Đêm trường Trung Cổ (TT)

["arlemogne \u0110\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9i, l\u1ed9p \u1ec9rung ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ecdi i Norman. L\u1ea0SIaco\u00f3tTaH\u1ec2 f N\u1ebeUTA\\\\ G\u1ee4CNG\u00c2D\u1ec2 VM\u01af\u00c0\u01a0RNAG\u0110QIUT\u1ed0HC\u00cc D\u00c0NGNH\u01af \u25baN_\u00c0TYH\u0110\u1ebeS\u00c2\u1ebaYN\u00c0?NOH\u01af> V\u1eacY... CT\u1ee6HBAU\u1ec6CNYBHH\u00ca\u1ec6\u01afNTAHG\u00cc\u1ea0?NI\u1ea2H\u0110M\u00c3.","\u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u1ed5m 814, v\u1ecb qu\u00e1n vuong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a CHARLESMASTEL v\u1ec9 \u0111gi khai s\u00e1ng th\u00f2i \u1ec3gi m\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u gia t\u1ed9c Karolinger PEPIN \u00c1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0 bu\u00f2ng tay v\u1ec1 V\u00d3I Ir\u00f2i, hu\u1ecfng th\u1ecd 72 tu\u1ed5i. Sau khi Charlemagne \u0110\u1ee3i \u0111\u00ea qua \u0111\u1eddi, con trai c\u1ee7o \u1ed3ng l\u00e0 Loui\u1ec9 I l\u00e8n ng\u1ed3i. CHARLEMAGNE Nh\u01b0ng sau khi Louis I CHARLEMAGNE \u0110\u1ea0\u1ec8 \u0110\u1ebe qua \u0111\u1eddi, ba ng\u01b0\u00f2i con Irai B\u1ea0\u1ec8B\u1ebe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng li\u00ean l\u1ee5c tranh ch\u1ea5p Innh \u1ecbhn LOUISI [LOUISM\u0169 B\u1ea0O] Con irai fh\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Louis I c\u00f9ng t\u00ean CONTRAI C\u1ea2. !\u00e0 Pepin, do m\u1ed5c b\u1ec7nh LOTHAIR1 1 n\u00ean \u1ec3\u00f5 s\u00f3m qua \u0111\u00f2i. CONTRAI CONTRAI \u00dcT. ^ TH\u1ee8BA. CHARLESH\u00f4i I -\u1eca (CHARLES II)","\u1ef4 C\u1ee9CHIA N l\u1ea3TnHh\u00c0LtN\u00c0hH\u1ed5xBoqAnuPg\u1ed1H!c\u1ea6Ngia \u0129\u1edbi n\u00f5m 870, ng\u01b0\u00f2i con Irai c\u1ea3 (\u1ee7a Louis I l\u00e0 Lofhair I qua \u0111\u00f2i, \u1ec9\u00e2nh fh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f3ng b\u1ecb hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi em v\u00e0 con Irai c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Lofhair I chia nhau, h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u00f3c Meerssen, f\u1ee3o n\u00ean h\u00ecnh H\u00ec\u00f9 \u1ec3\u1ed3u li\u00ean c\u1ee7a ba qu\u1ed1c gia: \u0110\u1ee9c, lloly v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay. 5 n\u0103m SQU khi k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Meerssen, vuong qu\u1ed1c lialy di\u1ec7t vong. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed9n Ih\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o ^ Italy v\u1ea7nch\u01b0ad\u01b0\u1ee3cth\u1ed1ngnh\u1ed1i.","\u1ed1l\u0129 NG\u01af\u1edcI { |j\u1eca|M E 3 |M te \u00a9 i? n T a n NORMAN \u0110\u1ebeN K\u00cc\u1ea0, Sa\u00ec\u1ec4ie\u0129iilm i\u0129m S^ g\u1ec9\u00ecnhi MAU CH\u1ea0Y \u0110l! ; HA ha... ^ y \u0110\u1ea0I D\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00caN TO\u00c0N TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI L\u00c0 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG TA\u0128 T\u1ea4T C\u00c1 CH\u00c2U B\u00c1U TR\u00caN TH\u1ebe GIAN \u0110\u1ec0U THU\u1ed8C s \u0111 H\u1eeeU C\u00daA CH\u00d3NG TA... ~ 48 \u1ea7","NGU\u00d2I NORMAN V\u1edaI 3 N\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eaeC \u00c3u B\u1ecb g\u1ecdi \u1ec9\u00e0 h\u00e0i t\u1ed9c, ngu\u00f2i Norman \u1ecf v\u00f9ng Bac Au gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh sinh s\u1ed1ng d\u1ee5a v\u00e0o s\u00e2n b\u1edbt c\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u00edr\u1ed3ng Ir\u1ecdi H\u1ecd gi\u1ecfi vgn h\u00e0nh t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n* fren bi\u1ec3n. 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CNHNG\u00daG\u01af?\u01af\u01a0V\u01a0I\u1eacIsVC\u1ea5\u1ea2nTH\u0110s\u00cc\u00e0\u1ea4NYnH,g\u1edc V haha. H\u00c1? KH\u00d4NG C\u1ea6N TUY\u00caN TH\u1ec6 C\u0168NG KH\u00d4NG SAO...","NGS\u00f4\u01afAl!\u1edcOBIC\u1ec6KHHH\u1ee8\u1ed5\u1ea0N?,G fL\u00c3NNHG\u00c0CHI\u00daL\u00c0AMT\u00c0\u1ed8ITGI\u1eceI. ^ PH\u1ea2Ic\u1ed1g\u1eafng' W Cv\u00d9\u00ec AH\u1ea0NNHH\u00c2NPHD\u00da\u00c2CN w \u2014NH\u2014\u00c9\u2014... ^ C\u1ed0TAg\u1eafS \u00c8ng! T\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb c\u1ee7 a c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc N orm andy b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1eddi sau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m. 53","N\u1edfm 1066, c\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1edbc Normondy l\u00e0 William t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, noi m\u00e0 ngu\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon fh\u00f4ng Ir\u1ecb.","","v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank s\u1ee9c b\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi German. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 3, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Frank V\u00fc\u00f6ng c\u1ee7a Pepin, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Frank \u0111\u1ed5i sang tri\u1ec1u h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed5n s\u00f4ng Rhine. \u0111\u1ea1i Karolinger. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, B\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4-5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank chia l\u00e0m 2 nh\u00e1nh: Pepin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard, \u0111em v\u00f9ng M\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank Ripuarian, nh\u00e1nh c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cNg\u0169 th\u00e0nh\u201d t\u1eeb Ravena t\u1edbi Rome gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank Salian. t\u1eeb tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard d\u00e2ng cho gi\u00e1\u1ecd ho\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cPepin hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d. N\u0103m 486, th\u1ee7 \u00ed\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank Salian l\u00e0 Clovis d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, N\u0103m 768, Pepin qua \u0111\u1eddi, con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Gallia, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 Charlemagne th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i vua. Trong th\u1eddi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank - tri\u1ec1u gian cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i Merowinger. Cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Merowinger, th\u1ef1c Karolinger \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba, c\u00f2n 46 n\u0103m, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n 50 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ecf r\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00f4ng vua l\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d do kh\u00f4ng lo l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Frank bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y \u00c2u. N\u0103m 741, Pepin ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba t\u1eeb cha m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed5 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i vua n\u00ean ra Ng\u01b0\u1eddi German l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u0129 5 TCN, h\u1ecd l\u1ea7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc \u00c2u xung T\u00e1y \u00c2n quanh b\u1edd B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Baltic. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4-5, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 370, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u00eam ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, r\u1ed3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi German chia l\u00e0m hai nh\u00e1nh l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Hung N\u00f4 h\u00f9n\u1ecd m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. Nh\u00e1nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh gi\u00e1p ranh s\u00f4ng Danube c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00ea qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng La th\u1ed5 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc \u00c2u, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean cua ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5ng bang Hungary l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. V\u00e0o Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, Na Uy v\u00e0 \u0110an M\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e1nh th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 5, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Attila, \u0111\u00ea' qu\u1ed1c Hung N\u00f4 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n ph\u00eda Nam th\u00ec l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00e1nh \u0110\u00f4ng - b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1ecdn roi T\u00e2y: nh\u00e1nh ph\u00eda D\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ostrogoth, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cua Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d. Vandal v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Burgundy, tr\u00f4n d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i d\u1eb1ng d\u1eb7c, h\u1ecd d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n cung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c N\u0103m 441, Attila ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c ven b\u1edd \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. C\u00f2n nh\u00e1nh b\u00f4n b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Danube thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Balkan. N\u0103m 443, Hung N\u00f4 ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00ea' ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m: qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, mui ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9 nh\u00e2t l\u1ea7 nh\u00f3m sinh s\u1ed1ng ven b\u1edd B\u1ea9c H\u1ea3i. th\u00e0nh Constantinopolis. \u0110\u1ea9u n\u0103m 451, h\u1ecd b\u0103ng qua s\u00f4ng Rhine ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, l\u1ea9n H\u1ecd tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ti\u1ebdn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan ng\u00e0y l\u01b0\u1ee3t chinh ph\u1ea1t B\u1ec9, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Arras, Metz thu\u1ed9c nay, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh to ph\u00eda B\u1eafc x\u1ee9 Gallia. N\u0103m 452, h\u1ecd x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, n\u01b0\u1edbc Italy, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c nhi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3: Aquileia, Patavium, Verona, Brescia, Bergamo, M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Milan... Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 453, Attila \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1ed7ng Rhine - s\u1ed3ng Weser, \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Hung N\u00f4 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gu\u1ee3ng d\u1eady n\u1ed5i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bj di\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ti\u1ebdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi vong. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 Hessen n\u01b0\u1edbc O\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ki c\u0169ng d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n h\u00f2a th\u1ee9 3 h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank. tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u1ea7 nh\u00f3m s\u00f4ng Elbe, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Swabia n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, s\u00f4' c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ti\u00f4n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bavaria. \u1ea2 5\u1ebc ______________","Th\u1ea3 Gnh qu\u00e0n 8\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a German ng\u01b0\u1eddi German Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea9u, do tranh gi\u00e0nh Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i German, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00f4 ngu\u1ed5n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n sinh s\u1ed1ng n\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00ed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u1ed5 ra chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u00ec vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u1ebf, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi German ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 giao thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i... v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd do \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n sau, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c do qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u00fd ch\u00fang b\u1ea9u ch\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea9n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn t\u1eeb gia \u0111inh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. m\u1ea1nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn trong b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c do h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee7 \u1ec9\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua. c\u1eadn v\u1ec7, h\u1ecd tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u1ec9\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed, th\u1ee9c \u0103n, Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m cho h\u1ecd. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trong khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft li\u1ec1u v\u0169 trang. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c g\u00ec th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n do h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch g\u00f5 v\u0169 kh\u00ed r\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed5ng thanh h\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7 t\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. qu\u00e2n trung th\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea9u trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn T\u00e2y \u00c2u m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u nghi th\u1ee9c, quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. trong tay h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, th\u1ee7 \u00ed\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u00f9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia do ng\u01b0\u1eddi German th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp sau n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u00f2ri German xim chi\u1ebfm Tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea1i Merowinger La N\u00e1 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb vuong qu\u1ed5c Frank. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf kl 3-4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi German d\u1ea9n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t v\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea9u th\u1ebf ki 4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1i di xuy\u00f4n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La c\u01b0. H\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eeba s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 M\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scheldt, Moselle, Rhine \u0111\u1ec3 di c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam. German l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 trang \u0111i \u0111\u1ea9u, tr\u00f4n R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi German d\u1ea7n d\u1ea9n \u0111u\u1ee3c th\u0103ng c\u00e1c xe b\u00f2 k\u00e9o \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh l\u1ea7 cha m\u1eb9 con ti\u1ebfn l\u1ebdn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3, c\u00e1i c\u00f9a h\u1ecd. th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c quan t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 \u0111a ph\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec1u N\u0103m 481, sau khi Clovis I l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 tr\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi German. th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f9 \u1ec9\u0129nh qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank, \u00f4ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c d\u1ea9n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn Cu\u1ebfi th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 hung h\u00e3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam. N\u0103m 486, Clovis I giao chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2m lu\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi German men theo v\u1edbi t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00f9a La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Syagrius trong tr\u1eadn bi\u1ebdn gi\u1edbi di c\u01b0 \u1ed5 \u1ea1t v\u00e0o La M\u1eab, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh Soissons. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank to\u00e0n th\u1eafng, nh\u00e2n c\u01b0 tai \u0111\u1ed1. d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm lu\u1ed3n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Seine v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Loire. Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e9n Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Germ an c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp vixmg qu\u1ed1c Frank, Clovis h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng r\u1eabi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c I tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00f4n c\u1ee7a v\u00fc\u00f6ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Au sau n\u00e0y. Frank, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t tay \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea5y t\u1ebdn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c l\u1ea7 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Merowinger. 57 \u1ed5 i","\u25a0 M\u00a1 H B\u1ed9 ln\u1eadt Salic \u201cB\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Salic\u201d t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5ng \u00fd th\u00ec s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n m\u1edbi di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi Frank ngu\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p. Trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u00f2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c n\u01a1i thu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 6. khu r\u1eebng, b\u00e3i ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ao \u0111\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3u do qu\u1ed1c V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 3-4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec t\u1eeb x\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n x\u1eed l\u00ed. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng coi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 sang n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, quan h\u1ec7 v\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1edfng ban cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea9n th\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u1edf mi\u1ec1n d\u1ea9n d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng. th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Tr\u1eeb ngu\u1eddi Frank ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn li\u00ean mi\u00ean, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. B\u1ed9 th\u1ee7 \u1ec9\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lu\u1eadt chia ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng La M\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ti\u1ec7c v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec1u, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Frank \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf. Hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1u s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 6, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Qu\u1ed1c Sau khi chinh ph\u1ea1t x\u1ee9 Gallia, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi German v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1ee3c La M\u00e3 x\u1ee9 Gallia \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn: s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn T\u00e2y \u00c2u. qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ngu\u00f4i t\u1ef1 do, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf nhi\u1ec3u v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, s\u00e1t h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 2 ki\u1ec3u: M\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ki\u1ec3u kia l\u00e0 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 x\u1ee9 Gallia. tri\u1ec3u \u0111\u00ecnh. Trong l\u00e0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp C\u01af. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng d\u1ec3u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cna ch\u1ea5 d\u1ed9 phong kl\u1ea5n Frank S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Frank N\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 6, do chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u1ebdn mi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eadp trung h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn T\u00e2y \u00c2u. v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea9u khi chinh ph\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 Gallia (thu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n th\u00ec \u0111em \u201chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 cua La M\u00e3), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank ph\u00e2n chia v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f4ng x\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng Do th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, quy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c vi\u00dfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i suy y\u1ebdu, th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1eddi v\u00e0o tay c\u1eadn v\u1ec7. V\u1ec1 sau, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba. Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1eeb n\u0103m 715 c\u1ed3ng h\u1eefu l\u1ea7m ph\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng ban cho c\u00e1c quan d\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 741 c\u1ee7a gu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba Charles Martel, \u1edf th\u1ea9n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea9n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edd h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec3u Frank x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1i \u1ea5p* m\u1edbi, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e2u r\u00f4ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p phong \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai nh\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110ong th\u1eddi, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng thay Trong th\u1eddi gian 270 n\u0103m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 binh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki binh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh Merowinger (n\u0103m 481 - 751), \u0111o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa ch\u00faa nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0m n\u1ec3n t\u1ea3ng, n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c h\u1ed7n chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00f4n ngo\u00e0i x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u00e1nh m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba vj ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1eef\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111i l\u00ednh v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec3u Frank, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec3n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111e qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9a Charlemagne. \u0111\u1ea5t dai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank t\u1ef1 do v\u1ea7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 t\u1ef1 do r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. Th\u1ebf l\u1ea7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi (l\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdt tr\u00f4n nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t cua l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. \u1ea8 (* ) Ph\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f9a quan l\u1ea1i, c\u1ed5ng th\u1ea7n hay qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111 c vua ban c\u1ea5p.","Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3a Charles \u201cM\u00f3n qu\u00e0 coa Constantinos\u201d Hartal T\u1eeb x\u01b0a t\u1edbi nay, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cM\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Constantinus\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Trong th\u1eddi gian Charles Martel l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba, minh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c minh s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng suy y\u1ebfu, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i khi \u1ea5y, \u0111ai. s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn vu\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank bj \u0111e d\u1ecda. Tru\u1edbc t\u00ecnh T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do Constantinus h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, Charles Martel b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ea' \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 312, ghi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i \u1ea5p. ch\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 Silvestre d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Constantinus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1eefa C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i \u1ea5p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n b\u1ec7nh phong. Sau khi kh\u00f2i b\u1ec7nh, Constantinus \u0110\u1ea1i phong \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m k\u00edch, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n phong c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Italy l\u00e0m m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n b\u1ecb th\u00e2n \u00f4ng th\u00ec di c\u01b0 v\u00e9 ph\u00eda th\u00e0nh Constantinopolis. t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9\u1ecd c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u00f3 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 15, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho con ch\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng Lorenzo Valla d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gl m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 \u1ec9\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u00f3 c\u00e1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, suy th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 k\u1ecb binh cho ngu\u1eddi ph\u00e2n phong. \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 gi\u1ea3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n sau khi quy \u201cM\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Constantinus\u201d tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n thu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n phong th\u00e1i \u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay. ph\u00e2n phong N\u0103m 800, Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Qua cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Charles Martel d\u00e3 x\u00e2y T\u00e2y \u00c2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trao v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ecb binh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M \u00e3\u201d. Nh\u1eefng d\u0169ng s\u0129 c\u00f9ng Nam y\u00ean nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m chinh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t v\u1edbi \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 du\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. \u201cB\u1ec1 t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9n\u201d, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cPaladin\u201d, t\u1ee9c \u201cTh\u00e1nh k\u1ecb s\u0129\u201d . T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 12 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh kj s\u0129. Ho\u00e0ng d\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u1ea7 Ch\u1eef \u201cTh\u00e1nh\\\" trong \u201cTh\u00e1nh k\u1ecb s\u00ec\\\" b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed5n N\u0103m 799, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo III b\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c La t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u01a1 D\u1ed1c M\u00e3 giam c\u1ea9m, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 th\u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank gi\u00e1o. Trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u ra. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 800, Charlemagne \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eefng anh d\u0169ng thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tinh th\u00f4ng th\u00e2n h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Rome. thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Ngu\u1ed5n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201ck\u1ecb s \u0129\u2019 l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd gi\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a. Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m 800, Charlemagne v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n S\u1edf \u0111\u0129 c\u00f3 12 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh k\u1ecb s\u0129 l\u00e0 do Ch\u00faa Jesus c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i \u1edf l\u1ea1i Rome. T\u1ea1i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Peter, 12 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00f2n 12 vj Th\u00e1nh k\u1ecb s\u0129 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1ed3ng d\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 Misa do gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo III l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u1ed9i th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 \u1edf g\u1ea9n Charlemagne ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ef3 xu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i d\u1ebf. \u0111\u00e0n, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1u Charlemagne, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi h\u00f4n l\u00ean v\u1ea1t \u00e1o c\u1ee7a -Charlemagne theo t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed5ng thanh hoan h\u00f4. Nghi th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 cho Charlem\u1ea1gne tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u00f9a ng\u00f4i V\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3. VI th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Frank c\u0169ng l\u00ean cao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c D\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Charlemagne. \u00ab1","Tri\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea1i Karolinger * ! Vua Papin hi<n d \u00edl N\u0103m 741, con trai c\u1ee7a Charles Martel thu\u1ed9c gia N\u0103m 751, qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba Pepin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u1ed9c Karolinger l\u1ea7 Pepin ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba th\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank t\u1eeb cha. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi Charles M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nhu nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c Martel l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Merowinger ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Merowinger li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a. C\u00f2n gia t\u1ed9c Karolinger c\u00e1ch d\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng? tuy danh ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Merowinger nhung th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i tiflng \u0111u\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Do hi\u1ec3u \u00fd, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u00e8n l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c h\u1ed5i \u00e2m ngu\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc v\u01b0dng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch, n\u00ean mi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ngu\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n thay th\u1ebf. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Pepin b\u00e8n tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd N\u0103m 751, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La t\u1ed9c Frank \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd b\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1eed M\u00e3, Pepin nh\u1eadn v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pepin I. N\u0103m 753 (c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 754), gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Stephen I \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Karolinger. Gallia \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho vua Pepin. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 754 v\u00e0 756, vua Pepin \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Italy chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard, bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Italy cho gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cVua Pepin hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t . Trang tr\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Binh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank trang tr\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn N\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong trang tr\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn chung chia l\u00e0m trang tr\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, do n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng canh l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3u chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa 3-4 ng\u00e0y c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n th\u00ec th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trang tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. gian c\u00f2n t\u0103ng th\u00eam. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 doanh ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu cua Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u00ecn l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 giao cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n canh chung th\u01b0\u1eddng do m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00f4n trang t\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu ho\u1ea1ch du\u1ee3c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p luong Trong c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ra, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Trong trang tr\u1ea1i c\u0169ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1p d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed1n c\u1ee7i. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u201cc\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. Trang tr\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt trang tr\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 minh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i, s\u1eaft... th) m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. \/-'X","D\u00f9ng ch\u1ebf d\u1ed9 th\u00e1i \u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 long l\u1ea1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e0n Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Karolinger t\u1eeb th\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba Charles th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Martel \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1i \u1ea5p. Sau Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th) s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i khi Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ea' l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e3nh chuy\u1ec3n giao gi\u1eefa th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 8 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 9, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ch\u00faa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a phong th\u00e1i \u1ea5p g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3u \u0111\u00ecnh, tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u00e1c chinh chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt t\u01b0 qu\u00e2n nhu v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. l\u1eadp ch\u00ea' \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, Charlemagne \u0111em t\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111a ph\u1ea9n do nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Karolinger, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi do nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 vua, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ecbch thu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi chinh ph\u1ea1t do vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i... c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00e1i \u1ea5p ph\u00e2n phong. S\u1edf d\u0129 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1i \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00ea' qu\u1ed1c Charlemagne, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00e3nh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u00e1i \u1ea5p, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1ea9n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00ec qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. th\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n phong \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd c\u1eady c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. C\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank \u0111ua nhau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u00e1i \u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u1eed th\u00e1i \u1ea5p d\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e0n phong B\u00e9' qu\u1ed1c Charlemagne d\u1ee9\u1ef1c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed5i \u0110\u00ea' qu\u1ed1c Charlemagne l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c phong ki\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i \u1ea5p l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng ban cho, n\u00f3i chung m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o m\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 T\u00e2y \u00c2u, do con trai c\u1ee7a Pepin l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u00f4ng Charlemagne x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n x\u1eed l\u00ed. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t Sau khi Charlemagne \u0111\u0103ng quang, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n phong th\u00ec l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh sau ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. m\u00e0 \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea' qu\u1ed1c Charlemagne. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 9, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf V\u00e0o n\u0103m 877, vua Charles H\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 ban b\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c Charlemagne b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng \u201cS\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Kiersy\u201d ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p s\u00f4ng Elbe sang ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u00e0 ven b\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba k\u00ea' th\u00e1i \u1ea5p ki\u1ec3u cha truy\u1ec1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00eda B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, ph\u00eda Nam con D\u1ed1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1i \u1ea5p bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cha gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c T\u00e2y \u00c2u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.","Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 ttftfng th\u00e1nh Nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Leon III kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng N\u0103m 726, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Leon III tay tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u0169 trang. \u0111\u00e3 ban chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1nh, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t N\u0103m 730, Leon III b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1nh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Constantinopolis. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng do gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7nh n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Gregory III kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, cu\u1ed1i tu vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t tu s\u0129 b\u1ecb \u00e9p ho\u00e0n t\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 731 \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1o t\u1ecbch* tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Leon III v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf. t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng Leon III l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0103n mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea3 mi\u1ebfng, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf Trong phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Leon III gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda Nam \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd Italy. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1ed9c cung \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n 1.000 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00ea' hu\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, chung ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, t\u1eeb h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u1ed7 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 6-7 \u0111\u1ea1o cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 9-10, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t V\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 then ch\u1ed1t. phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Constaninopolis, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n n\u1ed5 ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 trang. B\u1ea5 qu\u1ed1c B\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 H\u1ec8\u1eacp t\u00ed\u1ee9c Verdun \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 843, sau kh\u00ed ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Louis I ho\u1ea3ng, kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Rome d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t \u0111i qua \u0111\u1eddi, ba ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u00f9ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n chia t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u0103m 330 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Verdun (thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda O\u00f4ng B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf Constantinus \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay). n\u01a1i kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ea5y Byzantium l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Constantinopolis. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 Theo hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank c\u0169 b\u1ecb chia sau, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch. l\u00e0m ba: Lothair I v\u1eabn gi\u1eef danh hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc Italy, t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng N\u0103m 395, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Theodosius I qua Rhine v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alps \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng Scheldt - s\u00f4ng Maas - s\u00f4ng Sa\u00f4ne - s\u00f4ng hai n\u1eeda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y. N\u1eeda ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf Rhone \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec3 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Constantinopolis. \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung Frank. Ludwig th\u00ec nh\u1eadn N\u1eeda ph\u00eda T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u1ea7 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Rhine \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e9 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, g\u1ecdi i\u00e0 D\u00f4ng Frank. Charles H\u00f3i th\u00ec chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu khu v\u1ef1c N\u0103m 476, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong tru\u1edbc. r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Lothair \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec3 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, N\u0103m 1453, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 bao v\u00e2y t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Frank. th\u00e0nh Constantinopolis. Th\u00e0nh Constantinopolis th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Istanbul. N\u0103m 1461, Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 870 v\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, th\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia, \u201cHi\u1ec7p \u01af\u1edbc Verdun\u201d \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong. th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ba n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Italy, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. 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Th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4\\\" c\u1ea3ng Venice Walter v\u00e0 Britan \u0111\u1ebfn Venice, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. 63","A B\u1ee9c tranh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh Gi\u1eefa th\u00ea k\u1ec9 13, \u1ed5 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f2ng Au, c\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eadt th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. gia l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ecdt \u1ec3u\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh l\u1ed9p nhu Nga, Ba Lan, Hungary v\u00e0 Bulgaria. 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