( . . 1817) 3 (Triad) 1 Li = 7.0 Na = ( 7.0+39.1) / 2 = 23 K = 39.1
8 ( . . 1864) () 8 1 40 Law of Octaves (Ca)
No.1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 H 1 F 8 Cl 15 Co, Ni 22 Br 29 Pd 36 I 42 Pt, Ir 50 Li 2 Na 9 K 16 Cu 23 Rb 30 Ag 37 Cs 44 Tl 51 G 3 Mg 10 Ca 17 Zn 25 Sr 31 Cd 38 Ba, V 45 Pb 54 Bo 4 Al 11 Cr 19 Y 24 Ce, La 33 U 40 Ta 46 Th 56 C 5 Si 12 Ti 18 In 26 Zr 32 Sn 39 W 47 Hg 52 N 6 P 13 Mn 20 As 27 Di, Mo 34 Sb 41 Nb 48 Bi 55 O 7 S 14 Fe 21 Se 28 Ro, Ru 35 Te 43 Au 49 Os 51
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) Mendeleev 66 Eka-Aluminum (Ea) Gallium (Ga) Atomic mass 68 amu 69.9 amu Melting point Low 30.15 oC Density 5.9 g/cm3 5.94 g/cm3 Formula of oxide Ea2O3 Ga2O3
( . .1913) ) (
Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
43 , 61, 85, 87 93 43 Tc AMo(d,n) (A+1)Tc 1937 E. Se’gre C.Perrier(USA) 61 Pm 1945 J. Marinskii 209Bi( ,2n) 211At 85 At 227Ac 223Fr L. Glendinin(USA) 1940 E. Se’gre C.Perrier(USA) 87 Fr 93 Np 1939 M.Perey (France) 1940 E.M. McMillan P.H. Abelson
Synthetic From decay Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Mt = meitnerium 209Bi + 58Fe 266Mt + 1n Ds = darmstadtium Pb Cr (super heavy elements) 112 114
1A Representative Element 8A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Ds Rg
1. s l 1. , 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. + , 5. 6. 6.
1. “” + e- 2+ e-e- e- e- 4+ e- e- e- e- e-e- e- e- e-e- e- e- ee-e- - Li Be e- e- e- e- 3+ e- 5+ 6+ e- 7+ B e- e- F CN O
• ee--ee--+ee-- e- e- e- e- ee-ee---ee--+eeee---- e-e- e- e- e- e-
P, Si, N N < P < Si Li, C, Be, C < Be < Li Na, Al, P, Cl, Mg Cl < P < Al < Mg < Na
Atom Anion Cation Atom
8.3
N3-, F- N3- Mg2+, Ca2+ Ca2+ Fe2+, Fe3+ Fe2+ O2-, Cl- Cl-
2. IE1 + X (g) X+(g) + IE1 first ionization energy IE2 + X (g) e- X2+(g) + e- IE2 second ionization energy IE3 + X (g) X3+(g) + e- IE3 third ionization energy IE1 < IE2 < IE3
1 First Ionization Energy First Ionization Energy Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo 8.4
1 Filled n=1 shell Filled n=2 shell Filled n=3 shell Filled n=4 shell Filled n=5 shell 8.4
3. (Electron affinity, EA) 1 X(g) + e- X-(g) + EA F (g) + e- X-(g) O (g) + e- O-(g)
2A subshell s 1A 2A shield 1A subshell s Li electron affinity F Li, Na O, F
• IIA IIA ns2 np- ns2
4. (Electronegativity, EN)
(diagonal relationships) 8.6
IE, EA EN 3 IE, EA EN IE, EA EN
3 • sdf p • N, O, Cl •0
()
- - e- - e- - -
1. • • Be > Li, Ti > Ca • • •
- ( - 1A )
- K( 39) Rb ( 85) 203 216 pm Rb
2. IA IVA VA 0
**** ()
3.
: +1 +2 • s IA IIA •
(E0) F F2 + 2e- 2F- I I2 + 2e- 2I- Li+ + e- Li Li Cs+ + e- Cs Cs
- - IE, EN
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