fganh ikB~;iqLrd nf'kZuh fganh ikBekyk 4 1
nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk dh Ük`a[kyk dk fuekZ.k jk\"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ varxZr ,ulhbZvkjVh] lhch,lbZ rFkk jkT;ksa osQ cksMZ n~okjk fu/kZfjr uohure ikB~;ozQe osQ vuqlkj fd;k x;k gSA cPpksa esa ns[kdj lh[kus dh izo`fÙk tUe ls gh gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh oLrq dks ns[kdj mlosQ ckjs esa tkuus dh bPNk muosQ eu esa Lor% gh mB tkrh gSA cPpksa dh blh izo`fÙk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, muls tqM+s [kku&iku] jgu&lgu] vkpkj&fopkj] #fp vkfn ij nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk osQ ikB rS;kj fd, x, gSaA jkspd ikB cPpksa dh ftKklk ,oa Hkk\"kk esa #fp c<+kus esa lgk;d fln~/ gksaxsA bl ikBekyk dks rS;kj djrs le; Hkk\"kk dh lHkh ;ksX;rkvksaµ lquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] lkspuk] le>uk] le>dj djuk vkfn dks fl[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ikB osQ var esa 'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd o fyf[kr iz'u] ikB ls lacaf/r dkYifud iz'u] Hkk\"kk&Kku laca/h iz'u] xfrfof/;k¡ rFkk ifj;kstuk fuekZ.k dk;Z lfEefyr fd, x, gSaA nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk esa lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksaµdfork] dgkuh] fp=kdFkk] yksddFkk] Mk;jh&ys[ku] laLej.k] thouh] ys[k] fuca/] ,dkadh] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar vkfn dk lekos'k gSA ¯gnh funs'kky; Hkkjr ljdkj n~okjk laLrqr orZuh osQ ikjaifjd o ekud nksuksa :iksa ls cPpksa dks voxr djk;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd Ük`a[kyk dk mn~ns'; cPpksa dh l`tu'khyrk] ekSfydrk] dYiuk'khyrk] ftKklk ,oa pkfjf=kd fodkl ij cy nsuk gSA vk'kk gS fd ;g iqLrd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxhA iqLrd dks vkSj vf/d jkspd] Lrjh; ,oa çkekf.kd cukus gsrq fon~okuksa osQ lq>ko lknj vkeaf=kr gSaA µysf[kdk (iii)
1- LoPN Hkkjr (dfork) 4 2- cgknqj cPps (dgkuh) 8 3- vkylh czkã.k (dgkuh) 17 4- fdLe&fdLe osQ rksrs (ys[k) 26 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 33 5- pjokgs dk cpiu (dfork) 35 6- chjcy osQ mÙkj (gkL;&dFkk) 41 7- f'kokth 47 8- Lora=krk fnol (fuca/) 54 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 61 9- gksugkj ckyd (dgkuh) 63 10- dchj osQ nksgs (nksgs) 72 11- Nkrs okyk cw<+k (yksddFkk) 76 12- eSa lcls NksVh gksÅ¡ (dfork) 84 13- lHkk dk [ksy (dfork) 89 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 96 14- 'ksj dk U;k; (,dkadh) 98 15- ok;qeaMy (fuca/) 109 16- paæ'ks[kj osadVjeu (thouh) 116 • lPpk izo`Qfr izseh (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 121 17- jkseh dh Mk;jh (Mk;jh ys[ku) 123 18- cdklqj dk o/ (ikSjkf.kd dFkk) 128 19- csisanh dk yksVk (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 136 • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 138 • iz'u&i=k µ 1 140 • iz'u&i=k µ 2 143 (iv)
ikB la[;k cksyuk] lquuk fy[kuk 'kSf{kd xfrfof/;k¡ thou ewY; rFkk o uke vkSj i<+uk ikfjokfjd] lkekftd o jk\"Vªh; psruk 1- LoPN dfork dks y; esa i<+uk] 'kCnksa iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kuk] fjDr LFkku] fp=k&y[s ku] tkudkjh ,d=k Hkkjr dks LoPN cukus dk Hkkjr dk 'kqn~èk mPpkj.k vkSj ekSf[kd cgqfodYih; iz'u] feyku djuk] djuk] ikz ts Ds V cukuk] Hkko txkukA (dfork) iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA opu] lekukFkZd 'kCn] fØ;kA dkYifud ,oa ufS rd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA 2- cgknqj cPps dgkuh dk jkspd <ax ls IkkBu] i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] cgfq odYih; fp=k lxa gz .k] fp=k y[s ku] lkgl ,oa lw>&cw> dk Hkko (dgkuh) 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k vkSj i'z u] fjDr LFkku] O;fDrokpd lKa k] dkYifud ,oa ufS rd i'z ukas txkukA ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA fxurh] egq kojs rFkk fØ;kfo'k\"s k.kA oQs mÙkj nus kA 3- vkylh dgkuh dk jkps d <xa ls ikBu] i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] cgq fq odYih; fp=k ys[ku] dkYifud ,oa vkyL; u djus dk Hkko czkã.k 'kCnkas dk 'knq è~ k mPpkj.k vkjS i'z u] fjDr LFkku] fdlus dgk] fo'k\"s k.k uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA txkukA (dgkuh) ekfS [kd i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA 'kCn] louZ ke 'kCn] 'knq è~ k&v'knq è~ kA 4- fdLe& ys[k dk jkspd <ax ls okpu] i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] fjDr LFkku] fp=k ns[kdj okD; fy[kuk] if{k;ksa dh tkudkjh nsukA fdLe osQ 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k vkSj feyku djuk] cgfq odYih; i'z u] ifj;kstuk fuekZ.k] lwph rksrs (ys[k) ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA fo'k\"s k.k]'kCn fuek.Z k ,oa lekukFkhZ cukuk] dkYifud ,oa 'kCnA uSfrd Ikz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ lkekU; Kku esa o`n~f/ djukA 5- pjokgs dk dfork dk y;kRed <ax ls iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kuk] iafDr;k¡ iwjh fp=k ns[kdj eqgkojs fy[kuk] vkRelarqf\"V dk Hkko txkukA cpiu okpu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k djuk] cgqfodYih; iz'u] vusd lewg xku] dfork ys[ku] (dfork) vkSj ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] lekukFkZd dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa nsukA 'kCn ,oa fo'ks\"k.k osQ HksnA osQ mÙkj fy[kukA 6- chjcy osQ gkL;&dFkk dk jkspd <ax ls iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kuk] lgh& xyr] fp=k&ys[ku] ewd vfHku;] gkf”kj tokc cuus dh mÙkj IkkBu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k] fdlus dgk] fjDr LFkku] vusdkFkhZ izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu] izsj.kk nsukA (gkL;&dFkk) ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 'kCnA dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 7- f'kokth dgkuh dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk] cgqfodYih; laokn&ys[ku] ?kVuk&o.kZu pkfjf=kd fo'ks\"krkvksa ls okpu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPPkkj.k] iz'u] fjDr LFkku] lgh 'kCn Hkjuk] ,oa thou o`ÙkkarA ifjfpr djokukA ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA izR;;] loZuke laKkA 8- Lora=krk fuca/ dk jkspd <ax ls okpu] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk] cgqfodYih; fp=k&y[s ku] tkudkjh ,d=k Lora=krk dk egÙo le>kukA fnol 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ,oa iz'u] fjDr LFkku] lgh&xyr] djuk] dkYifud ,oa ufS rd (fuca/) ekSf[kd Ikz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA foykse 'kCn] la;qDr O;atu] iz'u i'z ukas oQs mÙkj nus kA fuekZ.k ,oa okD;A • D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ lkekU; Kku esa o`n~fèk djukA 9- gksugkj dgkuh dk IkzHkko'kkyh <ax ls i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] cgfq odYih; fp=k&ys[ku] lwph cukuk n`<+&fu'p; ,oa fuHkhZdrk ckyd ikBu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k i'z u] fdlu]s fdlls dgk] ¯yx] Kku ukV~;& ys[ku ,oa eapu] dk Hkko txkukA (dgkuh) ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA ,oa louZ ke] milxZ dk i;z kxs A dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA (v)
ikB la[;k cksyuk] lquuk fy[kuk 'kSf{kd xfrfof/;k¡ thou ewY; rFkk o uke vkSj i<+uk ikfjokfjd] lkekftd o jk\"Vªh; psruk 10- dchj osQ nksgksa dk IkzHkko'kkyh <ax ls nksgs fy[kuk] cgqfodYih; iz'u] fp=k ys[ku] daBLFk djuk] thou ewY;ksa dks le>us osQ nksgs (nksgs) IkkBu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ekud :i] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/ ,oa pkVZ ,oa iQhfr;k¡ cukuk] fy, izsfjr djukA ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA okD; iwjs djukA dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 11- Nkrs yksddFkk dk izHkko'kkyh <ax i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] cgfq odYih; vuqHko lqukuk] fp=k ys[ku] yksddFkkvksa ls ifjfpr okyk cw<+k ls okpu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ i'z u] lgh&xyr] lgh Øe eas dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'ukas djokuk] o`n~/ksa osQ izfr (yksddFkk) mPpkj.k ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ yxkuk] fo'k\"s ;&fo'k\"s k.k] feyku osQ mÙkj nsukA lEeku dk Hkko txkukA mÙkj nsukA djukA 12- eSa lcls dfork dk jkspd <ax ls okpu] i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] cgfq odYih; fp=k cukuk] tkudkjh ,d=k cky&eu dks le>uk] NksVh gksÅ¡ 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ,oa i'z u] y;&rky] foykes ] lekukFkdZ djuk] dkYifud ,oa ij[kuk] ,oa mUgsa Hkjiwj I;kj (dfork) ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk 'kCnA uSfrd iz'ukas osQ mÙkj nsukA nsukA 13- lHkk dk dfork dk jkspd <ax ls okpu] i'z ukas oQs mÙkj fy[kuk] cgfq odYih; fp=k&o.kZu] lHkk dk 'kghnksa osQ izfr vknj dk [ksy 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ,oa i'z u] y;&rky] o.k&Z foPNns ] iRz ;;] vk;kstu] dkYifud ,oa Hkko tkx`r djukA (dfork) ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA fojke fpgu~ A uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA • D;k vki lkekU; Kku esa o`n~f/ djukA tkurs gSa\\ 14- 'ksj dk ,dkadh dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls Ikz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kuk] cgqfodYih; pkVZ cukuk] fp=k&o.kZu] thoksa osQ izfr n;k dk Hkko U;k; okpu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k iz'u] fjDr LFkku] fdlus] fdlls dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa tkx`r djukA (,dkadh) ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA dgk] foykse 'kCn] laKk ls fo'ks\"k.k] osQ mÙkj nsukA laKk ,oa fØ;k ,oa feyku djukA 15- ok;qeaMy fuca/ dk jkspd <ax ls okpu] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk] cgqfodYih; fp=k&y[s ku] fp=k cukuk] ok;qeaMy laca/h tkudkjh (fuca/) 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ,oa iz'u] fjDr LFkku] feyku] izR;;] dkYifud ,oa ufS rd i'z ukas n~okjk Kku&o`n~f/ djukA ekSf[kd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA vuqLokj ,oa okD; cukukA oQs mÙkj nus kA 16- panz'ks[kj Tkhouh dk IkzHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsuk] fjDr LFkku] fp=k&ys[ku] fp=k&laxzg.k] ftKklq cuus dks izsfjr djukA osadVjeu okpu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k feyku djuk lgh&xyr] lekukFkhZ izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu] (thouh) ,oa ekSf[kd Ikz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 'kCn ,oa foykse 'kCnA dkYifud ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 17- jkseh dh Mk;jh dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kuk] lgh& xyr] fp=k&ys[ku] Mk;jh&ys[ku] ns'kkVu osQ YkkHk crkukA Mk;jh IkkBu] 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k cgqfodYih; Ikz'u] loZuke 'kCn vkWVksxzkiQ ysuk] dkYifud (Mk;jh ys[ku) ,oa ekSf[kd Ikz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA ,oa okD; fuekZ.k] 'kqn~èk&v'kqn~èkA ,oa uSfrd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA 18- cdklqj ikSjkf.kd dFkk dk okpu] 'kCnksa iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kuk] fdlus] ukV~;&eapu] fp=k&ys[ku] ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ls ifjfpr dk o/ dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ,oa ekSf[kd fdlls dgk] cgqfodYih; iz'u] dkYifud ,oa uSfrd Ikz'uksa djokukA (ikSjkf.kd Ikz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsukA i;kZ;okph 'kCn] okD; cukukAA osQ mÙkj nsukA dFkk) 19- csisanh dk fp=kdFkk dk izHkko'kkyh <ax vius n~okjk dgh xbZ ckr ij yksVk ls okpuA vfMx jgus dh lh[k nsukA (fp=kdFkk) • D;k vki lkekU; Kku esa o`n~f/ djukA tkurs gSa\\ (vi)
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfozQ;kµ • vius {ks=k fo'ks\"k rFkk ns'k osQ izfr izse vkSj xkSjo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA rhljh d{kk osQ var rd fon~;kFkhZ ifjfpr 'kCn vkSj muosQ rhljh] pkSFkh vkSj ik¡poha d{kk osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa ls ;ksx ls cuus okys okD; vklkuh ls i<+ losaQxs vkSj i<+us ekr`Hkk\"kk laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ dh oqQ'kyrkvksa ij vf/dkj izkIr dj losaQxsA bu d{kkvksa esa fiNyh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djrs gq, ekr`Hkk\"kk dh ubZ lquus laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djuk gSA • ekrH` kk\"kk dh èofu;kas dks luq dj foHkns hdj.k djuk tlS µs 'k&\"k&l] c&Hk] {k&N&PN] M&n] j&<]+ n;~ &è; vkfnA fo'o osQ lHkh ns'kksa dh ekr`Hkk\"kk osQ ikB~;Øe oqQN bl izdkj rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa fd fon~;kFkhZ vius Lrj dh • lquus laca/h f'k\"Vkpkj dk ikyu djukA dgkfu;k¡ i<+dj mudk vkuan ys losaQA os izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z] • lquh gqbZ ckr osQ laca/ esa iz'u djukA ns'k&izse vkfn dh ljy vkSj lgt dfork,¡ i<+dj vius • okrkyZ ki] loa kn vkjS fopkj&foe'kZ dks luq dj le>ukA 'kCnksa esa mudh ljkguk dj losaQA vius Lrj osQ fo\"k;ksa ij • dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡] igsfy;k¡] ukVd] fp=k&o.kZu] laf{kIr vuqPNsn ;k NksVk&lk fuca/ fy[k losaQA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ Hkkoh Hkk\"k.k] fooj.k vkfn dks lqudj le>uk vkSj mudk vkuan ysukA thou esa Hkk\"kk ls lacaf/r tks Hkh vko';drk,¡ gksaxh mudh rS;kjh ik¡poha d{kk rd iwjh gks tkuh pkfg,A igyh d{kk ls • oDrk osQ euksHkkoksaµg\"kZ] Øks/] vk'p;Z] ?k`.kk] f>M+dh] pkSFkh d{kk rd mUgksaus tks oqQN Hkh lh[kk gS] mldk foLrkj d#.kk] O;aX; vkfn dks le>ukA • fofHkUu Lkzksrksa ls tkudkjh ,d=k dj mls le>dj ;kn j[kukA ik¡poha d{kk esa visf{kr gksxkA rhljh] pkSFkh vkSj ik¡poha d{kkvksa esa ekr`Hkk\"kk f'k{k.k cksyus laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ osQ mn~ns';µ • ekrH` kk\"kk dh lHkh èofu;kas (Loj] O;ta u] ek=kk lfgr O;ta u] l;a Dq rk{kj] l;a Dq r O;ta u rFkk ifjfpr ,oa • nwljksa osQ fopkjksa dks lqudj le>us dh ;ksX;rk dk vifjfpr 'kCnk)as dk 'knq /~ mPpkj.k djus eas leFkZ gkus kA fodkl djukA • Hkk\"kk&laca/h lHkh lkewfgd fØ;kdykiksa esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysukA • ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk fodkl djukA • dfork dk mfpr gko&Hkko ls ikBu djukA • f'k\"Vkpkj] /S;Z vkSj è;kuiwoZd lquus dh ;ksX;rk dk • dgkuh dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls okpu djukA • viuh ckr vkRefo'okl osQ lkFk dgukA fodkl djukA • O;kdj.k&lEer Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djukA • vius fopkjksa dks fy[kdj vfHkO;Dr djus dh ;ksX;rk • vius fopkjksa dks Lora=k o Øecn~/ :i ls O;Dr djukA • okrkZyki] ukVd] y?kq Hkk\"k.k vkfn esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx dk fodkl djukA ysukA • O;kdj.k&lEer Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ cukukA • dgkfu;k¡ lqukus] igsfy;k¡ cw>us] vaR;k{kjh] y?kq Hkk\"k.k • vè;;u dh oqQ'kyrkvksa dk fodkl djukA vkfn dk vH;Lr gksukA • lkSan;kZuqHkwfr ,oa l`tu'khyrk dk fodkl djukA • cksyus laca/h f'k\"Vkpkj dk ikyu djukA • Hkk\"kk osQ lkSan;Z dh ljkguk djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl i<+us laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ • ifjfpr vkSj vifjfpr 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k djukA djukA • xn~; vkSj in~; dk mfpr vkjksg&vojksg osQ lkFk èkkjk • ¯pru dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djukA • ys[ku laca/h ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA izokg esa i<+ukA • Hkk\"kk osQ izeq[k rRoksa ls ifjfpr djokukA • 'kCnkas vkjS egq kojkas dk vFkZ le>dj okD;kas eas i;z kxs djukA • fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkk\"kk;h fØ;kdykiksa esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djukA • lo/Z eZ leHkko dk fodkl djukA lHkh /ek±s oQs ifz r vknj vkjS ol/q oS oQq Vcaq de~ dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA (vii)
• ifBr oLrq osQ egÙoiw.kZ rF;] eq[; fopkj vkSj osaQnzh; • ¯gnh o.kZekyk dh lw{e varj okyh èofu;ksa esa foHksnhdj.k Hkko dks igpkuukA rFkk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dk izf'k{k.k nsukA • cky&lkfgR; vkfn dh miyC/ lkexzh dks i<+ukA • lkewfgd ,oa O;fDrxr :i ls dfork] dgkuh] ?kVuk • i=k] pkVZ] iksLVj vkfn dh fyf[kr lkexzh dks lgtrk vkfn dks lqukus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djukA ls i<+ukA • okn&fookn rFkk y?kq Hkk\"k.kksa n~okjk vkRefo'okl esa • ekSu ikBu n~okjk ikB~;oLrq dk vFkZxzg.k djus dh c<+ksrjh djukA ;ksX;rk izkIr djukA • fon~;ky; osQ fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysus rFkk mudk fy[kus laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ lapkyu djus laca/h dk;Z djokukA • ifjfpr vkSj vifjfpr 'kCnksa o okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ :i • ifjfpr ,oa vifjfpr fo\"k;ksa ij laokn dk vk;kstu ls fy[kukA fy[krs gq, O;kdj.k&lEer 'kqn~/ ,oa izkaty djokukA Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djukA • v/wjh dgkuh dks iwjk djokuk rFkk vuqeku osQ vkèkkj • ys[ku laca/h fu;eksa ,oa oqQ'kyrkvksa dk Kku gksukA ij ?kVuk ;k dgkuh dk o.kZu djokukA • iw.kZ&fojke] vn~/Z&fojke] iz'uokpd ,oa foLe; cks/d • ikB~;iqLrd rFkk vfrfjDr lkexzh dks i<+rs le; fpg~uksa dk lgh iz;ksx djukA mPpkj.k] fojke fpg~u] mfpr LFkku ij cyk?kkr vkfn • vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd i=kksa dks fy[kus esa leFkZ ij è;ku nsrs gq, i<+okukA mfpr xfr ,oa izokg osQ lkFk gksukA i<+us ij cy nsukA • vius fopkjksa dks fy[kdj izdV djus esa leFkZ gksukA • ekSu okpu djokuk] fp=k] pkVZ] ekufp=k] foKkiu] i=k • 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ksa dk vuqys[k vkSj Jqfrys[k fy[kukA ,oa lwpuk iV ls lacaf/r fyf[kr lkexzh ij vusd iz'u • fp=k&o.kZu] ;k=kk&o.kZu] laokn ys[ku rFkk ljy fo\"k;ksa iwNukA ij vuqPNsn ,oa fuca/ fy[kukA • 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ksa dk vuqys[k ,oa Jqrys[k djokukA ¯pru laca/h visf{kr ;ksX;rk,¡µ • fofHkUu fOk\"k;ksa ij fp=k] ekWMy] pkVZ vkfn rS;kj djokuk • vius Lrj osQ vuq:i fdlh ckr dks lqudj ;k i<+dj rFkk mudk fooj.k fy[kokukA le>uk] ml fo\"k; esa iz'u djuk rFkk fd, x, iz'uksa • ljy fo\"k;ksa ij vuqPNsn ;k fuca/ fy[kukA osQ fu%ladksp mÙkj nsukA • fp=k ns[kdj okD;] dgkuh] dfork] vuqPNsn fy[kokukA • luq h gbq Z ;k i<h+ gbq Z ckrkas eas mfpr&vufq pr dk Hkns djukA ikB~;&lkexzh ,oa fo\"k;&oLrqµ • nks oLrqvksa ;k LFkkuksa dh rqyuk djus esa leFkZ gksukA d{kk 3] 4 vkSj 5 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd vH;kl iqfLrdk • ifBr oLrq osQ 'kh\"kZd osQ vk/kj ij fo\"k;&oLrq dks lfgr rS;kj dh xbZ gSA ikB~;iqLrd dh fo\"k;&oLrq mn~ns';ksa] le>uk] osaQnzh; Hkko rFkk lkjka'k crkukA ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj 'kSf{kd fØ;kdykiksa ij vk/kfjr gSA cPpksa • ;FkkFkZ vkSj dYiuk esa varj dj ikukA osQ ifjos'k ls lacaf/r lkexzh rFkk Hkk\"kk;h oqQ'kyrkvksa vkSj • of.kZr ?kVuk ;k n`';koyksdu osQ ckjs esa izfrfØ;k O;Dr ;ksX;rkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fo\"k; lkexzh rS;kj dh xbZ djukA gSA fuEu ¯cnqvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj ikB~;iqLrd dk fuekZ.k • ewrZ fo\"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa vuqHkwfr vkSj Hkko O;Dr djus osQ fd;k x;k gSµ fy, lgh 'kCn pquukA n'kZuh; LFky] ;k=kk&o.kZu] [kkst] egkiq#\"kksa dh thofu;k¡] rhljh] pkSFkh vkSj ik¡poha d{kk osQ fy, 'kSf{kd i=k] Mk;jh] dfork,¡] ,dkadh] fuca/] ys[k] R;ksgkj] i;kZoj.k] fØ;kdykiµ loZ/eZ leHkko] uSfrd ewY;ijd ikB vkfnA • fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa ij vk/kfjrµD;ksa] oSQls] D;k okys iz'uksa dks iwNuk rFkk d{kk osQ lHkh fon~;k£Fk;ksa dh mlesa izfrHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djukA (v i i i )
eSa vkSj esjk cLrk eSa cLrk [kkus dk fMCck ikuh dh cksry viuk vius cLrs fVfiQu dk ikuh dh fp=k dk fp=k fp=k cksry dk uke ---------------- -------------------- -------------------- fp=k -------------------- buesa ls vius cLrs esa tks j[krs gSaA muesa jax Hkfj,µ eSa vkSj esjk cLrk 1
i;kZoj.k fe=k ikS/k jksirs gq, viuk fp=k yxk,¡ izo`Qfr dk u djsa gj.k] isM+ yxkvks vkvks cpk,¡ i;kZoj.kA isM+ yxkvks] isM+ yxkvks] gjk&Hkjk thou cukvksA Nk;k ;s gedks nsrs gSaA iQy ;s gedks nsrs gSaA ck<+ ls gedks cpkrs gSa] iznw\"k.k nwj Hkxkrs gSa] ge Hkh isM+ yxk,¡xs] lalkj dks gjk&Hkjk cuk,¡xsA i;kZoj.k fnol ij vkiosQ vius n~okjk cuk;k x;k Lyksxu fy[ksaA fon~;ky; esa D;k fd;k x;k ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- mldk fp=k yxk,¡A ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
i;kZoj.k ladYi • i;kZoj.k fe=k osQ :i esa eSaus tkuk fd izR;sd ifjiDo o`{k izdk'k la'ys\"k.k }kjk izR;sd o\"kZ 20 fdxzk- dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM lks[krk gSA blh izfozQ;k ls izR;sd o`{k yxHkx 14 fdxzk- vkWDlhtu izfr o\"kZ NksM+rk gSA • eSa nl ikS/s yxkdj mudh ns[kHkky d:¡xk@d:¡xhA eSa ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr d:¡xk@d:¡xh fd esjs ekrk&firk o HkkbZ&cgu Hkh o`{k yxk,¡A eSa vius iM+ksfl;ksa dks Hkh nl o`{k yxkus osQ fy, izsfjr d:¡xk@d:¡xhA eSa vius {ks=k esa o`{k yxkus osQ fe'ku esa ,d ,EcslMj osQ :i esa dk;Z d:¡xk@d:¡xhA • eSa vius ?kj o mlosQ vkl&ikl LoPNrk j[kw¡xk@j[kw¡xh vkSj tgk¡ rd laHko gksxk eSa tSo&vi?kVuh; mRiknksa dk iz;ksx d:¡xk@d:¡xhA • eSa ?kj o fon~;ky; nksuksa txg iqu% pozQ.k rFkk ty laj{k.k ,oa vU; iqu% pozQ.k fd, tk ldus okys oLrqvksa osQ iz;ksx ls i;kZoj.kh; fe=krk dh laLo`Qfr dks c<+kok nw¡xk@nw¡xhA • eSa tgk¡ rd laHko gks uohdj.kh; mQtkZ osQ mi;ksx dks izksRlkfgr d:¡xk@d:¡xhA • eSa esjs ?kj] esjs fuokl {ks=k o esjs fe=kksa osQ chp i;kZoj.k dks cpkus dh vko';drk osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk dk izlkj d:¡xk@d:¡xhA • eSa Lo;a ty laj{k.k fo'ks\"kdj o\"kkZ ty lap;u dks viukmQ¡xk@viukmQ¡xh rFkk bl lans'k dks vius ifjokj o fe=kksa dks Hkh igq¡pkmQ¡xk@igq¡pkmQ¡xhA • tc eSa fdlh O;kolkf;d dk;Z {ks=k dks viukmQ¡xk@viukmQ¡xh] rc eSa i;kZoj.k dks cpkus rFkk tSofofo/rk dks lajf{kr djus gsrq fu.kZ; yw¡xk@yw¡xhA MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke i;kZoj.k fe=k 3
3 vkylh czkã.k cgqr le; igys ,d xk¡o esa ,d czkã.k viuh iRuh vkSj cPpksa osQ lkFk jgrk FkkA mlosQ ikl Hkxoku dk fn;k lc oqQN FkkA laqnj&lq'khy iRuh] cqf¼eku cPps] [ksr&Hkwfe&iSls FksA mldh Hkwfe Hkh cgqr mitkÅ Fkh] ftlesa oks tks pkgs iQly mxk ldrk FkkA ysfdu oks Lo;a vR;f/d vkylh FkkA dHkh dk;Z ugha djrk FkkA mldh iRuh mls le>k&le>k dj Fkd xbZ Fkh fd viuk dk;Z Lo;a djks] [ksr ij tkdj ns[kks] ysfdu og dHkh dk;Z ugha djrk FkkA og dgrk] ¶eSa dHkh dk;Z ugha d:¡xkA¸ mldh iRuh mlosQ vkyL; ls cgqr O;koqQy FkhA ,d fnu ,d lkèkq czkã.k osQ ?kj vk;k vkSj czkã.k us mldk cgqr vknj&lRdkj fd;kA lkèkq czkã.k dh lsok ls vfr izlUu gqvk vkSj izlUu gksdj lkèkq us dgk fd ¶eSa rqEgkjs vknj&lRdkj ls vfr izlUu gw¡] rqe dksbZ ojnku ek¡xksA¸ czkã.k dks rks eq¡g ek¡xh vfHkyk\"kk fey xbZ] mlus dgk] ¶ckck] dksbZ ,slk ojnku nks fd eq>s Lo;a dHkh dksbZ dk;Z u djuk iM+sA vki eq>s dksbZ ,slk O;fDr ns nks] tks esjs lkjs dk;Z dj fn;k djsA¸ vkylh czkã.k • ikB dk okpu djok,¡ ,oa vkyL; djus dh gkfu crk,¡A • cPpksa dks viuk dk;Z Lo;a djus dks izsfjr djsaA • cPpksa esa vkyL; u djus dh Hkkouk tkx`r djsaA 17
lkèkq us dgk] ¶Bhd gS] ,slk gh gksxk] ysfdu è;ku jgs] rqEgkjs ikl bruk dk;Z gksuk pkfg, fd rqe mls lnk O;Lr j[k ldksA¸ ;g dgdj ckck pys x, vkSj ,d cM+k&lk jk{kluqek ftUu izdV gqvkA oks dgus yxk] ¶Lokeh eq>s dksbZ dk;Z nks] eq>s dk;Z pkfg,A¸ czkã.k ftUu ns[kdj FkksM+k Mj x;k vkSj fiQj mldks nsus osQ fy, dk;Z lkspus yxkA rHkh ftUu cksyk] ¶'kh?kz dk;Z nks ojuk eSa rqEgsa [kk tkÅ¡xkA¸ czkã.k ftUu ls cksyk] ¶tkvks tkdj [ksr tksr yksA¸ ftUu vn`'; gks x;kA vkylh czkã.k lkspus yxk fd eSa rks cM+k prqj gw¡ bl dk;Z esa ftUu dks iwjh jkr yx tk,xhA og viuh iRuh ls cksyk] ¶vc eq>s dksbZ dk;Z ugha djuk iM+sxk] vc rks thou Hkj dk lq[k gks x;kA¸ czkã.k dh iRuh lkspus yxh fd mlosQ ifr fdruk vuqfpr lksp jgs gSaA blh chp oks ftUu okil vk x;k vkSj cksyk] ¶dk;Z nks] esjk dk;Z gks x;kA 'kh?kz nks] ojuk eSa rqEgsa [kk tkÅ¡xkA¸ czkã.k lkspus yxk fd vc rks mlosQ ikl dksbZ dk;Z ugha cpkA vc D;k gksxk\\ rHkh czkã.k dh iRuh cksyh] ¶lqfu,] eSa bls dksbZ dk;Z ns ldrh gw¡ D;k\\¸ czkã.k us dgk] ¶ns rks ldrh gks] ysfdu rqe D;k dk;Z nksxh\\¸ czkã.k dh iRuh us dgk] ¶vki fpark er djksA eSa ns[k yw¡xhA¸ og ftUu ls cksyh] ¶rqe ckgj tkdj gekjs oqQÙks eksrh dh iw¡N lhèkh dj nksA è;ku jgs] iw¡N iwjh rjg ls lhèkh gks tkuh pkfg,A¸ 18 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
ftUu pyk x;kA mlosQ tkrs gh czkã.k dh iRuh us dgk] ¶ns[kk vkius fd vkyL; fdruk Hk;kud gks ldrk gSA igys vkidks dk;Z djus esa #fp ugha Fkh vkSj vc vkidks viuh izk.k cpkus osQ fy, lkspuk iM+ jgk gS fd mls D;k dk;Z nsaA¸ czkã.k dks viuh Hkwy dk vuqHko gqvk vkSj oks cksyk] ¶rqe lgh dg jgh gks] vc eSa dHkh vkyl ugha d:¡xk] ysfdu vc eq>s Mj bl ckr dk gS fd bls vkxs D;k dk;Z nsaxs] og eksrh dh iw¡N lhèkh djosQ vkrk gh gksxkA eq>s cgqr Mj yx jgk gSA gekjs izk.k ij cu vkbZ vc rks! og gesa ekj MkysxkA¸ czkã.k dh iRuh g¡lus yxh vkSj cksyh] ¶Mjus dh dksbZ ckr ugha] fpark er djks] oks dHkh Hkh eksrh dhs iw¡N lhèkh ugha dj ik,xkA¸ ogk¡ ftUu yk[k iz;Ruksa osQ ckn Hkh eksrh dh iw¡N lhèkh ugha dj ik;kA iw¡N NksM+us osQ ckn fiQj Vs<+h gks tkrh FkhA jkr Hkj oks ogh djrk jgkA czkã.k dh iRuh us dgk] ¶vc vki eq>s opu nks fd dHkh vkyl ugha djksxs vkSj viuk dk;Z Lo;a djksxsA¸ czkã.k us iRuh dks opu fn;k vkSj nksuksa pSu ls lks x,A vxyh lqcg czkã.k [ksr tkus osQ fy, ?kj ls fudyk] rks ns[kk ftUu eksrh dh iw¡N gh lhèkh dj jgk FkkA mlus ftUu dks NsM+rs gq, iwNk] ¶D;k gqvk] vc rd dk;Z iwjk ugha gqvk D;k\\ 'kh?kz djks] esjs ikl rqEgkjs fy, vkSj Hkh dk;Z gSaA¸ ftUu cksyk] ¶Lokeh eSa 'kh?kz gh ;g dk;Z iwjk dj yw¡xkA¸ czkã.k mldh ckr lqudj g¡lrs&g¡lrs [ksr ij dk;Z djus pyk x;k vkSj mlosQ ckn mlus vkyl lnk osQ fy, R;kx fn;kA vkylh czkã.k 19
lh[k%µvkyL; gh euq\"; dk lcls cM+k 'k=kq gSA viuh lgk;rk vki djus ls gh liQyrk feyrh gS vkSj vkyl djus ls thou esa cM+k ladV vk ldrk gSA cqf¼eku µ oqQ'ky] n{k mitkÅ µ Ñf\"k osQ fy, mi;qDr] moZj vkylh µ lqLr Hk;kud µ [krjukd] Mjkouk vuqHko µ izR;{k Kku opu µ izfrKk bUgsa ,sls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaµ lqUnj µ lqanj czkg~e.k µ czkã.k ilUn µ ilan 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ czkã.k vkyL; è;ku ftUu thou 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) czkã.k osQ ikl Hkxoku dk fn;k D;k&D;k Fkk\\ ([k) czkã.k dh iRuh D;ksa ¯pfrr Fkh\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) czkã.k osQ ?kj dkSu vk;k Fkk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
([k) czkã.k us lkèkq ls ojnku esa D;k ek¡xk\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -c-zk-ã---.-k---u-s--f-t--U-u----d--k-s--D-;--k---d--k-;--Z--d--j--u-s--d---k-s -d---g--k\\--------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) czkã.k dh iRuh us czkã.k osQ izk.k ftUu ls oSQls cpkbZ\\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) czkã.k fdlosQ lkFk jgrk Fkk\\ (i) iRuh vkSj cPpksa osQ lkFk (ii) ekrk&firk osQ lkFk ( iii) fe=kksa osQ lkFk ([k) czkã.k dh Hkwfe oSQlh Fkh\\ (i) iFkjhyh (ii) mitkÅ (iii) catj (x) czkã.k oSQlk Fkk\\ (i) ew[kZ (ii) xjhc (iii) vkylh (?k) czkã.k fdls ns[kdj Mj x;k\\ (i) ftUu dks (ii) iRuh dks (iii) lkèkq dks vkylh czkã.k 21
3- mfpr 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ vknj&lRdkj] Hkwy] ftUu] jk{kluqek] Hkxoku (d) czkã.k osQ ikl -------------------- dk fn;k lc oqQN FkkA ([k) czkã.k us lkèkq dk ----------------------------- fd;kA (x) ,d cM+k&lk ----------------------------- ftUu izdV gqvkA c---zk-ã---.--k--d----k-s --v--iuyhk[-k----i--z;--R-u--k-sa---o--sQ-- (?k) ik;kA dk vuqHko gqvkA iw¡N lhèkh ugha dj (Ä) ckn Hkh eksrh dh 4- fdlus] fdlls dgkµ fdlus dgk fdlls dgk (d) ¶eSa rqEgkjs vknj&lRdkj ls vfr ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- izlUu gw¡] rqe dksbZ ojnku ek¡xksA¸ ([k) ¶Bhd gS] ,slk gh gksxk] ysfdu ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- è;ku jgs] rqEgkjs ikl bruk dk;Z ------------------- gksuk pkfg, fd rqe mls lnk O;Lr j[k ldksA¸ ------------------- (x) ¶vc eq>s dksbZ dk;Z ugha djuk iMs+xk] vc rks thou Hkj dk lq[k gks x;kA¸ ------------------- (?k) ¶dk;Z nks] esjk dk;Z gks x;kA 'kh?kz nks] ojuk eSa rqEgsa [kk tkÅ¡xkA¸ ------------------- (Ä) ¶vc vki eq>ls opu nks fd dHkh vkyl ugha djksxs vkSj viuk dk;Z Lo;a djksxsA¸ 22 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
1- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ fy, mfpr fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) ------------------- µ iRuh ([k) ------------------- µ czkã.k (x) ------------------- µ lkèkq (?k) ------------------- µ cPps (Ä) ------------------- µ Hkwfe (p) ------------------- µ ftUu 2- ikB esa vk, loZuke 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- 3- uhps fn, okD;ksa dks 'kqn~èk djosQ fyf[k,A (d) -c-zk-ã---u---o--sQ---i-k-l----H-k-x--o--u---d---k--f-n--;--k--l--c----d---N----F-k-k-A------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -l--kè--k--c--zk-ã--.--k--d---h---l--o--k--l--s--c--g--qr---i--l--U-u---g--qv---k-A----------------------------------- (x) c--zk-ã---.-k---d--k-s --v--i--u--h--H--ky-----d--k---v--u--H-k-o----g-qv---k-A-------------------------------------- (?k) c--zk-ã---.-k---u-s--v---y--l----g--e--sl--k--o--sQ---f-y--,---r--;--k-x---f-n--;--k-A--------------------------------- vkylh czkã.k 23
• ;fn czkã.k vkylh u gksrk rks D;k gksrk\\ • ;fn czkã.k dks viuh Hkwy dk vuqHko u gksrk rks D;k gksrk\\ • iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ if<+, vkSj d{kk esa lqukb,A • ;fn vkidk NksVk HkkbZ vkyL; osQ dkj.k LowQy ugha tk jgk gS rks vkiµ (d) mldks ekjsaxsA ([k) ml ij ozQksf/r ugha gksaxsA (x) mls I;kj ls le>kdj vkyL; ugha djus dks dgsaxsA • ;fn vkidks Hkh dksbZ ftUu fey tk, rks vkiµ (d) vius lkjs dk;Z mlls djok,¡xsA ([k) mlls ,sls dk;Z djok,¡xs ftlls fd nwljksa dk Hkyk gksA (x) mlls dksbZ dk;Z ugha djok,¡xsA ;g Hkh tkusa! - • 24 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
• fp=k ns[kdj oqQN okD; fyf[k,µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vkylh czkã.k 25
4 fdLe&fdLe osQ rksrs rksrs ls rks vki lHkh ifjfpr gksaxs] ;s gekjs [ksrksa] ckx&cxhpksa vkSj dHkh&dHkh ?kjksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA rksrs dk jax pedhyk gjk gksrk gS] pksap yky gksrh gS vkSj xnZu dk Åijh Hkkx oaQBuqek yky iV~Vh tSlk gksrk gSA xkyksa ij panzkdkj /kfj;k¡ gksrh gSa] vk¡[k dh iqryh gydh cknkeh gksrh gS vkSj pksap Vs<+h gksrh gSA Hkkjr eas rkrs s ikyus dh yyd lfn;kas ijq kuh gAS rkrs s eu\"q ; dh ckys h dk vudq j.k djus eas ijw s fui.q k gkrs s gAaS budh vuds itz kfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gAaS lla kj eas ikz ;% ,d lkS vkB idz kj oQs rkrs s ik, tkrs gAaS igys idz kj oQs rkrs s os gkrs s g]Sa ftuoQs 'kjhj dk jxa gjk] i[a k ihy&s gj]s pkpas yky vkjS Bk<s h+ ij dkyk /Cck gkrs k gAS uj dk jxa xyq kch gkrs k • if{k;ksa osQ [kkus&ihus ls lacafèkr iz'u iwNrs gq, cPpksa esa thoksa osQ izfr n;k dh Hkkouk tkx`r djsaA • rksrs udyph gksrs gaS] fofHkUu izdkj dh vkok”ksa fudky ldrs gSaA ;g tkudkjh nsrs gq, muls fiQYeksa esa fn[kk, tkus okys rksrkas osQ vfHku; ls tqM+s iz'u iwNsaA 26 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
gSA vk¡[kksa osQ chpksa&chp dkyh /kjh gksrh gSA ;s izk;% 10 ls 15 bap rd yacs gksrs gSaA nwljs izdkj osQ rksrs os gksrs gSa] ftUgsa ^yky fljk* dgrs gSaA budh pksap ukjaxh vkSj xnZu cSaxuh jax dh gksrh gSA vk¡[ksa 'osr o xqykch gksrh gSaA iSjksa dk jax xqykchiu fy, gksrk gSA rhljs izdkj osQ rksrs Jhyadk] HkwVku] E;kaekj vkfn ns'kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA yackbZ esa ;s Hkkjr osQ rksrksa ls cM+s gksrs gaSA buosQ ia[kksa dk jax yky gksrk gS] ftuesa 'osr /Ccs gksrs gSaA caxky esa bUgsa ^panuk* dgrs gSaA ,d vU; izdkj dk rksrk gksrk gS] tks izk;% Hkkjr osQ lHkh Hkkxksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldk vkdkj NksVh eSuk osQ tSlk vkSj iw¡N cgqr yach gksrh gSA blosQ MSuksa ij yky /Ccs gksrs gSaA ;s vius ?kksalys o`{kksa osQ Nsnksa esa cukrs gSaA lsey osQ o`{k bUgsa vf/d #fpdj gksrs gSaA eknk rksrk vaMksa dks lsus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ,d jkspd ckr ;g gS fd ;s losjs&gh&losjs [ktwj osQ o`{kksa ij ig¡qp tkrs gSa vkSj volj feyrs gh ?kM+ksa dks rksM+dj rkM+h ih tkrs gSa] fiQj fnuHkj isM+ksa osQ uhps eneLr gksdj iM+s jgrs gSaA rksrs dh ,d vkSj iztkfr gksrh gSµ^dkdkrqvk*A lk/kj.kr;k budh iw¡N NksVh] flj ij rqjkZ] pksVh 'osr] yky] dkyh rFkk ihyh gksrh gSA ^dkdkrqvk* rksrs dh ,d NksVh tkfr Hkh gS ftls ge ^dkeuqbZ* osQ fdLe&fdLe osQ rksrs 27
uke ls tkurs gSaA ;g jax&fcjaxk gksrk gSA rksrs lalkj osQ lHkh xeZ ns'kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA ;wjksi esa rksrs dk vkxeu floaQnj ckn'kkg osQ le; esa gqvkA ;wuku vkSj jkse esa budh yksdfiz;rk bruh c<+h fd yksx bUgsa leqnzh tgk”kksa n~okjk vius&vius ns'kksa esa ys x,A ifjfpr µ tkudkj pedhyk µ pednkj oaQBuqek µ xys dh rjg panzkdkj µ panzek osQ vkdkj dk fuiq.k µ izoh.k iztkfr;k¡ µ tkfr;ksa osQ izdkj MSuksa µ ia[kksa jkspd µ #fpdj] euksjatd vkxeu µ vkuk yksdfiz;rk µ izfln~fèk bUgsa ,sls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaµ d.B µ oaQB iV~Vh µ iêhð n~okjk µ }kjk xje µ xeZ 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ iztkfr E;kaekj yksdfiz;rk èkkfj;k¡ eneLr 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) rksrs dgk¡&dgk¡ fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa\\ ([k) ^yky fljk* rksrs ns[kus esa oSQls gksrs gSa\\ (x) rksrs [ktwj osQ o`{kksa ij D;ksa tkrs gSa\\ 28 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) -r-k-sr--s -d---h---'-k-k-j-h-f-j-d----c--u--k-o--V---o--SQ-l--h---g-k-sr--h---g-S\\---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -r-k-sr--s -f-d---l----d--k-;--Z--d--k-s--d---j-u--s -e--sa--f-u--i-q.--k--g--k-sr--s -g--Sa\\------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -l--al--k-j---e--sa -f-d---r--u-s--i--zd--k-j---o--sQ---r-k-sr--s -i--k-,---t---kr--s--g--Sa\\----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) ;--wj--ksi----e--sa --r-k-sr--k-sa -d---k--v---k-x-e--u----d--c----v---kSj---o--SQ-l--s--g--qv--k-\\------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ yky] tgk”kksa rksrs] ukjaxh pdksakpjax---------------------------------------j-axgdksrhk (d) ^yky fljk* rksrs dh gksrh gSA ([k) ^panuk* rksrs osQ ia[kksa gSA (x) -------------------- lalkj osQ lHkh xje ns'kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA (?k) yksx rksrs dks -------------------- n~okjk vius&vius ns'kksa esa ys x,A fdLe&fdLe osQ rksrs 29
3- mfpr feyku dhft,µ vaMksa dks lsus dk dk;Z djrh gSA (d) rksrs isM+ksa osQ uhps eneLr gksdj iM+s jgrs gSaA ([k) lalkj vius ?kksalys o`{kksa osQ Nsnksa esa cukrs gSaA (x) Hkkjr osQ rksrksa osQ MSuksa esa ,d lkS vkB izdkj osQ rksrs ik, tkrs gSaA (?k) rksrs rkM+h ihdj ij yky èkCcs gksrs gSaA (Ä) eknk rksrk 4- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) rksrksa dks dkSu&ls o`{k vf/d #fpdj gksrs gSa\\ (i) lsey osQ (ii) ihiy osQ (iii) uhe osQ ([k) rksrs rkM+h ihus osQ fy, dkSu&ls o`{k ij tkrs gSa\\ (i) ukfj;y osQ (ii) [ktwj osQ (iii) lsey osQ (x) ^dkdkrqvk* rksrs dh NksVh tkfr dks D;k dgrs gSa\\ (i) yky fljk (ii) gjk rksrk (iii) dkeuqbZ (?k) rksrs oSQls ns'kksa esa ik, tkrs gSa\\ (i) xeZ (ii) BaMs (iii) jsfxLrkuh tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA 1- uhps fn, okD;kas eas ls fo'k\"s k.k 'kCn NkV¡ dj fyf[k,µ (d) rksrksa dh pksap yky gksrh gSA --------yky--------- ----------------------- ([k) rksrs dk jax pedhyk gjk gksrk gSA ----------------------- (x) rksrksa osQ ia[k ihys&gjs gksrs gSaA 30 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
(?k) ^yky fljk* rksrs dh vk¡[ksa 'osr o xqykch gksrh gaSA ----------------------- (Ä) eSuk osQ vkdkj okys rksrs dh iw¡N yach gksrh gSA ----------------------- 2- uhps fn, js[kkafdr 'kCnksa ls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,µ (d) panzkdkj & -----------o`Ùkkdkj----------- -----------vfèkdkj----------- ([k) oaQBuqek & --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- (x) xqykchiu & --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- (?k) yksdfiz; & --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 3- fuEu 'kCnksa esa ls lekukFkhZ 'kCnksa dks ,d lkFk fyf[k,µ x`g] fu'kk] owQy] fnol] isM+] u;u] rV] okj] lnu] ;kfeuh] r#] p{kq] o`{k] v---k-¡[-k-]---f-n-u--] fd--u--k-j-k-]--j--kr--] ?k-j------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- • if{k;ksa dks ?kksalys cukuk dkSu fl[kkrk gS\\ ;fn i{kh ?kksalys u cuk ikrs rks D;k gksrk\\ • rksrksa rFkk vU; if{k;ksa_ tSlsµc;k] dcwrj] fpfM+;k vkfn osQ ?kksalyksa osQ fp=k cukb, rFkk Hkwfe ij fxjs gq, ia[kksa dks mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fpidkdj ,d ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft,A • vkiosQ ?kj osQ vklikl dkSu&dkSu ls i{kh ik, tkrs gSa] lwph cukb,A fdLe&fdLe osQ rksrs 31
• if{k;ksa dks Lora=k jguk vPNk yxrk gSA ;fn vkiosQ ?kj dksbZ ¯itjs esa can i{kh dks ysdj vk, rks vkiµ (d) ml i{kh osQ nkus&ikuh dk è;ku j[ksaxsA ([k) i{kh ykus okys dks le>k,x¡ s fd if{k;kas dks c/a u eas ugha j[kuk pkfg,A (x) ¯itjk [kksydj i{kh dks mM+k nsaxsA • vkiosQ ?kj osQ fdlh dksus esa ;fn fpfM+;k us ?kksalyk cukdj] mlesa vaMs ns fn, gksa rks vkiµ (d) ?kksalys dks vaMs lfgr ckgj isaQd nsaxsA ([k) vMa kas ls cPps fudyus dh irz h{kk djxas s vkjS ?kklas ys dks ;Fkkor jgus nxas As (x) vaMksa dks lko/kuhiwoZd mBkdj Nr ij j[k nsaxs rkfd fpfM+;k mUgsa ysdj dgha vkSj pyh tk,A 32 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
(d) vks.ke dk R;ksgkj fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\\ (i) egkjk\"Vª (ii) iatkc (iii) rfeyukMq (iv) osQjy ( [k) iksaxy fdl jkT; dk izeq[k R;ksgkj gS\\ (i) gfj;k.kk (ii) rfeyukMq (iii) osQjy (iv) iatkc (x) bZlkbZ /eZ dk izeq[k R;ksgkj dkSu&lk gS\\ (i) fØlel (ii) bZn (iii) iksaxy (iv) cSlk[kh (?k) xka/h t;arh dc eukbZ tkrh gS\\ (ii) 2 vDVwcj (i) 15 vxLr (iv) 30 tuojh (iii) 14 uoacj (Ä) chgw u`R; fdl izns'k ls lacaf/r gS\\ (ii) osQjy (i) vklke (iv) rfeyukMq (iii) egkjk\"Vª ( p) Mksxjh Hkk\"kk fdl jkT; esa cksyh tkrh gS\\ (i) osQjy (ii) rfeyukMq (iii) vka/z izns'k (iv) tEew o d'ehj ( N) dUuM+ fdl jkT; dh Hkk\"kk gS\\ (ii) iatkc (i) fnYyh (iii) dukZVd (iv) egkjk\"Vª D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 33
(t) iatkc jkT; esa eq[;r% dkSu&lh Hkk\"kk cksyh tkrh gS\\ (i) mnwZ (ii) iatkch (iii) rfey (iv) dUuM+ ( >) Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk jktnwr dkSu Fkh\\ (i) ljksftuh uk;Mw (ii) fot;y{eh iafMr (iii) dLrwjck xka/h (iv) lqpsrk Ñiykuh (×k) ekmaV ,ojsLV ij p<+us okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkSu Fkh\\ (i) deyk usg: (ii) bafnjk xka/h (iii) cNsanzh iky (iv) vuhrk lwn (V) Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk eq[;ea=kh dkSu Fkh\\ (i) bafnjk xka/h (ii) lq\"kek Lojkt (iii) lqpsrk Ñiykuh (iv) 'khyk nhf{kr ( B) KkuihB iqjLdkj ikus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkSu Fkh\\ (i) egknsoh oekZ (ii) enj Vsjslk (iii) bafnjk xka/h (iv) yrk eaxs'kdj (M) ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkSu Fkh\\ (i) yrk eaxs'kdj (ii) enj Vsjslk (iii) egknsoh oekZ (iv) dYiuk pkoyk (<) bafXy'k pSuy rSjdj ikj djus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkSu Fkh\\ (i) ih-Vh- Å\"kk (ii) vkjrh 'kkg (iii) vfurk lwn (iv) dYiuk pkoyk (?k) (ii) (x) (i) ([k) (ii) (d) (iv) mÙkj% (t) (ii) (N) (iii) (p) (iv) (M-) (i) (B) (i) (V) (iii) (×k) (iii) (>) (ii) (<) (ii) (M) (ii) 34 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
7 f'kokth ik=k ifjp; f'kokthµ fganw jktk eksjksiarµ is'kok vkokth lksunsoµ lsukifr iq=ko/wµ dY;k.k osQ lwcsnkj osQ iq=k dh o/w (jktx<+ nqxZ osQ vkslkjk esa cSBs f'kokth eksjksiar osQ vkus ij mudk Lokxr djrs gq,A) f'kokth µ vkvks Iks'kok! cSBks] dgks D;k lekpkj yk, gks\\ eksjksiar µ (iz.kke djosQ cSB tkrk gSA) Jhear cgqr gh 'kqHk lekpkj gSA f'kokth µ (gf\"kZr gksrs gq,) rks D;k vkokth lksunso us thr dk ijpe ygjk fn;k! eksjksiar µ th ljdkj! vkokth lksunso us dY;k.k Ikzkar dks thr fy;k gSA f'kokth µ ;g rks cgqr gh 'kqHk lekpkj gSA eq>s lksunso tSls ohj lsukifr ls ;gh vk'kk FkhA (rHkh lksunso fot;h ean gkl osQ lkFk izos'k djrk gSA mlosQ ihNs ikydh fy, pkj flikgh vkrs gSaA) f'kokth 47
lksunso µ iz.kke Jhear! f'kokth µ vkvks lksunso! dY;k.k&fot; Ikj cgqr&cgqr c/kbZ gksA lksunso µ vkidks Hkh cgqr&cgqr c/kbZ gks ljdkj! ;g vkidk gh izrki gSA ge dY;k.k ij fot; ikus esa liQy jgsA f'kokth µ ;qn~/ Hkwfe esa gekjh lsuk us D;k dkS'ky fn[kk;k\\ lksunso µ Jhera ! gekjh lus k eas ,d ls c<d+ j ,d ohj gAaS ;nq /~ Hkfw e eas lHkh dk ;kxs nku ljkguh; gAS vf/Ikfr] ?kMq l+ okj] goynkj] uk;d] lcw ns kj] ,d g”kkjh] inS y lfS ud] bu lcdh ftruh Ik'z kla k dh tk, de gAS 'k=k&q lfS ud gekjh lus k oQs le{k oQq N fnu Hkh ugha fVd ik,A oQq N lfS ud ohjxfr dks ikz Ir g,q ] oQq N grkgr g,q A ftloQs dkj.k ge dY;k.k ij fot; ikus esa liQy jgsA ge dY;k.k dk lkjk dks\"k ywV yk,A pk¡nh] lksuk] ghjs] tokgjkr vkSj Hkh cgqr oqQNA f'kokth µ bls ywV dguk mfpr u gksxkA ;g rks Lons'k dk gh /u gS ftls fons'kh vkozQe.kdkjh ywVdj ys x, FksA ;g rks vius /u ij Ikqu% LokfeRo Ikkuk gSA lksunso µ gk¡ Jhear! vkt rd geus ftrus [k”kkus thrs gSa] ;g lcls cM+k gSA f'kokth µ (eqldjkrs gq,) og rks fn[kkbZ ns gh jgk gSA Ikj bl ikydh esa D;k yk, gks\\ lksunso µ bl ikydh esa ljdkj--- vkiosQ fy, fo'ks\"k migkj gS tks eSa vkidh lsok esa izLrqr djrk gw¡A f'kokth µ ,slk D;k gS blesa\\ lksunso µ Jhear dY;k.k osQ lwcsnkj vgen dh Ikq=ko/w dh lqanjrk osQ ckjs esa vkius lquk gh gksxkA eSa mls gh canh cukdj vkidh lsok esa yk;k gw¡A f'kokth µ (ozQksf/r gksrs gq,) ;g oSQlh ckrsa dj jgs gks lsukifr! (lksunso ?kcjk tkrk gSA mlosQ eq[k ij ilhus dh cw¡nsa mHkj vkrh gSa) 48 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
Rkqe tkurs gks! rqeus D;k fd;k gS\\ (ikydh ls fudydj vgen dh iq=ko/w flj >qdkdj [kM+h gks tkrh gSA) f'kokth µ (mlosQ ikl tkdj gkFk tksM+dj) {kek djsa nsoh! vius lsukifr osQ bl o`QR; osQ fy, eSa vkils {kek ek¡xrk gw¡A eSa cgqr 'kfe±nk gw¡ fd vkidks bl rjg canh cukdj tcju yk;k x;kA esjh n`f\"V esa izR;sd L=kh ek¡ osQ leku gS] vknj.kh; gSA fiQj pkgs og 'k=kq dh iq=ko/w gh D;ksa u gks\\ vki rfud Hkh fopfyr u gksaA eSa vkidks vkiosQ ?kj loqQ'ky igq¡pkus dk izca/ djrk gw¡A lksunso µ {kek djsa Jhear! cgqr cM+h Hkwy gks xbZA f'kokth µ Hkwy! Rkqe bls Hkwy dgrs gks] iki fd;k gS] ?kksj iki! rqeus f'kokth osQ uke ij dyad yxk fn;k gSA rqeus ekr`&'kfDr dk vieku fd;k gSA lksunso µ {kek djsa Jhear! {kekA f'kokth µ rqeus ;g oSQls lksp fy;k fd eSa fdlh ukjh dk vieku d:¡xk] mls cqjh n`f\"V ls ns[kw¡xkA D;k rqeus vkt rd eq>s ,slk ?k`f.kr dk;Z djrs gq, ns[kk gS\\ lksunso µ {kek djsa Jhear! {kekA f'kokth µ ugha lksunso! vkt rqeus gekjk flj 'keZ ls >qdk fn;k gSA D;k ge ukjh dh izfr\"Bk ywVus okyksa esa ls gSaA ;fn ,slk djsaxs rks geesa vkSj mu fons'kh vkozQe.kdkfj;ksa esa D;k varj jg tk,xk\\ (eksjksiar dh vksj ns[kdj) eksjksiar th jkT; esa ;g ?kks\"k.kk djok nhft, fd gekjs jkT; esa fdlh us Hkh ukjh dk vieku fd;k rks mldk flj dkV fn;k tk,xkA lksunso µ {kek djsa Jhear! {kekA f'kokth µ ugha lksunso! eSa rqEgsa {kek ugha dj ldrkA rqEgsa bl nsoh ls gh {kek ek¡xuh gksxhA ;fn ;s rqEgsa {kek dj nsaxh rks gh rqe {kekik=k cu f'kokth 49
ikvksxsA esjh vksj ls rqEgsa {kek rc feysxh tc rqe bUgsa loqQ'ky buosQ ?kj NksM+dj vk tkvksxsA lksunso µ (iq=ko/w osQ le{k gkFk tksM+dj) {kek djsa nsoh! eq>ls ?kksj iki gks x;k gSA (iq=ko/w {kek osQ Hkko osQ lkFk viuh lqj{kk dks vk'oLr gksrs gq,A lksunso f'kokth dh vksj ns[kdj) Jhear! nsoh dks muosQ ?kj NksM+dj vkus dh vuqefr nsaA iq=ko/w µ /U; gS ,slh ek¡ ftlus ,sls yky dks tUe fn;kA (ikydh esa cSBrs gq,) N=kifr f'kokth dh t;! lHkh µ N=kifr f'kokth dh t;! (lSfud Ikkydh dks okil ys tkrs gSaA) vkslkjk µ cjkenk] nkyku ijpe ygjkuk µ thr izkIr djuk ean gkl µ gydh g¡lh ohjxfr µ ;q¼ esa izk.kkar gksus ij feyus okyh xfr grkgr µ ekjs x, vkSj ?kk;y vkozQe.kdkjh µ vkozQe.k djus okys LokfeRo µ vf/dkj iq=ko/w µ iq=k dh iRuh o`QR; µ dk;Z Rkfud µ FkksM+k&lk loqQ'ky µ oqQ'kyrkiwoZd dyad µ /Cck ?k`f.kr µ ?k`.kk ;ksX;] fuanuh; 1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ 'k²enk vknj.kh; vk'oLr dY;k.k dkS'ky 50 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) eksjksiar us f'kokth dks dkSu&lk 'kqHk lekpkj lquk;k\\ ([k) f'kokth osQ ozQksf/r gksus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) f-'--k-o--kt---h--d---h--I-k-zl--U-u--r--k--d---k--D--;--k--d---k-j-.--k--F--kk-\\--------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) -fL--=-k-;--ksa--o--sQ---i-zf-r----f-'-k-o--k-t--h--o--sQ---f-o--p--k-j---o--SQ-l--s -F--k-s\\------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -f'--k-o--kt---h--u--s --l--wc--sn-k-j---d---h--i--q=-k-o--/--w--o--sQ--l---kF--k--D--;--k--f-d---;--k\\--------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (?k) v---g--e--n---d---k-Su---F-k-k-\\--------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) f'kokth osQ is'kok dk D;k uke Fkk\\ (i) lwcsnkj (ii) lksunso (iii) eksjksiar (iv) dY;k.k f'kokth 51
([k) lksunso us fdl izkar dks thrk Fkk\\ (i) dY;k.k (ii) ejkBokM+k (iii) HkhyokM+k (iv) egkjk\"Vª (x) Ikkydh esa D;k Fkk\\ (i) ghjs&tokgjkr ls Hkjs cDls (ii) dY;k.k osQ lwcsnkj dh Ikq=ko/w (iii) dY;k.k osQ jktk o jkuh (iv) lSfud dh fo/ok 3- mfpr 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ vieku] dY;k.k] 'keZ] ;ksxnku (d) lksunso us -------------------- izkar dks thr fy;k gSA ([k) ;qn~èk Hkwfe esa lHkh dk -------------------- ljkguh; gSA (x) rqeus ekr`&'kfDr dk -------------------- fd;k gSA (?k) rqeus gekjk flj -------------------- ls >qdk fn;k gSA 1- uhps fn, fjDr LFkkuksa esa lgh 'kCn Hkjdj okD; iwjs dhft,µ (d) lksunso fot;h ean gkl ------------- lkFk izos'k djrk gSA (dk@osQ) ([k) ge dY;k.k ------------- fot; ikus esa liQy jgsA (x) ikydh ------------- vkiosQ fy, fo'ks\"k migkj gSA (ij@ls) (?k) rqeus ekr`&'kfDr ------------- vieku fd;k gSA (ls@esa) (dk@dh) 52 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
2- js[kkafdr loZuke 'kCnksa dk Hksn fyf[k,µ ------------------------------ (d) ;g rks cgqr gh 'kqHk lekpkj gSA ------------------------------ ([k) vkidks Hkh cgqr&cgqr c/kbZ gksA ------------------------------ (x) eSa mls gh canh cukdj yk;k gw¡A (?k) geesa vkSj mu fons'kh vkozQe.kdkfj;ksa esa D;k varj jg tk,xk\\ ------------------------------ • N=kifr f'kokth osQ thou osQ ckjs esa ik¡p iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,A ;g Hkh tkusa! - • f'kokth 53
8 Lora=krk fnol Hkkjr oQs ohj lirw kas oQs i;z Ru ls Hkkjr ek¡ dh ijr=a krk oQs c/a u VVw As yxHkx 800 o\"kk±s dh ijk/hurk oQs i'pkr 15 vxLr] lu~ 1947 dks gekjk n's k Lor=a k gvq kA rc ls gh ifz ro\"kZ 15 vxLr ^Lor=a krk fnol* oQs :i eas euk;k tkus yxkA ;g gekjk jk\"Vhª ; ioZ gAS O;kikj djus dh vueq fr yds j vk, vxa ”sz kkas us pkykdh ls Hkkjrokfl;kas eas iQw V Mkydj n's k dks v/hu cuk fy;kA ijk/hurk ls NVq dkjk ikus oQs fy, Hkkjrokfl;kas us lu~ 1857 eas igyh ckj vxa ”sz kkas ls yMk+ bZ yMh+ ij liQyrk ugha fey ldhA mloQs ckn vxa ”sz k igys ls vf/d vR;kpkj djus yxAs ;g n[s kdj vuds n's kiesz h vkxs vk,A mUgkuas s Lor=a krk oQs fy, yca h yMk+ bZ yMh+ A vuds ykxs kas oQs R;kx vkjS cfynku ls gh n's k Lor=a k gks ldkA Lora=krk fnol lekjksg dk eq[; vk;kstu izfro\"kZ fnYyh osQ yky fdys ij fd;k tkrk gSA 15 vxLr osQ fnu iz/kuea=kh yky fdys dh izkphj ij frjaxk iQgjkrs gSaA frjaxs dks bDdhl rksiksa dh lykeh nh tkrh gSA lqj{kkcy Hkh frjaxs dks lykeh nsrs gSaA blosQ i'pkr iz/kuea=kh yky fdys dh izkphj ls Hkk\"k.k nsrs gSaA ns'k osQ lHkh dk;kZy;ksa ,oa laLFkkuksa esa vodk'k jgrk gS vkSj iwjs ns'k esa frjaxs >aMs iQgjk, tkrs gSaA Lora=krk fnol ij ge mu 'kghnksa dks Lej.k djrs gSa] ftUgksaus ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, g¡lrs&g¡lrs vius izk.k U;ksNkoj dj fn,A • ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, vius izk.kksa dh cfy nsus okys Økafrdkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs gq, cPpksa esa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkx`r djsaA 54 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
ns'k dks Lora=krk izkIr gq, yxHkx 75 o\"kZ gks x, gSaA bu o\"kks± esa ns'k dh Lora=krk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vusd ljkguh; dne mBk, x,A ^lcdks f'k{kk* tSls dk;ZØe pykdj vKkurk dh nklrk ls eqfDr ikus dk fujarj iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA foKku] [ksrh] LokLF; vkSj mn~;ksx] lHkh {ks=kksa esa Hkkjr us mUufr dh gSA gesa Hkkjr dh Lora=krk dks v{kq..k j[kus ,oa ns'k osQ fodkl osQ fy, fujarj izxfr osQ iFk ij vxzlj jguk gksxkA vla[; yksxksa osQ R;kx vkSj cfynku ls ns'k dks Lora=krk feyh gSA bldh j{kk djuk lHkh dk drZO; gSA ;g drZO; 'kkafr] izse] HkkbZpkjs vkSj ,drk ls gh iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA iz;Ru µ dksf'k'k ijra=krk µ ijk/hurk] xqykeh Lora=k µ vk”kkn izfro\"kZ µ gj lky ioZ µ R;ksgkj izkphj µ nhokj vodk'k µ NqV~Vh U;ksNkoj µ cfy] oqQckZu ljkguh; µ iz'kaluh; fujarj µ yxkrkj v{kq..k µ cuk;s j[kus vxzlj gksuk µ vkxs c<+uk bUgsa ,sls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaµ Lora=k µ LorU=k mn~;ksx µ m|ksx drZO; µ dÙkZO; Lora=krk fnol 55
1- if<+, vkSj cksfy,µ ijra=krk NqVdkjk laLFkkuksa U;ksNkoj vxzlj 2- lkspdj crkb,µ (d) Hkkjr fdrus o\"kks± rd vaxsz”kksa osQ v/hu jgk\\ ([k) Lora=krk fnol ij 'kghnksa dks D;ksa Lej.k fd;k tkrk gS\\ (x) vKkurk ls eqfDr oSQls izkIr dh tk ldrh gS\\ 1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ (d) L--o--r--a=-kr--k---f-n-o--l----d---c---v---k-Sj--D--;--k-sa --e--u-k-;--k--t---kr--k---g-S\\--------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) v---ax--zs”--kk-sa--u--s -H--kk-j-r----d--k-s--v--/---hu----o--SQ-l--s --c--u-k-;--k-\\---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) -i-zf-r--o--\"-k-Z -L--o--r-a=--kr--k--f-n--o--l----d--k---e--q[--;---v---k-;--kst---u---d---g-k-¡--v--k-Sj---o--SQ-l--s--g--ksr--k---g-S\\------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
(?k) L--o--r-=a-k-r--k--i-kz-f-I-r---o--Qs --i--'-p--k-r---H--kk-j-r---u--s -f-d---u-&--f-d---u---{-k-=s -k-kas--e-as--l--j-k-g--u-h-;---d---k-;-Z--f-d--;--k-\\- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mi;qDr mÙkj ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) 15 vxLr dks ge dkSu&ls ioZ osQ :i esa eukrs gSa\\ (i) ¯gnw ioZ (ii) jk\"Vªh; ioZ (iii) tSu ioZ ([k) Lora=krk dh igyh yM+kbZ dc yM+h xbZ\\ (i) 1850 esa (ii) 1757 esa (iii) 1857 esa (x) Lor=a krk fnol oQs volj ij frjxa s dks fdruh rkis kas dh lykeh nh tkrh g\\S (i) 21 rksiksa dh (ii) 18 rksiksa dh (iii) 20 rksiksa dh (?k) Lora=krk fnol ij ge fdUgsa Lej.k djrs gSa\\ (i) usrkvksa dks (ii) 'kghnksa dks (iii) iqj[kksa dks 3- mfpr 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ Hkk\"k.k] 'kghnksa] U;ksNkoj] frjaxs] bDdhl (d) frjaxs dks -------------------- rksiksa dh lykeh nh tkrh gSA ([k) izèkkuea=kh yky fdys dh izkphj ls -------------------- nsrs gSaA (x) iwjs ns'k esa -------------------- >aMs iQgjk, tkrs gSaA (?k) Lora=krk fnol ij ge -------------------- dks Lej.k djrs gSaA (Ä) 'kghnksa us ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, vius izk.k -------------------- dj fn,A Lora=krk fnol 57
4- uhps fn, okD;kas oQs lkeus lgh (3) vFkok xyr (7) dk fpgu~ yxkb,µ (d) vaxzs”k Hkkjr esa O;kikj djus vk, FksA ([k) 1757 esa Lora=krk dh igyh yM+kbZ yM+h xbZA (x) Lora=krk fnol lekjksg fnYyh osQ yky fdys ij gksrk gSA (?k) ns'k dks Lora=k gq, yxHkx 75 o\"kZ gks x, gSaA 1- uhps ikp¡ 'kCn rFkk muoQs foykes 'kCn fn, x, g]aS mUgas <<¡w d+ j vkeu&s lkeus fyf[k,µ liwr] Lora=k] ,drk] ijra=k] diwr] mUufr] K--ku---]---v---u--sd-- rk] µv ouf-r--]---v---K---k-u-- tSlsµ liwr µ diwr --------------- µ --------------- --------------- µ --------------- --------------- µ --------------- 2- ^=k* ,d la;qDr O;atu gS tks nks O;atuksa ls feydj cuk gSµr~ $ j ¾ =kA ,sls ik¡p 'kCn fyf[k, ftuesa =k l;qaDr O;atu dk iz;ksx gqvk gksµ =k µ Lora=k ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ 'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd lewg dks okD; dgrs gSaA okD;ksa dks iz'uokpd cukus osQ fy, ge dkSu] D;k] dgk¡] fd/j] fdruk] D;ksa 3- uhps fn, okD;kas eas i'z uokpd 'kCn Hkfj,µ vkfn iz'uokpd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA (d) ------------------------------ og vkt fnuHkj i<+rk jgk\\ ([k) os vkt ------------------------------ tk,¡xs\\ (x) ogk¡ ------------------------------ vk;k gS\\ (?k) vkidks ------------------------------ lkeku pkfg,\\ 58 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
4 - uiffoc r'zxhfhkjyjp{fax rkn ksk kfun ,&&&&& ' kCn---------------------------k---------sa ------------------d---------------------------k---------------------------o---------------------------k---------D------------------;---------------------------k---------sa------------------e---------------------------sa ------------------i------------------z;---------------------------k---------sx------------------------------------d------------------------------------h---------f---------t---------------------------,------------------µ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • ns'k dks Lora=k djkus osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls vkanksyu pyk, x,\\ • fp=k ns[kdj dfork dh oqQN iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,µ Lora=krk fnol 59
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • ^Lora=krk fnol* osQ vfrfjDr ^x.kra=k fnol* rFkk ^xka/h t;arh* Hkh gekjs jk\"Vªh; R;ksgkj gaSA bu R;ksgkjksa osQ fo\"k; esa tkudkjh ,d=k dhft, rFkk buls lacaf/r fp=k vH;kl iqfLrdk esa yxkb,A • ;fn vki fdlh lekjksg esa cSBs gksa vkSj jk\"Vªh; xku 'kq: gks tk, rks vkiµ (d) ogha cSBs jgsaxsA ([k) mBdj dgha vkSj pys tk,¡xsA (x) jk\"Vªh; xku dk lEeku djrs gq, lh/s [kM+s gks tk,¡xsA • ;fn vkiosQ le{k fon~;ky; esa dksbZ vifjfpr O;fDr lwVdsl] FkSyk] fVfiQu vkfn j[kdj pyk tk, rks vkiµ (d) mls [kksydj ns[ksaxsA ([k) bldh lpw uk fon;~ ky; oQs fdlh depZ kjh ;k vè;kid dks nxas As 60 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
(d) buesa ls Lok/hurk laxzke dh izfln~/ ;ks¼k dkSu Fkha\\ (i) dLrwjck xka/h (ii) y{eh nsoh (iii) y{ehckbZ (iv) lqpsrk Ñiykuh ( [k) ukb¯Vxsy vkWiQ bafM;k fdls dgk tkrk gS\\ (i) ljksftuh uk;Mw (ii) dLrwjck xka/h (iii) lq\"kek Lojkt (iv) yrk eaxs'kdj ( x) varfj{k esa tkus okyh Hkkjrh; ewy dh izFke efgyk dkSu Fkh\\ (i) lquhrk fofy;El (ii) dYiuk pkoyk (iii) Fkkel VSjh (iv) vkjrh 'kkg ( ?k) og dkSu&lk i{kh gS tks vius vaMs dks lsus osQ fy, nwljs i{kh osQ ?kksalys esa j[k nsrk gS\\ (i) (ii) dkSvk dks;y (iii) (iv) dcwrj xksjS;k (Ä) izkphu le; esa dkSu&lk i{kh lans'k&okgd dk dke djrk Fkk\\ (i) (ii) dks;y dcwrj (iii) (iv) xksjS;k eqxhZ D;k vki tkurs gSa\\ 61
( p) og dkuS &lk i{kh gS tks ,d Vkx¡ ij [kMk+ jgdj vius f'kdkj dh irz h{kk djrk g\\S phy fx¼ (i) (ii) dkSvk lkjl (iii) (iv) (N) og dkSu&lk i{kh gS tks dkyh ?kVk dks ns[kdj ukpus yxrk gS\\ (i) e;wj dks;y (ii) rksrk eqxhZ (iii) (iv) ( t) pkjksa vksj ls leqnz ty ls f?kjs LFkku dks D;k dgrs gSa\\ (i) tyeaMy (ii) n~ohi (iii) jsfxLrku (iv) HkweaMy (?k) (ii) (x) (ii) ([k) (i) (d) (iii) (t) (ii) (N) (i) (p) (iv) (M-) (ii) mÙkj% 62 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
11 Nkrs okyk cw<+k ,d cw<+k O;fDr FkkA og ,d NksVs&ls uxj esa ,d iqjkus] VwVs&iwQVs vkSj NksVs&ls ?kj esa vosQyk jgrk FkkA igys og vosQyk ugha Fkk] ij èkhjs&/hjs lc mls NksM+dj pys x, FksA mlosQ ?kj esa lkjh oLrq,¡ mlh dh rjg iqjkuh FkhaA ?kj dh iqjkuh oLrqvksa dks og isaQdrk ugha Fkk_ cfYd mUgsa mi;ksx djrk jgrk Fkk_ tSlsµmldk NkrkA Nkrk iQV x;k FkkA o\"kkZ esa tc cw<+k Nkrk [kksydj ckgj fudyrk rks Nkrs oQs Nns kas ls ikuh Vidrk jgrk FkkA mls ns[kdj uxj okys dgrs] ¶ckck] u;k Nkrk ys yks u!¸ cw<+k dgrk] ¶esjh rjg esjk Nkrk Hkh cw<+k gks x;k gSA ;g ejs k fe=k gAS bls oQS ls iQas d n\\¡w ¸ c<w +s us Nkrs oQs Nns kas ij diMs+ oQs Vdq Ms+ yxk fn, Fkµs dgha gjk] dgha yky rks dgha uhykA ,ls k fofp=k Nkrk uxj eas fdlh oQs ikl ugha FkkA ykxs mls n[s kdj dgr]s ¶yks vk x;k c<w s+ Nkrs okyk c<w k+ !¸ lc ml ij gl¡ rs rks cnys eas c<w k+ Hkh gl¡ nrs k vkjS dgrk] ¶gl¡ rs jgk djkAs gl¡ us ls LokLF; Bhd jgrk gAS ¸ ,d fnu dh ckr gAS o\"kkZ gks jgh FkhA c<w k+ Nkrk yds j ?kj ls ckgj fudykA Nkrs eas ls o\"kkZ dh cn¡w as Vi&Vi Vid jgh FkhAa og Hkhx x;kA ¶fcyoQq y cds kj!¸ c<w s+ us dgk vkjS xLq ls • o`n~/ksa dk lEeku djus dh lh[k nsrs gq, cPpksa ls ikB dk okpu djok,¡A • cPpksa ls iwNsa fd D;k muosQ ?kj esa o`n~/ gSaA ;fn gaS rks muosQ lkFk ifjokj osQ vU; lnL; oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gaS vkSj mudk è;ku oSQls j[krs gSa\\ 76 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
ls Nkrs dks ,d >kM+h esa isaQd fn;kA fiQj o\"kkZ esa Hkhxrk gqvk tkus yxkA ysfdu vf/d nwj ugha tk ldk D;ksafd Hkhxus ls mldk 'kjhj dk¡ius yxk FkkA og ,d cjkens esa cSB x;kA vc og lksp jgk Fkk] ¶Nsn okyk gh lgh] ij Nkrs ls oqQN cpko rks gksrk gh FkkA eSaus Nkrs dks D;kas isaQd fn;k\\¸ cw<+k ogk¡ ykSV vk;k] tgk¡ mlus Nkrs dks isaQdk Fkk ij Nkrk ogk¡ ugha feykA ^u tkus dkSu mBkdj ys x;k\\* ;g lksprs gq, fdlh izdkj yM+[kM+krk gqvk og ?kj igq¡pkA mls Nkrk [kks tkus dk cgqr nq[k FkkA og ”kksj&”kksj ls fpYykus yxk] ¶pksj dks Hkh esjk gh Nkrk feyk Fkk] pqjkus osQ fy,A vjs] og rks esjh rjg fdlh dke dk ugha FkkA¸ ,dk,d cw<+s dks yxk tSls dksbZ g¡lk gksA og fpYyk;k] ¶dkSu g¡l jgk gS\\ lkgl gS rks lkeus vkvks vkSj eq>ls ckr djksA¸ okLro esa] cw<+k fcyoqQy vosQyk FkkA mlls dksbZ Hkh ckr ugha djrk FkkA gk¡] lc yksx mldh g¡lh vo'; mM+k;k djrs FksA g¡lh fiQj lqukbZ nh] ij dksbZ fn[kkbZ ugha fn;kA lksp&lkspdj cw<+k O;koqQy gks x;kA fiQj u tkus dc mls uhan vk xbZA lius esa mls viuk Nkrk gok esa mM+rk gqvk fn[kkbZ fn;k rks uhan VwV xbZA mls vius Nkrs dk è;ku vk;kA og O;koqQy gks mBk_ tSls Nkrk ugha] mldk dksbZ I;kjk fe=k [kks x;k gksA cw<+k ?kj ls ckgj vk;kA o\"kkZ rs”k gks jgh FkhA rHkh og pkSad mBk D;ksafd mldk Nkrk njok”ks osQ ikl gh j[kk FkkA gk¡&gk¡] mlh dk Nkrk FkkA Hkyk vius I;kjs Nkrs dks igpkuus esa og Hkwy oSQls dj ldrk Fkk\\ cw<+s us yiddj Nkrs dks mBk fy;kA ysfdu ;g D;k! Nkrs esa cM+s&cM+s Nsn FksA mlus gjs] yky vkSj uhys diM+ksa osQ tks iScan yxk, Fks] mudks fdlh us m[kkM+dj isaQd fn;k FkkA Nkrs okyk cw<+k 77
^Hkyk D;k feyk gksxk pksj dks ,slk djosQ* ?kj osQ ckgj [kM+k cw<+k ;gh lkspdj nq[kh gks jgk FkkA o\"kkZ esa [kM+s&[kM+s gh mlus Nkrs dks dbZ ckj [kksyk vkSj can fd;kA ml ij gkFk fiQjk;kA rc mls vuqHko gqvk fd Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ls ikuh ugha Vid jgkA ^oSQlh fofp=k ckr gS!* cw<+s us vius&vki ls dgk] fiQj rhoz o\"kkZ esa viuk Nsnksa okyk Nkrk [kksydj [kM+k gks x;kA vjs lp! txg&txg Nsn gksus ij Hkh ikuh dh ,d cw¡n ugha VidhA ,slk yx jgk Fkk tSls fdlh us Nsnksa ij ,slk tknqbZ diM+k fpidk fn;k gks] ftlosQ vkjikj ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA o\"kkZ esa Nsnksa okyk Nkrk yxk, [kM+s cw<+s dks dbZ yksxksa us ns[kkA lcus ;gh le>k fd cw<+k lpeqp ikxy gks x;k gSA rHkh cw<+k fpYyk;k] ¶;g esjk Nkrk ugha gS] blesa Hkwr ?kql x;k gSA¸ mlus Nkrs dks mNkydj nwj isaQd fn;k vkSj ?kj osQ vanj pyk x;kA og jks jgk Fkk fd Hkyk ;g gks D;k jgk gS mlosQ lkFk! okLro esa] ;g peRdkj ,d ckSus dk FkkA og mlh >kM+h osQ uhps /jrh esa jgrk Fkk] tgk¡ cw<+s us Nkrk isaQdk FkkA ogh ckSuk Nkrs dks Bhd djus osQ ckn mls cw<+s osQ njok”ks ij j[k x;k FkkA ckSus us Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ij ,d tknqbZ ysi yxk fn;k FkkA blh dkj.k ikuh Nsnksa osQ Åij gh #d tkrk FkkA og fNidj cw<+s dks ns[k jgk FkkA cw<+s dks vn`'; ckSus dh gh g¡lh jg&jgdj lqukbZ ns jgh FkhA ckSus us cw<+s n~okjk isaQosQ x, Nkrs dks mBk fy;kA mlosQ eq¡g ls fudyk] ¶fofp=k cw<+k gSA eSa Hkyk bldh lgk;rk oSQls dj ldrk gw¡! eSa rks lksprk Fkk fd blosQ ?kj dh Nr ij Hkh ogh tknqbZ ysi yxk nw¡ ftlls o\"kkZ esa ikuh vanj u fxjsA ysfdu ugha] ;fn eSaus ,slk fd;k rks ;g cw<+k ?kj dks Hkh ^Hkwr?kj* le>dj dgha pyk tk,xkA¸ 78 nf'kZuh ¯gnh ikBekyk&4
ckSus us Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ij yxk tknqbZ ysi gVk fn;kA fiQj yky] gjs] uhys vkSj ihys diM+ksa osQ iqjkus iScan oSls gh yxk fn, tSls cw<+s us yxk j[ks FksA blosQ ckn og Nkrs dks njok”ks osQ ckgj j[kdj ogk¡ ls pyk x;kA fnu fudyk] o\"kkZ vc Hkh gks jgh FkhA cw<+s dh uhan VwVhA og vk¡[ksa eyrk gqvk ?kj ls ckgj fudykA mlus Nkrs dks ns[kk rks yiddj mBk fy;kA ¶gk¡] ;gh esjk Nkrk gSA igys okyk rks irk ugha fdldk Fkk\\ vo'; fdlh Hkwr dk gksxkA rHkh rks mlosQ Nsnksa esa ls o\"kkZ dk ikuh ugha Vidrk FkkA¸ dgrs gq, cw<+s us Nkrk [kksyk vkSj jkLrs osQ chpksa&chp [kM+k gks x;kA Nkrs osQ Nsnksa ls gksdj ikuh mlosQ flj vkSj 'kjhj dks fHkxksus yxkA ysfdu bl ckj cw<+s us Nkrs dks csdkj ugha dgkA mls isaQdk Hkh ugha] og izlUurk ls ph[k jgk Fkkµ¶esjk Nkrk fey x;k] esjk Nkrk fey x;kA¸ µrkboku dh yksddFkk mi;ksx µ bLrseky fofp=k µ vuks[kk iScan µ peRdkj µ iQVs oL=k dks flyus osQ fy, yxk, x, diM+s osQ VqdM+s tknqbZ ysi µ dfj'ek ckSuk µ NksVk] fBxuk tknw dk ysi vn`'; µ tks fn[kkbZ u ns Nkrs okyk cw<+k 79
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