladder - Hollow muscular organ that stores urine until it is released ● Urethra - Tube that extends from bladder to outside the body to excrete urine ● Urination - The process of releasing urine ● Urochrome - A pigment that gives urine its yellow color ● Renal Cortex - Outer layer of kidney ● Medulla - Inner layer of kidney ● Urea - Major waste product of protein breakdown processes ● Homeostasis - A state of equality in the body Table of Contents

Diseases ● Nephrolithiasis - Also known as a kidney stone, the presence of a mineral deposit in the kidney ● Hydronephrosis - The enlargement of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys ● Uremia - Also known as uremic poisoning, excess urea in the urine ● Dysuria - Difficult or painful urination Table of Contents

Professions ● Nephrologist - A physician who treats diseases of the kidneys ● Urologist - A physician who treats diseases of the urinary system in females and the reproductive system of males Table of Contents

Reproductive System(Click on the specific content you want to explore) Functions Professions Table of Contents

Functions ● Male: ○ Produce sperm and deliver them to unite with the eggs of a female to create new life ● Female ○ Produce eggs to be fertilized with sperm, uterus provides support for child, breasts produce milk to feed children Table of Contents

Professions ● Neonatologist - A physician who treats disorders of a newborn child ● Obstetrician - A physician who provides medical care to pregnant women Table of Contents

ConclusionIn essence, the human body is vast, and even small changes can lead to bigdifferences in our life. It is important to take care of the body, for we would not beable to do many tasks without the body working fully. Table of Contents

Want to learn more? Visit these Websites:http://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/ http://www.innerbody.com/ Table of Contents