Đêm trường Trung Cổ (TT)

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Nh\u00e0 Ih\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Charlres: nh\u00e0 fh\u00f2 ki\u1ec3u Gothic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1eeb fh\u1ebf k\u1ec9 12 \u0111\u1ebfn Ih\u1ebf k\u1ec9 13. Ki\u1ec3u Go\u00edhic l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1ecf \u0129\u00e2y \u00c2u sau ki\u1ec3u La M\u1edf, c\u00e1c th\u00e1p nh\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c Ir\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y. C\u00fa nh\u01b0 v\u1ed9y, Walfer v\u00f2 Brilan \u0111\u1ecf \u1ed5i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u1ec9h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.","\u0129\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3u \u1ec9h\u1ebf k\u1ec9 12, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ji h\u1ecdc \u00edh\u00f2i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecf Ir\u01b0\u1eddng dg\u1ef5 v\u1ec1 Ih\u1ed3n h\u1ecdc, lu\u1ed9l h\u1ecdc, ch\u00e2u Au Ihi nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u1ec3gi h\u1ecdc. \u1ec9ru\u00f2ng Dqi n\u1ecdc Bologna noi \u1ef4 N\u00c0Y, ^ ti\u1ebfnq ve lu\u00e0l h\u1ecdc, c\u00f2n Iruong \u0110\u1ecd \u2019 M\u1eccING\u01af\u1edcI hoc Pans va \u0110ai hoc Cambrigdc NH\u00ccNXEM,KIAc\u00f3 ihi ch\u00fa Ir\u1ecdng v\u1ebb than h\u1ecdc*. 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T\u1ea9ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y \u00fd r\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, khi l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111i thi n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo. Sm\u1ebe\u00ca\u1ea7v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao d\u1ecbch. Khi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u00f9a h\u1ecd. k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t Th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 kho\u1ea3n thu\u00ea' nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, v\u00ec th\u00ea' cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u00f4' n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 C\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, chi\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m trong tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 b\u00e1n, nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean mi\u00ean \u1edf th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi b\u1ecb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u00e1p b\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea7 nh\u1eefng C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n, chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c m\u00f3ng cho phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u quy\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u00c2u sau n\u00e0y. nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng de, khuy\u00ean Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n tn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Benedict Ct\u00ed B\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3o Sinh ra \u1edf La M\u00e3, Th\u00e1nh Benedict (480 - 547) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9n tu c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1edbng gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 529, t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Monte \u1ea9n tu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1eadt tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed1n tr\u1ea9n t\u1ee5c. Cassino c\u1ee7a Italy, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTu vi\u1ec7n Benedict\u201d. Tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng do c\u00e1c M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n tu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 tu s\u0129 b\u1ea9u ch\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Antonio ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 3. \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u1ea9n c\u01b0 n\u01a1i hoang m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1c, s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, mong mu\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ef1 \u0111au n\u0103m, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y _s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Sau khi v\u00e0o tu vi\u1ec7n, tu s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 linh h\u1ed5n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4-5, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec cao \u1ea9n tu su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tu tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di c\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. kh\u00e1t khao cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n tu thanh t\u1ecbnh. Ngo\u00e0i C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 trong tu vi\u1ec7n Benedict h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ea9u ra, tru\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i 5-6 ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d ng\u1eebng l\u0103ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c 4 ti\u1ebfng, ngo\u00e0i ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong 5 ti\u1ebfng. t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, thanh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea9n Tu s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng du\u1ee3c vi ph\u1ea1m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea9n tu c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 n\u01a1i ho\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1c hay tu luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u1ed7i tu vi\u1ec7n Benedict, sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00fac m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u. \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n Benedict. 4101","Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 25 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra ngo\u00e0i!\u201d H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00eam, nh\u1eefng thi th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong do m\u1ea9c ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe ch\u1edd d\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o \u0111i. gian \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1347 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1351. Do n\u01a1i \u1edf ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh k\u00e9m, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng trong th\u00e0nh C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1. Tuy c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch li v\u1edbi khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0, b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1t cao, n\u1ed5i h\u1ea1ch \u1edf b\u1eb9n, n\u00e1ch, c \u1ed5 - nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0i gi\u1edd sau khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u0103c b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn tu vi\u1ec7n xin tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ee9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd t\u1eed vong. gi\u00fap c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en t\u1edbi. Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn Baghdad v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Krym (Cr\u01b0m), n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en \u0111i\/\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n l\u00e2y lan \u0111\u1ebfn Genoa, ti\u00eap ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a. \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Paris v\u00e0 London, v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f2n l\u00e2y lan sang c\u1ea3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Scandinavia v\u00e0 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Nga. S\u1ef1 gieo r\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en d\u00e3 l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00f2ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch lan tr\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, ro r\u00e0ng l\u1ea7 b\u1eabt h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng co t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ngu\u1ed5n p\u1ed1c g\u1ea7y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en lan tr\u00e0n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00f4ng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t s\u00f4ng k\u00ed sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng rai tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u1eaff) n\u01a1i. th\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en tr\u00e0n qua, l\u1ef1c C\u00e1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n vi\u00ean \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u00f5 ph\u1ed1 k\u00eau l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng t\u0103ng g\u1ecdi: \u201cH\u00e3y chuy\u1ec3n thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n cao, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1eb5t \u0111\u1ea7u di chuy\u1ec3n ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c L\u1ea3nh ch\u00faa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u2019 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ebf C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn Trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c chung \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u x\u1ea3y ra chinh chi\u1ebfn li\u00ean mi\u00ean. Khi v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea5ng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm d\u1ecbu, sau khi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ra s\u1ee9c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u0129\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 do thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh nghi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00faa n\u00e0o. L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. chia nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c cho ch\u00e1u ch\u1eaft \u0111\u1eddi s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh chua, \u0111\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, tu vi\u1ec7n, b\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng... \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 lu\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Paris t\u1eebnp do hai l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa s\u1edf h\u1eefu. th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng nhanh v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea9n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb d\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa trong bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u00ea' m\u00e1 cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00eau danh m\u1ee5c thu thu\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n thu\u1ebf s\u1eed s\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y xay x\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec... 102 \u1ea7","Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea5n banh gi\u1eefa d\u1ea7n Ch\u1ee9ng thtf \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ecb d\u00e2n d\u00f9ng Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 phong ki\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb d\u00e2n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua can thi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa b\u1ea3o kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh khu v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng thu\u00ea' m\u00e1 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa l\u1edbn, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng... t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng Do \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c l\u1edd \u0111i. V\u00ec do th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa m\u00e1, mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao d\u1ed9ng... th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ecb d\u00e2n d\u1ea9n tr\u1ecf n\u00ean gay g\u1eaft. Th\u00ea' nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ee3c thl th\u1ecb d\u00e2n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. x&y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a thanh ph\u00f4' \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Qu\u00e1 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady k\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Lugdunum c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 1 n\u0103m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb d\u00e2n. VI th\u1ebf, \u1edf ch\u00e2u L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa th\u00e0nh Lugdunum l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1m \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: m\u1ee5c. N\u0103m 1108, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi th\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u1ecf \u201cKh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 do\u201d. ti\u1ec1n ra mua quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, vi\u00ean gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do thu h\u00fat ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu ph\u00ed. N\u0103m 1112, th\u1ecb d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u00e1nh t\u00ean gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t d\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft r\u1ed5i, th\u00e0nh Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1050, T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u1ed1 l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm ngh\u0129a bj qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 1%, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1n n\u0103m 1200, m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Lugdunum \u0111\u00e3 ban b\u1ed1 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh h\u00f2a T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 40 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 thi b\u00ecnh\\\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1128, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ed5n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 10% , c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ed5u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u0103 th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nghi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ed5n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 do th\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u1ea9u ra, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n v\u0169 trang v\u00e0.t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng do th\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u00e1u ra. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ebdn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c quy\u00e9n c\u1ee7a c\u1eefng x\u00e3 l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea9ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n.","s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u25a0 \u0168 * \u00ab suy tho\u00e1i trang n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Nghi\u1ec7p do\u00e0n \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, do th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecb cao, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e3nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 di ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Nghi\u1ec7p c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng. Cho d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng xu th\u1ebf n\u00e0y D\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh c\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tu\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u00f3c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n. Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n v\u0169 trang l\u1ed9t, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi th\u1ee3. ri\u00eang. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0103n l\u1edbn cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m cho c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m thay h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec3, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi thu mua v\u00e0 bao ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u th\u00ec c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t gi\u00fap \u00edch cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Cu\u00f4Tth\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, do kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ngh\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t H i B\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01b0ng tri\u1ec3n nhanh chonp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec mu\u00f4n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u00f4i \u0111a n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d hay \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0ang v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, h\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua John c\u1ee7a nu\u1ee1c Anh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u0129 k\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1215 du\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt, n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn, gi\u00e1o s\u0129, hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong d\u00e2n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 63 \u0111i\u1ec1u. \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d ngh\u1ec1. \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf th\u00e1i \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u01b0ng thu th\u00eam thu\u1ebf th\u1eeba Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1' Venice gi\u00e0n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9p, thu\u1ebf \u0111inh; t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, qu\u1ed1c Venice l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 giam c\u1ea7m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Italy. l\u00e3nh chua n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 Khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 \u0110\u00f4ng chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, do b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o Venice t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00ean t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. nh\u00e2n... Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n Venice c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed thl n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vua John c\u1ee7a nu\u1edbc Anh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, ngh\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u00e2t th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e9 b\u1ecf. tinh. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u00ea' v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Trong th\u1eddi kl c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n T\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ki 17, \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn chu\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u1ea7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 9 - 15, Venice lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 do bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 13 - 15, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Venice ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. lan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Crete, Cyprus v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Aegean. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Venice kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea7 \u2019M thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y \u00c2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Venice \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu 300 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n l\u1edbn, 3.000 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 46 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 36.000 ngu\u1eebi, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so b\u00ec.","Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Florance ph\u1ed3n hoa Florence n\u1eb1m b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Arno thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n Trung Italy, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Italy th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14 - 16 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Florence. D\u1ea9u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14, Florence l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 80 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 ng\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1206, \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng Florin do Florence \u0111\u00fac ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Florence c\u00f2n l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean manh nha ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14 - 15, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t len d\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t len d\u1ea1 v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u00ea' c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 70.000 - 80.000 s\u00fac v\u1ea3i, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00c1 - \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. V\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trang c\u1ed5 \u25a0\u25a0 V\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o Nh\u00ecn chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 450 khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 15. th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 s\u00f4' l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 k\u1ec3. \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 quan h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p, tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ed9 \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d l\u01b0u La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec3u H\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed5n t\u1eeb Italy, \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, kinh t\u1ebf nh\u00e0 th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc sau khi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef La tinh (Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9i ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 theo gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u1ef5 L\u1ea1p (Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh \u0111u\u00f4i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea9u \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d do hai b\u1ed9 \u201cC\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e2n th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ee7 \u01af\u1edbc\u201d h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u201cKinh ngh\u0129a anb Jh\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 ca ng\u1ee3i ph\u00e1i n\u1eef trong v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh\u201d v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec3u, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u00f3a Gothic th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. V\u1eady n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi bao g\u1ed5m b\u1ea3n \u201cSeptuagint\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u201cSinaiticus\u201d. Trung c\u1ed5 du\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i k\u0129 c\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ch\u1ea3y quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc phuong k\u1ec9 16, \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n T\u00e2y. ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. 105^k","_ Ch\u1ee7 nahia c\u1ea5m d\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u25a0 Th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh h\u1ec9\u1eacp 8\u0128 \u00bb TnTilJL I \u1ea9 Th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung Provence thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Th\u01a1 ca c\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m d\u1ee5c trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00e1p ch\u00ea' Provence b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1n cung \u0111\u00ecnh. d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Provence l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea9u s\u0129 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 sau, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, th\u01a1 ca n\u00e0y \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u00e1i m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ea' \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eef tu, \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n b\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phu nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. qu\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cAlbas\u201d (Kh\u00fac ca b\u00ecnh minh), n\u1ed9i dung mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00ed lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5m d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p c\u1ea3nh chia tay l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ch\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Th\u1ebf c\u00f4 g\u00e1i l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh sau cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 b\u00ed m\u1eadt. nh\u01b0ng, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i ham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nam gi\u1edbi D\u1ea9u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 13, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u201cd\u1ee5 d\u1ed7\u201d, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Provence s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111em th\u01a1 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tu vi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u1eef tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 sang t\u1eadn Italy, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t h\u01a1n nam tu vi\u1ec7n, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 1\/4 s\u1ed1 n\u1eef tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong tu vi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng Provence c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5m d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh hu\u1edfng nghi\u00eam th\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9ng l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7p s\u0129. tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nhi\u1ec3u g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 d\u00e2u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nam gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1ecd t\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y tu\u1ed5i. \u2022m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris th\u1eddi Trang c\u1ed5 Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111ent\u1ed1i c\u1ee7ach\u00e2uAu, ph\u1ea1m, l\u00f4gic, tu t\u1eeb, hlnh h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed1n dung th\u00e2n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 7 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ea7nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea1c s\u0129, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c danh Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed7i tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 trl gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 7 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh: th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng cha x\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 12, y h\u1ecdc... \u0111\u1ec3u c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch V\u0103n h\u1ecdc. S\u1ed0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, sau d\u00f3 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Paris r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 50.000 sinh vi\u00ean. nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 tuong lai c\u00f3 l\u00e0m cha x\u1ee9 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc Sorbonne) c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ed1 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec3u d\u1eb7c quy\u1ed5n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed5ng ch\u1ecbu tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac v\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 7 m\u1ed7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: v\u0103n v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1."]