Darshini Hindi Pathmala for Class 6

fganh ikB~;iqLrd nf'kZuh fganh ikBekyk 6





nf'kuZ h ¯gnh ikBekyk dh kÜ [a` kyk dk fuek.Z k jk\"Vhª ; f'k{kk uhfr oQs vra xrZ ,ulhbvZ kjVh] lhch,lbZ rFkk jkT;kas oQs ckMs Z no~ kjk fu/kfZ jr uohure ikB;~ oQz e oQs vulq kj fd;k x;k gAS cPpksa esa ns[kdj lh[kus dh izo`fÙk tUe ls gh gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh oLrq dks ns[kdj mlosQ ckjs esa tkuus dh bPNk muosQ eu esa Lor% gh mB tkrh gSA cPpksa dh blh izo`fÙk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, muls tqM+s [kku&iku] jgu&lgu] vkpkj&fopkj] #fp vkfn ij nf'kuZ h ¯gnh ikBekyk osQ ikB rS;kj fd, x, gSaA jkspd ikB cPpksa dh ftKklk ,oa Hkk\"kk esa #fp c<+kus esa lgk;d fln~/ gksaxsA bl ikBekyk dks rS;kj djrs le; Hkk\"kk dh lHkh ;ksX;rkvksaµ lquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] lkspuk] le>uk] le>dj djuk vkfn dks fl[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ikB osQ var esa 'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd o fyf[kr iz'u] ikB ls lacaf/r dkYifud iz'u] Hkk\"kk&Kku laca/h iz'u] cgqfodYih; iz'u (MCQs)] xfrfof/;k¡ rFkk ifj;kstuk fuekZ.k dk;Z lfEefyr fd, x, gSaA nf'kuZ h ¯gnh ikBekyk esa lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksaµdfork] dgkuh] fp=kdFkk] yksddFkk] Mk;jh&ys[ku] laLej.k] thouh] ys[k] fuca/] ,dkadh] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar vkfn dk lekos'k gSA ¯gnh funs'kky; Hkkjr ljdkj n~okjk laLrqr orZuh osQ ikjaifjd o ekud nksuksa :iksa ls cPpksa dks voxr djk;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd Ük`a[kyk dk mn~ns'; cPpksa dh l`tu'khyrk] ekSfydrk] dYiuk'khyrk] ftKklk ,oa pkfjf=kd fodkl ij cy nsuk gSA vk'kk gS fd ;g iqLrd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxhA iqLrd dks vkSj vf/d jkspd] Lrjh; ,oa çkekf.kd cukus gsrq fon~okuksa osQ lq>ko lknj vkeaf=kr gSaA µysf[kdk (i(iii))

(xhr xkus osQ fy,) oUns ekrje~A lqtyka] lqiQyka] ey;t 'khryka] 'kL; ';keyka] ekrje~A oUns ekrje~AA 'kqHkz&T;ksRLuka] iqyfdr ;kfeuha] iqQYy&oqQlqfer&nzqeny&'kksfHkuhe~] lqgkfluha] lqe/qj Hkkf\"k.kha] lq[knka] ojnka ekrje~A oUns ekrje~AA ekrje~ ¾ ekrk dksA 'kL; ¾ gjh&Hkjh iQlyA 'kqHkz ¾ LoPNA T;ksRLuk ¾ pkanuhA ;kfeuh ¾ jkrA oqQlqe ¾ iwQyA nzqe ¾ o`{kA (iv)

1- vk jgh jfo dh lokjh (dfork) 4 2- ew[kks± dh laxfr (dgkuh) 11 3- x<+ vk;k ij flag x;k (dgkuh) 18 4- peRdkjh v¡xwBh (dgkuh) 24 5- ghjk (vkRedFkk) 32 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 39 6- le; (dfork) 41 7- flaxkiqj (;k=kk&o`Ùkkar) 49 8- lk;uk usgoky (thouh) 57 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 63 9- ea=k (,dkadh) 65 10- jDr (ys[k) 74 11- 'kghnksa dh dye ls (i=k) 83 12- er ck¡Vks bulku dks (dfork) 90 13- vuwBh iqLrd (fxuhTk+ cqd) 97 14- ,d HksaV (lk{kkRdkj) 103 • felkby eSu ,aM oqeSu 111 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 112 15- n~ohi dh [kkst (yksddFkk) 114 16- nksgs (dkO;) 123 17- ou (fucaèk) 128 18- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku 134 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 140 • iz'u&i=k µ 1 142 • iz'u&i=k µ 2 147 • ge cky ohj 152 • gkFkh] ?kksM+k] ikydh 153 • 'kCndks'k 154 (v)

ikB la[;k cksyuk] lquuk fy[kuk 'kSf{kd xfrfof/;k¡ thou ewY; rFkk o uke vkSj i<+uk ikfjokfjd] lkekftd o jk\"Vªh; psruk 1- vk jgh jfo dfork dks y; eas i<u+ k] lgh i'z ukas dks ,d 'kCn eas ,oa y?kq o nh?kZ dfork@vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ppkZ djuk] liQyrk dk egÙo le>kukA   dh lokjh mPpkj.k djuk rFkk ekfS [kd mÙkj fy[kuk] vFkxZ gz .k lca èa kh i'z ukÙs kj] dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj   (dfork) i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA i;k;Z okph] milxZ ,oa o.k&Z foPNns A nsukA 2- ew[kks± dh dgkuh dks iHz kko'kkyh <xa ls iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] dfork&ys[ku] jkspd fdLls i<+uk ew[kks± dh laxfr ls cpdj jgus laxfr i<u+ k] lgh mPpkj.k djuk rFkk cgfq odYih; i'z u] o.k&Z foPNns djuk] o lquuk] gkL; jl dh dforkvksa dh lh[k nsukA (dgkuh) ekfS [kd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA 'kCn ifjokj cukuk] foykse 'kCn] dks i<+uk vkSj lquuk] dkYifud 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/ 'kCn ,oa opu ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA cnyukA 3- x<+ vk;k dgkuh dk okpu djuk] lgh iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] vuqPNsn&ys[kuA ns'kizse dh Hkkouk dk fodkl ij fLakg mPpkj.k djuk rFkk ekSf[kd cgqfodYih; iz'u] dkjd ,oa djukA x;k (dgkuh) iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA i;kZ;okph 'kCnA 4- peRdkjh dgkuh dks iHz kko'kkyh <xa ls i'z ukas oQs y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] dgkuh fy[kuk] ifj;kts uk r;S kj va/fo'okl esa u iM+us dh v¡xwBh i<u+ k] lgh mPpkj.k djuk rFkk cgfq odYih; i'z u] egq kojs ,oa djuk] vuHq ko ckV¡ uk] dkYifud lh[k nsuk ,oa ifjJe dk (dgkuh) ekfS [kd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA ykds kfs Dr;k]¡ foykes 'kCn dkjd oQs ,oa ufS rd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA egÙo le>kukA Hkns ,oa louZ ke oQs Hkns A 5- ghjk vkRedFkk dk okpu djuk] i'z ukas oQs y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] voyksdu djuk] tkudkjh ,d=k cgqewY; jRu ghjs dh tkudkjh (vkRedFkk) lgh mPpkj.k djuk rFkk cgfq odYih; i'z ukas oQs mÙkj puq uk] djuk] lwph rS;kj djuk] vkRedFkk nsukA ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA fuR; ,dopu 'kCn] dkjd lfgr fy[kuk rFkk dkYifud ,oa uSfrd cgoq pu] i;k;Z okph ,oa iRz ;;A iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ lkekU; Kku esa o`n~fèk djukA ckSf¼d {kerk dk fodkl 6- le; dfork dk jkspd <ax ls i'z ukas oQs ,d 'kCn eas mÙkj] i'z ukas dfork dh lizlax O;k[;k] eqgkojs le; dk egÙo le>kuk] (dfork) okpu] lgh mPpkj.k rFkk oQs y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] vkSj dgkorsa fy[kuk] dgkuh lqukuk] dfBu ifjJe djus dh lh[k ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA vFkxZ gz .k lca /a h i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA cgfq odYih; i'z u] foykes 'kCn] 'kCn nsukA ifjokj cukuk] ldedZ &vdedZ foQz ;k ,oa lekukFkhZ 'kCnA 7- ¯lxkiqj ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar dk izHkko'kkyh i'z ukas oQs y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] lpw h cukuk] dkys ktW ,oa itsz Vas 's ku r;S kj n's kkVu oQs egÙo dks crkukA (;k=kk&o`Ùkkar) <ax ls okpu] lgh mPpkj.k cgfq odYih; i'z ukas oQs mÙkj puq uk] djuk] vuPq Nns &y[s ku] dkYifud ,oa ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj mnn~ 's ; ,oa fo/;s dk Kku] foykes ufS rd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA nsukA 'kCn] iRz ;; ,oa dkjdA 8- lk;uk thouh dk iHz kko'kkyh <xa ls ,d 'kCn esa mÙkj nsuk] iz'uksa osQ fuc/a &y[s ku] lpw h r;S kj djuk] [kys [ksyksa osQ izfr tkx:d djuk usgoky okpu] lgh mPpkj.k ,oa y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] lca /a h tkudkjh ,d=k djuk] dkYifud ,oa deZBrk dk egÙo le>kukA (thouh) ekfS [kd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA cgqfodYih; iz'uksa osQ mÙkj pquuk] ,oa ufS rd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA okD;ksa dk Kku ,oa vusd osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kukA • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ lkekU; Kku esa o`n~fèk djukA ckSf¼d {kerk dk fodkl (vii)

9- ea=k izsepan dh izfln~/ dgkuh osQ iz'uksa osQ ,d 'kCn esa mÙkj nsuk] ?kVuk dk o.kZu djuk] tkudkjh ,d=k Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk dk R;kx (,dkadh) ukV~; :ikarj.k dk izHkko'kkyh y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] djuk] dksykWt cukuk] dkYifud ,oa djus dh lh[k nsuk rFkk le; <ax ls okpu] lgh mPpkj.k cgqfodYih; iz'uksa osQ mÙkjksa dk uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA ij lgk;rk ,oa vewY; thou ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj p;u djuk] fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k] loZuke dk egÙo le>kukA nsukA dks igpkuuk ,oa 'kCn&;qXeA 10- jDr ys[k dks jkspd <ax ls i<+uk] iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,o nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk tkudkjh ,d=k djuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] jDr lajpuk laca/h tkudkjh (ys[k) lgh mPpkj.k] ekSf[kd iz'uksa ,oa cgqfodYih; iz'uksa osQ mÙkjksa dk dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA osQ mÙkj nsukA p;u djuk] 'kCn&;qXe] izR;; ,oa nsukA lekukFkhZ 'kCnA 11- 'kghnksa dh i=k dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] ifj;kstuk rS;kj djuk] fp=k ns[kdj ns'kHkDrksa osQ izfr Jn~/k dh dye ls okpu] lgh mPpkj.k djuk] cgqfodYih; iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk] ?kVuk dk o.kZu djuk] dkYifud ,oa Hkkouk dks tkxzr djuk ,oa (i=k) ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA laKk ls fo'ks\"k.k ,oa fo'ks\"k.k ls uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA Lo/hurk dk egÙo le>kukA laKk cukuk] xn~;ka'k osQ iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 12- er ck¡Vks dfork dks y; esa i<+uk] lgh iz'uksa dks ,d 'kCn esa ,oa y?kq mÙkj dfork] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ppkZ djuk] fey&tqydj jgus dh lh[k   bulku dks mPpkj.k djuk rFkk ekSf[kd fy[kuk] vFkZxzg.k laca/h iz'uksÙkj] ukVd eapu] uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA (dfork) iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA lekukFkhZ] foykse o opuA nsukA 13- vuwBh ikB dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] tkudkjh ,d=k djuk] ifz r;kfs xrk dk fxuh”k cqd osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh    iqLrd okpu djuk] lgh mPpkj.k] cgqfodYih; ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ vk;kts u djuk] dkYifud ,oa ufS rd nsukA    (fxuhT+k& ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA mÙkj nsuk] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] i;kZ;okph i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA 'kCn] izR;;A cqd) 14- ,d lk{kkRdkj dk iHz kko'kkyh iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] ifj;kstuk rS;kj egku oSKkfud ,oa ns'k osQ iwoZ HksaV <xa ls okpu] lgh mPpkj.k] cgqfodYih; iz'uksa osQ mÙkjksa dk djuk] tkudkjh ,d=k djuk] lwph jk\"Vªifr osQ fopkjksa ls voxr (lk{kkRdkj) ekfS [kd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA p;u djuk] fuikr okD;ka'kksa osQ cukuk] dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa djkukA fy, ,d 'kCn] foykse 'kCn ,oa osQ mÙkj nsukA okD;ksa dks 'kq¼ djukA • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ lkekU; Kku esa o`n~fèk djukA 15- n~ohi dh yksddFkk dk jkspd <ax ls iz'uksa osQ mÙkj 'kCnksa esa rFkk y?kq fdlh n'kZuh; LFky dh ;k=kk dk yksddFkkvksa ls ifjfpr djokukA [kkst okpu] lgh mPpkj.k ,oa ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] xn~;ka'k osQ o.kZu djuk] ifj;kstuk rS;kj djuk] ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk] laKk osQ Hksn ,oa tkudkjh tqVkuk rFkk dkYifud ,oa   (yksddFkk) fojke fpg~uA uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 16- nksgs nksgksa dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] in&ys[ku] pkVZ cukuk] izfr;ksfxrk thou ewY;ksa dks le>kukA    (dkO;) okpu] lgh mPpkj.k ,oa cgqfodYih; ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ dk vk;kstu djuk rFkk dkYifud ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA mÙkj pquuk] feyku djuk] i;kZ;okph ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 'kCn] 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks'k osQ Øe esa yxkuk] o.kZ&foPNsn] ekud :iA 17- ou fuca/ dk jkspd <ax ls iBu] iz'uksa osQ ,d 'kCn esa mÙkj nsuk rFkk fp=k ,d=k djuk] xks\"Bh dk vk;kstu isM+ksa dk egÙo le>kuk ,oa (fuca/) lgh mPpkj.k ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] djuk] iksLVj cukuk] dkYifud ,oa ouksa osQ laj{k.k dh lh[k nsukA iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA okD;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk] vuqLokj dk uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA iz;ksx] izR;;] i;kZ;okphA 18- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dk izHkko'kkyh <ax iz'uksa osQ y?kq ,oa nh?kZ mÙkj fy[kuk] dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj LoPNrk osQ izfr Tkkx:d djukA vfHk;ku ls okpu] lgh mPpkj.k ,oa okD;ksa ij lgh@xyr dk fu'kku nsukA ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA yxkuk] 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ djosQ fy[kuk ,oa i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kukA • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ lkekU; Kku esa o`n~f/ djukA (v i i i )

lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfozQ;kµ NBh] lkroha vkSj vkBoha d{kk osQ fon~;k£Fk;ksa ls NBh d{kk esa vkus rd fon~;kFkhZ ¯gnh esa i<+us cksyus vkSj ekr`Hkk\"kk laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ fy[kus dh oqQ'kyrkvksa ij vf/dkj izkIr dj pqosQ gksaxsA bu lquus laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ d{kkvksa esa fiNyh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djrs gq, ekr`Hkk\"kk • of.kZr ;k ifBr lkexzh] okrkZ] Hkk\"k.k] ifjppkZ] okrkZyki] dh ubZ ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djuk gSA okn&fookn] dfork&ikB vkfn dk lqudj vFkZ xzg.k fo'o osQ lHkh ns'kksa dh ekr`Hkk\"kk osQ ikB~;Øe oqQN djuk] ewY;kadu djuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr dks tkuukA bl izdkj rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa fd fon~;kFkhZ vius Lrj dh • dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡] igsfy;k¡] ukVd] fp=k&o.kZu] laf{kIr dgkfu;k¡ i<+dj mudk vkuan ys losaQA os izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z] Hkk\"k.k] fooj.k vkfn dks lqudj le>uk vkSj mudk ns'k&izse vkfn dh ljy vkSj lgt dfork,¡ i<+dj vius vkuan ysukA 'kCnksa esa mudh ljkguk dj losaQA vius Lrj osQ fo\"k;ksa ij • oDrk osQ euksHkkoksaµ g\"kZ] Øks/] vk'p;Z] ?k`.kk] f>M+dh] vuqPNsn ;k fuca/ fy[k losaQA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ Hkkoh thou d#.kk] O;aX; vkfn dks le>ukA esa Hkk\"kk ls lacaf/r tks Hkh vko';drk,¡ gksaxh] mudh rS;kjh • fofHkUu Lkzksrksa ls tkudkjh ,d=k dj mls ;kn j[kukA NBh d{kk rd iwjh gks tkuh pkfg,A igyh d{kk ls ik¡poha cksyus laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ d{kk rd mUgksaus tks oqQN Hkh lh[kk gS] mldk foLrkj NBh • cksyrs le; Hkyh izdkj mPpkj.k djukA xfr] y;] d{kk esa visf{kr gksxkA NBh] lkroha vkSj vkBoha d{kkvksa esa ekr`Hkk\"kk f'k{k.k vkjksg&vojksg] mfpr cyk?kkr o vuqrku lfgr cksyukA osQ mn~ns';µ lLoj dfork&okpu] dFkk&dgkuh vFkok ?kVuk lqukukA • ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk fodkl djukA • Hkk\"kk&laca/h lHkh lkewfgd fØ;kdykiksa esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysukA • f'k\"Vkpkj] /S;Z vkSj è;kuiwoZd lquus dh ;ksX;rk dk • vkRefo'okl vkSj lgtrk ls /kjkizokg cksyukA fodkl djukA • O;kdj.k&lEer Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djukA • vius fopkjksa dks fy[kdj vfHkO;Dr djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djukA • vius fopkjksa dks Lora=k o Øecn~/ :i ls O;Dr djukA • okrkZyki] ukVd] y?kq Hkk\"k.k vkfn esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx • O;kdj.k&lEer Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ cukukA • vè;;u dh oqQ'kyrkvksa dk fodkl djukA ysukA • dgkfu;k¡ lqukus] igsfy;k¡ cw>us] vaR;k{kjh] y?kq Hkk\"k.k • lkSan;kZuqHkwfr ,oa l`tu'khyrk dk fodkl djukA vkfn dk vH;Lr gksukA • Hkk\"kk osQ lkSan;Z dh ljkguk djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl • Hk; ls eqDr gksdj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls Hkk\"k.k nsukA djukA i<+us laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ • lkfgR; osQ izfr vfHk#fp dk fodkl djukA • xn~; vkSj in~; dk mfpr vkjksg&vojksg osQ lkFk • ¯pru dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djukA èkkjkizokg i<+ukA • ys[ku laca/h ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA • ,dkxz fpÙk gksdj vHkh\"V xfr osQ lkFk ekSu iBu djukA • Hkk\"kk fopkj ,oa 'kSyh dh ljkguk djus esa l{ke cukukA • 'kCnksa vkSj eqgkojksa dk vFkZ le>dj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx • Hkk\"kk osQ izeq[k rRoksa ls ifjfpr djokukA djukA • fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks Hkk\"kk;h fØ;kdykiksa esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, • ifBr oLrq osQ egÙoiw.kZ rF;] eq[; fopkj vkSj osaQnzh; izksRlkfgr djukA Hkko dks igpkuukA • loZ/eZ leHkko dk fodkl djukA lHkh /eks± osQ izfr • Hkk\"kk] fopkj ,oa 'kSyh dh ljkguk djukA vknj vkSj olqèkSo oqQVqacde~ dh Hkkouk dk fodkl • cky&lkfgR; vkfn dh miyC/ lkexzh dks i<+ukA djukA • i=k] pkVZ] iksLVj vkfn dh fyf[kr lkexzh dks lgtrk • vius {ks=k fo'ks\"k rFkk ns'k osQ izfr izse vkSj xkSjo dh ls i<+ukA Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA • ekSu ikB n~okjk ikB~;oLrq dk vFkZxzg.k djus dh ;ksX;rk izkIr djukA (ix)

fy[kus laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ • okn&fookn rFkk y?kq Hkk\"k.kksa n~okjk vkRefo'okl esa c<+ksrjh djukA • ifjfpr vkSj vifjfpr 'kCnksa o okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ :i ls fy[kukA fy[krs gq, O;kdj.k&lEer 'kqn~/ ,oa izkaty • fon~;ky; osQ fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysus rFkk mudk Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djukA lapkyu djus laca/h dk;Z djokukA • fyfi osQ ekud :Ik dk gh iz;ksx djukA • ifjfpr ,oa vifjfpr fo\"k;ksa ij laokn dk vk;kstu djokukA • ys[ku laca/h fu;eksa ,oa oqQ'kyrkvksa dk Kku gksukA • iw.kZ&fojke] vn~/Z&fojke] iz'uokpd ,oa foLe; cks/d • v/wjh dgkuh dks iwjk djokuk rFkk vuqeku osQ vk/kj fpg~uksa dk lgh iz;ksx djukA ij ?kVuk ;k dgkuh dk o.kZu djokukA • vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd i=kksa dks fy[kus esa leFkZ • ikB~;iqLrd rFkk vfrfjDr lkexzh dks i<+rs le; gksukA mPpkj.k] fojke&fpg~u] mfpr LFkku ij cyk?kkr vkfn ij è;ku nsrs gq, i<+okukA mfpr xfr ,oa izokg osQ lkFk • vius fopkjksa dks fy[kdj izdV djus esa leFkZ gksukA i<+us ij cy nsukA • fy[kus esa ekSfydrk vkSj ltZukRedrk ykukA • ekSu okpu djokuk] fp=k] pkVZ] ekufp=k] foKkiu] i=k • 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ksa dk vuqys[k vkSj Jqfrys[k fy[kukA ,oa lwpuk iV ls lacaf/r fyf[kr lkexzh ij vusd iz'u • fp=k&o.kZu] ;k=kk&o.kZu] laokn&ys[ku rFkk ljy fo\"k;ksa iwNukA • 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ksa dk vuqys[k ,oa Jqfrys[k djokukA ij vuqPNsn ,oa fuca/ fy[kukA • fofHkUu fOk\"k;ksa ij fp=k] ekWMy] pkVZ vkfn rS;kj djokuk ¯pru laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ rFkk mudk fooj.k fy[kokukA • fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa ij vuqPNsn ;k fuca/ fy[kokukA • vius Lrj osQ vuq:i fdlh ckr dks lqudj ;k i<+dj • fp=k dks ns[kdj okD;] dgkuh] dfork] vuqPNsn vkfn le>uk] ml fo\"k; ij iz'u djuk rFkk fd, x, iz'uksa fy[kokukA osQ fu%ladksp mÙkj nsukA ikB~;&lkexzh ,oa fo\"k;&oLrqµ • lquh gqbZ ;k i<+h gqbZ ckrksa esa mfpr&vuqfpr dk Hksn djukA d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd vH;kl iqfLrdk • ifBr oLrq osQ 'kh\"kZd osQ vk/kj ij fo\"k;&oLrq dks le>uk] osaQnzh; Hkko rFkk lkjka'k crkukA lfgr rS;kj dh xbZ gSA bu iqLrdksa osQ izR;sd osQ yxHkx 168 • ;FkkFkZ vkSj dYiuk esa varj dj ikukA • of.kZr ?kVuk ;k n`';koyksdu ij izfrfØ;k O;Dr djukA i`\"B rS;kj fd, x, gSaA ikB~;iqLrd dh fo\"k;&oLrq mn~ns';ksa] • ewrZ fo\"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa vuqHkwfr vkSj Hkko O;Dr djus osQ ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj 'kSf{kd fØ;kdykiksa ij vk/kfjr gSA cPpksa osQ fy, lgh 'kCn pquukA ifjos'k ls lacaf/r rFkk Hkk\"kk;h oqQ'kyrkvksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa dks NBh] lkroha vkSj vkBoha d{kk osQ fy, 'kSf{kd è;ku esa j[kdj fo\"k; lkexzh rS;kj dh xbZ gSA fuEu ¯cnqvksa fØ;kdykiµ dks è;ku esa j[kdj ikB~;iqLrd dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSµ • fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa ij vk/kfjrµ D;ksa] oSQls] D;k okys iz'uksa ikSjkf.kd ,oa lkfgfR;d dgkfu;k¡] yksddFkk,¡] i;kZoj.k dks iwNuk rFkk mlesa d{kk osQ lHkh fon~;k£Fk;ksa dh izfrHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djukA laj{k.k] o`Qf\"k vkSj izkSn~;ksfxdh] foKku] jk\"Vªh; ,drk] • ¯gnh o.kZekyk dh lw{e varj okyh èofu;ksa esa foHksnhdj.k ekSfyd ,drk] n'kZuh; LFky] ;k=kk&o.kZu] [kkst] egkiq#\"kksa rFkk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dk izf'k{k.k nsukA dh thofu;k¡] i=k] Mk;jh] dfork,¡] lk{kkRdkj] ,dkadh] • lkewfgd ,oa O;fDrxr :i ls dfork] dgkuh] ?kVuk fuca/] ys[k] R;ksgkj] loZèkeZ leHkko] uSfrd ewY;ijd ikB vkfn dks lqukus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djukA vkfnA (x)

eSa vkSj esjh ilan dk i;ZVd LFky eSa viuh ilan osQ i;ZVd LFky dk fp=k viuk fp=k uke ------------------ d{kk ---------------- fp=k esa jax Hkfj,µ eSa vkSj esjh ilan dk i;ZVd LFky 1

izfln~/ bekjrsa buosQ fo\"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djosQ 5&5 okD; fyf[k,µ yky fdyk] fnYyh gokegy] t;iqj bafM;k xsV] fnYyh rktegy] vkxjk Lo.kZ eafnj] iatkc c`gns'oj eafnj] ratkSj 2 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

yksVl Vsaiy] fnYyh iqjkuk fdyk] fnYyh oqQrqcehukj] fnYyh pkjehukj] gSnjkckn v{kj/ke eafnj] fnYyh lw;Z eafnj] dks.kkoZQ izfln~èk bekjrsa 3

2 ew[kks± dh laxfr jktk Ñ\".knso jk; viuh iztk dk cgqr è;ku j[krs FksA iztk osQ lq[k&nq[k dk gky tkuus osQ fy, os jkT; esa os'k cnydj ?kwers FksA ,d ckj fdlh ckr ij rsukyhjke ls #\"V gksdj mUgksaus mls jktlHkk esa u vkus dk vkns'k lquk fn;kA ;g lqudj vU; lHkklnksa dh ck¡Nsa f[ky xb±A os lc cgqr izlUu gq, D;ksafd lHkh lHkkln eu&gh&eu rsukyhjke ls bZ\";kZ djrs FksA Ñ\".knso jk; os'k cnydj jkT; Hkze.k ij tc Hkh fudyrs Fks rks vius lkFk rsukyhjke dks vo'; ys tkrs FksA ijarq bl ckj rsukyhjke dh vuqifLFkfr esa os oqQN vU; lHkklnksa osQ lkFk jkT; Hkze.k ij fudysA Nn~e os'k/kjh jktk Hkze.k djrs gq, ,d xk¡o esa igq¡psA mUgsa cgqr I;kl yxh FkhA mUgksaus ,d >ksaiM+h osQ ckgj [kM+s O;fDr ls ty ek¡xkA O;fDr us mUgsa eVosQ dk 'khry ty ihus osQ fy, fn;kA jktk dh I;kl cq> xbZA mUgksaus ml O;fDr ls iwNk] ¶dgks HkkbZ] rqEgkjs xk¡o esa fdlh O;fDr dks dksbZ d\"V rks ugha gS\\¸ blls igys fd og oqQN mÙkj nsrk] vkxarqdksa dks ns[kdj vkl&ikl osQ vU; xzkeh.k Hkh ogk¡ ,d=k gks x,A Nn~e os'k/kjh jktk us viuk iz'u iqu% nksgjk;kA xk¡o okyksa us lkspk fd ;s yksx jktk osQ vf/dkjhx.k gSa vkSj jktk osQ dgus ij fujh{k.k djus vk, gSaA xzkeh.kksa us dgk] ¶egk'k;] gekjs xk¡o esa lq[k&'kkafr gSA fdlh dks dksbZ d\"V ugha gSA gekjs jktk Ñ\".knso jk; iztk dks viuh •  cPpksa dks rsukyhjke osQ jkspd fdLls lquk,¡A •  cPpksa dks chjcy vkSj rsukyhjke dh cqn~f/eÙkk osQ fdLls i<+us gsrq izsfjr djsaA •  cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ij igq¡pus ls igys Hkyh&Hkk¡fr lksp&fopkj dj ysuk pkfg, rFkk tgk¡ rd laHko gks ew[kZ yksxksa ls cpdj jguk pkfg,A ew[kks± dh laxfr 11

larku dh rjg izse djrs gSaA muosQ gksrs gq, gesa d\"V gksus dk iz'u gh ugha mBrkA ge Hkh fnu&jkr ifjJe djosQ vius jkT; dh mUufr esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA¸ jktk dks xko¡ okykas dk mÙkj vPNk yxk ijra q blls mUgas lra fq \"V ugha gbq AZ mUgkuas s ,d vkjS i'z u fd;k] ¶jktk oQs ckjs eas vkidh D;k jk; g\\S ¸ lHkh us ckjh&ckjh ls jktk dk x.q kxku djrs g,q mudh egkurk dk o.kuZ fd;kA ,d on` /~ fdlku tks ckys ugha Ikk jgk Fkk] jktk us mlls Hkh ogh i'z u fd;kA on` /~ fdlku mBk vkjS ikl oQs [krs ls ,d xUuk rkMs + yk;kA fiQj jktk oQs ikl vkdj xUuk fn[kkrs g,q loa Qs r fd;k fd gekjs jktk bldh rjg gAaS jktk on` /~ fdlku dh ckr le> ugha Ikk;kA mlus lHkklnkas ls on` /~ fdlku dh ckr dk vk'k; iNw kA lHkkln njw n'khZ ugha FkAs jktk oQs le{k dgh xbZ ckr dk D;k ifj.kke gks ldrk g]S os bl ckr ls vufHkK FkAs fcuk oQq N lkps &s le>s rFkk fdlku oQs Hkko dk nlw jk gh vFkZ fudkyrs g,q ,d lHkkln ckys k] ¶egkjkt! bl on` /~ fdlku oQs dgus dk vk'k; gS fd jktk bl xUus dh rjg ncq yZ gaS ftls dkbs Z Hkh O;fDr vklkuh ls m[kkM+ ldrk gAS ¸ jktk dks lHkkln dh ckr lgh yxhA os ozQk/s ls rerek mBs vkjS on` /~ fdlku ls ckys ]s ¶req 'kk;n tkurs ugha fd eaS dkuS g\\¡w ¸ jktk dh dBkjs ok.kh luq dj on` /~ Mj oQs ekjs Fkj&Fkj dki¡ us yxkA rHkh ,d vU; on` /~ tks HkhM+ eas dca y vk<s +s [kMk+ Fkk ckys k] ¶egkjkt! ge xkz eh.k vkidks vPNh rjg le>rs g]aS igpkurs gaS yfs du cMs+ n[q k dh ckr gS fd vkioQs lHkkln gh vkidks vc rd le> ugha ik, gAaS ejs s on` /~ fe=k oQs loa Qs r dk vk'k; oQs oy bruk Fkk fd gekjs jktk bl xUus dh rjg ehBs gaS tks itz k ij vikj Lugs yVq krs gaS yfs du n'q eu oQs fy, cgrq dBkjs gAaS n'q eu dks lcd fl[kkus oQs fy, os xUus (nMa ) oQs leku gaS ftlls n'q eukas dks ihVus dk dk;Z Hkyh&Hkkf¡ r fd;k tk ldrk gAS ¸ bruk dgdj on` /~ us viuk oQa cy gVk fn;k vkjS udyh nk<h+ &eN¡w as mrkjdj iQas d nhA 12 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

mls n[s krs gh jktk pkdaS iMs+ vkjS ckys ]s ¶rus kyhjke] req gekjk ihNk ugha NkMs k+ xs \\s ¸ rus kyhjke cM+s fouez Hkko ls ckys k] ¶egkjkt! ;fn vkidk ihNk NkMs + fn;k rks u tkus fdrus fujijk/ ykxs bu vKkuh lHkklnkas oQs dkj.k lda V eas iM+ tk,x¡ As vki Lo;a n[s k ldrs gaS fd vHkh ;g on` /~ fdlku fcuk dkj.k gh ekrS oQs ?kkV mrkj fn;k tkrkA fdlh dh Øk/s kfXu dks HkMd+ kuk cgrq ljy gAS ¯oQrq fdlh dk Øk/s 'kkra djuk mruk gh dfBuA jktk dks pkfg, fd og vius Øk/s ij fu;=a k.k j[ks rFkk fdlh Hkh fu.k;Z ij igp¡q us ls igys mlls tMq s+ rF;kas dks Bhd idz kj ls ij[k yAs oQs oy ,d lHkkln oQs dg nus s Hkj ls gh fdlh fu.k;Z ij u igp¡q As ¸ jktk le> x, fd e[w kk±s dk lkFk cMk+ n[q knk;h gkrs k gAS og ckys ]s ¶Hkfo\"; eas dHkh Hkh eaS rEq gkjs fcuk jkT; Hkez .k ij ugha tkÅx¡ kA¸ mudh ckrkas ls xko¡ okys le> x, fd Nne~ o's k/kjh dkbs Z vkjS ugha cfYd jktk gSa rFkk muoQs lkFk muoQs lHkkln gaS vkjS on` /~ xkz eh.k rus kyhjke gAS fiQj rks xko¡ okykas us cMs+ iesz vkjS vknj ls mudk vfHkuna u fd;kA vius ifz r xko¡ okykas dk iesz n[s kdj jktk xnx~ n~ gks mBkA m/j rus kyhjke dh cnq f~ /eÙkk oQs lkeus lHkkln cxyas >kd¡ us yxAs lp gh dgk x;k gS fd e[w kk±s dh lxa fr ls cpdj jguk pkfg,A vkns'k µ gqDe Hkze.k djuk µ ?kweuk Nn~e os'k µ cukoVh Hksl vkxarqd µ vfrfFk larqf\"V µ r`fIr fouez µ lq'khy] >qdk gqvk fujijk/ µ csdlwj 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ Øks/kfXu vfHkuanu vk'k; izrhr Lusg 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) lHkkln D;ksa izlUu Fks\\ ([k) Ñ\".knso jk; jkT; Hkze.k ij rsukyhjke dks lkFk ysdj D;ksa ugha x,\\ (x) o`n~/ fdlku D;ksa Mj x;k Fkk\\ ew[kks± dh laxfr 13

1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) -x--zke---h-.--kk-sa--u--s--N---n--~e----o--s'--k-/--k-j-h---j--k-t--k---o--sQ---i--z'--u----d---k---D--;--k---m--Ù-k-j---f-n--;---k\\----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) x---zke---h-.--kk-sa--d---h---j--kt---k---o--sQ---c--k-j-s--e---sa --D--;--k---j-k-;----F--kh-\\------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -o--`n--~/----f-d---l---ku----u--s--j--k-t--k---d---h---r--qy---u--k--f-d---l---l--s--v---k-Sj---D--;---ksa--d---h-\\------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) -j-k-t--k---d---k-s --o--`n--~/-----f-d---l--k-u----i--j---Ø---k-s/----D--;---ksa--v---k-;--k-\\---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) rsukyhjke us jktk dk ihNk D;ksa fd;k\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

([k) lHkklnksa dh ew[kZrk dk D;k ifj.kke gks ldrk Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) ew[kks± dk lkFk nq[knk;h D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) jktk os'k cnydj D;k djrs Fks\\ (i) iMk+ ls h jkT; dh tkudkjh yus s oQs fy, muoQs jkT; eas Hkez .k djrs FkAs (ii) viuh iztk osQ lq[k&nq[k dk è;ku j[kus osQ fy, jkT; dk Hkze.k djrs FksA (iii) vius lHkklnksa osQ dke&dkt ij n`f\"V j[krs FksA ([k) xzkeh.kksa us jktk dk xq.kxku D;ksa fd;k\\ (i) jktk osQ Mj osQ dkj.kA (ii) lHkklnksa osQ Mj osQ dkj.kA (iii) jktk dh vPNkb;ksa osQ dkj.kA (x) jktk dh rqyuk xUus ls djus osQ ihNs o`n~/ fdlku dk D;k vk'k; Fkk\\ (i) jktk xUus dh rjg nqcZy FksA (ii) jktk iztk osQ fy, xUus dh rjg ehBs vkSj 'k=kq osQ fy, dBksj FksA (iii) jktk xUus dh rjg yacs FksA (?k) fdldh laxfr esa ugha jguk pkfg,\\ (i) ew[kks± dh (ii) lk/qvksa dh (iii) lTtuksa dh ew[kks± dh laxfr 15

1- oexØoHkzk`wn[.zeeksè~èkk.hkkZ&ks± .hk fk oµµµµµPN sn---------------d--------------------h-----f-----t---------------,----------µ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- 'kCn ifjokj cukb,µ cqn~f/efr ckSn~f/d cqn~f/ghu cqn~f/ µ cqn~f/eku ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- xq.k µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- Kku µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- vFkZ µ ---------------------- 3- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ izlUu µ ------------------------ egku µ ------------------------ Kkuh µ ------------------------ ;qok µ ------------------------ lq[k µ ------------------------ vknj µ ------------------------ 4- v'kqn~èk 'kCnksa dks 'kqn~èk djosQ iqu% fyf[k,µ ?kqers µ ------------------------ larq\"Vh µ ------------------------ ujk”k µ ------------------------ ifjuke µ ------------------------ b\";kZ µ ------------------------ laxrh µ ------------------------ o;fDr µ ------------------------ csdlqj µ ------------------------ 5- opu cnydj fyf[k,µ vf/dkjh µ ------------------------ jktk µ jktkx.k vè;kid µ ------------------------ lHkkln µ ------------------------ 16 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

• ;fn jktk Ñ\".knso jk; iztk osQ lq[k&nq[k dk è;ku j[kus okys ugha gksrs vkSj xzkeh.k Nn~e os'k/kjh jktk osQ le{k mudh cqjkbZ dj nsrs rks D;k gksrk\\ • fdlh izfln~/ ;k Lojfpr gkL; jl dh oqQN iafDr;k¡ viuh vH;kl iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A • baVjusV] iqLrdky; vkfn dh lgk;rk ls vdcj&chjcy] Ñ\".knso jk; ,oa rsukyhjke osQ jkspd fdLls i<+dj d{kk esa lqukb,A • gkL; jl osQ izeq[k dfo lqjasnz 'kekZ dh dforkvksa dks if<+, vkSj d{kk esa lqukb,A • ;fn dksbZ xyr dk;Z djosQ vki cp tkrs gSa vkSj mlosQ fy, fdlh csdlwj Nk=k dks nks\"kh eku fy;k tkrk gS rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ • gkL; jl dk thou esa cM+k egÙo gSA ijarq gkL;&O;aX; ls fdlh dks nq[k ugha igq¡pkuk pkfg,A ;fn vkiosQ fdlh euksfouksn ls dksbZ lgikBh vkgr eglwl djs rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ ew[kks± dh laxfr 17

4 peRdkjh v¡xwBh va'kqy izkr%dky ls gh cgqr izlUu FkkA vkt mldk ijh{kk ifj.kke tks vkus okyk FkkA mls iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk fd gj ckj dh rjg bl ckj Hkh og gh d{kk esa izFke vk,xkA va'kqy NBh d{kk esa i<+rk FkkA og i<+kbZ esa cgqr fuiq.k FkkA blfy, mldks gh ugha oju vè;kidksa ,oa mlosQ fe=kksa dks Hkh iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk fd og gh d{kk esa izFke vk,xkA ysfdu tc ifj.kke ?kksf\"kr gqvk rks va'kqy osQ lkFk&lkFk lHkh grizHk jg x, D;ksafd bl ckj og ugha vfirq mldk fe=k euizhr ckt+h ekj x;k FkkA lcdks cM+k vk'p;Z gqvk fd lnSo i<+kbZ esa vOoy jgus okyk va'kqy bl ckj oSQls fiNM+ x;k! og ijh{kk ifj.kke yds j ckfs >y dnekas ls ?kj dh vkjs py fn;kA og le> ugha ik jgk Fkk fd ;g lc oQS ls gks x;k! ?kj igp¡q dj ekrk&firk dks viuk ijh{kk ifj.kke fn[kkus dk mldk lkgl ugha gks jgk FkkA ijra q mloQs vkus ls igys gh ;g lekpkj mu rd igp¡q pdq k FkkA mloQs ekrk&firk bl lekpkj ls FkkMs s+ mnkl vo'; Fk]s yfs du os bldk dkj.k Hkh tkurs Fks blfy, piq FkAs ek¡ us mls ipq dkjrs g,q dgk] ¶ejs k jktk cVs k] mnkl D;kas g\\S ;fn bl ckj d{kk eas iFz ke ugha vk;k rks D;k gvq k\\ vxys o\"kZ dMk+ ifjJe djukA vo'; iFz ke vkvkxs As ¸ ek¡ oQs bl idz kj nyq kju&s ipq dkjus dk v'a kyq ij dkbs Z iHz kko ugha gvq kA og mlh idz kj piq pki cBS k lkps rk jgkA FkkMs h+ njs ckn og mBk vkjS vius dejs eas pyk x;kA dejs eas diMs+ cnyrs g,q mldh nf` \"V viuh vx¡ Bw h ij iMh+ A og cgrq njs rd ml vx¡ Bw h dks n[s krk jgkA vkt mls ek¡ dh nh gbq Z lh[k ;kn vk jgh FkhA ek¡ us mls dbZ ckj Vkds k Fkk] I;kj ls le>k;k Fkk] MkV¡ Hkh yxkbZ Fkh] ijra q mldh vDy ij rks tlS s iRFkj iM+ x, FkAs mlus ek¡ dh ckr ugha ekuhA ek¡ le>krh jgh&cVs k] bu peRdkjh iRFkjkas ij fo'okl er djk]s ifjJe djkAs v/a fo'okl eas iMk+ xs s rks viuh gh gkfu djkxs As ;fn ek¡ dh ckr eku yh gkrs h rks vkt ifj.kke oQq N vkjS gkrs kA •  ^vc iNrk, gksr D;k] tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr* dk vFkZ cPpksa dks le>k,¡A •  izLrqr ikB va/fo'oklksa ls cpus dh lh[k nsrk gSA cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd 'kqHk&v'kqHk] gksuh&vugksuh vkfn <ksaxh ckckvksa n~okjk iSQyk;k gqvk Hkzetky gSA yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa ls f[kyokM+ djosQ] muls èku ,saBus osQ vfrfjDr mudk vkSj dksbZ mn~ns'; ugha gksrkA •  cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd O;fDr vius ifjJe ls gh liQy gksrk gS] fdlh ea=k] ra=k] jRukfn ls ughaA cPpksa dks vius ifjJe osQ cy ij vkxs c<+us osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA 24 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

mls lHkh Le`fr;k¡ ,d&,d djosQ Lej.k gks vkb± Fkha fd fdl izdkj uoo\"kZ osQ volj ij mldh nwj osQ laca/ dh nknh vkb± FkhaA mUgkasus <sj lkjk I;kj yqVk;k Fkk vkSj migkj esa ;g peRdkjh v¡xwBh nsdj dgk Fkk fd ;g rqEgkjh jkf'k osQ jRu dh v¡xwBh gSA eSaus bls fo'ks\"k :i ls rqEgkjs fy, cuok;k FkkA bls igudj de ifjJe djosQ Hkh rqe liQyrk dh lhf<+;k¡ p<+rs tkvksxsA rqEgkjs ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/k,¡ Lor% gh viuk ekxZ cny ysaxhA ml fnu ;g v¡xwBh igudj tc og [ksyus x;k rks mlus dbZ pkSosQ yxkdj ljyrk ls Vhe dks thr fnyk nh FkhA rc ls va'kqy osQ eu esa peRdkjh v¡xwBh ?kj dj xbZ FkhA og mlosQ peRdkj ij iw.kZ fo'okl djus yxk FkkA mls yxus yxk Fkk fd tc ;g peRdkjh v¡xwBh mlosQ ikl gS rks mldks vf/d ifjJe djus dh D;k vko';drk gS! bl izdkj og i<+kbZ esa è;ku nsus osQ cnys ekSt&eLrh vkSj [ksy&owQn esa vf/d le; u\"V djus yxk FkkA ek¡ mlosQ bl ifjorZu ls ¯pfrr FkhA mlus dbZ ckj le>k;k HkhA Mk¡Vus ij og i<+us cSB rks tkrk Fkk ijarq i<+kbZ esa iwjk è;ku ugha yxkrk FkkA mldks peRdkjh v¡xwBh ij cgqr fo'okl gks x;k FkkA igys ijh{kk osQ le; og vius fo\"k;ksa dks dbZ&dbZ ckj nksgjk ysrk FkkA bl ckj mlus ckj&ckj nqgjkuk vko';d ugha le>k D;ksafd mls rks peRdkjh v¡xwBh vkSj nknh dh dgh ckr ij iwjk fo'okl FkkA vc ifj.kke gkFk esa vk;k rks tSls mldh ranzk VwVhA lkjh vk'kk,¡ ikuh esa cg xb±A mls fo'okl gh ugha gks jgk Fkk fd peRdkjh v¡xwBh mlosQ ikl gksrs gq, Hkh og ihNs jg x;kA mls viuh n'kk ij jksuk vk jgk Fkk ij vc iNrk, gksr D;k] tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr A ;gh lkspdj og pqi FkkA peRdkjh v¡xwBh 25

FkksM+h nsj ckn va'kqy dejs ls ckgj fudyk vkSj ek¡ dk gkFk idM+dj peRdkjh v¡xwBh mudh gFksyh ij j[k nhA fiQj dku idM+dj dgk] ¶ek¡! eq>s {kek dj nksA eSaus vkidk dguk ugha ekukA ftldk n.M eq>s fey pqdk gSA esjh le> esa vk pqdk gS fd jRuksa ls peRdkj dh vk'kk djuk ew[kZrk gSA liQyrk rks osQoy ifjJe ls feyrh gSA vc eSa tedj ifjJe d:¡xk vkSj d{kk esa iqu% izFke LFkku ikdj gh jgw¡xkA¸ ek¡ us mls xys yxk fy;k vkSj dgk] ¶lqcg dk Hkwyk ;fn 'kke dks ykSV vk, rks mls Hkwyk ugha dgrs A eSa rks rqEgsa ckj&ckj ;gh le>kus dk iz;kl dj jgh FkhA pyks] nsj vk, nq#Lr vk,A vc vius ifjJe osQ cy Ikj gh vkxs c<+ukA¸ grizHk µ gSjku] pfoQr] LrC/ ck”kh ekjuk µ thr tkuk vOoy µ izFke va/fo'okl µ rF;jfgr fo'okl vDy ij iRFkj iM+uk µ oqQN le> esa u vkuk ifjorZu µ cnyko Lor% µ vius&vki ranzk µ m¡Q?kkbZ] gYdh uhan 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ peRdkjh u\"V nq#Lr ijh{kk fuiq.k 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) va'kqy osQ ijh{kk ifj.kke dks ns[kdj lHkh vk'p;Zpfdr D;ksa jg x,\\ 26 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

([k) va'kqy us ifjJe djuk D;ksa NksM+ fn;k Fkk\\ (x) peRdkjh v¡xwBh viuk peRdkj D;ksa ugha fn[kk ikbZ\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) va'kqy osQ izFke u vkus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) va'kqy us viuh ek¡ dh ckr D;ksa ugha ekuh\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) va'kqy xqelqe cSBk D;k lksp jgk Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) ^liQyrk osQoy ifjJe ls feyrh gSA* bl ckr ls vki dgk¡ rd lger gSa\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) D;k v¡xwBh okLro esa peRdkjh Fkh\\ blosQ i{k ;k foi{k esa roZQ lfgr mÙkj -n-h-f-t---,--A-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- peRdkjh v¡xwBh 27

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) va'kqy dks v¡xwBh osQ peRdkj ij oSQls fo'okl gqvk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ lgh mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) va'kqy dkSu&lh d{kk esa i<+rk Fkk\\ (i) ik¡poha (ii) NBh (iii) lkroha ([k) d{kk esa dkSu izFke vk;k Fkk\\ (i) euizhr (ii) va'kqy (iii) foiqy (x) va'kqy viuk ijh{kk ifj.kke ekrk&firk dks D;ksa ugha fn[kk ik jgk Fkk\\ (i) isQy gks tkus osQ dkj.k (ii) izFke u vk ikus osQ dkj.k (iii) vaèkfo'okl osQ dkj.k (?k) va'kqy dk ijh{kk ifj.kke tkudj Hkh mlosQ ekrk&firk D;ksa pqi Fks\\ (i) D;ksafd os va'kqy osQ izFke u vkus dk dkj.k tkurs FksA (ii) D;ksafd os va'kqy ls ukjk”k FksA (iii) D;kasfd os xwaxs FksA 28 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

eqgkojs µ dHkh&dHkh fujarj iz;ksx ,oa vH;kl ls oqQN okD;ka'k fo'ks\"k vFkZ nsus yxrs gSaA ;s okD;ka'k eqgkojs dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ vDy ij iRFkj iM+uk] cqn~f/ Hkz\"V gksuk vkfnA yksdksfDr µ yksxksa esa izpfyr mfDr dks yksdksfDr dgrs gSaA yksdksfDr;k¡ Hkwrdky esa ?kVh ?kVuk ;k dgkfu;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSa_ tSlsµ vc iNrk, gksr D;k] tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr vFkkZr~ le; chrus ij l¡Hkyus ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrkA 1- uhps fn, eqgkojs ,oa yksdksfDr;ksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj okD; cukb,µ (d) ck”kh ekjukµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) ifjJe dk iQy ehBk gksrk gSµ --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) lqcg dk Hkwyk] 'kke dks ykSV vk, rks mls Hkwyk ugha dgrsµ -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) nsj vk,] nq#Lr vk,µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ µ ------------------ fo'okl µ ------------------ vko';d µ ------------------ fuiq.k µ ------------------ ifjJeh µ ------------------ ?kksf\"kr µ ------------------ gkfu peRdkjh v¡xwBh 29

3- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr dkjd dk Hksn crkb,µ (d) onqygkjiu<s&+kibZqpedsa kcjugsqrdfkuivq.a'k kqyFkkAi j dksbZ vlj u gha gqvkA ---v---f--/--d----j--.--k---d---k-j--d---- ([k) ------------------------------- (x) mls ek¡ dh nh gbq Z lh[k ;kn vk jgh FkhA ------------------------------- (?k) ek¡ us mls dbZ ckj le>k;k FkkA 4- uhps fn, jaxhu loZuke 'kCnksa osQ lgh Hksn ij (3) yxkb,µ (d) mldk ijh{kk ifj.kke vkus okyk FkkA (i) iz'ukokpd loZuke (ii) iq#\"kokpd loZuke (iii) futokpd loZuke (iv) fu'p;okpd loZuke ([k) ;g ,d peRdkjh v¡xwBh gSA (i) fu'p;okpd loZuke (ii) vfu'p;okpd loZuke (iii) laca/okpd loZuke (iv) iq#\"kokpd loZuke (x) og cksf>y dneksa ls ?kj dh vksj py fn;kA (i) futokpd loZuke (ii) vfu'p;okpd loZuke (iii) iq#\"kokpd loZuke (iv) fu'p;okpd loZuke (?k) tks ifjJe djsxk] og izFke vk,xkA (i) iq#\"kokpd loZuke (ii) laca/okpd loZuke (iii) iz'uokpd loZuke (iv) fu'p;okpd loZuke • ;fn okLro esa peRdkjh v¡xwBh cuus yxs rks lekt esa dkSu&dkSu ls ifjorZu ns[kus dks feysaxs\\ dYiuk dhft,A • ;fn va'kqy dh txg vkidks peRdkjh v¡xwBh ns nh tkrh rks vki D;k djrs\\ 30 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

• ;g fp=k ,d izfln~/ yksdksfDr dks n'kkZ jgk gSA yksdksfDr dks le>dj ,d NksVh&lh dgkuh viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k, vkSj 'kh\"kZd Hkh nhft,A • vius vkl&ikl iSQys va/fo'oklksa dh lwph cukb,_ tSlsµ dkyh fcYyh jkLrk dkV tk, rks dke ugha curk] dksbZ Nhad ns rks v'kqHk gksrk gS vkfnA bu va/fo'oklksa dks u ekudj buosQ foijhr dk;Z djosQ nsf[k, D;k gksrk gS\\ vius vuqHko fyf[k, vkSj vius fe=kksa dks Hkh crkb,A • ;fn dksbZ <ksaxh ckck vkiosQ ekrk&firk ls Hkfo\"; esa vkus okys ladVksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq /u ,asB jgk gks vkSj vki bl lPpkbZ ls ifjfpr gSa fd Hkfo\"; esa D;k gksus okyk gS] ;g dksbZ ugha crk ldrk_ oSKkfud Hkh ,slk dksbZ ;a=k ugha cuk ik, tks Hkfo\"; crk losQ] rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ peRdkjh v¡xwBh 31

6 le; vHkh le; gS] vHkh ugha oqQN fcxM+k gS ns[kks vHkh lq;ksx rqEgkjs ikl [kM+k gS] djuk gS tks dke] mlh esa fpÙk yxk nks vkRek ij fo'okl djks] lansg Hkxk nksA iw.kZ rqEgkjk euksHkh\"V] D;k dHkh u gksxk gksxk rks cl vHkh] ugha rks dHkh u gksxk] ns[k jgs gks Js\"B le; osQ fdl lius dks Nyrs gks ;ksa Lo;a gh D;ksa vius dksA vk,xk D;k le; tks pyk tk jgk ns[kks thou O;FkZ] rqEgkjk Nyk tk jgk] rks iq#\"kksa dh Hkk¡fr] [kM+s gks tkvks vc Hkh djosQ oqQN tx osQ chp] cM+s gks tkvks vc HkhA mn~;ksxh dks dgk¡ ugha lqle; fey ikrk le; u\"V dj ugha lkS[; dksbZ Hkh ikrk] vkyl gh gS djk jgk ;s lHkh cgkus tks djuk gS djks vHkh] dy D;k gks tkusA •  cPpksa dks le; dk egÙo le>k,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fd le; gh ,d ,slk pØ gS tks ,d ckj chr tkrk gS rks okil ugha vkrkA •  cPpksa dks vkyl dks R;kxdj esgur ls vkxs c<+us dh lh[k nsaA esgur osQ ykHkksa ls cPpksa dks ifjfpr djk,¡A le; 41

rqPN dHkh rqe ugha ,d iy dks Hkh tkuks iy&iy ls cuk gqvk thou gh ekuks] blosQ ln~O;; :i uhj&flapu osQ n~okjk gks ldrk gS tUe&r# ;gk¡ rqEgkjkA ,slk lqle; Hkyk vkSj rqe dc ikvksxs [kksdj ihNs bls loZFkk iNrkvksxs] rks blesa og dke ugha D;ksa rqe dj tkvks gks ftlesa ijekFkZ vkSj rqe Hkh lq[k ikvksA µfl;kjke'kj.k xqIr lq;ksx µ vPNk volj fpÙk µ eu lansg µ 'kd euksHkh\"V µ eu dh bPNk O;FkZ µ csdkj mn~;ksxh µ esgurh lkS[; µ lq[k uhj&¯lpu µ ikuh ls lhapuk loZFkk µ ges'kk ijekFkZ µ nwljksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k dk;Z 42 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ vkRek Js\"B Hkk¡fr ln~O;; loZFkk 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) thou esa lgh le; dc vkrk gS\\ ([k) Js\"B le; osQ lius ns[kus okys D;k djrs gSa\\ (x) tx esa uke dekus osQ fy, D;k djuk ”k:jh gS\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn esa nhft,µ g\\S ---------------------------------- (d) tks dk;Z djuk gks mlesa D;k yxk nsuk pkfg,\\ ---------------------------------- ([k) le; dks u\"V djosQ D;k ugha ik;k tk ldrk\\ ---------------------------------- (x) vkylh O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks djus eas D;k djrk ---------------------------------- (?k) fdls [kkds j ge's kk iNrkuk iMr+ k g\\S 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) -^-l--e---;--*---d---f-o--r--k---o--sQ---e--k-è--;--e----l---s --d---f-o----g--e--sa--D--;--k---l---an-s'--k---n--su--k---p--k-g--r--k---g--S\\-------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) ^--v---H-k-h---l---e--;----g--S]---v---H-k-h---u--g--h-a--o--qQ-N-----f-c--x--M--+k---g--S*---i--af-D--r----l---s -d---f-o-----d---k--D--;--k---v---f-H--k-i--zk;-----g--S\\- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- le; 43

(x) e---k-u--o----d---c----i--N--r--k-r--k---g--S\\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) g---e--k-j-s--t---h-o---u----e--sa--l---e--;----d----k--D--;---k---e--g--Ù--o----g--S\\----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) uhps nh xbZ iafDr;ksa dk HkkokFkZ Li\"V dhft,µ (i) ,---sl--k---l---ql--e---;----H--k-y---k--v----kSj----r--qe----d----c----i--k-v---k-sx--s]---[--k-k-sd----j---i--h-N---s --b--l--s--l---o--ZF--k-k---i--N---r--kv----ksx---sA------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (ii) v----k,---x--k---D--;--k---l---e--;----t---k-s --p---y--k---t---k---j-g---k-A----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (iii) rqPN dHkh rqe ugha ,d iy dks Hkh tkuksA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- uhps fn, in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ rqPN dHkh rqe ugha ,d iy dks Hkh tkuks iy&iy ls cuk gqvk thou gh ekuks] blosQ ln~O;; :i uhj&flapu osQ n~okjk gks ldrk gS tUe&r# ;gk¡ rqEgkjkA (d) -g--e--sa --,--d-----i--y----d---k-s--H--k-h---D--;--k---u--g--h-a --l--e-->---u--k---p--k-f-g--,--\\----------------------------------------------- ([k) -g--e--k-j-k---t--h-o---u----f-d---l--l---s --f-e--y---d---j---c--u--k---g--S\\------------------------------------------------------------- (x) t---h-o--u----:---i--h---r--#----d---k-s --f-d---l--l---s --l--h-ap---u--k---p--k-f-g--,--\\----------------------------------------------------- (?k) -^-u--h-j-*---o-----^-r--#--*---'--k-C-n----d---k---v---F-k-Z--f-y---f-[--k-,--\\------------------------------------------------------------ (Ä) -^-r--qP--N--*---o----^--t--U-e---*---d---k---f-o--y---k-se----f-y--f-[---k,---A------------------------------------------------------------ le; 45

5- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) dk;Z djrs le; fdl ij fo'okl djuk pkfg,\\ (i) vius fe=kksa ij (ii) viuh ekrk ij (iii) viuh vkRek ij ([k) dk;Z djrs le; eu esa D;k ugha j[kuk pkfg,\\ (i) vk'kk (ii) fo'okl (iii) lansg (x) lgh le; dh izrh{kk esa yksx D;k x¡ok nsrs gaS\\ (i) èku (ii) thou (iii) lius (?k) dk;Z u djus osQ cgkus dkSu [kkstrk gS\\ (i) mn~;ksxh (ii) vkylh (iii) cw<+k (Ä) ijekFkZ djus ls D;k feyrk gS\\ (i) nq[k (ii) ijs'kkuh (iii) lq[k 1- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ lansg µ -------------------------- fo'okl µ -------------------------- Js\"B µ -------------------------- iw.kZ µ -------------------------- rqPN µ -------------------------- mn~;ksxh µ -------------------------- ijekFkZ µ -------------------------- lqle; µ -------------------------- 2- 'kCn&ifjokj cukb,µ jkt µ jktk jkT; jktuhfr jkt/eZ jkt;ksx ;ksx µ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ jk\"Vª µ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ eu µ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ vkyl µ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ 46 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

3- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa dkSu&lh fØ;k gS\\ ----------------- ldeZd fozQ;kµbu fØ;kvksa esa (d) jktk us xzkeh.k ls ikuh ek¡xkA deZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tSlsµog [kkuk [kk jgh gSA ([kk ([k) ?kksM+k rs”kh ls nkSM+us yxkA ----------------- jgh fozQ;k osQ lkFk [kkuk deZ gSA) (x) cPps dgkuh i<+dj lqukus yxsA ----------------- vdeZd fozQ;kµbu fØ;kvksa esa ----------------- deZ dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA (?k) jk/k ”kksj&”kksj ls g¡lus yxhA tSlsµog lks jgh gSA (lks jgh fØ;k (Ä) varr% ?kk;y iaNh ej x;kA ----------------- gS] blosQ lkFk deZ ugha gSA) 4- oxZ&igsyh ls lekukFkhZ 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ le; --------------- dk;Z dke L=kh --------------- fpÙk --------------- 'kksj --------------- bPNk --------------- ukd --------------- csdkj --------------- vkneh --------------- mn~;ksxh --------------- vfèkdkj --------------- FkksM+k --------------- • izR;sd dk;Z dk ,d fuf'pr le; gksrk gSA euq\"; rks D;k] i'kq&i{kh Hkh le; dk ikyu djrs gSa_ tSlsµ lqcg losjs tkxuk] 'kke <yus ij vius ?kksalyksa esa ykSV vkuk vkfnA dYiuk dhft, ;fn fdlh Hkh dk;Z osQ fy, le; fu/kZfjr u gks rks D;k gksxk\\ • D;k lnhZ] xehZ vkSj o\"kkZ dk Hkh le; fuf'pr gksrk gS\\ ;fn gk¡ rks mldk vuqeku oSQls yxk;k tkrk gS\\ le; 47

• dky djS lks vkt dj] vkt djS lks vcA bl nksgs dks iwjk dhft, vkSj bldh O;k[;k viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa dhft,A • le; ls lacafèkr eqgkojs ,oa dgkorsa viuh izkstsDV iQkby esa fyf[k,A • le; osQ egÙo ls lacafèkr dksbZ dgkuh] dFkk ;k okD;ka'k d{kk eas lqukb,A • ;fn vki fon~;ky; tk jgs gksa vkSj ekxZ esa vèkZ ewfPZNr voLFkk esa dksbZ O;fDr vkils lgk;rk ek¡xs vkSj vkidks fon~;ky; igq¡pus esa nsj gks jgh gks rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ 48 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

8 lk;uk usgoky lk;uk usgoky osQ uke ls vkt dkSu ifjfpr ugha gS! [ksy txr esa Hkkjr dk >.Mk ygjkus okyh bl ;qorh us og dj fn[kk;k tks cSM¯eVu esa igys dksbZ Hkkjrh; ;qorh ugha dj ldhA lk;uk us ek=k 20 o\"kZ dh mez esa fo'o dh rhu 'kh\"kZ efgyk f[kykfM+;ksa esa viuk uke ntZ djokdj Hkkjr dk uke Å¡pk dj fn;kA lk;uk dk tUe 17 ekpZ] 1990 dks fglkj (gfj;k.kk) esa gqvk FkkA buosQ firk dk uke MkWñ gjchj gSA lk;uk osQ tUe osQ oqQN o\"kZ ckn gh MkWñ gjchj ifjokj lfgr gSnjkckn tkdj jgus yxsA cpiu ls gh lk;uk dh #fp cSM¯eVu esa FkhA rHkh ls vius [ksy esa f'k[kj ij igq¡pus dk liuk lk;uk osQ eu esa iyus yxk FkkA lkekU; cPps tgk¡ ckY;dky esa ekSt&eLrh djrs gSa] ogha lk;uk ?kaVksa vH;kl djosQ cSM¯eVu esa fuiq.krk izkIr djus esa yxh jgrh FkhA vius y{; dks ikuk gS] mlosQ eu esa cl ;gh /qu lokj FkhA lk;uk dh izfrHkk dks igpkudj buosQ firk us bUgsa gSnjkckn osQ yky cgknqj LVsfM;e esa lkbZ (Hkkjrh; [ksy izkf/dj.k) osQ izf'k{kd ukuh izlkn ls izf'k{k.k fnyok;kA viuh csVh osQ lius dks lkdkj djus osQ fy, muosQ ekrk&firk us dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA csVh dks izf'k{k.k fnyokus osQ fy, LVsfM;e ykus vkSj ys tkus dk nkf;Ro buosQ firk us mBk;kA ml le; lk;uk yxHkx vkB o\"kZ dh FkhA [ksy lh[kus osQ fy, LVsfM;e vkuk&tkuk fiQj fon~;ky; rFkk gkseooZQ] ;g lc ml cPph dks bruk Fkdk nsrk Fkk fd og LowQVj ij cSBs&cSBs lks tkrh FkhA vizR;kf'kr nq?kZVuk dks Vkyus osQ fy, lk;uk dh ek¡ Hkh muosQ lkFk tkus yxhA lk;uk vkSj mlosQ ekrk&firk dh yxu vkSj ifjJe us oqQN gh o\"kks± esa jax ykuk 'kq: dj fn;kA lk;uk us lc&twfu;j vkSj twfu;j [ksyksa esa viuh ;ksX;rk fln~/ dj nhA lk;uk ij rks tSls ind thrus dh lud lokj gks x;h FkhA twfu;j pSd x.kjkT; vksiu thruk lk;uk osQ fy, •  cPpksa dks deZBrk dk egÙo le>k,¡ vkSj [ksy dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsaA lk;uk usgoky 57

egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/ jghA blosQ ckn eSupsLVj esa gq, jk\"VªeaMy [ksyksa (2002) esa lk;uk us jtr ind thrkA fiQj ,f'k;kbZ LVsykbV pSafi;uf'ki esa ns'k dh uacj ,d f[kykM+h vi.kkZ dks gjkdj ,dy f[krkc thrdj luluh iSQyk nhA bl mHkjrh gqbZ f[kykM+h dh izfrHkk dks vkSj vf/d fu[kkjus dk dk;Z feÙky VªLV us fd;kA feÙky VªLV dk dk;Z ;qok izfrHkk'kkyh f[kykfM+;ksa dks lgh jkg fn[kkuk] mUgsa izksRlkgu ,oa lg;ksx nsuk gSA bl laLFkk us lk;uk dks dksp xksihpan osQ lkFk phu esa rhu ekl osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, HkstkA dksp iqysyk xksihpan ls izf'k{k.k Ikkdj bl 15 o\"khZ;k fd'kksjh osQ oSQfj;j dk xzkiQ 'kh?kzrk ls f'k[kj dh vksj c<+us yxkA izf'k{k.k Ikkdj Lons'k ykSVh lk;uk us jk\"Vªh; pSafi;uf'ki esa ”kksjnkj izn'kZu dj ,dy iQkbuy esa LFkku cuk;kA blosQ ckn esycuZ esa 2006 esa gq, jk\"VªeaMy [ksyksa esa ;qxy oxZ dk dkaL; ind thrkA blosQ nks ekg i'pkr nf{k.k dksfj;k esa twfu;j fo'o cSM¯eVu pSafi;uf'ki dh mifotsrk cuh vkSj blosQ nks o\"kZ ckn fo'o cSM¯eVu pSafi;uf'ki f[krkc thrdj viuh nkOksnkjh fln~/ dhA euhyk esa fiQfyihu vksiu dk f[krkc thrdj lk;uk us bfrgkl jp fn;kA lk;uk bl f[krkc dks thrus okyh lcls de mez dh f[kykM+h cuhA blosQ ckn rks lq£[k;ksa esa jguk tSls lk;uk dh fu;fr cu xbZ FkhA ,d osQ ckn ,d ind thrdj bl fd'kksjh us fln~/ dj fn;k fd mPp Lrj ij bldh liQyrk,¡ ek=k ,d la;ksx ugha gSaA bafM;u baVjus'kuy vksiu VwukZesaV&2009 vkSj 2010 dh baMksusf'k;k lqij lhjht+] 2010 dh ¯lxkiqj lqij lhjh”k] 2011 vkSj 2012 dk Lohl vksiu xksYM] 2010 osQ jk\"VªeaMy [ksyksa esa Lo.kZ Iknd rFkk yanu vksyafid esa ,dy Li/kZ dk dkaL; ind thrdj lk;uk vksyafid esa lseh iQkbuy rd igq¡pus okyh vkSj ind thrus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; cSM¯eVu f[kykM+h cuhA budh vn~forh; izfrHkk dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj n~okjk bUgsa le;&le; ij fofHkUu iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 2009 esa ^vtqZu iqjLdkj* rFkk buosQ dksp xksihpan dks ^nzks.kkpk;Z lEeku* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA tuojh] 2010 esa bUgsa ^in~eJh vokWMZ* fn;k x;k rFkk vxLr] 2010 esa [ksyksa oQk 'kh\"kZ vokWMZ ^jktho xka/h [ksy jRu iqjLdkj* fn;k x;kA 58 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

>.Mk µ ijpe 'kh\"k Z µ lcls Åp¡ k LFkku y{; µ mnn~ 's ; ifz 'k{kd µ fl[kkus okyk viRz ;kf'kr µ ftldh vk'kk u dh xbZ gk s çfrHkk'kkyh µ ftleas ifz rHkk gks l£q [k;k ¡ µ e[q ; ifa Dr;k]¡ 'kh\"kdZ l;a kxs µ bÙkiQ+ kd] eys 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ ifjfpr cSM¯eVu izf'k{kd jk\"VªeaMy pSafi;uf'ki 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) lk;uk vU; cPpksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu Fkh\\ ([k) izf'k{k.k osQ nkSjku lk;uk dh ek¡ mlosQ lkFk D;ksa tkus yxh Fkh\\ (x) ljdkj n~okjk lk;uk dks dkSu&dkSu ls iqjLdkj fn, x,\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d 'kCn esa nhft,µ ----------------------------------------- (d) lk;uk dh izfrHkk dks loZizFke fdlus igpkuk\\ ----------------------------------------- ([k) lk;uk osQ izFke izf'k{kd dk D;k uke gS\\ (x) eSupsLVj esa gq, jk\"VªeaMy [ksyksa (2002) esa lk;uk---u--s --d---k-Su--&--l---k---i--n--d-----t---h-r--k-\\---- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) lk;uk dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lk;uk usgoky 59

([k) feÙky VªLV dh LFkkiuk D;ksa dh xbZ\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) ^mPp Lrj ij bldh liQyrk,¡ ek=k ,d la;ksx ugha gSA* bl iafDr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) lk;uk dh liQyrk esa mlosQ ekrk&firk dh D;k Hkwfedk jgh\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,µ (d) lk;uk dh miyfC/;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A ([k) ^in~eJh* vkSj ^jktho xka/h [ksy jRu iqjLdkj* dk D;k egÙo gS\\ lk;uk dks bu iqjLdkjksa ls dc vkSj D;ksa lEekfur fd;k x;k\\ 4- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) feÙky VªLV us lk;uk dks fdl dksp ls izf'k{k.k fnyok;k\\ (i) ukuh izlkn (ii) iqysyk xksihpan (iii) ewypan ([k) 2010 osQ jk\"VªeaMy [ksyksa esa lk;uk us dkSu&lk ind thrk\\ (i) Lo.kZ (ii) jtr (iii) dkaL; (x) yanu vksyafid dh ,dy Li/kZ esa lk;uk us dkSu&lk ind thrk\\ (i) Lo.kZ (ii) jtr (iii) dkaL; 60 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

okD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ (d)  ljy okD; ([k)  feJ okD; (x)  la;qDr okD; (d) ljy okD;µ ftl okD; esa ,d mn~ns'; rFkk ,d gh fo/s; gks] mls ljy okD; dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ lI+ksQn gal ljksoj esa rSj jgs gSaA mn~ns';    fo/s; ([k) feJ okD;µ ftl okD; esa ,d iz/ku miokD; osQ lkFk ,d ;k vf/d vkfJr miokD; tqMs+ gksrs gSa] mls feJ okD; dgrs gaS_ tSlsµ eSaus lkspk Fkk fd cM+k gksdj MkWDVj cuw¡xkA iz/ku miokD; vkfJr miokD; (x) la;qDr okD;µ tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d ljy okD; ;kstd n~okjk tqMs+ gksa rks ,sls okD; la;qDr okD; dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ o\"kkZ gqbZ    vkSj    eksj ukpus yxsA ljy okD; ;kstd ljy okD; 1- uhps fn, okD;ksa osQ izdkj fyf[k,µ /qu lokj FkhA ----l---j--y------o---k-D--;------ (d) lk;uk osQ firk dk uke MkWñ gjchj gSA --------------------- ([k) vius y{; dks ikuk gS] mlosQ eu esa cl ;gh (x) ml le; lk;uk yxHkx vkB o\"kZ dh FkhA (?k) ,d osQ ckn ,d ind thrdj bl fd'kksjh us lkfcr dj fn;k --f-d-----m--P--p-----L--r--j ij bldh liQyrk,¡ ek=k ,d la;ksx ugha gSA (Ä) 2010 esa lk;uk dks ^in~eJh vokWMZ* rFkk ^jktho xka/h [ksy jR-u----i--qj--L-d----k-j-*----l- s lEekfur fd;k x;kA 2- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ µ --------------f[kykM+h--------------- Tkks [ksyrk gks µ ----------------------------------------- tks izf'k{k.k nsrk gks µ ----------------------------------------- tks izf'k{k.k ysrk gks 'kgj esa jgus okys yksx µ ----------------------------------------- µ ----------------------------------------- Xkk¡o esa jgus okys yksx ftlosQ leku nwljk u gks µ ----------------------------------------- lk;uk usgoky 61

• D;k lg;ksx vkSj izf'k{k.k osQ fcuk dksbZ f[kykM+h 'kh\"kZ ij igq¡p ldrk gS\\ • D;k ifjJe vkSj yxu osQ fcuk y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS\\ • viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa buesa ls fdlh ,d f[kykM+h ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,µ • mu Hkkjrh; f[kykfM+;ksa dh lwph rS;kj dhft, ftUgksaus [ksyksa esa ns'k dk uke jks'ku fd;k gSA muosQ fp=k izkstsDV iQkby esa yxkdj muosQ ckjs esa la{ksi esa fyf[k,A • oqQN izfln~/ [ksy rFkk muls lacaf/r izfr;ksfxrkvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d=k dhft,A • [ksyksa esa gkj&thr rks gksrh jgrh gSA tc dksbZ Vhe thrdj vkrh gS rks yksx mudk Lokxr djrs gSa ysfdu tc gkjdj vkrh gS rks muosQ lkFk vHknz O;ogkj djrs gSaA D;k ;g mfpr gS\\ blosQ i{k@foi{k esa roZQ nhft,A • ;fn dksbZ izfln~/ f[kykM+h vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa vkdj vius vuqHko vkiosQ lkFk ck¡Vuk pkgs rks vki D;k djasxs\\ 62 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

(d) ¯gnh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk\"kk osQ :i esa dc Lohdkj fd;k x;k\\ (i) 26 tuojh] 1948 (ii) 14 fnlacj] 1949 (iii) 10 fnlacj] 1950 (iv) 15 vxLr] 1947 ( [k) buesa ls fojks/ dk lwpd dkSu&lk gS\\ (i) ihyk >aMk (ii) yky >aMk (iii) dkyk >aMk (iv) gjk >aMk ( x) >qosQ gq, >aMs fdlosQ lwpd gSa\\ (i) [kq'kh osQ (ii) ijkt; osQ (iii) mUufr osQ (iv) nq[k osQ ( ?k) ,f'k;u fodkl cSad (ADB) dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\\ (i) ftuhok (ii) dkBekaMw (iii) euhyk (iv) tdkrkZ ( Ä) lkoZQ (SAARC) dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\\ (i) isfjl (ii) ftuhok (iii) dukMk (iv) dkBekaMw ( p) baVjiksy (INTERPOLE) dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\\ (i) izQkal (ii) baXySaM (iii) isfjl (iv) ¯lxkiqj (N) ^MkbV* fdl ns'k dh laln dk uke gS\\ (i) izQkal dh (ii) tkiku dh (iii) phu dh (iv) usiky dh (t) Hkkjr dh laln esa dkSu&ls nks lnu gSa\\ (i) jk\"Vªh; lHkk] jk\"Vªh; dkaxzsl (ii) yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk (iii) fo/kulHkk] yksdlHkk (iv) fuEu lnu] mPp lnu ( >) viQxkfuLrku dh laln dk D;k uke gS\\ (i) Mwek (ii) yksdlHkk (iii) etfyl (iv) 'kksjk D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 63

(×k) ^fo'o ty fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\\ (i) 22 ekpZ (ii) 25 ekpZ (iii) 2 vDVwcj (iv) 10 fnlacj ( V) ^fo'o LokLF; fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\\ (i) 10 tuojh (ii) 7 vizSy (iii) 15 ekpZ (iv) 27 fnlacj (B) ^enlZ Ms* dc euk;k tkrk gS\\ (i) 8 flracj (ii) 20 twu (iii) ebZ osQ nwljs jfookj dks (iv) 8 ebZ ( M) ^dkx”k osQ oSQuokl* fdldh izfln~/ Ñfr gS\\ (i) vj¯onks ?kks\"k (ii) ve`rk izhre (iii) johanzukFk VSxksj (iv) lwjnkl ( <) ^okj ,aM ihl* fdldh izfln~/ Ñfr gS\\ (i) ukxiky (ii) fofy;e 'ksDlih;j (iii) fy;ks VkWyLVk; (iv) ;'kiky ( .k) ^nsonkl* fdldh izfln~/ Ñfr gS\\ (ii) Hkxorh'kj.k oekZ (i) egknsoh oekZ (iv) 'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; (iii) nsodhuanu (r) ^>wBk lp* fdldh izfln~/ Ñfr gS\\ (ii) jke/kjh ¯lg ^fnudj* (i) ;'kiky (iv) Hkxorh'kj.k oekZ (iii) egknsoh oekZ (?k) (iii) (x) (iv) ([k) (iii) (d) (ii) mÙkj% (t) (ii) (N) (ii) (p) (i) (M-) (iv) (B) (iii) (V) (ii) (×k) (i) (>) (iv) (r) (i) (.k) (iv) (<) (iii) (M) (ii) 64 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

10 jDr nksuksa cgu&HkkbZ Cksch vkSj vk;q\"k ,d gh fon~;ky; esa i<+rs FksA vk;q\"k cgqr uV[kV FkkA og >ViV viuk lkjk dke djosQ 'kjkjr djus esa yx tkrk Fkk tcfd csch lqLrh vkSj <hysiu dk mnkgj.k FkhA og lkjk dke /hjs&/hjs djrh FkhA og cgqr gh 'kkar vkSj ljy LoHkko dh yM+dh FkhA i<+us esa loZJs\"B Fkh blfy, mls Mk¡V iM+us osQ volj Hkh de gh vkrs FksA ysfdu vk;q\"k rks fnuHkj tSls Mk¡V [kk, fcuk jg gh ugha ldrk FkkA ,d fnu nkus kas fon;~ ky; tkus oQs fy, r;S kj gks jgs FkAs vk;\"q k us >ViV ugk&/kds j diMs+ igus vkjS yxk mNyuAs rHkh ccs h [kM&s+ [kMs+ /Mk+ e ls /jrh ij fxj iMh+ A vk;\"q k fpYyk;kµ ¶ek]¡ n[s kks nhnh dks D;k gks x;k g\\S ¸ ekrk th jlkbs Z ls Hkkxrh gbq Z vkbA± m/j vkok”k luq dj firk th Hkh nkMS s+ vk,A ccs h vprs gks xbZ FkhA mls mBkdj fcLrj ij fyVk fn;k x;kA fiQj firk th us rjq ra MkDW Vj dks iQkus yxk;kA ikz r% dky dk le; FkkA MkDW Vj tks iMk+ ls eas gh jgrs Fk]s vius Dyhfud tkus dh r;S kjh dj jgs FkAs iQkus luq rs gh rjq ra vk x,A FkkMs h+ &lh njs eas gh ccs h dks prs uk vk xbAZ MkDW Vj us ccs h dks n[s kk vkjS oQq N tkp¡ djokus oQs fy, dgkA ml fnu vk;q\"k dks vosQys gh fon~;ky; tkuk iM+kA ;n~;fi og viuh nhnh ls ckr&ckr ij >xM+rk FkkA ijarq vkt mls vosQys fon~;ky; tkuk fcyoqQy ugha Hkk;kA og iwjs fnu viuh nhnh osQ ckjs esa lksprk jgkA nksigj dks fon~;ky; ls vkus osQ ckn vk;q\"k lh/k csch osQ ikl igq¡pkA csch ml le; lks jgh FkhA og mlosQ ikl cSBus yxkA rHkh ek¡ us dgk] ¶tkvks] igys oL=k cnyksA [kk&ihdj viuk dke djksA nhnh dks fcyoqQy rax er djukA¸ vk;q\"k us iwNk] ¶ek¡! nhnh dks D;k gqvk gS\\¸ ek¡ us dgk] ¶oqQN ugha] vHkh lks jgh gSA MkWDVj us nokb;k¡ nh gSaA Bhd gks tk,xhA MkWDVj us oqQN tk¡p Hkh djokus dks dgk gSA mlosQ ckn gh irk pysxk fd rqEgkjh nhnh dks D;k gqvk gS\\¸ •  cPpkas dks jDr lca /a h tkudkjh n_as tlS µs gekjs 'kjhj eas fdruk jDRk gkrs k g]S ;g D;k dk;Z djrk g\\S jDr oQs vHkko eas D;k&D;k chekfj;k¡ gks ldrh gaS vkfnA •  jDr ls lacaf/r vU; chekfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh crk,¡A 74 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

vxys fnu csch osQ jDr dh tk¡p djokus osQ fy, firk th mls Dyhfud ys tkus yxsA jfookj gksus osQ dkj.k vk;q\"k ?kj ij gh FkkA og Hkh lkFk tkus dk gB djus yxkA 'kjkjr u djus dh 'krZ ij mls Hkh lkFk tkus dh vuqefr fey xbZA ubZ&ubZ ph”kksa dks tkuus vkSj le>us dh mRlqdrk vk;q\"k esa cpiu ls gh FkhA MkWDVj us csch dh v¡xqyh ls oqQN jDr fudkyk] fiQj LykbM ij ,d cw¡n jDr Mkydj fujh{k.k djus yxsA vk;q\"k mRlqdrko'k chp esa gh cksy iM+k] ¶MkWDVj vady] D;k jDr dh ,d cw¡n ls nhnh dh chekjh dk irk py tk,xk\\¸ MkWDVj eqldjkrs gq, cksys] ¶D;ksa ugha] jDr dh ,d cw¡n esa gekjs 'kjhj osQ dbZ jgL; fNis gksrs gSaA¸ jDr dh tk¡p djus osQ ckn MkWDVj us firk th dks crk;k fd ?kcjkus dh dksbZ ckr ugha] csch dks ,uhfe;k gks x;k gSA oqQN fnu yxkrkj nokb;k¡ [kkuh gksaxhA rHkh vk;q\"k cksy mBk] ¶vady! ,uhfe;k D;k gksrk gS\\¸ MkWDVj Hkh iqQjlr esa Fks D;ksafd NqV~Vh okys fnu muosQ ikl de gh jksxh vkrs Fks] os cksys] ¶,uhfe;k dks le>us osQ fy, igys jDr dks le>uk gksxkA gekjs jDr osQ nks Hkkx gksrs gSa] ,d gSµ ^IykTek* tks rjy inkFkZ gksrk gSA nwljs Hkkx esa vkrs gSaµ ^jDr d.k* tks IykT+ek esa rSjrs gSaA¸ fiQj MkWDVj us vk;q\"k dks vius ikl cqykdj dgk] ¶;s ns[kks] yky jDr d.kA¸ vk;q\"k us lw{en'khZ ls LykbM Ikj ns[kk rks vk'p;Z ls mNy iM+k vkSj cksyk] ¶jDr dh ,d cw¡n esa brus lkjs d.kA¸ MkWDVj us dgk] ¶è;ku ls ns[kks] rqEgsa budk vkdkj yky ckyw'kkgh tSlk fn[ksxkA¸ vk;q\"k us è;kuiwoZd ns[krs gq, dgk] ¶gk¡&gk¡ MkWDVj vady] ;g rks fcyoqQy ckyw'kkgh yx jgs gSaA¸ MkWDVj vady us crk;k fd jDr dh ,d cw¡n esa yk[kksa yky jDr d.k gksrs gSa] ftuosQ dkj.k jDr dk jax yky fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;s d.k lk¡l ysus ij feyh vkWDlhtu jDr 75

dks gekjs 'kjhj osQ gj Hkkx esa igq¡pkus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA budk thoudky yxHkx pkj eghus dk gksrk gSA pkj eghus gksrs&gksrs ;s u\"V gks tkrs gSaA fiQj buosQ LFkku ij u, jDr d.k vkdj ogh dk;Z djus yxrs gSaA vk;q\"k] ¶ij u, jDr d.k dgk¡ ls vkrs gSa\\¸ MkWDVj] ¶gekjh gM~fM;ksa osQ chp u;s jDr d.kksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z yxkrkj pyrk jgrk gSA bu d.kksa dks cukus osQ fy, izksVhu] ykSg&rRo vkSj foVkfeuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj ;s lc ikSf\"Vd vkgkj ls izkIr gksrs gSaA gjh lC”kh] iQy] nw/] vaMk] ek¡l vkfn ls ;s lc Hkjiwj ek=kk esa izkIr gksrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ikSf\"Vd vkgkj ugha ysrk rks u, jDr d.k cu ugha ikrs] ftlls 'kjhj esa jDr dh deh gks tkrh gSA yky d.kksa dh blh deh dks ,uhfe;k dgrs gSaA tks bl le; csch dks gSA¸ vk;q\"k] ¶rks D;k ikSf\"Vd vkgkj ysus ls ,uhfe;k ls cp ldrs gSa\\¸ MkWDVj] ¶gk¡&gk¡ ikSf\"Vd vkSj larqfyr vkgkj ysus ls ,uhfe;k tSlh chekjh ls cpk tk ldrk gSA ,uhfe;k dk ,d vU; dkj.k gSµ isV osQ dhMs+A ;fn fdlh osQ isV esa dhMs+ gksa rks os gekjs vkgkj dks [kk tkrs gSa vkSj gesa mldk iw.kZ ykHk ugha fey ikrkA¸ ccs h tks dkiQh njs ls piq Fkh ckys mBh] ¶vda y] iVs eas dhMs+ oQS ls gks tkrs g\\aS ¸ MkDW Vj] ¶dhM+s nfw \"kr ty vkjS [kkn;~ inkFkkaZs no~ kjk gekjs 'kjhj eas ioz 's k djrs gAaS vr% buls cpus oQs fy, LoPNrk dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A Hkkts u cukrs le; lfC”k;kas dks /kds j dkVuk o cukuk pkfg,A iQykas dks èkkds j [kkuk pkfg,A Hkkts u djus ls igys vkjS ckn eas gkFkkas dks vPNh idz kj ls /ks yus k pkfg,A fcuk <dk o ftl ij eD[kh vkfn fHkufHkukrh gk]as og Hkkts u Hkyw dj Hkh ugha [kkuk pkfg,A¸ vk;q\"k chp esa Vksdrs gq,] ¶vPNk vady] yky jDr d.k rks vkWDlhtu osQ okgd gSaA D;k jDr dk dk;Z osQoy 'kjhj esa vkWDlhtu igq¡pkuk gksrk gSA¸ MkWDVj] ¶vkWDlhtu osQ okgd rks osQoy yky jDr d.k gksrs gSaA jDr esa 'osr jDr d.k Hkh gksrs gSa tks gekjs 'kjhj osQ j{kd gksrs gSaA ;s jDr d.k 'kjhj ij gksus okys jksxk.kqvksa osQ vkozQe.k ls gesa cpkrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh jksxk.kq tc 'kjhj esa izos'k djrk gS rks ;s mudk MVdj fojks/ djrs gSa vkSj mls ekj fxjkrs gSaA ;fn jDr esa 'osr jDr d.k de gks tk,¡ rks chekfj;ksa ls yM+us dh gekjh vkarfjd 'kfDr de gks tkrh gSA rHkh ge vf/d chekj iM+rs gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr gekjs jDr esa gheksXyksfcu gksrk gS tks 'kjhj esa jDr dk FkDdk tekus dk dk;Z djrk gSA tc dHkh gesa pksV vkfn yx tkrh gS rks ogk¡ jDr dk FkDdk&lk te tkrk gS] tks jDr dks ckgj ugha vkus nsrkA ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks xgjh pksV yx tk, rks ml ij lki+Q diM+k ck¡/dj mls rqjar MkWDVj osQ ikl ys tkuk pkfg, D;kasfd vf/d jDr cg tkus ls e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA vf/d jDr cg tkus ij jDr p<+kus ls O;fDr dk thou cpk;k tk ldrk gSA vk;\"q k us mRldq rkiow dZ dgk] ¶yfs du jDr rks gekjs 'kjhj eas curk gAS D;k mls ckgj Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk g\\S ¸ MkDW Vj us le>k;k] ¶vj!s ugh]a nlw js O;fDr dk jDr yds j p<k+ ;k tkrk gAS ¸ 76 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

vk;q\"k us iz'u fd;k] ¶ftldk jDr fudkyk x;k gS ;fn mlesa jDr de gks tk, rks\\¸ MkWDVj us crk;k] ¶,d le; esa fdlh LoLFk O;fDr dk osQoy 300 feyhyhVj jDr gh fudkyk tk ldrk gSA gekjs 'kjhj esa yxHkx ik¡p yhVj jDr gksrk gSA mlesa ls ;fn 300 feyhyhVj jDr fudky fy;k tk, vkSj jDr dh vko';drk okys O;fDr dks ns fn;k tk, rks blls cM+h ckr D;k gksxh\\ fdlh dk thou cp tk,xk vkSj bruk jDr rks oqQN gh fnuksa esa iqu% cu tk,xkA¸ csch us iwNk] ¶ysfdu vady] eSaus lquk gS fd gj fdlh dks gj fdlh dk jDr ugha p<+k;k tk ldrkA¸ MkWDVj us dgk] ¶fcyoqQy Bhd lquk gSA gekjs jDr osQ vyx&vyx lewg gksrs gSaµ,] ch] ,ch vkSj vksA buesa Hkh ikWf”kfVo vkSj fuxsfVo gksrs gSaA vks ikWf”kfVo okys jDr lewg osQ yksxksa dks ^nkuh* dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gS D;ksafd budk jDr lHkh lewg osQ yksxksa dks p<+k;k tk ldrk gSA xyr lewg dk jDr p<+kuk tkuysok Hkh gks ldrk gSA blfy, jDr p<+kus ls igys MkWDVj jDr osQ lewg dk ijh{k.k vo'; djrs gSaA¸ vk;q\"k us iz'u fd;k] ¶;fn jDr dh vko';drk iM+us ij dksbZ jDr nsus okyk u feys rks\\¸ MkWDVj us tkudkjh nh] ¶,slh vkikr fLFkfr osQ fy, vLirkyksa esa CyM&cSad gksrs gSa] ftuesa lHkh izdkj osQ jDr lewgksa dk jDr fo'ks\"k izdkj osQ fIk+ zQt esa j[kk tkrk gSA¸ ¶CyM&cSad esa bruk jDr dgk¡ ls vkrk gS\\¸ vk;q\"k us mRlqdrk ls iwNkA MkWDVj us crk;k] ¶le;&le; ij jDrnku f'kfojksa dk vk;kstu djosQ jDr ,d=k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa cgqr&ls yksx LosPNk ls jDrnku djrs gSaA blosQ vrfjDr oqQN yksx vLirkyksa esa tkdj Hkh jDrnku djrs gSaA¸ vk;q\"k osQ firk cksys] ¶yxrk gS] vkt gh lkjh tkudkjh ys yksxsA pyks! MkWDVj vady dks dke djus nksA¸ vk;q\"k g¡lrs gq, dgk] ¶vady] eSa Hkh cM+k gksdj jDrnku vo'; d:¡xkA¸ loZJs\"B µ lcls vPNk vpsr µ csgks'k mRlqdrk µ tkuus dh bPNk fujh{k.k µ tk¡p&iM+rky ,uhfe;k µ 'kjhj esa jDr dh deh ls gksus okyh chekjh ikSf\"Vd vkgkj µ foVkfeu&;qDr Hkkstu [kkn~; µ [kk, tkus okys iqu% µ nqckjk bUgsa ,sls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaµ NqV~Vh µ Nqêhð gM~fM;k¡ µ gfî;ó k¡ jDr 77

1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ Dyhfud mRlqdrko'k LoPNrk ,uhfe;k vkWDlhtu 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) jDr dh tk¡p D;ksa dh tkrh gS\\ ([k) isV esa dhMs+ oSQls igq¡prs gSa rFkk buls D;k gkfu gksrh gS\\ (x) jDrnku ls D;k ykHk gaS\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ y?kq mÙkj nhft,µ (d) ,uhfe;k fdls dgrs gSa\\ blosQ izeq[k dkj.k D;k gSa\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) ,---u--h-f-e--;--k---l--s--c--p---u--s --o--sQ---f-y---,----D--;--k---d---j-u--k---p---kf-g--,---\\------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) g---h-e--k-sX-y---ks-f-c--u----D--;--k---g--ksr--k---g--S\\----b--l--d---k---D--;--k---d---k-;--Z --g--S\\----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&6

(?k) 'osr jDr d.kksa dks 'kjhj dk j{kd D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Ä) CyM&cSad D;ksa cuk, x, gSa\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ nh?kZ mÙkj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa nhft,µ (d) 'kjhj esa jDr dk D;k egÙo gS\\ bldh deh ls D;k gkfu gks ldrh gS\\ ([k) jDr dh lja puk dk o.kuZ dhft, vkjS crkb, fd bldk jxa yky D;kas gkrs k g\\S 3- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj Ikj (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) csch viuk dke oSQls djrh Fkh\\ (i) iQVkiQV (ii) /hjs&/hjs (iii) ncko esa vkdj ([k) csch dks dkSu&lh chekjh gks xbZ Fkh\\ (i) Vk;iQkbM (ii) Msaxw (iii) ,uhfe;k (x) jDr osQ rjy Hkkx dks D;k dgrs gSa\\ (i) Iyk”ek (ii) gheksXyksfcu (iii) 'osr jDr d.k (?k) ,uhfe;k dk D;k dkj.k gS\\ (i) ikSf\"Vd vkgkj u ysuk (ii) isV esa dhM+s gksuk (iii) nksuksa jDr 79