bp102s_Narada-Buddha_and_His_Teachings

["for\tBrahmins\tstyled\tthemselves\tthe\t\\\"twice-born\\\". 24.\tA\tperfect\tsaint\twho\thas\tdestroyed\tall\tpassions. 25.\t Sabrahmake\t loke:,\t lit.\t \\\"in\t the\t world\t together\t with Brahma,\\\"\ti.e.,\tthe\twhole\tuniverse.\t(Comy.) 26.\t In\t these\t twenty\t verses\t the\t Buddha\t has\t enumerated thirty-four\tkinds\tof\tconditions\tthat\tmake\tan\toutcast. The\tfirst\tverse\tdeals\twith\tsix,\tsuch\tas\tanger\tetc.,\tthe\tsecond, with\tharmfulness;\tthe\tthird,\twith\toppression;\tthe\tfourth, with\ttheft;\tthe\tfifth,\twith\tdefrauding\tcreditors;\tthe\tsixth, with\tpillage;\tthe\tseventh,\twith\tfalse\tevidence;\tthe\teighth with\t perfidious\t conduct;\t the\t ninth,\t with\t ingratitude towards\tparents;\tthe\ttenth,\twith\tstriking\tand\tannoyance; the\televenth\twith\tself-deception;\tthe\ttwelfth,\twith\tdoing evil\t and\t concealing\t it;\t the\t thirteenth,\t with ungratefulness;\t the\t fourteenth,\t with\t deception;\t the fifteenth,\twith\tannoying\treligious\tpersons;\tthe\tsixteenth, with\t fraud;\t the\t seventeenth,\t with\t self-exaltation\t and condemnation\t of\t others;\t the\t eighteenth,\t with\t seven conditions\t such\t as\t annoying,\t etc.;\t the\t nineteenth,\t with reproaching\tthe\tBuddha\tand\this\tdisciples;\tthe\ttwentieth, with\tfalse\tclaim\tto\tSaintship.\tJudging\tnot\tby\tbirth\tbut\tby deeds,\t these\t thirty-four\t kinds\t of\t persons\t are\t called outcasts\tby\tthe\tAriyas. 27.\t This\t verse\t was\t uttered\t by\t the\t Buddha\t to\t eradicate\t the erroneous\tview\tto\twhich\tthe\tBrahmin\twas\tclinging. 28.\t According\t to\t the\t commentary\t Vasala\t is\t one\t who\t rains (vassanto)\t impure\t deeds,\t and\t a\t Br\u0101hma\u1e47a\t is\t one\t who wards\toff\t(bahento)\timpurity\tby\tpure\tdeeds. 701","In\t this\t translation\t the\t term\t \\\"Brahma\u1e47a\\\"\t is\t applied\t to\t an Arahant,\twhile\t\\\"Brahmin\\\"\tis\tused\tto\tdenote\ta\tperson\tof that\tparticular\tcaste. 29.\tComp.\t\\\"Birth\tmakes\tBrahmin,\tnor\tnon-Brahmin\tmakes; 'Tis\t life\t and\t doing\t that\t mould\t the\t Br\u0101hma\u1e47a\t true.\t Their lives\t mould\t farmers,\t tradesmen,\t merchants,\t serfs;\t Their lives\tmould\trobbers,\tsoldiers,\tchaplains,\tkings.\\\"\t(V\u0101seha Sutta 30.\tThe\tBuddha\twas\talluding\tto\ta\tpast\tbirth\tof\this,\twhen\tas an\t outcast,\t he\t led\t an\t exceptionally\t virtuous\t life, commanding\t the\t respect\t of\t all,\t and\t was\t born\t in\t the Brahma\trealm.\tSee\tM\u0101tanga\tJ\u0101taka,\tNo.\t497. 31.\t Ca\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101la,\t outcast,\t signifies\t his\t low\t cast;\t Sop\u0101ka,\t which means\t one\t who\t cooks\t corpses\t of\t dogs\t for\t self- consumption,\t indicates\t his\t degrading\t livelihood;\t and M\u0101tanga\t was\t the\t name\t by\t which\t he\t was\t known. (Comy.) 32.\t That\t is\t the\t Noble\t Eightfold\t Path\t which\t is\t capable\t of conveying\tone\tto\tthe\tBrahm\u0101-realm. 33.\tBeing\tthe\tpath\tfollowed\tby\tgreat\tpersonages\tsuch\tas\tthe Buddha\tetc. 34.\tAfter\tthe\tdissolution\tof\tthe\tbody. 35.\tThose\twho\tare\tengaged\tin\tthe\tlearning\tof\tthe\tVeda. 36.\t The\t commentary\t mentions\t that\t people\t draw\t pictures\t of Devatas\t (deities)\t or,\t carve\t their\t figures\t on\t wood,\t and hanging\t them\t on\t trees\t and\t shrines,\t make\t offerings\t in their\tname. 702","37.\t Ratana\t means\t a\t precious\t jewel.\t Here\t the\t term\t ratana\t is applied\t to\t the\t Buddha,\t Dhamma,\t and\t the\t Sangha. According\t to\t etymologists\t ratna\t is\t composed\t of\t the three\tsyllables\u2014ra\t,\tta\t,\tand\tna\t.\tRa\tmeans\tto\tattract,\tta ,\tto\tcross\tand\tna\t,\tto\tlead.\tBuddha,\tDhamma\tand\tSangha are\t collectively\t called\t ratana\t because\t they\t possess virtues\t that\t attract\t the\t minds\t of\t the\t wise,\t because\t they act\t as\t a\t means\t to\t cross\t the\t ocean\t of\t Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra,\t and because\t they\t lead\t to\t heavens\t and\t Nibb\u0101na\t those\t who seek\trefuge\tin\tthem. 38.\t This\t includes\t all\t the\t realms\t from\t the\t lowest\t to\t the highest\tBrahma\trealm\t(Akanittha.\t[Comy.]) 39.\tSo\tcalled\tbecause\tall\tpassions\tare\tcompletely\trooted\tout. (Comy.) 40.\t The\t path\t (magga\t )\t is\t termed\t \u0101nantarika\t sam\u0101dhi because\t the\t phala\t (fruit)\t follows\t immediately\t without any\tintervening\tstage. 41.\tNamely:\ti.\the\twho\thas\tattained\tthe\tSot\u0101patti\tpath\tand\tii. fruit,\t iii.\t he\t who\t has\t attained\t the\t Sakad\u0101g\u0101mi\t path\t and iv.\t fruit,\t (v)\t he\t who\t has\t attained\t the\t An\u0101g\u0101mi\t path\t and vi.\t fruit,\t vii.\t he\t who\t has\t attained\t the\t Arahant\t path\t and viii.\t fruit.\t Thus\t these\t eight\t individuals\t constitute\t four pairs. 42.\tI.e.,\tthe\tfruit\tof\tArahantship. 43.\tIndakh\u012bla\t\u2014Inda\tmeans\tSakka,\tthe\tking\tof\tthe\tDevas\tor chief.\tIndarkh\u012bla\tmeans\teither\ta\tpost\tas\tfirm\tand\thigh\tas that\tof\tSakkha's\tor\tthe\tchief\tpost. Commentaries\t mention\t that\t these\t Indakh\u012blas\t are\t firm\t posts 703","that\t are\t erected\t either\t inside\t the\t city\t as\t an embellishment\t or\t outside\t the\t city\t as\t a\t means\t of protection.\t Usually\t they\t are\t made\t of\t bricks\t or\t durable wood\tin\toctangular\tshapes.\tHalf\tof\tthe\tpost\tis\tembedded in\tthe\tearth\u2014hence\tthe\tmetaphor,\tas\tfirm\tand\tsteady\tas an\tIndakh\u012bla. \\\"Indra's\tpost;\tthe\tpost,\tstake\tor\tcolumn\tof\tIndra,\tat\tor\tbefore the\t city\t gate;\t also\t a\t large\t slab\t of\t stone\t let\t into\t the ground\tat\tthe\tentrance\tof\ta\thouse.\\\"\tP.T.S.\tDiet. 44.\t One\t who\t has\t attained\t the\t first\t stage\t of\t sainthood (sot\u0101patti)\tis\tborn\tat\tthe\tmost\tonly\tseven\ttimes. 45.\tThat\tis\tthe\tfirst\tglimpse\tof\tNibb\u0101na. 46.\tThe\tfirst\tthree\tof\tthe\tten\tfetters\t(samyojanas\t). 47.\tSakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dho\t,\tthe\tbelief\tthat\tarises\twhen\ta\tbody\texists, i.e.,\t the\t conception\t of\t a\t permanent\t soul\t or\t self.\t This\t is one\t of\t the\t three\t Ma\u00f1\u00f1an\u0101s\t or\t notions\t that\t arise\t with respect\t to\t the\t body.\t The\t other\t two\t are\t craving\t (ta\u1e47h\u0101\t ) and\tpride\t(m\u0101na).\t(Comy.)\tBuddhist\tPsychology,\tp.\t257. 48.\tDoubt\twith\tregard\tto\ti.\tBuddha,\tii.\tDhamma,\tiii.\tSangha, iv.\tdiscipline,\tv.\ta\tpast,\tvi.\ta\tfuture,\tvii.\ta\tpast\tand\tfuture, and\t viii.\t the\t law\t of\t dependent\t origination (paticcasamupp\u0101da).\tSee\tBuddhist\tPsychology\t,\tp.\t260. 49.\t The\t woeful\t states\t (niraya\t ),\t the\t animal\t kingdom,\t the Peta\trealm,\tand\tthe\tAsura\trealm. 50.\tAbhih\u0101n\u0101ni:\ti.\tmatricide,\tii.\tparricide,\tiii.\tthe\tmurder\tof Arahants\t iv.\t the\t shedding\t of\t the\t Buddha's\t blood,\t v. causing\t schism\t in\t the\t Sangha,\t and\t (vi)\t permanent pernicious\tfalse\tbeliefs. 704","51.\tVanappagumbe;\tcommentary\texplains\tthis\tcompound\tas vane\tpagumbo\t ,\t thicket\t or\t bush\t in\t the\t forest.\t Here\t the locative\tis\tused\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\tthe\tnominative. 52.\t Here\t too\t the\t locative\t is\t used\t in\t the\t sense\t of\t the nominative. 53.\t The\t forests\t and\t groves\t look\t glorious\t with\t blossomed tree-tops\t in\t the\t first\t month\t of\t the\t summer\t season. Likewise\tthe\tDhamma\texpounded\tappears\tglorious\twith its\tmanifold\tteachings. 54.\t An\t Arahant\t is\t not\t born\t again\t on\t account\t of\t his\t past actions.\t The\t acts\t he\t performs\t during\t his\t lifetime\t are termed\t ineffective\t (kiriya)\t since\t they\t are\t freed\t from\t all taints\tof\tcraving. 55.\tPointing\tto\ta\tlamp\twhich\twas\tkept\tburning\tin\thonour\tof the\t tutelary\t deities\t of\t the\t city,\t and\t which,\t at\t that\t very moment,\tgot\textinguished. 56.\t When\t the\t Buddha\t concluded\t his\t sermon\t conferring peace\t and\t happiness\t upon\t the\t inhabitants\t of\t Ves\u0101li, Sakka,\t the\t king\t of\t Devas,\t recited\t the\t last\t three\t verses and\ttook\tleave\tof\tthe\tBuddha,\twith\this\tretinue. The\t commentary\t states\t that\t the\t Buddha\t expounded\t this sutta\tsuccessively\tfor\tseven\tdays\tin\tVes\u0101li. 57.\tSee\tThe\tBlessing,\tp.\t194. 58.\tNibb\u0101na. 59.\t Uju\t and\t s\u016bj\u016b.\t The\t first\t term\t refers\t to\t uprightness\t in word\t and\t deed,\t the\t second\t to\t uprightness\t in\t mind. (Comy.) 705","60.\tBrahma\tvih\u0101ra. 61.\tHere\terror\tmeans\tself-illusion\t(sakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi). 62.\tThe\tfirst\tglimpse\tof\tNibb\u0101na. 63.\t When\t one\t attains\t the\t stage\t of\t An\u0101g\u0101mi\t one\t is\t born\t in the\t pure\t abodes\t (suddh\u0101v\u0101sa),\t and\t is\t not\t born\t in\t the human\trealm. 64.\t Sati\t =\t mindfulness;\t pa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na\t =\t establishment, foundations,\tbases,\tobjects,\tapplications; Sati\t =\t mindfulness;\t upah\u0101na\t =\t arousing,\t application. Chief\tobjects\tfor\tthe\tapplication\tof\tmindfulness. 65.\tEk\u0101yana\t=\tsole\tway,\tonly\tway,\tone\tway,\tetc. 66.\t The\t text\t states,\t \\\"grief,\t lamentation,\t pain,\t and displeasure.\\\"\tSuffering\tembraces\tall\tfour. 67.\t Any\t person,\t whether\t a\t member\t of\t the\t Sangha\t or\t a layfollower,\t who\t wishes\t to\t get\t rid\t of\t suffering\t can practise\tthese\tmeditations. 68.\t K\u0101ye\t k\u0101yanupassan\u0101\t =\t Lit.,\t 'body-contemplation\t in\t the body'\u2014i.e.,\t to\t restrict\t this\t contemplation\t only\t to\t the body\t and\t not\t to\t feelings,\t consciousness,\t and\t the dhammas.\tThe\tother\tcontemplations\tshould\tbe\tsimilarly understood. 69.\t Giving\t up\t temporarily\t at\t the\t time\t of\t the\t practise. Strictly\t speaking,\t they\t are\t temporarily\t inhibited\t by gaining\t the\t jh\u0101nas\t and\t totally\t eradicated\t by\t attaining Arahantship. 70.\t All\t the\t five\t hindrances\t are\t understood\t by\t mentioning the\ttwo\tchief\tones. 706","71.\t\\\"In\tthe\tworld\\\"\t=\tloke,\tindicating\tthe\tfive\tagregates. 72.\tAny\tquiet\tplace,\teven\tat\thome. 73.\tThis\tis\tthe\tideal\tposture\tfor\tthis\tpractise.\tOne\tmay\tadopt a\t convenient\t posture,\t if\t the\t sitting\t posture\t is inconvenient.\tOne\tmay\teven\tsit\tupon\ta\tchair. 74.\t Sabbak\u0101yapa\u1e6disamved\u012b\t =\t Here\t k\u0101ya\t means\t the\t whole 'body'\t of\t breathing\t process.\t He\t inhales\t and\t exhales, making\t known,\t making\t clear\t to\t himself\t the\t beginning, middle\tand\tend\tof\tthe\twhole\t'body'\tof\trespiration. 75.\tAs\ta\trule\tone\tdoes\tthis\tconcentration\tinternally. 76.\t Breathing\t occurs\t on\t account\t of\t the\t body,\t nostrils\t and consciousness. 77.\tBreathing\tperishes\twith\tthe\tperishing\tof\tthese\tthree. 78.\tThat\tis,\tno\tbeing,\tno\tindividual,\tno\tman,\tno\twoman,\tno soul,\tno\t'I'\tor\tno\t'me'. 79.\t Anissito\t =\t not\t being\t supported\t by\t craving\t (tanh\u0101)\t and false\tview\t(di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi). 80.\t As\t he\t thus\t concentrates\t on\t inhalation\t and\t exhalation\t a stage\t might\t come\t when\t he\t temporarily\t inhibits\t the\t five hindrances\t and\t gains\t the\t first\t jh\u0101na,\t replete\t with\t the jh\u0101na\t factors\u2014initial\t application\t (vitakka),\t sustained application\t (vic\u0101ra),\t joy\t (p\u012bti),\t happiness\t (sukha),\t and one-pointedness\t(ekaggat\u0101).\tJh\u0101na\tliterally\tmeans\teither the\t close\t meditation\t on\t the\t object\t or\t the\t burning\t up\t of adverse\t hindrances.\t There\t is\t no\t appropriate\t English equivalent\t for\t this\t term.\t It\t is\t not\t a\t state\t of\t trance\t but\t a moral\t state,\t a\t religious\t experience.\t Emerging\t from 707","jh\u0101na,\t he\t meditates\t on\t the\t three\t characteristics\u2014 impermanence\t (anicca),\t suffering\t (dukkha),\t and soullessness\t (anatt\u0101)\u2014and\t attains\t sainthood.\t Thereafter he\t lives\t 'emancipated'\t (anissito),\t being\t delivered\t from craving\tand\tfalse\tviews,\tclinging\tto\tnaught\tin\tthis\tworld. After\t attaining\t arahantship\t he\t clings\t not\t to\t anything\t in this\t world\t as\t he\t does\t not\t erroneously\t think\t in\t terms\t of me\tand\tmine. The\t final\t object\t of\t \u0101n\u0101p\u0101sati\t is\t first\t to\t gain\t the\t jh\u0101nas\t and then\tto\tdevelop\tthe\tfour\tsupramundane\tpaths\tand\tfruits. This\t is\t the\t reason\t why\t at\t the\t outset\t it\t was\t stated\u2014for\t the purification\t of\t beings,\t for\t the\t destruction\t of\t suffering, for\t the\t attainment\t of\t the\t Noble\t Eightfold\t Path\t and\t for the\trealization\tof\tNibb\u0101na. 81.\t Even\t an\t animal\t is\t aware\t of\t bodily\t movements.\t The object\t herein\t implied\t is\t not\t mere\t awareness.\t While walking,\t he\t should\t rightly\t understand\t that\t there\t is merely\ta\twalking\tbut\tstrictly\tno\tagent\tor\tperson\tto\twalk. In\t other\t words,\t there\t is\t just\t an\t action,\t no\t actor,\t just\t a deed\t but\t no\t doer.\t By\t such\t awareness\t no\t misconception about\tan\teternal\tsoul\tarises. 82.\t This\t meditation\t on\t the\t impurities\t of\t the\t body\t is invariably\t practised\t by\t most\t bhikkhus.\t This\t was\t the favourite\t subject\t of\t meditation\t of\t Venerable\t \u0100nanda. This\tsubject\tis\tsuitable\tto\tthose\tof\ta\tlustful\ttemperament as\t it\t leads\t to\t non-attachment\t to\t the\t so-called\t beautiful body.\t Some\t may\t prefer\t to\t meditate\t on\t the\t dormant possibilities\tof\tman. 83.\tThe\tfour\telements\tare\tpa\u1e6dhavi,\t\u0101po,\ttejo,\tand\tv\u0101yo.\tOne 708","must\tnot\tunderstand\tthat\tthese\telements\tare\tearth,\twater, fire\tand\tair. Pa\u1e6dhavi\t is\t the\t element\t of\t extension,\t the\t substratum\t of matter.\t Without\t it\t objects\t cannot\t occupy\t space.\t The qualities\t of\t hardness\t and\t softness,\t which\t are\t purely relative,\tare\ttwo\tconditions\tof\tthis\tparticular\telement. \u0100po\t is\t the\t element\t of\t cohesion.\t Unlike\t pa\u1e6dhavi\t it\t is intangible.\t It\t is\t this\t element\t that\t makes\t scattered particles\t of\t matter\t cohere\t and\t gives\t rise\t to\t the\t idea\t of 'body'.\t When\t some\t bodies\t are\t melted\t this\t element becomes\t more\t prominent\t in\t the\t resulting\t fluid.\t The element\t of\t extension\t and\t cohesion\t are\t so\t closely interrelated\t that\t when\t cohesion\t ceases\t extension disappears. Tejo\tis\tthe\telement\tof\theat.\tCold\tis\talso\ta\tform\tof\ttejo.\tBoth heat\t and\t cold\t are\t included\t in\t tejo\t because\t they\t possess the\t power\t of\t maturing\t bodies.\t Tejo,\t in\t other\t words,\t is the\t vitalizing\t energy.\t Preservation\t and\t decay\t are\t also due\t to\t this\t element.\t Unlike\t the\t other\t three\t essentials\t of matter,\t this\t element\t has\t the\t power\t to\t regenerate\t matter by\titself. Inseparably\t connected\t with\t heat\t is\t v\u0101yo.\t the\t element\t of motion.\tMovements\tare\tcaused\tby\tthis\telement.\tMotion is\tregarded\tas\tthe\tforce\tor\tthe\tgenerator\tof\theat.\t'Motion and\theat\tin\tthe\tmaterial\trealm\tcorrespond\trespectively\tto consciousness\tand\tkamma\tin\tthe\tmental.' These\t four\t elements\t co-exist\t and\t are\t inseparable,\t but\t one may\t preponderate\t over\t another\t as,\t for\t instance\t pathavi, in\tearth,\t\u0101po\tin\twater,\ttejo\tin\tfire,\tand\tv\u0101yo\tin\tair. 709","84.\t Both\t types\t of\t consciousness\t pertaining\t to\t the\t sense- sphere\t(k\u0101m\u0101vacara)\t and\t form-sphere\t (r\u016bp\u0101vacara)\t are surpassable,\t while\t types\t of\t consciousness\t pertaining\t to the\t formless-sphere\t are\t unsurpassable\t (anuttara),\t as here\t supramundane\t consciousness\t is\t not\t taken\t into account.\t(See\tDiagram\t6.\tPlanes\tof\tExistence) 85.\t Dhamm\u0101nupassan\u0101\u2014Here\t dhamma\t does\t not\t mean\t the doctrine.\t It\t is\t a\t general\t term\t applied\t to\t both\t mundane and\t supramundane\t things.\t It\t resembles\t the\t broad meaning\t of\t the\t English\t term\t 'thing.'\t Dhamma\t in\t this connection\t is\t applied\t to\t nivara\u1e47a\t (hindrances), bojjha\u1e45ga\t (factors\t of\t enlightenment)\t five\t aggregates\t of grasping\t (up\u0101d\u0101nakkhandha),\t \u0101yatana\t (sense-spheres) and\tthe\tFour\tNoble\tTruths\t(ariyasacca). It\tis\tadvisable\tto\tretain\tthe\tPali\tterm\there. 710","1.\t Corresponding\t to\t Pali\t ves\u0101kha,\t Sanskrit\t vais\u0101kha,\t and Sinhala\tvesak. 2.\t Unlike\t the\t Christian\t Era,\t the\t Buddha\t Era\t is\t reckoned from\t the\t death\t of\t the\t Buddha,\t which\t occurred\t in\t 543 BCE\t(in\this\t80th\tyear),\tand\tnot\tfrom\this\tbirth. 3.\t A\t pillar,\t erected\t at\t this\t sacred\t spot\t by\t King\t Asoka,\t still stands\tto\tthis\tday\tto\tcommemorate\tthe\tevent. 4.\t The\t site\t of\t Kapilavatthu\t has\t been\t identified\t with\t Bhuila (Bhulya)\t in\t the\t Basti\t district,\t three\t miles\t from\t the Bengal\tand\tN.\tW.\tRailway\tstation\tof\tBabuan. 5.\t See\t Prince\t Siddhattha's\t Genealogical\t Table\t (Father's Side). 6.\tGotama\tis\tthe\tfamily\tname,\tand\tS\u0101kya\tis\tthe\tname\tof\tthe race\tto\twhich\tthe\tBuddha\tbelonged. Tradition\t holds\t that\t the\t sons\t of\t King\t Okk\u0101ka\t of\t the Mah\u0101sammata\t line,\t were\t exiled\t through\t the\t plotting\t of their\t step-mother.\t These\t princes,\t in\t the\t course\t of\t their wanderings,\t arrived\t at\t the\t foothills\t of\t the\t Himalayas. Here\t they\t met\t the\t sage\t Kapila,\t on\t whose\t advice,\t and after\t whom,\t they\t founded\t the\t city\t of\t Kapilavatthu,\tthe site\tof\tKapila.\tKing\tOkk\u0101ka,\thearing\tof\tthe\tenterprise\tof the\t princes,\t exclaimed,\t \\\"Capable,\t indeed,\t are\t the\t noble princes\\\"\t (saky\u0101\t vata\t bho\t r\u0101jakum\u0101r\u0101).\t Hence\t the\t race and\t the\t kingdom\t they\t originated\t were\t known\t by\t the name\tS\u0101kya.\tThe\tS\u0101kya\tkingdom\twas\tsituated\tin\tSouth Nepal\tand\textended\tover\tmuch\tof\tmodern\tOudh.\tSee\tE. J.\tThomas,\tLife\tof\tBuddha,\tp.\t6. 7.\t See\t Warren,\t Buddhism\t in\t Translations,\t p.\t 49\t and\t J\u0101taka 711","Commentary. On\t Asita's\t advice\t his\t nephew\t N\u0101laka\t renounced\t the world\t and\t when\t the\t prince,\t as\t expected,\t attained buddhahood,\t he\t heard\t his\t teaching\t and\t became\t an arahant.\tSee\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta\t3.11. 8.\t Ar\u016bpalokas\t are\t immaterial\t planes\t where\t those\t who\t have developed\t the\t ar\u016bpa\t jh\u0101nas\t (absorptions\t or\t ecstasies) are\tborn. 9.\tSkt.\tSiddh\u0101rtha\tGautama. 10.\tHearing\tthat\tPrince\tSiddhattha\thad\trenounced\tthe\tworld, this\t Konda\u00f1\u00f1a\t and\t four\t sons\t of\t the\t other\t seven brahmins\t retired\t from\t the\t world\t and\t joined\t him\t as\t his followers.\tThese\twere\tthe\tfirst\tfive\tchief\tdisciples\tof\tthe Buddha.\tSee\tCh.\t6. 11.\tSee\tMah\u0101\tSaccaka\tSutta,\tMN\t36. 12.\t Jh\u0101na\u2014a\t developed\t state\t of\t consciousness\t gained\t by concentration. 13.\tAlso\tknown\tas\tBhaddakacc\u0101n\u0101,\tBimb\u0101,\tR\u0101hulam\u0101t\u0101. 14.\t A\t province\t in\t Central\t India\t noted\t for\t silk.\t Modern Benares\twas\tits\tcapital. 15.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya,\tpart\tI,\tp.\t145;\tGradual\tSayings,\tpart\tI p.\t128. 16.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya.\tPart\t1,\tAriyapariyesana\tSutta,\tNo.26, p.\t163. 17.\tMah\u0101\tSaccaka\tSutta,\tMN\t36 18.\t \\\"Seeing\t the\t four\t signs,\t I\t set\t out\t on\t horse-back\t \u2026\\\" 712","Buddhava\u1e43sa,\tXXVI,\tp.\t65. 19.\tLit.,\tbound\tor\tseized\t(la)\tby\ta\tfetter\t(r\u0101hu). 20.\tThe\tthird\tar\u016bpa\tjh\u0101na. 21.\tThe\tfourth\tar\u016bpa\tjh\u0101na 22.\t Another\t name\t for\t M\u0101ra.\t According\t to\t the\t Pali Commentaries\t there\t are\t five\t kinds\t of\t M\u0101ras:\t i.\t deity M\u0101ra\t (devaputta),\t ii.\t passion\t (kilesa),\t iii.\t kammic activities\t(abhisa\u1e45kh\u0101ra),\t iv.\t aggregates\t (khandha),\t and v.\tdeath\t(maccu). 23.\tPadh\u0101na\tSutta,\t(Sn\tiii.2) 24.\tResulting\tfrom\tvoluntary\tpoverty. 25.\tThat\tis,\tindecision\tas\tto\tthe\tcertainty\tof\tthe\tgoal. 26.\t Warriors\t wear\t Mu\u00f1ja\t grass\t crest\t on\t their\t heads\t or\t on their\t banners\t to\t indicate\t that\t they\t will\t not\t retreat\t from the\tbattlefield 27.\tSa\u1e45g\u0101me\tme\tmata\u1e43\tseyyo\u2014Ya\u00f1-ce\tj\u012bve\tpar\u0101jito 28.\tSee\tPloughing\tFestival. 29.\t \u0100savas\t (defilements)\u2014are\t those\t which\t flow\t right\t up\t to the\t topmost\t plane\t of\t existence\t with\t respect\t to\t spheres, or\t right\t up\t to\t the\t gotrabh\u016b\t state,\t with\t respect\t to\t mind- flux.\t There\t are\t four\t \u0101savas,\t viz.:\t sense-desires\t (k\u0101ma), becoming\t (bhava),\t false\t views\t (di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi)\t and\t ignorance (avijj\u0101).\tIn\tthis\tparticular\ttext\tonly\tthree\tare\tmentioned. Here\tbhava\tmeans\tthe\tdesire\tto\tbe\tborn\tin\tthe\trealms\tof form\tand\tformless\trealms\t(r\u016bpa\tand\tar\u016bpa\tbhava). 30.\tVimutto'smi. 713","31.\t Khi\u1e47\u0101\t j\u0101ti,\t vusita\u1e43\t brahmacariya\u1e43,\t kata\u1e43\t kara\u1e47iya\u1e43 n\u0101para\u1e43\titthatt\u0101y\u0101'ti. 32.\t His\t disciples\t addressed\t him\t as\t Buddha,\t Bhagav\u0101 (Exalted\tOne),\tSugata\t(Well-Gone\tOne)\tetc.,\twhile\talien followers\t addressed\t him\t as\t Bho\t Gotama,\t (Venerable Gotama),\t Sama\u1e47a\t Gotama\t (Ascetic\t Gotama),\t etc.. Referring\t to\t himself\t the\t Buddha\t used\t the\t term \\\"tath\u0101gata\\\"\tmeaning\t\\\"he\twho\thath\tthus\tcome,\\\"\t\\\"he\twho hath\tthus\tgone.\\\" 33.\tPaccekabuddha:\ta\tsolitary\tbuddha\twho\tdoes\tnot\tpreach truth\tto\tthe\tworld. 34.\tSkt\tbodhisattva. 35.\t Sa\u1e43yutta\t Nik\u0101ya,\t part\t iii,\t p.\t 66;\t Kindred\t Sayings,\t part iii,\tp.\t58. 36.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tAriyapariyesana\tSutta\tMN\t26. 37.\t Such\t as\t Konda\u00f1\u00f1a,\t \u0100l\u0101ra\t K\u0101l\u0101ma,\t Uddakka\t R\u0101maputta etc. 38.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tAriyapariyesana\tSutta,\tMN\t26. 39.\tA\tcelestial\tbeing\twho\tresides\tin\theavenly\tplanes. 40.\tA\theavenly\tmusician. 41.\tA\tdemon. 42.\tGradual\tSayings,\tPt.\tii,\tpp.\t44-45,\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya,\tPt. ii\u2014p.37. 43.\tParitr\u0101n\u0101ya\ts\u0101dh\u016bn\u0101m\tvin\u0101s\u0101ya\tca\tduskrt\u0101m. Dharmsamsth\u0101pan\u0101rth\u0101ya\tsambhav\u0101mi\tyuge\tyuge. 714","44.\t Hindu\t teachers,\t however,\t with\t the\t object\t of\t bringing within\tthe\tfold\tof\tHinduism\tthe\tincreasing\tadherents\tof Buddhism,\t have\t unjustly\t called\t the\t Buddha\t God's incarnation\t (avat\u0101ra)\u2014an\t idea\t which\t he\t repudiated\t in his\town\ttime. 45.\t Suddhi\t asuddhi\t paccatta\u1e43\t n'a\u00f1\u00f1o\t a\u00f1\u00f1a\u1e43\t visodhaye. Dhp\tv.\t165. 46.\t Tumhehi\t kicca\u1e43\t \u0101tappa\u1e43\t akkh\u0101t\u0101ro\t tath\u0101gat\u0101\u2026.\t Dhp v.\t276 47.\t Attad\u012bp\u0101\t viharatha,\t attapa\u1e6disara\u1e47\u0101\t ana\u00f1\u00f1asara\u1e47\u0101. D\u012bgha\tNik\u0101ya,\tMah\u0101parinibb\u0101na\tSutta\tVol.\t2,\tp.\t100. 48.\tDwight\tGoddard,\tBuddhist\tBible,\tp.\t20. 49.\tSri\tRadhakrishnan,\tGautama\tthe\tBuddha,\tp.\t1. 50.\tThe\tfamous\tpipal\ttree\tat\tBuddha\tGaya\tin\tnorthern\tIndia which\t sheltered\t him\t during\t his\t struggle\t for enlightenment. 51.\tSee\tUd\tI.1. 52.\t \\\"Brahmin\\\"\t is\t a\t racial\t term\t which\t means\t \\\"one\t who studies\t the\t Vedas,\\\"\t generally\t applied\t to\t the\t priestly caste.\tSometimes\tthe\tBuddha\tuses\tthis\tterm\tin\tthe\tsense of\t\\\"one\twho\thas\tdiscarded\tevil\\\"\u2014a\tsaint. In\tthis\tbook\t\\\"br\u0101hma\u1e47a\\\"\tis\tused\tto\tdenote\ta\tsaint,\tand \\\"brahmin,\\\"\tto\tdenote\ta\tmember\tof\tthat\tparticular\tcaste. 53.\t On\t the\t spot\t where\t the\t Buddha\t stood,\t a\t cetiya\t was erected\tby\tKing\tAsoka.\tThis\twas\tnamed\tAnimisalocana cetiya\tand\tis\tstill\tto\tbe\tseen. 715","54.\t The\t right-hand\t branch\t of\t the\t original\t bodhi\t tree\t which was\t brought\t to\t Sri\t Lanka\t by\t Sa\u1e45ghamitt\u0101\t Ther\u012b\t and planted\tby\tKing\tDev\u0101nampiyatissa\tat\tAnur\u0101dhapura,\tthe ancient\t capital\t of\t Sri\t Lanka,\t still\t exists\t in\t a\t flourishing condition,\tthough\tmore\tthan\t2200\tyears\told. 55.\tSo\tcalled\tbecause\tthe\tBuddha\treflected\ton\tthe\tjewels\tof the\tAbhidhamma. 56.\t Namely,\t blue\t (n\u012bla),\t yellow\t (p\u012bta),\t red\t (lohita),\t white (od\u0101ta),\t orange\t (ma\u00f1jeha)\t and\t a\t mixture\t of\t these\t five colours\t(pabhassara). 57.\tUd\u0101na,\tp.\t10. 58.\t These\t three\t cannot\t be\t personified\t passions\t as\t the incident\ttook\tplace\tafter\tthe\tenlightenment. 59.\t This\t N\u0101ga\t king\t cannot\t be\t a\t human\t being.\t The\t Vinaya texts\t also\t cite\t an\t interesting\t story\t of\t a\t serpent,\t who, assuming\t the\t form\t of\t a\t human\t being,\t lived\t for\t some time\tas\ta\tbhikkhu\tin\trobes. 60.\tSukho\tviveko\ttuhassa\tsutadhammassa\tpassato Aby\u0101pajjha\u1e43\tsukha\u1e43\tloke\tp\u0101\u1e47abhutesu\tsa\u1e43yamo Sukh\u0101\tvir\u0101gat\u0101\tloke\tk\u0101m\u0101na\u1e43\tsamatikkamo Asmim\u0101nassa\tyo\tvinayo\teta\u1e43\tve\tparama\u1e43\tsukha\u1e43. \u2014Ud\u0101na\tp.\t10. 61.\t Dhp\t vv.\t 153-54.\t The\t 'house\t builder'\t is\t craving;\t the 'house'\t is\t the\t body;\t the\t 'rafters'\t are\t the\t defilements;\t the 'ridgepole'\t is\t ignorance,\t and\t the\t 'Unconditioned'\t is Nibb\u0101na. 62.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya:\tpart\tII,\tp.\t20;\tGradual\tSayings,\t part II,\tp.\t20. 716","63.\t This\t discourse\t was\t delivered\t by\t the\t Buddha\t while residing\t at\t Jetavana,\t S\u0101vatth\u012b,\t long\t after\t the establishment\tof\tthe\torder\tof\tthe\tSangha.\tHe\tshowed\this reverence\t towards\t the\t Sangha\t by\t requesting\t the\t Queen Mah\u0101\t Paj\u0101pati\t Gotam\u012b\t to\t offer\t to\t the\t Sangha\t the\t robe specially\tprepared\tfor\thim. 64.\t Ap\u0101rut\u0101\t tesa\u1e43\t amatassa\t dv\u0101r\u0101\t \u2014\t ye\t sotavant\u0101 pamu\u00f1cantu\tsaddha\u1e43 65.\tSee\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tAriyapariyesana\tSutta,\tNo.\t26 66.\t Devat\u0101s\t (Pali)\t are\t terrestrial\t or\t celestial\t deities,\t a\t class of\t beings,\t who,\t as\t a\t rule,\t are\t invisible\t to\t the\t physical eye.\t This\t particular\t feminine\t deity\t had\t been\t related\t to the\tmerchants\tin\ta\tprevious\tbirth.\tIt\tis\tinteresting\tto\tnote the\t non-human\t element\t appearing\t in\t various\t places connected\twith\tthe\tlife\tof\tthe\tBuddha. 67.\tSattu,\tfried\tflour,\tand\tmadhu,\thoney,\twere\ta\tregular\tdiet of\ttravellers\tin\tIndia\tin\tthe\tancient\tdays. 68.\t C\u0101tummah\u0101r\u0101jikas,\t the\t guardian\t deities\t of\t the\t four quarters. 69.\tThe\tcommentary\tstates\tthat\tthe\tBuddha\twished\tthat\tthe four\tbowls\tbe\tamalgamated\tinto\tone. 70.\t Buddha\u1e43\t sara\u1e47a\u1e43\t gacch\u0101mi\t (I\t seek\t refuge\t in\t the Buddha),\t dhamma\u1e43\t sara\u1e47a\u1e43\t gacch\u0101mi\t (I\t seek\t refuge in\tthe\tDhamma),\tis\tthe\ttwofold\tformula.\tAs\tthe\tSa\u1e45gha or\tthe\tnoble\torder\twas\tnot\tin\texistence\tthen\tthey\tdid\tnot recite\t the\t third\u2014sa\u1e45gha\u1e43\t sara\u1e47a\u1e43\t gacch\u0101mi\t (I\t seek refuge\t in\t the\t Sa\u1e45gha).\t One\t becomes\t a\t Buddhist\t by intelligently\treciting\tthe\tthree\trefuges. 717","71.\tThe\tJ\u0101taka\tcommentary\trelates\tthat\twhen\tthese\ttwo\tfirst converts\tbegged\tof\tthe\tBuddha\tto\tgive\tthem\tan\tobject\tof worship\t the\t Buddha\t touched\t his\t head\t and\t presented them\t some\t hair\t relics.\t It\t is\t believed\t that\t these\t relics have\t been\t enshrined\t in\t the\t modern\t Swe\t Dagon\t Pagoda in\t Rangoon,\t the\t pride\t and\t glory\t of\t Burmese\t Buddhists. This\t bell-shaped\t massive\t cetiya\t appears\t like\t a\t golden mountain\tfrom\ta\tdistance. 72.\tThe\tfirst\treligious\tteacher\twho\ttaught\tthe\tbodhisatta\tthe jh\u0101nas\t extending\t up\t to\t the\t realm\t of\t nothingness (\u0101ki\u00f1ca\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yatana). 73.\t The\t second\t religious\t teacher\t who\t taught\t the\t bodhisatta the\t highest\t state\t of\t mundane\t mental\t development,\t the realm\t of\t neither-perception-nor-non-perception (nevasa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101n\u0101sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yatana). 74.\t The\t Buddha\t uttered\t these\t words\t because\t he\t attained enlightenment\t by\t himself\t without\t the\t aid\t of\t a\t teacher. He\t had\t teachers\t before\t his\t enlightenment,\t but\t nobody taught\thim\tthe\tway\tto\tattain\tbuddhahood.\tIt\tis\ttherefore not\t correct\t to\t say\t that\t Buddhism\t is\t a\t natural\t outgrowth of\tHinduism. 75.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tAriyapariyesana\tSutta,\tMN\t26. 76.\t See\t The\t First\t Discourse\t of\t the\t Buddha: Dhammacakkappavattana\tSutta. 77.\tSee\tThe\tSecond\tDiscourse:\tAnattalakkha\u1e47a\tSutta 78.\t Sri\t Radhakrishnan,\t Indian\t Philosophy,\t vol.\t 1,\t pp.\t 281- 282. 79.\t Lit.\t \\\"wandering',\t i.e.,\t the\t round\t of\t rebirths.\t See\t note 718","328. 80.\tVinaya\tMah\u0101vagga,\tp.\t10,\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya\tV\tp.\t420. 81.\t Modern\t Sara\u1e47ath\t where,\t in\t a\t former\t existence,\t the Master\t sacrificed\t his\t life\t to\t save\t a\t helpless\t doe\t and\t her unborn\t little\t one.\t The\t locality\t takes\t its\t modern\t name from\t the\t Bodhisatta\t who,\t in\t that\t ancient\t birth,\t was S\u0101rangan\u0101tha,\tprotector\tof\tthe\tdeer. 82.\tK\u0101masukhallik\u0101nuyoga. 83.\tAttakilamath\u0101nuyoga. 84.\t Lit.,\t \\\"thus\t who\t hath\t come\\\"\t or\t \\\"thus\t who\t hath\t gone.\\\" When\t the\t Buddha\t refers\t to\t himself\t he\t usually\t uses\t this epithet. 85.\tSubjugation\tof\tpassions. 86.\tRealisation\tof\tthe\tfour\tnoble\ttruths. 87.\tAttainment\tof\tthe\tfour\tpaths\tand\tfour\tfruits\tof\tsaintship. 88.\t Pa\u00f1cupad\u0101nakkhandh\u0101:\t According\t to\t Buddhism\t this so-called\t being\t is\t composed\t of\t five\t groups,\t viz:\t r\u016bpa, matter,\t vedan\u0101,\t feeling,\t sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101,\t perception,\t sa\u1e45kh\u0101r\u0101, mental\tstates,\tand\tvi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a,\tconsciousness.\tThese\tare\tthe five\t psycho-physical\t component\t parts\t that\t constitute\t an individual.\t Matter\t is\t composed\t of\t forces\t and\t qualities. Mind\ttoo\tis\tcomposed\tof\tmental\tstates\t(cetasikas).\tThey are\tfifty-two\tin\tnumber.\tOf\tthem\tvedan\u0101,\tand\tsa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\tare treated\t as\t two\t distinct\t groups.\t The\t remaining\t fifty\t are collectively\tcalled\tsa\u1e45kh\u0101r\u0101. 89.\t They\t are:\t (i)\t the\t knowledge\t of\t the\t four\t truths (sacca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a);\t (ii)\t the\t knowledge\t as\t regards\t the 719","respective\t function\t of\t the\t four\t truths\t (kicca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a);\t and (iii)\t the\t knowledge\t that\t the\t respective\t function\t of\t each truth\thas\tbeen\taccomplished\t(kata\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a). 90.\t Each\t truth\t consists\t of\t three\t aspects.\t Thus\t four\t truths consist\tof\ttwelve\tmodes. 91.\t The\t reference\t is\t to\t the\t fruit\t of\t arahantship (arahanttaphala) 92.\t Dhammacakkhu\t signifies\t any\t of\t the\t lower\t three\t paths: sot\u0101patti,\tsakad\u0101g\u0101mi,\tand\tan\u0101g\u0101mi.\tKonda\u00f1\u00f1a\tattained the\t first\t stage\t of\t sainthood\t (sot\u0101patti).\t The\t other bhikkhus\tattained\tsot\u0101patti\tlater. 93.\t Ya\u1e43\t ki\u00f1ci\t samudayadhamma\u1e43\t sabba\u1e43\t ta\u1e43\t nirodha- dhamma\u1e43. 94.\tCelestial\tbeings\tof\tDeva\tand\tBrahm\u0101\tplanes. 95.\tSkt.\tkarma. 96.\tMah\u0101vagga,\tp.\t13;\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya\tpt.\tiii,\tp.\t66. 97.\t A\t permanent\t unchanging\t entity,\t created\t by\t a\t God\t or emanating\tfrom\ta\tparam\u0101tma\t(divine\tessence). 98.\t The\t so-called\t being\t is\t composed\t of\t these\t five aggregates.\t Outside\t these\t five\t there\t is\t no\t being.\t If\t one removes\t the\t aggregates,\t nothing\t remains.\t A\t soul\t abides neither\tin\tany\tone\tgroup\tor\taggregate\tnor\tin\tall\tof\tthem nor\toutside\tthem. 99.\t The\t Buddha\t makes\t the\t same\t assertion\t as\t above\t in connection\t with\t each\t of\t the\t remaining\t four\t component parts\t of\t the\t so-called\t being.\t The\t Buddha\t raises\t similar queries\t with\t regard\t to\t each\t of\t the\t other\t constituents\t of 720","being.\tThe\ttranslation\tis\tabridged\there. 100.\t With\t craving\t (ta\u1e47h\u0101)\t one\t erroneously\t thinks,\t \\\"This\t is mine.\\\"\tWith\tpride\t(m\u0101na)\tone\tthinks,\t\\\"This\tam\tI.\\\"\tWith false\t view\t one\t thinks,\t \\\"This\t is\t my\t soul.\\\"\t These\t are\t the three\tmisconceptions\t(ma\u00f1\u00f1an\u0101). 101.\tThat\tis,\tthey\tall\tattained\tarahantship. 102.\tThis\tevent\ttook\tplace\ton\tthe\tfifth\tday\tafter\tthe\tdelivery of\t the\t first\t sermon\t when\t all\t the\t five\t bhikkhus\t had attained\tarahantship. 103.\t By\t pabbajj\u0101,\t lit.,\t \\\"going\t forth\\\"\t or\t \\\"renunciation,\\\"\t is meant\tthe\tmere\tadmission\tinto\tthe\tholy\torder\tby\tseeking refuge\tin\tthe\tBuddha,\tDhamma,\tand\tthe\tSangha. 104.\t In\t the\t early\t days\t of\t the\t order\t the\t higher\t ordination\u2014 upasampad\u0101\t\u2014lit.,\t\\\"replete\twith\ta\thigher\tmorality,\\\"\twas granted\twith\tthese\twords.\tSee\tCh.\t14 105.\t Up\u0101saka\t (m)\t up\u0101sik\u0101\t (f)\t lit.,\t \\\"one\t who\t closely associates\t with\t the\t Triple\t Gem.\\\"\t These\t two\t terms\t are applied\tto\tmale\tand\tfemale\tlay\tfollowers\tof\tthe\tBuddha. One\t becomes\t an\t up\u0101saka\t or\t up\u0101sik\u0101\t immediately\t after taking\tthe\tthree\trefuges,\tviz: Buddha\u1e43\tsara\u1e47a\u1e43\tgacch\u0101mi\u2014I\ttake\trefuge\tin\tthe Buddha Dhamma\u1e43\tsara\u1e47a\u1e43\tgacch\u0101mi\u2014I\ttake\trefuge\tin\tthe Dhamma Sa\u1e45gha\u1e43\tsara\u1e47a\u1e43\tgacch\u0101mi\u2014I\ttake\trefuge\tin\tthe Sangha. This\tis\tthe\tthreefold\tformula\t(tev\u0101cika). 721","106.\tMah\u0101vagga,\tpp.19-20. 107.\tNote\tthe\treference\tto\tgods\t(devas). 108.\t The\t Pali\t term\t brahmacariya\t has\t no\t connection whatever\twith\ta\tgod\tor\tBrahm\u0101.\tIt\tis\tused\tin\tthe\tsense\tof noble\tor\tholy. 109.\tSamussayatha\tsaddhamma\u1e43\u2014desayant\u0101\tisiddhaja\u1e43 Katakattabbakammant\u0101\u2014parattha\u1e43\tpaipajjatha. 110.\t Seeking\t oneself.\t This\t phrase\t is\t very\t significant. Att\u0101na\u1e43\tis\tthe\taccusative\tof\tatta\twhich\tmeans\tself.\tHere the\tBuddha\twas\tnot\treferring\tto\tany\tsoul\tor\tspirit\tlatent in\tman\tas\tsome\tscholars\tattempt\tto\tshow.\tHow\tcould\tthe Buddha\t affirm\t the\t existence\t of\t a\t soul\t when\t he\t had clearly\tdenied\tits\texistence\tin\this\tsecond\tdiscourse?\tThe Buddha\t has\t used\t this\t phrase\t exactly\t in\t the\t sense\t of \\\"seek\tyourself\\\"\tor\t\\\"look\twithin.\\\" 111.\tDhammacakkhu\u2014This\trefers\tto\tany\tof\tthe\tthree\tlower paths,\tsot\u0101patti,\tsakad\u0101g\u0101mi\t,\tand\tan\u0101g\u0101mi. 112.\t YamakaP\u0101\u1e6dih\u0101riya,\t often\t translated\t as\t \\\"the\t twin miracle\\\"\tis\ta\tpsychic\tphenomenon\twhich\tonly\ta\tBuddha could\tperform.\tBy\this\tpsychic\tpowers\the\tmakes\tfire\tand water\t issue\t from\t the\t pores\t of\t the\t body\t simultaneously. The\t Paisambhid\u0101magga\t commentary\t states\t that\t by\t fire and\twater\tare\tmeant\tred\tand\tblue\trays. 113.\tHe\tsaluted\thim\tfor\tthe\tfirst\ttime\twhen\the\tsaw\tthe\tinfant prince's\t feet\t rest\t on\t the\t head\t of\t the\t ascetic\t Asita\t whom he\twanted\tthe\tchild\tto\trevere.\tHis\tsecond\tsalutation\ttook place\t at\t the\t ploughing\t festival\t when\t he\t saw\t the\t infant prince\t seated\t cross-legged\t on\t the\t couch,\t absorbed\t in 722","meditation. 114.\t See\t J\u0101taka\t Vol.\t vi,\t p.\t 479,\t No.\t 547. Dhammapadahakath\u0101,\t vol.\t iii,\t pp.\t 163-164.\t This interesting\t story,\t which\t is\t the\t longest\t in\t the\t J\u0101taka commentary,\tillustrates\this\tunrivalled\tgenerosity. 115.\t See\t Dhammapadahakath\u0101,\t vol,\t iii,\t p.\t 164,\t Buddhist Legends,\tvol.\t3,\tp.\t3. 116.\t A\u1e45guttara\t Nik\u0101ya\t commentary\t states:\t \\\"Only\t four disciples\t of\t the\t Buddha\t had\t great\t supernormal\t powers: Others\tcould\trecall\t100,000\tkalpas,\tnot\tbeyond\tthat;\tbut those\t four\t could\t recall\t incalculable\t eras.\t In\t our Teacher's\t order\t the\t two\t great\t disciples\t and\t the\t elder Bakkula\t and\t Bhadda\t Kacc\u0101na,\t just\t these\t four,\t had\t this power.\\\"\tGradual\tSayings,\tVol.\t1,\tp.\t22. 117.\tpp.\t 584-599.\t Here\t she\t relates\t her\t association\t with\t the Bodhisatta\t when\t he\t met\t the\t Buddha\t D\u012bpa\u1e45kara\t and resolved\tto\tbecome\ta\tBuddha. 118.\tLit.,\tbound\tor\tseized\t(la)\tby\ta\tfetter\t(r\u0101hu) 119.\tSee\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tpart\t1,\tp.\t219. 120.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNo.\t61.\tSee\tThe\tBlessing,\tp.\t173. 121.\t Sa\u1e43yutta\t Nik\u0101ya,\t ii,\t pp.\t 244-253,\t Kindred\t Sayings,\t ii, pp.\t164-168. 122.\t Sutta\t Nip\u0101ta,\t R\u0101hula\t Sutta.\t See\t Chalmers,\t Buddha's Teachings,\tp.\t81. 123.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNo.\t62.\tSee\tThe\tBlessing,\tp.\t182. 124.\tSee\tAnattalakkha\u1e47a\tSutta,\tCh.\t6. 723","125.\tSee\tnote\t88. 126.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNo.\t147. 127.\tvv.\t297,\t298.\tPsalms\tof\tthe\tBrethren,\tp.\t183. 128.\tPsalms\tof\tthe\tBrethren,\tp.\t127\tvs.\t157,\t158. 129.\tJ\u0101taka,\tNo.\t456,\tJ\u0101taka\tTranslation,\tvol.\tiv.\tp.\t61 130.\tSuch\tas\tbodily\trelics\tof\tthe\tBuddha. 131.\t This\t oldest\t historic\t sacred\t tree\t is\t still\t to\t be\t seen\t at modern\tSahet\tMahet\t(S\u0101vatth\u012b)\tin\tIndia. 132.\tPsalms\tof\tthe\tBrethren,\tp.\t354.\tTherag\u0101th\u0101\tvs.\t1424. 133.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya,\tVol.\ti,\tp.\t24.\tGradual\tSayings,\t part I.\tp.\t19 134.\tParinibb\u0101na\tSutta\t(DN\t16) 135.\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tvol.\tiii,\tp.\t160. 136.\t Psalms\t of\t the\t Brethren,\t p.\t 353.\t Therag\u0101th\u0101,\t v.\t 1020. Dhp\tv.\t147. 137.\tVinaya\ttexts,\tpart\tiii,\tp.\t320.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya,\tPart\tiv, 274. 138.\t Some\t of\t these\t rules\t will\t not\t be\t intelligible\t to\t the\t lay readers\tas\tthey\tpertain\tto\tVinaya\tDiscipline. 139.\tThe\thigher\tordination. 140.\t The\t full\t moon\t and\t new\t moon\t days\t when\t bhikkhus assemble\tto\trecite\ttheir\tFundamental\tRules. 141.\tThe\tformal\ttermination\tof\tthe\trainy\tseason. 142.\tA\tform\tof\tdisciplinary\taction. 724","143.\tSee\tGradual\tSayings,\tiv,\tp.\t184. 144.\tSee\tGradual\tSayings,\tiv,\tp,\t185. 145.\t Vinaya\t texts\t part\t III,\t pp.\t 329-330.\t See\t Gradual Sayings,\tiv,\tpp.\t186,\t187. 146.\t Analytical\t knowledge\t with\t regard\t to\t the\t meaning (attha),\t texts\t (dhamma)\t etymology\t (nirutti),\t and\t the understanding\tof\tthese\tthree\t(pa\u1e6dibh\u0101\u1e47a). 147.\tSa\u1e43utta\tNik\u0101ya,\tPart\t1,\tp.\t272 148.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tPart\t1,\tp.\t273 149.\tSee\tGradual\tSayings,\tvol.\tiv,\tpp.\t264-265 150.\tGradual\tSayings,\tvol.\tii,\tpp.\t77-78.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya, vol.\tii,\tpp.\t67-68. 151.\tGradual\tSayings,\tvol.\tiv,\tpp.\t56-58.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya, vol.\tiv,\tpp.\t92-93. 152.\tSee\t\u0100nanda\tBodhi\tTree. 153.\t Majjhima\t Nik\u0101ya\t iii,\t 262;\t Further\t Dialogues\t of\t the Buddha,\tvol.\tii,\tpp.\t302-305. 154.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tPart\ti,\tp.\t80. 155.\t Kesa-kaly\u0101\u1e47a,\t ma\u1e43sa-kaly\u0101\u1e47a,\t ahi-kaly\u0101\u1e47a,\t chavi- kaly\u0101\u1e47a\tand\tvaya-kaly\u0101\u1e47a. 156.\tHere\tfire\tsignifies\tslandering. 157.\tUsually\tthe\t1st,\t8th,\t15th,\tand\t23rd\tof\tthe\tlunar\tmonth are\t regarded\t as\t the\t uposatha\t or\t holy\t days\t when\t lay followers\t observe\t the\t following\t eight\t precepts (a\u1e6dhas\u012bla):\t abstinence\t from\t 1)\t killing,\t 2)\t stealing,\t 3) 725","incelibacy,\t 4)\t lying,\t 5)\t liquor,\t 6)\t eating\t food\t after midday,\t 7)\t dancing,\t singing,\t music,\t unseemly\t shows, using\t garlands,\t perfumes,\t unguents,\t or\t ornaments,\t and 8)\tusing\thigh\tand\tluxurious\tseats. Though,\t as\t a\t rule,\t they\t are\t sometimes\t observed\t on uposatha\t days,\t there\t is\t no\t objection\t to\t practising\t them on\t any\t convenient\t day\u2014the\t object\t being\t to\t control deeds,\twords,\tand\tfive\tsenses. 158.\tGradual\tSayings,\tiv.\tpp.\t178-179. 159.\tGradual\tSayings,\tiv.\tpp.\t177-178. 160.\t S\u0101sana\t (dispensation)\t is\t the\t Pali\t term\t applied\t to\t the whole\tBuddhist\tchurch. 161.\tThis\tstory\tis\tfound\tin\tVin.\tMahavagga\t8,\t1.\t(Ed.) 162.\tSee\tthis\taccount\tin\tthe\ttext. 163.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNo.\t55. 164.\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta,\tPabbajj\u0101\tSutta. 165.\tNo.\t544. 166.\tSee\tnote\t111. 167.\t The\t Pali\t \u0101r\u0101ma\t means\t a\t mere\t park.\t There\t were\t no buildings\t when\t the\t Buddha\t accepted\t this\t generous\t gift. At\t present\t the\t term\t \u0101r\u0101ma\t is\t used\t in\t the\t sense\t of\t a monastery\twith\tnecessary\tbuildings\tfor\tmonks. 168.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya.\t1.64:\tKindred\tSayings,\t1,\tp.\t94. 169.\t An\t enraged\t warrior\t prince,\t though\t young,\t may ruthlessly\tcause\tharm\tto\tothers.\tThe\tbite\tof\teven\ta\tsmall 726","snake\t may\t prove\t fatal.\t A\t little\t fire\t may\t produce\t a conflagration.\t Even\t a\t young\t monk\t may\t be\t a\t saint\t or\t a Dhamma\tscholar. 170.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya\tii,\tNo.\t120 171.\t See\t Mah\u0101\t Supina\t J\u0101taka.\t J\u0101taka\t Translation\u2014Book\t 1, pp.\t188-192\tNo.\t77. 172.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya\t1,\t68,\tKindred\tSayings,\ti,\tp.\t94. 173.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1,\tpp.\t104-106. 174.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1.\tpp.\t109,\t110.\tDhp\tv.\t201. 175.\tIbid.\tp.\t110 176.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1,\tp.\t111.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tpart 1,\tp.86. 177.\tSee\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\tI,\tp.\t122 178.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNos.\t89\tand\t90. 179.\tSee\talso\tChapt.\t9. 180.\tSee\tp.\t113. 181.\t Abhidhamma\t (\\\"higher\t doctrine\\\")\t deals\t with\t Buddhist philosophy.\tSee\tChapter\t15. 182.\tThe\tthree\tdaughters\tof\tM\u0101ra. 183.\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tpart\ti,\tp.\t274. 184.\tDhp\tvv.\t320,\t321,\t322. 185.\tSee\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tvol.\t1,\tp.\t176. 186.\tDhammapadahakath\u0101,\tKosambaka\tVatthu. 727","187.\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta,\tp.\t12, 188.\tVinaya\tPi\u1e6daka,\tSuttavibha\u1e45ga\t(P\u0101r\u0101jik\u0101)\tpp.\t1-11.\tMiss I.\tB.\tHorner,\tBook\tof\tthe\tDiscipline,\tPart\t1,\tpp.1-23. 189.\tThe\tBuddha\twas\treferring\tto\tVenerable\t\u0100nanda. 190.\t Sutta\t Nip\u0101ta,\t \u0100\u00ffavaka\t Sutta,\t p.\t 31,\t Chalmers, Teachings\tof\tthe\tBuddha,\tp.\t45. 191.\tSee\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1,\tpp.\t276-277. 192.\t Psalms\t of\t the\t Brethren,\t pp.\t 318-325.\t Also\t see A\u1e45gulim\u0101la\tSutta\t(MN\t86). 193.\tParitta\t=\tProtective\tdiscourse. 194.\t Yato'\t ha\u1e43\t bhagin\u012b\t ariy\u0101ya\t j\u0101tiy\u0101\t j\u0101to\t n'\u0101bhij\u0101n\u0101mi sa\u00f1cicca\t p\u0101nna\t jivit\u0101\t voropet\u0101.\t Tena\t saccena\t sotthi\t te hotu,\tsotthi\tgabbhass\u0101\t'ti. 195.\tPsalms\tof\tthe\tBrethren,\tp.\t328. 196.\t Buddhacakkhu\t constitutes\t the\t knowledge\t of\t the\t one's inclinations\t (\u0101saya)\t and\t the\t innate\t tendencies (\u0101say\u0101nusaya-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)\t and\t the\t knowledge\t of\t the\t dullness and\t keenness\t of\t faculties\t such\t as\t confidence, mindfulness,\t concentration,\t energy\t and\t wisdom (indriyaparopariyattana-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a) 197.\tSatapa\u00f1casataka,\tv.\t78. 198.\tProf.\tRhys\tDavids,\tDialogues\tof\tthe\tBuddha,\tvol\tii,\tp. 91. 199.\tPeta:\t\\\"hungry\tghost.\\\"\tSee\tMoggallan's\tdiscussion. 200.\t Iti'pi\t so\t bhagav\u0101\t araha\u1e43,\t samm\u0101\t sambuddho, 728","vijj\u0101cara\u1e47asampanno,\t sugato,\t lokavid\u016b,\t anuttaro purisadammas\u0101rathi,\tsatth\u0101\tdeva-manuss\u0101na\u1e43,\tbuddho, bhagav\u0101'ti. 201.\t Sv\u0101kkh\u0101to\t bhagavat\u0101\t dhammo,\t sandi\u1e6d\u1e6dhiko,\t ak\u0101liko, ehipassiko,\topanayiko,\tpaccatta\u1e43\tveditabbo\tvi\u00f1\u00f1\u016bh\u012b'ti. 202.\t Supa\u1e6dipanno\t bhagavato\t s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho,\t ujupaipanno bhagavato\t s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho,\t \u00f1\u0101yapaipanno\t bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho,\t s\u0101m\u012bcipaipanno\t bhagavato s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho,\t yadida\u1e43\t catt\u0101ri\t purisayug\u0101ni ahapurisapuggal\u0101,\t esa\t bhagavato\t s\u0101vakasa\u1e45gho, \u0101huneyyo,\t p\u0101huneyyo\t dakkhi\u1e47eyyo,\t a\u00f1jalikara\u1e47\u012byo, anuttara\u1e43,\tpu\u00f1\u00f1akkhetta\u1e43\tlokass\u0101'ti. 203.\t Later\t AmbaPali\t entered\t the\t order\t and\t attained arahantship. 204.\tAnantara\u1e43\tab\u0101hira\u1e43\tkaritv\u0101:\tThese\ttwo\tterms\trefer\tto both\t individuals\t and\t teachings.\t \\\"This\t much\t of\t my doctrine\twill\tI\tnot\tteach\tothers\\\"\u2014\tsuch\ta\tthought\tmeans limiting\t the\t Dhamma\t to\t an\t inner\t circle.\t \\\"This\t much\t of my\tdoctrine\twill\tI\tteach\tothers\\\"\u2014\tsuch\ta\tthought\tmeans barring\t the\t Dhamma\t to\t others.\t \\\"To\t this\t person\t I\t shall teach\\\"\u2014\t by\t such\t a\t thought\t a\t limitation\t is\t made\t to\t an inner\t circle.\t \\\"To\t this\t person\t I\t shall\t not\t teach\\\"\u2014\t such\t a thought\t implies\t individual\t discrimination.\t The\t Buddha makes\t no\t such\t distinctions\t both\t with\t regard\t to\t his teaching\t or\t his\t disciples.\t The\t Buddha\t had\t nothing esoteric\t in\t his\t teachings.\t Nor\t had\t he\t an\t inner\t circle\t or outer\tcircle\tamongst\this\tdisciples. 205.\tVedhamissakena. 206.\tReferring\tto\tthe\tbliss\tof\tarahantship\t(phalasam\u0101patti). 729","207.\tHavens. 208.\t Attad\u012bpa\t viharatha\t attasara\u1e47\u0101\t ana\u00f1\u00f1asara\u1e47\u0101; dhammad\u012bp\u0101\t viharatha\t ,\t dhammasara\u1e47\u0101, ana\u00f1\u00f1asara\u1e47\u0101. 209.\tThese\tare\tthe\tfour\tkinds\tof\tSatipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101nas\t (foundations of\t mindfulness).\t Here\t the\t term\t dhamma\t is\t used\t in\t a different\t sense\t and\t it\t cannot\t adequately\t be\t rendered\t by one\t English\t word\t as\t it\t refers\t to\t both\t mental\t and physical\t objects.\t See\t Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na\t Sutta,\t Majjhima Nik\u0101ya\t No.\t 10\t (also\t included\t below\t on\t Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na Sutta). 210.\tThe\t four\t iddhip\u0101das\t are\t will\t (chanda),\t effort\t (viriya), thought\t(citta),\tand\tinvestigation\tor\twisdom\t(v\u012bma\u1e43s\u0101) 211.\tHere\tthe\tterm\tkappa\tmeans\tthe\tnormal\tlife-term\twhich was\t about\t 100\t years.\t Kapp\u0101vasesa\t means\t an\t extra fraction\tof\ta\tkappa\u2014i.e.,\tabout\t120\tor\tso. 212.\t These\t are\t the\t thirty-seven\t constituents\t of enlightenment\t(bodhipakkhiya-dhamma) 213.\tVayadhamm\u0101\tsa\u1e45kh\u0101r\u0101,\tappam\u0101dena\tsamp\u0101detha. 214.\tParipakko\tvayo\tmayha\u1e43\tparitta\u1e43\tmama\tj\u012bvita\u1e43. Pah\u0101ya\tvo\tgamiss\u0101mi\tkata\u1e43\tme\tsara\u1e47amattano Appamatt\u0101\tsatimanto\tsus\u012bl\u0101\thotha\tbhikkhavo Susam\u0101hita\tsa\u1e45kapp\u0101\tsacittamanurakkhatha Yo\timasmi\u1e43\tdhammavinaye\tappamatto\tvihessati Pah\u0101ya\tj\u0101tisa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u1e43\tdukkhassanta\u1e43\tkarissati. 215.\t According\t to\t the\t commentary\t it\t is\t flesh\t of\t a\t boar neither\ttoo\tyoung\tnor\ttoo\told,\tbut\tnot\tkilled\tfor\this\tsake 730","(pavattama\u1e43sa).\t Some\t say\t it\t is\t a\t kind\t of\t mushroom.\t It is\talso\tbelieved\tto\tbe\ta\tspecial\tkind\tof\tdelicious\tdish\tby that\tname,\tor\ta\tnutritious\tchemical\tfood.\tSee\tQuestions of\t Milinda,\t Vol.\t 1,\t p.\t 244\t and\t Dialogues\t of\t the\t Buddha part\t2\tp.\t136\tn.\t1 216.\t According\t to\t the\t commentary\t the\t Buddha\t chose Kusin\u0101r\u0101\tto\tpass\taway\tfor\tthree\treasons:\tfirst,\tto\tpreach the\tMah\u0101sudassana\tSutta\tin\torder\tto\tinspire\tpeople\tto\tbe more\t virtuous;\t second,\t to\t convert\t Subhadda,\t his\t last disciple,\t who\t could\t not\t have\t been\t converted\t by\t any other\tbut\thimself;\tand\tthird,\tto\tenable\tDona,\ta\tbrahmin, to\tdistribute\this\trelics\tpeacefully\tamongst\this\tfollowers. 217.\tA\tlittle\tmore\tthan\tsix\tmiles. 218.\tLumbin\u012b\ton\tthe\tIndian\tborders\tof\tNepal. 219.\tBuddha\tGay\u0101,\tabout\teight\tmiles\tfrom\tthe\tGay\u0101\tstation. 220.\tSara\u1e47ath. 221.\t Kusin\u0101r\u0101\u2014modern\t Kasi\u0101\u2014about\t thirty-two\t miles from\tGorakhpur\tstation. 222.\t This\t Subhadda\t should\t be\t distinguished\t from\t another Subhadda\t who\t entered\t the\t order\t in\t his\t old\t age.\t It\t was the\t latter\t who\t remarked\t that\t the\t death\t of\t the\t Buddha was\tno\toccasion\tfor\tsorrow\tas\tthe\tbhikkhus\twere\tfree\tto do\t whatever\t they\t liked,\t without\t being\t bound\t by\t the injunctions\t of\t the\t Master.\t This\t remark\t of\t Subhadda prompted\tVenerable\tKassapa\tto\ttake\timmediate\tsteps\tto hold\ta\tconvocation\tof\tthe\tDhamma\tand\tthe\tVinaya. 223.\tThey\tall\tflourished\tin\tthe\ttime\tof\tthe\tBuddha. 731","224.\t The\t four\t sama\u1e47as\t refer\t to\t the\t sot\u0101panna\t (stream- winner),\tthe\tsakad\u0101g\u0101mi\t(once-returner),\tan\u0101g\u0101mi\t(non- returner),\t and\t arahant,\t the\t worthy\t one,\t who\t is\t the perfect\tsaint. 225.\t Su\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\t parappav\u0101d\u0101\t sama\u1e47ehi\t a\u00f1\u00f1ehi.\t Ime\t ca Subhadda\t bhikkh\u016b\t samm\u0101\t vihareyyu\u1e43\t asu\u00f1\u00f1o\t loko arahantehi\tass\u0101'ti. 226.\t Pabbajj\u0101\t (renunciation).\t This\t refers\t to\t the\t ordination as\t a\t novice,\t which\t is\t done\t by\t donning\t the\t yellow\t robe after\t having\t shaved\t hair\t and\t beard\t and\t taking\t the\t three refuges\t and\t the\t ten\t precepts.\t The\t novice\t is\t called\t a s\u0101ma\u1e47era.\tHe\thas\tcut\thimself\toff\tfrom\tthe\tworld\tand\tits ways.\tHenceforth\tby\thim\teven\this\tparents\tare\taddressed \\\"lay-disciples.\\\" 227.\t Upasampad\u0101:\t This\t refers\t to\t the\t higher\t ordination, which\tis\tbestowed\tonly\tafter\tthe\tcompletion\tof\tthe\t20th year\t of\t life.\t He\t who\t receives\t it\t is\t a\t full\t member\t of\t the order\tand\tis\tcalled\ta\tbhikkhu. 228.\tA\t probation\t is\t not\t demanded\t of\t the\t Buddhist\t aspirant to\tordination. 229.\tYo\tca\tkho\tmay\u0101\tdhammo\tca\tvinayo\tca\tdesito\tpa\u00f1\u00f1atto so\t'vo\tmamaccayena\tsatth\u0101. 230.\t \u0100ka\u1e45kham\u0101no,\t \u0100nanda,\t sa\u1e45gho,\t mamaccayena khudd\u0101nukhuddak\u0101ni\tsikkh\u0101pad\u0101ni\tsam\u016bhantu! 231.\t The\t reference\t was\t to\t the\t Venerable\t \u0100nanda,\t who encouraged\tby\tthose\twords,\tattained\tarahantship\tlater. 232.\t The\t death\t of\t the\t Buddha\t occurred\t in\t 543\t BCE\t on\t a Vesak\tfull-moon\tday. 732","233.\tSee\tMah\u0101va\u1e43sa\ttranslation,\tpp.\t14-50. 234.\tIbid.\tpp.\t19-50. 235.\t A\t hamlet\t in\t the\t interior\t of\t Sri\t Lanka,\t about\t twenty- four\tmiles\tfrom\tKandy.\tThis\tsacred\trock\ttemple\tis\tstill\ta place\t of\t pilgrimage\t to\t the\t Buddhists\t of\t Sri\t Lanka. Buddhaghosuppatti,\t a\t biography\t of\t the\t Great Commentator\t Buddhaghosa,\t states\t that\t the\t amount\t of books\twritten\ton\tola\tleaves\twhen\tpiled\tup\twould\texceed the\theight\tof\tsix\telephants. 236.\tSee\tLegacy\tof\tIndia,\tEdited\tby\tG.\tT.\tGarrat,\tpp,\tX,\tXI. 237.\t Commenting\t on\t this\t sutta,\t Mrs.\t Rhys\t Davids\t says \\\"Happy\t would\t have\t been\t the\t village\t or\t the\t clan\t on\t the banks\t of\t the\t Ganges\t where\t the\t people\t were\t full\t of\t the kindly\t spirit\t of\t fellow-feeling\t and\t the\t noble\t spirit\t of justice,\t which\t breathe\t through\t these\t naive\t and\t simple sayings.\\\"\tSee\tDialogues\tof\tthe\tBuddha\tpart\t111.\tp.\t168. 238.\tSee\tThe\tManual\tof\tAbhidhamma\tby\tthe\tauthor.\tA\tnew edition\t is\t published\t with\t commentary\t in\t A Comprehensive\t Manual\t of\t Abhidhamma,\t Bhikkhu Bodhi\tEd,\tBuddhist\tPublication\tSociety,\tKandy. 239.\tOne\tof\tthe\tbooks,\tKath\u0101vatthu\t(Points\tof\tControversy), is\texcluded\there.\tIts\tauthorship\tis\tattributed\tto\tVenerable Moggaliputta\tTissa\twho\tpresided\tat\tthe\tThird\tcouncil\tin the\ttime\tof\tKing\tAsoka. 240.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya\tvol.\t5,\tpp.\t437-438,\tKindred\tSayings, part\t5,\tp.\t370. 241.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNo.\t22 733","242.\tWebster's\tDictionary 243.\tWilliam\tDurrant,\tThe\tHistory\tof\tPhilosophy,\tp.\t2. 244.\tWebb,\tHistory\tof\tPhilosophy,\tp.\t2. 245.\t \\\"A\t philosophy\t in\t the\t sense\t of\t an\t epistemological system\twhich\tfurnishes\ta\tcomplete\treply\tto\tthe\tquestion of\t the\t what,\t of\t the\t what\t is\t life?\u2014this\t it\t is\t not.\\\"\t (Dr. Dahlke,\t Buddhism\t and\t Its\t Place\t in\t the\t Mental\t Life\t of Mankind,\tp.\t25.) 246.\tRhys\tDavids,\tBuddhism,\tp.\t1. 247.\t An\t ordinary\t adherent\t may\t be\t genuine\t enough\t as\t a follower,\t but\t he\t is\t not\t a\t sharer\t by\t realisation\t of\t the Buddha-Dhamma. 248.\t The\t bracketed\t explanatory\t parts\t of\t the\t foregoing translation\t are\t in\t accordance\t with\t the\t interpretations\t of the\t commentary\t and\t sub-commentary.\t The\t Pali\t text\t of this\t important\t passage\t is\t as\t follows:\t \\\"Etha\t tumhe K\u0101l\u0101m\u0101.\t M\u0101\t anussavena,\t m\u0101\t parampar\u0101ya,\t m\u0101 itikir\u0101ya,\t m\u0101\t pi\u1e6dakasampad\u0101nena,\t m\u0101\t takkahetu,\t m\u0101 nayahetu,\t m\u0101\t \u0101k\u0101raparivitakkena,\t m\u0101 di\u1e6d\u1e6dhinijjh\u0101nakkhantiy\u0101,\t m\u0101\t bhabbar\u016bpat\u0101ya,\t m\u0101 sama\u1e47o\tno\tgar\u016b\tti.\\\" 249.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya\tvol.\ti,\tp.\t189;\tKindred\tSayings,\t part i,\tpp.\t171,\t172. 250.\tTravel\tDiary\tof\ta\tPhilosopher. 251.\tSee\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tvol.\t3.\tpp.\t249,\t250. 252.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya\tvol.\t3.\tp.\t129. 734","253.\tComp.\t\\\"Prayer\tis\tan\tactivity\tin\twhich\tI\tfrankly\tconfess I\t am\t not\t an\t adept.\\\"\t Canon\t B.\t H.\t Streeter\t in\t Modern Churchman\t\u2014Sept.\t1924,\tp.347. \\\"I\tdo\tnot\tunderstand\thow\tmen\tcontinue\tto\tpray\tunless they\t are\t convinced\t there\t is\t a\t listening\t ear.\\\"\t (Rev.\t C. Beard,\tReformation,\tp.\t419.) Sir\t Radhakrishnan\t states,\t \\\"Prayers\t take\t the\t character of\tprivate\tcommunications,\tselfish\tbargaining\twith\tGod. It\tseeks\tfor\tobjects\tof\tearthly\tambitions\tand\tinflames\tthe sense\t of\t self.\t Meditation\t on\t the\t other\t hand\t is\t self- change.\\\" 254.\tSee\tSri\tRadhakrishnan,\tGautama\tthe\tBuddha. 255.\tWebster's\tDictionary. 256.\t Ex-bhikkhu\t S\u012blac\u0101ra.\t See\t Sri\t Lanka\t Daily\t News\u2014 Vesak\tNumber\tMay\t1939. 257.\tDr.\tDahlke,\tin\targuing\twhat\tBuddhism\tis,\twrites,\t\\\"With this,\t sentence\t of\t condemnation\t is\t passed\t upon Buddhism\t as\t a\t religion.\t Religion,\t in\t the\t ordinary\t sense as\t that\t which\t points\t beyond\t this\t life\t to\t one\t essentially different,\t it\t cannot\t be.\\\"\t Buddhism\t and\t its\t Place\t in\t the Mental\tLife\tof\tMankind,\tp.\t27. 258.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tSutta\tNo.\t22. 259.\tR\u0101hulov\u0101da\tSutta\t(MN\t61) 260.\tSee\tMett\u0101\tSutta\tbelow. 261.\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta 262.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya\tPart\t1,\tp.\t286. 735","263.\tp.\t67 264.\tParinibb\u0101na\tSutta;\tsee\tChapter\tXIV\tabove. 265.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1,\tpp.\t7,\t8. 266.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tvol.\tii,\tp.\t32;\tKindred\t Sayings,\t part ii,\tp.\t27. 267.\tD\tII\t100;\tS\tV\t153. 268.\tPart\t1,\tp.\t261. 269.\tC\u016b\u00ffa\tM\u0101lu\u1e45kya\tSutta\t(MN\t63). 270.\t See\t Ud\u0101na,\t vi,\t p.\t 4;\t Woodward,\t Some\t Sayings\t of\t the Buddha,\tpp.\t287,\t288. 271.\tSee\tfootnote\t112. 272.\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta\u2014Vasala\tSutta. 273.\tibid,\tp.\t115. 274.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\tI,\tp.\t111.\tSee\tp.\t202. 275.\tPsalms\tof\tthe\tSisters,\tp.\t82. 276.\tSee\tKindred\tSayings,\tPart\ti.\tp.\t162. 277.\tSee\tVis\u0101kh\u0101. 278.\tKindred\tSayings,\t5\tPart\tI,\tp.\t270 279.\tJ\u0101taka\tTranslation\tv.\tp.\t110,\tNo.\t354. 280.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tI,\tp.\t62.\tSee\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\tI p.\t86. 281.\t Hence\t there\t is\t no\t justification\t for\t the\t statement\t that Buddhism\tis\ta\tnatural\toutgrowth\tof\tHinduism,\talthough 736","it\t has\t to\t be\t admitted\t that\t there\t exist\t some\t fundamental doctrines\t common\t to\t both\t and\t that\t is\t because\t those doctrines\t are\t in\t accordance\t with\t eternal\t truth\t or Dhamma. 282.\tSee\tchapters\t33,\t34. 283.\tSkt.\tkarma 284.\tSee\tChapter\t23. 285.\tThe\tStream\tof\tLife,\tp.\t15. 286.\t Of\t Shakespeare,\t Col.\t Ingersol\t writes:\t \\\"Neither\t of\t his parents\t could\t read\t or\t write.\t He\t grew\t up\t in\t a\t small\t and ignorant\tvillage.\\\" 287.\t \\\"Human\t inequality\t springs\t from\t two\t sources,\t nature and\t nurture.\\\"\t J.B.S.\t Haldane,\t The\t Inequality\t of Mankind.\tp.\t23. 288.\t Kammassak\u0101\t m\u0101nava\t satt\u0101,\t kammad\u0101y\u0101d\u0101, kammayoni,\t kamma-bandhu,\t kammapa\u1e6disara\u1e47\u0101, kamma\u1e43\t satte\t vibhajati\t yad\u012bda\u1e43\t h\u012bnappa\u1e47\u012btat\u0101y\u0101'ti. (CullaKammavibha\u1e45ga\t Sutta\t [MN\t 135])\t Cf.\t Venerable N\u0101gasena's\t reply\t to\t the\t identical\t question\t put\t by\t King Milinda. See\talso\tWarren,\tBuddhism\tin\tTranslation,\tp.\t214. 289.\tWith\trespect\tto\tthis\tsimilarity\tof\taction\tand\treaction\tthe following\tnote\tby\tDr.\tGrimm\twill\tperhaps\tbe\tof\tinterest to\tthe\treaders: \\\"It\t is\t not\t difficult\t in\t all\t these\t cases\t also\t to\t show\t the law\tof\taffinity\tas\tthe\tregulator\tof\tthe\tgrasping\tof\ta\tnew germ\t that\t occurs\t at\t death.\t Whosoever,\t devoid\t of 737","compassion,\t can\t kill\t men\t or,\t animals,\t carries\t deep within\t himself\t the\t inclination\t to\t shorten\t life.\t He\t finds satisfaction\t or\t even\t pleasure\t in\t the\t short-livedness\t of other\t creatures.\t Short-lived\t germs\t have\t therefore\t some affinity\t which\t makes\t itself\t known\t after\t his\t death\t in\t the grasping\t of\t another\t germ\t which\t then\t takes\t place\t to\t his own\t detriment.\t Even\t so,\t germs\t bearing\t within themselves\t the\t power\t of\t developing\t into\t a\t deformed body\t have\t an\t affinity\t for\t one\t who\t finds\t pleasure\t in\t ill- treating\tand\tdisfiguring\tothers. \\\"An\tangry\tperson\tbegets\twithin\thimself\tan\taffinity\tfor ugly\t bodies\t and\t their\t respective\t germs,\t since\t it\t is\t the characteristic\tmark\tof\tanger\tto\tdisfigure\tthe\tface. \\\"Whoever\t is\t jealous,\t niggardly,\t haughty,\t carries within\t himself\t the\t tendency\t to\t grudge\t everything\t to others\t and\t to\t despise\t them.\t Accordingly\t germs\t that\t are destined\t to\t develop\t in\t poor,\t outward\t circumstances, possess\taffinity\tfor\thim. \\\"It\tis,\tof\tcourse,\tonly\ta\tconsequence\tof\tthe\tabove,\tthat a\tchange\tof\tsex\tmay\talso\tensue. \\\"Thus\t it\t is\t related\t in\t the\t Sakkapa\u00f1ha\t Sutta\t (DN\t 21) that\tGopik\u0101,\ta\tdaughter\tof\tthe\tS\u0101kya\thouse,\twas\treborn after\ther\tdeath\tas\tGopaka\tDevaputta,\tbecause\tthe\tfemale mind\thas\tbecome\trepulsive\tto\ther,\tand\tshe\thad\tformed\ta male\tmind\twithin\therself.\\\"\tThe\tDoctrine\tof\tthe\tBuddha, p.\t191. 290.\tP.\t65;\tThe\tExpositor,\ti.\t87. 291.\t See\t Compendium\t of\t Philosophy,\t p.\t 191;\t and\t A Comprehensive\t Manual\t of\t Abhidhamma,\t Bhikkhu 738","Bodhi,\tEd. 292.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya,\ti,\t173;\tGradual\tSayings,\ti.\t157. 293.\t See\t Abhidhamm\u0101vat\u0101ra,\t p.\t 54;\t Mrs.\t Rhys\t Davids, Buddhism,\tp.\t119. 294.\tSee\tGradual\tSayings,\tpart\t2,\tp.\t90. 295.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya\tiii,\tp.\t415,\tThe\tExpositor,\tpart\tI,\t117; Atthas\u0101lin\u012b,\tp.\t88. 296.\tQuoted\tbelow\tin\tthe\tRatana\tSutta,\tSee\tRatana\tSutta. 297.\tSee\tPoussin,\tThe\tWay\tto\tNirvana,\tp.\t68. 298.\tAtthas\u0101lini\tp.\t68.\tThe\tExpositor,\tpart\tI,\tp.\t91. 299.\t See\t Compendium\t of\t Philosophy\t \u2014 Abhidhammatthasa\u1e45gaha;\t A\t Comprehensive\t Manual\t of Abhidhamma,\tBhikkhu\tBodhi,\tEd.,\tCh\t1. 300.\t20\t+\t5\t+\t4\t=\t29 301.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101tya\tVol.\t1,\tp.\t227;\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart 1,\tp.\t293. 302.\tVol.\tii,\tp.\t602.\tSee\tWarren,\tBuddhism\tin\tTranslation\t , p.\t248\tThe\tPath\tof\tPurity,\tiii,\tp\t728. Kammassa\tk\u0101rako\tnatthi\u2014vip\u0101kassa\tca\tvedako Suddhadhamm\u0101\tpavattanti\u2014eveta\u1e43\tsamm\u0101dassana\u1e43. 303.\tPrinciples\tof\tPsychology,\tp.\t216. 304.\tSee\tVisuddhimagga,\tch\tXVII. 305.\tAccording\tto\tBuddhist\tphilosophy\tthere\tis\tno\tmoment when\t we\t do\t not\t ordinarily\t experience\t a\t particular\t kind of\t consciousness,\t hanging\t on\t to\t some\t object\u2014whether 739","physical\tor\tmental.\tThe\ttime\tlimit\tof\tsuch\tconsciousness is\ttermed\tone\tthought-moment.\tEach\tthought-moment\tis followed\t by\t another.\t The\t rapidity\t of\t the\t succession\t of such\tthought-moments\tis\thardly\tconceivable\tby\tthe\tken of\thuman\tknowledge.\tIt\tpleases\tthe\tcommentators\tto\tsay that\t during\t the\t time\t occupied\t by\t a\t flash\t of\t lightning billions\tand\tbillions\tof\tthought-moments\tmay\tarise. 306.\t Buddhist\t Legends,\t (Dhammapadahakath\u0101),\t pt.\t 2,\t p. 262. 307.\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tp.\t282. 308.\tIbid.,\tpt.\ti.\tp.\t278. 309.\tAccording\tto\tsome\tbooks\the\tactually\tkilled\tthem. 310.\tLiterally,\t'because\tdone.' 311.\t\\\"In\tplants\tthere\tis\tno\ttransmission\tof\tstimuli\tby\tnerves. Nerves\tare\tunknown\tto\tthem\tas\tnerve-centres.\\\"\tDr.\tKarl V.\tFrisch\u2014You\tand\tLife.\tp.\t125. 312.\tThe\tPali\ttext\truns\tas\tfollows: \\\"N'atthi\tdinna\u1e43,\tnatthi\tittha\u1e43,\tn'atthi\thuta\u1e43,\tn'atthi sukaadukka\u0101na\u1e43\tkamm\u0101na\u1e43\tphalam\tvip\u0101ko,\tn'atthi aya\u1e43\tloko,\tn'atthi\tparaloko,\tn'atthi\tm\u0101t\u0101,\tn'atthi\tpit\u0101, n'atthi\tsatt\u0101\topap\u0101tik\u0101,\tn'atthi\tloke\tsama\u1e47a-br\u0101hma\u1e47\u0101 sammaggatt\u0101\tsamm\u0101paipann\u0101\tye\tima\u00f1'ca\tloka\u1e43\tpara\u00f1 ca\tloka\u1e43\tsaya\u1e43\tabhi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\tsacchikatv\u0101\tpavedenti.\tSee Dhammasa\u1e45ga\u1e47\u012b,\tp.\t233.\tThe\tExpositor,\tpt.\tii.\t493,\tand Buddhist\tPsychology,\tp.\t355. 313.\t According\t to\t the\t Abhidhammatthasa\u1e45gaha\t there\t are five\t r\u016bpa\t jh\u0101nas,\t but\t the\t Visuddhimagga\t mentions\t four 740","jh\u0101nas.\t There\t is\t no\t great\t difference\t between\t the\t two interpretations.\tIn\tthe\tformer\tthe\tjh\u0101nas\tare\tdivided\tinto five\t according\t to\t the\t five\t constituents.\t In\t the\t latter\t the second\t jh\u0101na\t consists\t of\t the\t final\t three\t constituents without\tthe\tfirst\ttwo. 314.\t For\t details,\t see\t A\t Comprehensive\t Manual\t of Abhidhamma,\tBhikkhu\tBodhi,\tEd. 315.\t A\u1e45guttara\t Nik\u0101ya,\t part\t i.\t 249.\t See\t Warren,\t Buddhism in\tTranslation,\tp.\t218. 316.\tH.\tG.\tWells,Outlineof\tHistory. 317.\t The\t reference\t here\t is\t to\t an\t arahant\t who\t is\t not\t subject to\tany\tfuture\tsorrow. 318.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya\tpt.\ti.\tp.\t249\u2014See\tWarren,\tBuddhism in\tTranslation,\tp.\t227. 319.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tpt.\ti.\tp.\t91.\tSee\tWarren,\tBuddhism\tin Translation,\t p.\t 296,\t and\t Grimm,\t The\t Doctrine\t of\t the Buddha,\tp.\t248. 320.\t \\\"There\t is\t no\t reason\t to\t suppose\t that\t the\t world\t had\t a beginning\t at\t all.\t The\t idea\t that\t things\t must\t have\t a beginning\t is\t due\t to\t the\t poverty\t of\t our\t imagination.\\\" Bertrand\tRussell,\tWhy\tI\tam\tnot\ta\tChristian. 321.\tSee\tThe\tWorld\tas\tWill\tand\tIdea. 322.\tSee\this\tessay\ton\t\\\"A\tPlea\tfor\tAtheism,\tHumanity's\tGain from\tUnbelief.\\\" 323.\tIsaiah,\tXXV,\t7 324.\t \\\"A\t strict\t demonstration\t of\t the\t existence\t of\t God\t is 741","utterly\timpossible.\tAlmost\tall\tthe\tproofs\tthat\thave\tbeen offered\tassume\tin\tthe\tvery\tpremises\tthe\tconclusion\tto\tbe proved.\\\"\t Rev.\t W.\t Kirkus\t in\t Orthodoxy,\t Scripture,\t and Reason,\tp.\t34. \\\"We\t have\t got\t to\t recognise\t that\t evil\t falls\t within\t a universe\t for\t which\t God\t is\t responsible.\t We\t cannot absolve\t God\t for\t permitting\t the\t existence\t of\t sin\t and pain.\\\"\u2014Canon.\t C.\t E.\t Raven,\t The\t Grounds\t of\t Christian Assumption. 325.\tC\u016bla\tM\u0101lunkya\tSutta\t(MN\t63). 326.\t Mah\u0101ta\u1e47h\u0101samkhaya\t Sutta\t (MN\t 38).\t Although\t wick and\t oil\t may\t be\t present,\t yet\t an\t external\t fire\t should\t be introduced\tto\tproduce\ta\tflame. 327.\t See\t F.\t L\t Woodward,\t Some\t Sayings\t of\t the\t Buddha,\t p. 40. 328.\t Anamataggo'\t ya\u1e43\t bhikkhave\t sa\u1e43s\u0101ro,\t pubb\u0101koi\t na pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yati\t avijj\u0101n\u012bvara\u1e47\u0101na\u1e43\t satt\u0101na\u1e43 ta\u1e47h\u0101sa\u1e43yojan\u0101na\u1e43\tsandh\u0101vata\u1e43. \\\"Incalculable\tis\tthe\tbeginning,\tbrethren,\tof\tthis\tfaring on.\t The\t earliest\t point\t is\t not\t revealed\t of\t the\t running\t on, the\t faring,\t of\t beings\t cloaked\t in\t ignorance,\t tied\t to craving.\\\"\t F.\t L.\t Woodward\u2014Kindred\t Sayings,\t part\t iii. p.118. \\\"Inconceivable\tis\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tthis\tsa\u1e43s\u0101ra,\tnot\tto be\t discovered\t a\t first\t beginning\t of\t beings,\t who, obstructed\t by\t ignorance\t and\t ensnared\t by\t craving,\t are hurrying\t and\t hastening\t through\t this\t round\t of rebirths.\\\"\u2014Ny\u0101natiloka\tThera. 742","Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra,\t literally,\t means\t recurrent\t wandering. Atthas\u0101lin\u012b\tdefines\tsa\u1e43s\u0101ra\tthus: Khandh\u0101na\u1e43\tpaip\u0101ti\tdh\u0101tu-\u0101yatan\u0101na\tca Abbhocchinna\u1e43\tvattam\u0101n\u0101\tsa\u1e43s\u0101ro'ti\tpavuccati. (\\\"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\t is\t the\t unbroken\t succession\t of\t aggregates, elements,\tand\tthe\tsense-bases.\\\") 329.\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya\ti,\tp.\t174.\tGradual\tSayings,\ti,\tp.\t158. 330.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya\tii,\tp.\t222.\tSutta\tNo.\t101. 331.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tMah\u0101saccaka\tSutta,\tNo.\t36,\ti.\t248. 332.\t But\t it\t must\t not\t thereby\t be\t assumed\t that\t the\t Buddha originated\t the\t idea\t of\t rebirth,\t which\t had\t evidently become\twidespread\tby\this\ttime,\tthough\tperhaps\tnot\tyet universally\taccepted.\tIt\tis\tfound\tin\tthe\tearly\tUpanishads also.\t(Ed.) 333.\tDhp,\tv.\t153. 334.\tVinaya\tMah\u0101\tVagga,\tp.\t10,\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya\tV\tp.\t421. See\tThe\tFirst\tDiscourse\tof\tthe\tBuddha. 335.\tPart\ti,\t111 336.\t Cp.\t Mr.\t J.\t G.\t Jennings,\t The\t Vedantic\t Buddhism\t of\t the Buddha. 337.\tThe\tcase\tof\tShanti\tDevi\tof\tIndia\tis\ta\tstriking\texample. See\tThe\tBosat,\tvol.\txiii,\tNo.\t2.\tp.\t27 338.\t William\t W.\t Atkinson\t and\t E.\t D.\t Walter,\t Reincarnation and\tthe\tLaw\tof\tKamma. 339.\t Psalms\t of\t the\t Brethren\t (Therag\u0101th\u0101)\t gives\t an 743","interesting\t account\t of\t a\t Brahmin\t named\t Va\u1e45g\u012bsa,\t \\\"who won\t favour\t as\t a\t teacher\t by\t tapping\t on\t skulls\t with\t his fingernails\t and\t discovering\t thereby\t where\t their\t former occupants\twere\treborn.\\\" Certain\tpersons\tat\ttimes\texhibit\tdifferent\tpersonalities in\t the\t course\t of\t their\t particular\t lives.\t Prof.\t James\t cites some\t remarkable\t cases\t in\t his\t Principles\t of\t Psychology. See\tF.\tW.\tH.\tMyers,\tHuman\tPersonality\tand\tits\tSurvival of\t Bodily\t Death.\t The\t Visuddhimagga\t mentions\t an interesting\tincident\tof\ta\tdeva\tentering\tinto\tthe\tbody\tof\ta layman.\tSee\tThe\tPath\tof\tPurity,\tpart\ti,\tp.\t48. The\t writer\t himself\t has\t met\t persons\t who\t were employed\t as\t mediums\t by\t invisible\t beings\t to\t convey their\t thoughts\t and\t some\t others\t who\t were\t actually possessed\t by\t evil\t spirits.\t When\t in\t this\t hypnotic\t state they\t speak\t and\t do\t things\t of\t which\t normally\t they\t are totally\tinnocent\tand\twhich\tthey\tcannot\tafterwards\trecall. 340.\t See\t Many\t Mansions\t and\t The\t World\t Within\t by\t Gina Cerminara. 341.\t It\t was\t such\t experiences\t that\t led\t Sir\t Walter\t Scott\t to\t a sense\t of\t metempsychosis.\t His\t biographer\t Lockhart quotes\t in\t his\t Life\t of\t Scott\t the\t following\t entry\t in\t Scott's diary\tfor\tFebruary\t17th,\t1828. \\\"I\tcannot,\tI\tam\tsure,\ttell\tif\tit\tis\tworth\tmarking\tdown, that\tyesterday\tat\tdinner\ttime,\tI\twas\tstrangely\thaunted\tby what\t I\t would\t call\t the\t sense\t of\t pre-existences,\t viz.,\t a confused\t idea\t that\t nothing\t that\t passed\t was\t said\t for\t the first\t time,\t that\t the\t same\t topics\t had\t been\t discussed\t and the\t persons\t had\t stated\t the\t same\t opinions\t on\t them.\t The 744","sensation\t was\t so\t strong\t as\t to\t resemble\t what\t is\t called\t a mirage\tin\tthe\tdesert\tand\tcalenture\ton\tboard\tship.\tBulwer Lytton\t describes\t these\t mysterious\t experiences\t as\t that strange\t kind\t of\t inner\t and\t spiritual\t memory\t which\t often recalls\t to\t us\t places\t and\t persons\t we\t have\t never\t seen before,\t and\t which\t Platonists\t would\t resolve\t to\t be\t the unquenched\t and\t struggling\t consciousness\t of\t a\t former life.\\\"\t Quoted\t in\t H.M.\t Kitchener,\t The\t Theory\t of' Reincarnation,\tp.\t7. The\t writer\t also\t has\t met\t some\t persons\t who\t remember fragments\t of\t their\t past\t births\t and\t also\t a\t distinguished doctor\t in\t Europe\t who\t hypnotises\t people\t and\t makes them\tdescribe\tsome\tof\ttheir\tpast\tlives 342.\tSee\tBuddhist\tLegends,\tvol.\t3,\tp.\t108. 343.\tSri\tLanka\tObserver,\tNovember\t21,\t1948. 344.\t\\\"We\thave\tcome\tto\tlook\tupon\tthe\tpresent\tas\tthe\tchild\tof the\tpast\tand\tas\tthe\tparent\tof\tthe\tfuture.\\\"\tT.\tH.\tHuxley. 345.\tAddison. 346.\t Tabbh\u0101vabh\u0101vibh\u0101v\u0101k\u0101ramatta\t \u2014 Abhidhammatthasa\u1e45gaha. 347.\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta\tv.\t730. 348.\t \\\"Radiant\t is\t this\t consciousness,\\\"\t (pabhassara\u1e43\t ida\u1e43 citta\u1e43)\tsays\tthe\tBuddha\tin\tthe\tA\u1e45guttara\tNik\u0101ya\tvol.\t1, p.\t 10.\t According\t to\t the\t commentator\t the\t Buddha\t was thus\treferring\tto\tthe\trebirth-consciousness. 349.\tIn\tthe\tcase\tof\t\\\"rootless\tresultants\\\"\t(ahetuka-vip\u0101ka). 350.\tIn\tthe\tcase\tof\t\\\"resultants\twith\troots\\\"\t(sahetuka-vip\u0101ka). 745","351.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\tpart\tii,\tp.\t70;\tKindred\tSayings,\t part ii,\tp.\t50. 352.\tChambers,\tBuddha's\tteachings,\tvv.\t729-730. 353.\tSee\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1,\tpp.\t85,\t86. 354.\tApa\t+\taya\t=\tdevoid\tof\thappiness. 355.\tSee\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\tii..\tp\t170 356.\tKhuddaka\tP\u0101tha. 357.\t Literally,\t those\t who\t have\t an\t uplifted\t or\t developed mind\t(mano\tussanna\u1e43\tet\u0101sa\u1e43).\tThe\tSanskrit\tequivalent of\tmanussa\tis\tmanushya\twhich\tmeans\tthe\tsons\tof\tManu. They\t are\t so\t called\t because\t they\t became\t civilised\t after Manu\tthe\tseer. 358.\t A\t Chinese\t Buddhist\t book\t (Guide\t to\t Buddhahood) states\t that\t on\t each\t of\t the\t four\t sides\t of\t this\t plane\t are eight\t heavens\t (totalling\t thirty-two)\t and\t a\t central\t one where\tKing\tSakka\tdwells. 359.\tKassapa\tThera. 360.\t For\t details\t and\t the\t life-term\t of\t various\t planes\t see Diagram\t6\tThe\tPlanes\tof\tExistence.. 361.\tFor\tdetails\twith\tregard\tto\tthese\t\\\"premonitory\tvisions\tof the\t place\t of\t rebirth\\\"\t see\t Dr.\t W.\t T.\t Evans-Wents,\t The Tibetan\tBook\tof\tthe\tDead,\tp.\t183. 362.\tAccording\tto\tBuddhism\tmaterial\tqualities\tare\tproduced in\t four\t ways:\t i)\t kamma\t i.e.,\t past\t moral\t and\t immoral actions,\t ii)\t utu,\t i.e.,\t physical\t change\t or\t the\t tejo\t (heat) element\twhich\tincludes\tboth\theat\tand\tcold;\tiii)\tcitta,\ti.e., 746","mind\t and\t mental\t properties;\t iv)\t \u0101hara\t i.e.,\t nutriment that\texists\tin\tfood. 363.\tSee\t\\\"Three\tDecads\\\". 364.\t Compare\t \\\"The\t sex\t of\t the\t individual\t is\t determined\t at conception\tby\tthe\tchromosome\tmakeup\tof\tthe\tgametes. Through\tthis,\tthe\tembryo\tis\tendowed\twith\ta\tpotentiality of\t developing\t towards\t one\t sex.\\\"\t Frank\t Alexander, Psychosomatic\tMedicine,\tp.\t219. 365.\tBhikkhu\tS\u012blac\u0101ra. 366.\t See\t A\t Comprehensive\t Manual\t of\t Abhidhamma,\t p.\t 125 ff. 367.\t \\\"According\t to\t Tibetan\t works,\\\"\t writes\t Dr.\t Evans- Wentz,\t \\\"there\t is\t an\t intermediate\t state\t where\t beings remain\t for\t one,\t two,\t three,\t five,\t six,\t or\t seven\t weeks, until\t the\t forty-ninth\t day.\\\"\t This\t view\t is\t contrary\t to\t the teachings\t of\t Buddhism.\t The\t Tibetan\t Book\t of\t the\t Dead, pp.\tXLII-XLIII,\t58,\t160-165 368.\tMilinda's\tQuestions,\tpart\t1,\tpp.\t127-128. 369.\t \\\"There\t are\t about\t 1,000,000\t planetary\t systems\t in\t the Milky\t Way\t in\t which\t life\t may\t exist.\\\"\t See\t Fred\t Hoyle, The\tNature\tof\tthe\tUniverse,\tpp.\t87-89. 370.\tReligion\tand\tScience,\tp.\t166. 371.\tReligion\tand\tScience,\tp.\t132. 372.\tRiddle\tof\tthe\tUniverse,\tNew\tYork,\t1901\tp.\t203-04.. 373.\tWilliam\tJames,\tPrinciples\tof\tPsychology,\tp.\t351. 374.\tWatson,\tBehaviourism,\tp.\t4. 747","375.\tPrinciples\tof\tPsychology,\tp.\t215. 376.\t It\t pleases\t the\t commentators\t to\t say\t that\t the\t time duration\t one\t thought-moment\t is\t even\t less\t than\t the\t one millionth\t part\t of\t the\t time\t occupied\t by\t a\t flash\t of lightning. 377.\t Compendium\t of\t Philosophy\u2014,\t S.Z.\t Aung\t &\t C.A.F. Rhys\tDavids,\tLondon\t1910,\tp.\txii. 378.\tSee\tWarren,\tBuddhism\tin\tTranslation,\tpp.\t234,\t235. 379.\tDr.\t\u0100nanda\tCoomarasvami,\tBuddha\tand\tthe\tGospel\tof Buddhism.\tp.\t106. 380.\t See\t The\t Questions\t of\t Milinda,\t part\t I.\t p.\t 111,\t and\t Dr. Dahlke,\tBuddhism\tand\tScience,\tp.\t64. 381.\t See\t \\\"Anatt\u0101\t and\t Moral\t Responsibility\\\"\t by\t Mr.\t A.\t D. Jayasundara,\tMahabodhi\tJournal,\tvol.\t41,\tp.\t93. 382.\t Wife\t of\t King\t Kosala\t who\t lived\t in\t the\t time\t of\t the Buddha. 383.\tKukuruvatika\tSutta\t(MN\t57). 384.\tSee\tThe\tBook\tof\tThe\tGradual\tSayings\tI,\tpp.\t31-34. 385.\tPythagoras\tremembered\thaving\tfought\tas\tEuphorbus\tin the\t Trojan\t War.\t Empedocles\t had\t been\t in\t past\t births\t a boy,\t a\t girl,\t a\t bird,\t and\t a\t scaly\t fish\t in\t the\t ocean.\t (Frag. 117,\tDiels.) 386.\ti.\t127 387.\t Barry\t Cornwall,\t An\t Anthology\t of\t Modern\t Verse, chosen\tby\tA.\tMethuen,\tLondon,\t1921. 748","388.\tWarren,\tBuddhism\tin\tTranslations,\tp.\t6. 389.\t Abhidhammatthasa\u1e45gaha.\t See\t Compendium\t of Philosophy,\tp.\t168. 390.\t Khayamatta\u1e43'\t eva\t na\t \u0101na\u1e43\t ti\t vattabba\u1e43.\\\" Abhidhamm\u0101vat\u0101ra. 391.\t Quoted\t from\t Bhikkhu\t S\u012blac\u0101ra\t booklet,\t The\t Four Noble\tTruths. 392.\tAccording\tto\tthe\tcommentary\tthese\tfour\tterms\tare\tused as\tsynonyms. Aj\u0101ta\t means\t that\t it\t has\t not\t sprung\t up\t on\t account\t of causes\t or\t conditions\t (hetupaccaya).\t Abh\u016bta\t (lit.,\t not become)\t means\t that\t it\t has\t not\t arisen.\t As\t it\t has\t not sprung\t up\t from\t a\t cause\t and\t has\t not\t come\t into\t being,\t it is\t not\t made\t (akata)\t by\t any\t means.\t Becoming\t and arising\tare\tthe\tcharacteristics\tof\tconditioned\tthings\tsuch as\t mind\t and\t matter,\t but\t Nibb\u0101na,\t being\t not\t subject\t to those\t conditions,\t is\t non-conditioned\t (asa\u1e45khata).\t See Woodward,\t Verses\t of\t Uplift,\t p.\t 98,\t As\t It\t Was\t Said,\t p. 142. 393.\tWoodward,\tAs\tIt\tWas\tSaid,\tp.\t142 394.\tSa\t=\twith,\tup\u0101di\t=\taggregates\u2014mind\tand\tbody,\tsesa\t= remaining.\tThe\taggregates\tare\tcalled\tup\u0101di\tbecause\tthey are\tfirmly\tgrasped\tby\tcraving\tand\tignorance. 395.\tSince\the\twill\tnot\tbe\treborn. 396.\tWoodward,\tAs\tIt\tWas\tSaid,\tp.\t144. 397.\tSee\tGradual\tSayings,\ti,\tp.\t135. 749","398.\t Majjhima\t Nik\u0101ya,\t No.\t 57\t The\t Blessing,\t No.\t 4,\t pp. 129-132. 399.\tMajjhima\tNik\u0101ya,\tNo.\t57. 400.\tSa\u1e43yutta\tNik\u0101ya,\ti,\tp.\t62. 401.\t\\\"Verily\tthis\t(nibb\u0101na)\tis\tto\tbe\tattained\t(or\trealised)\tby means\t of\t the\t four\t paths\t of\t sainthood,\t and\t is\t not\t to\t be produced.\\\"\t\u2014Visuddhimagga\t. 402.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpt.\ti,\tp.\t23.\tYattha\t\u0101po\tca\tpa\u1e6dhav\u012b\ttejo v\u0101yo\tna\tgadhati. 403.\tSee\tWoodward,\tVerses\tof\tUplift,\tpp.\t66-67. 404.\tQuestions\tof\tKing\tMilinda,\tpp.\t202-204. 405.\tSee\tChapter\t29. 406.\tKindred\tSayings,\tpart\t1,\tp.\t170. 407.\tSutta\tNip\u0101ta,\tPabbajj\u0101\tSutta,\tv.\t406. 408.\t\\\"Stream-winner\\\"\u2014The\tfirst\tstage\tof\tsainthood. 409.\t\\\"Once-returner\\\"\u2014The\tsecond\tstage\tof\tsainthood. 410.\t\\\"Never-returner\\\"\u2014The\tthird\tstage\tof\tsainthood. 411.\t\\\"The\tWorthy\tOne\\\"\u2014The\tfinal\tstage\tof\tsainthood. 412.\tThe\trules\tthat\ta\tbhikkhu\tis\texpected\tto\tobserve. 413.\t Excluding\t the\t seven\t modes\t of\t settling\t disputes (adhikara\u1e47asamatha\tdhamma). 414.\tKasi\u1e47a\there\tmeans\twhole,\tall,\tcomplete.\tIt\tis\tso\tcalled because\t the\t projected\t light\t issuing\t from\t the conceptualised\t image\t of\t the\t kasi\u1e47a\t object\t could\t be 750"]