SCIENCE VI

Test Yourself*A. Copy the following in your notebook. Draw line from each activity on the left to its effect on the right.Activities Effect1. Dumping garbage, dead animals  No homes and food for animals and chemical wastes to the river. and animals will be endangered.2. Throwing leftover pesticide to the  Plants will not grow well. soil.  Water will be polluted and fishes3. Cutting of trees without replacing will be affected and eventually them. die.4. Clearing forest areas for commercial  Flash floods and soil erosionpurposes. happen.B. Read the situation below and answer the questions that follow. The ocean air act has been passed into law. What can you suggest to your parents/family so they keep reduce air pollution?

TO THEGERNAVDIERVOINMENT GOOD EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN MATERIALS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Describe how certain changes in materials have good effects in the environment Try to Recall Materials undergo physical or chemical changes. Do you remember what physical and chemical changes are?A. PHYSICAL CHANGES What happens when you perform each questions? cutting of folding How do the materials change?

B. CHEMICAL CHANGES The following are ways of how chemical change happens.  Heating  Burning  Decaying  CookingStudy the pictures below. You may choose which of the given ways above will causechange to these materials. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. 3. 4. 2.You have just finished answering the exercises about physical and chemical changes.Were you able to answer the questions correctly?Whenever we cut materials such as a piece of paper, string or empty sack of rice, theirappearance changes. The whole piece of paper will be divided into smaller pieces orsizes. The same thing will happen with string and empty sack of rice.When you fold a piece of paper, a hankie or a mat, their size also changed from bigger tosmaller. The change of these materials in their appearance is called physical change.

ExploreThere are ways in which physical and chemical change may bring good effect to theenvironment. Considering our problem on too much garbage, recycling and compostingcould help to lessen this. Recycling is a way of reusing non-biodegradable materialsinstead of throwing them away and composting is also a way to recycle non-biodegradable materials.Non-biodegradable materials are those which will not decay like glass, plastics, papers,cans, etc. while biodegradable materials are those which decay. Examples of these arefruit peelings, left over food, dried leaves and many more.Are you ready now to recycle materials? Perform the activity below.Activity 1Do the following: 1. Get four (4) small or medium-sized boxes or carton. 2. Label each box with PAPER, GLASS, CANS and PLASTICS (see sample below). 3. Collect the trash that you can find in your house or in school and put them in the boxes that your have prepared.

How did you feel while collecting the garbage?I know you’re happy to see a free garbage environment. You may now answer thefollowing questions in your notebook. 1. Why do you think it is good to separate materials like the way you did? 2. What do you think will happen to the physical appearance of the following after recycling? a. glass b. papers c. cans d. plastics 3. What kind of change will take place when the sized and shape of glass, paper, cans, and plastics will also change? 4. Is recycling really bring good effect to materials in the environment? _____________Why do you think so?You have just finished activity 1 about “Recycling”. Were you able to answer thequestions correctly? Read the paragraph below to verify if your answers are accepted.A clean environment is a good place to live. A pile of garbage can be avoided if we knowhow to recycle glass including bottles of soy sauce, softdrinks, milk, etc.; papers such asold newspaper, magazines, etc.; cans of different goods; plastics; and many more.Instead of throwing all these in one garbage can or sack, we can help our garbagecollector separate these materials for easy work. Glasses, papers, cans and plastics whenrecycled may change their shape, size or their physical appearance. This change is whatwe call physical change.Recycling has really a good effect to materials in the environment. Through this, we canlessen the amount of garbage that pollute the air, and water.You may proceed now to the 2nd activity.

Activity 2In this activity, you will learn how composting may bring good effects in theenvironment.Do you have any idea about composting? If you don’t have any, read the informationbelow and look at the illustration of a compost pit to familiarize yourself.Biodegradable materials such as leaves, foodscraps, fruits and vegetables peeling can beplaced in a compost pit as shown in theillustration. This process of change in thematerials is called composting. Compostinginvolves the breakdown of left-over food,leaves and other decaying materials with thepresence of fungi, bacteria, earthworms andinsects. The compost material now producesnutrients that are needed by plants to growwell. This chemical change in thebiodegradable materials brings good effect inthe environment. So you may practicecomposting at home instead of throwingbiodegradable materials elsewhere. Answer the following questions: 1. What garbage materials are good for composting? 2. What makes composting important to the environment?

Activity 3  Gather some clothes and study the materials which they are made from. What kind of changes has been these clothes undergo before they are made as such.  Get some empty bottles of medicines. Find out from what materials are they from? What kind of changes has these materials undergo before they are made into useful medicines.  Name other changes in materials that have been useful to effects humans.Read and learn more.  Changes in materials have good effects in the environment.  Composting, recycling and the use of technology are some examples of the good effects of the changes in materials.  Composting is a way of decomposing plant or animal matter into fertilizer. Recycling helps lessen garbage by reusing them like plastic, styrofoam and paper. Segregate or separate the biodegradable materials (objects that can decompose like left-over food, leaves, dead plants and animals and paper) from the non-biodegradable like plastic, styrofoam and metal. In the use of technology, man has benefited from it by having man-made materials and developments in farming and breeding. We have clothes, shelter, transportation and medicine because of changes in materials. Farmers now have better harvest and animals are healthier because of technology.  Some changes in materials result to good effects in the environment.  Composting produces fertilizer.  Recycling lessens garbage.  Technology gives us man-made materials like clothes, shelter, toys and transportation.Read and learn more.  Chemistry is the study of the way one substance can be changed into another – how it happens and why it happens.  Much of our modern world is dependent upon the conversion of raw materials into useful products.  Whether the products are processed food in the market, clothing, cars or medicines, all exist because we have learn how to change less useful substances into more useful ones.

Apply ItA. Look at the materials in the box. Think how the materials can be recycled. Write the answer in your notebook.CANDY WRAPPER OLD SHIRTGLASS JAR CAN LOGB. Instead of throwing your left-over food, what can you do to make it useful?

Test Yourself*A. Write YES if the situation has a GOOD EFFECT in the environment and NO if it does not have good effect. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. Sewing clothes 2. Building houses 3. Making toys 4. Burning garbage 5. Cutting of trees 6. Throwing plastic bags in the rivers 7. Selling the empty bottles of patis. 8. Collecting old newspapers and magazines then sell 9. Placing left-over food in trash can. 10. Making doormats using old sacks and strips of clothB. Write the good effect when these materials change.1. bottle vase __________________ __________________2. juice pack bag __________________ __________________3. banana peeling fertilizer __________________ __________________4. rock paper weight __________________5. beads necklace6. herbs alternative medicines7. pina jusi barong tagalong

GRADE VI INSTRUMENTS IN STUDYING STARSAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Identify stars with naked eye  Describe the instruments used by astronomers to gather information about stars Try to Recall 1. In your notebook list down five constellation that belongs to the zodiac sign 2. Give two reasons why the north star is important.

ExploreIn this lesson you will learn more about the jewel of the night sky, the stars.Activity 1 1. Go out when the sky is clear and observe. 2. List the objects you see in the sky. 3. This is a picture of sky at night. Is it the same as what you have actually observed?Write your answers in your notebook. 1. What are the objects you saw? 2. How do you know that they are stars? 3. Differentiate the stars and the planets. 4. Aside from stars and planets, what else do you see?

Activity 2What to do:  Complete the words below by identifying the missing letters using the position or order of the letters in the alphabet. Each word has meaning or description on the opposite side. Write your answer on your notebook.1. T 5 12 5 1 9 3 15 16 E - It is used to see distant/far objects. It is used to gather information about stars.2. 3 A 13 5 R 1 - It is used to take a photographs.3. S P 5 3 20 R O 19 C 15 P 5 - It is used to determine the movement of stars based on its color pattern.4. 18 A 4 9 15 T 5 L 5 19 3 0 16 5 - A special telescope which can see images of objects with the help of radiation.5. H U 2 B 12 5 S16 A 3 5 - It is the largest space telescope. T E 12 E 19 3 15 16 E

6. K 5 3 K T E 12 5 S C 15 16 5 - Has a light-gathering mirror consisting of thirty-six segmented mirrors mounted7. R E 6 18 A 3 T 9 14 7 close to each other. 20 E 12 5 19 C 15 16 5 - Telescope that uses lens.8. 18 E 6 L E 3 20 9 14 G 20 E 12 E 19 C O 16 E - Telescope that uses mirror.9. O 2 19 E R 22 A 20 O 18 9 5 S - A place were astronomers work to10. A 19 20 R 15 N O 13 E 18 S study the stars and other heavenly bodies. It is usually located in the mountains. - Scientists that study about stars and other heavenly bodies.

Read and learn more.  Stars are ball of hot burning gases.  Galileo Galilie is the astronomer that invented the first telescope followed by Isaac Newton.  Reflecting and refracting telescopes are the two kinds of telescope.  Observatories’ roof are dome-shape because on top of it the large telescope is placed.  Observatories are located high up in the mountain to have a clear view of the sky.  THE NIGHT SKY (by Marian Lockwood) The pageant of the night skies aroused the curiosity of men from the very earliest times. As observation piled up and astronomical instruments were perfected, the pattern of the sky became clearer. Though there is still a great deal that we do not know about our universe, we now have a tolerably accurate idea of the face of the sky as it is viewed from our planet, the earth. Of the countless thousands of millions of celestial bodies, we can see either with the naked eye or the optical telescope only those bodies that shine. Some of the heavenly bodies – the stars, for instance, which are suns like our sun – shine by their own light. Others, like the planets and their moons, shine because they reflect the light that shines upon it. The earth, because it reflects the sun’s light, would also appear as a shining body to a nearby observer. The stars make up by far the largest part of the individual objects that we observe in the sky. The average person looking at the sky can see perhaps 4,000 stars at one time. Other naked -eye stars, numbering perhaps 5,000 more, would not be visible to him. For one thing, we see only one-half of the sky at any one time. Besides, some of the stars that are close to the horizon are lost in the haze that so often obscures the sky just above the horizon line. The astronomer with a powerful array of telescopes can see or photograph countless individual stars and star groups that are not visible to the naked eye.

Different Instruments Used to Gather Information About the Stars and HeavenlyBodies Telescope Keck Telescope Reflecting Telescope

ObservatoriesI LEARNED THAT:  Some stars can be seen with the naked-eye like the north star  Astronomers use different instruments to study the stars.

Apply ItA. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a telescope? How is it used? 2. What is the other alternative instrument for telescope if you dont have any? 3. Where do astronomers work to study the stars and other heavenly bodies? Why is it situated on top of the mountains? 4. What are the latest telescopes that are used by the astronomers?* Test YourselfMatch column A with the proper description in column B.AB1. Telescope A. It can be used to collect information about stars like its movement through its color pattern.2. Reflecting telescope B. It makes the object appear bigger and clearer.3. Refracting telescope C. It is a sauce-like dish structure that used radiation to gather information in space.4. Radio telescope D. Optical telescope that used mirror.5. Spectroscope E. It uses lens instead of mirror F. It uses both mirror and lens.

Key to CorrectionExploration Time Activity 1 Activity 2Apply it A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.BTest Yourself 1. B 2. D 3. E 4. C 5. A

GRADE VI LIGHT ENERGYAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Identify energy and its uses (light) Try to Recall Study the pictures. Identify if the illustration shows mechanical or chemical energy. ________________________________ ________________ _______________ ________________________________ ________________

ExploreIn this lesson, you will learn about light which is another form of energy.Activity 1What you need: a room with different thingsWhat to do: 1. Go into the darkened room. Close the door and look around.  Can you see any things? Why? 2. Open the door a little to allow only little light to enter.  What do you see? Why? 3. Open wide the door to allow more light.  Can you see all the things in the room? Why? 4. What are some uses of light energy? 5. What is the main source of light? 6. What are the other sources of light?

Activity 2What you need: a piece of strong cardboard a small, square or rectangular mirror scissors flashlight or torch darkened roomWhat to do: 1. Fold the piece of cardboard as shown in the picture. Then cut 3 slits along one side. 2. In the darkened room, switch on the flashlight or light the torch, and place it behind the slits. 3. Place the mirror at the opposite end of the folded cardboard, as shown in the picture.  What happens when the rays of the light strike the mirror?  How does each ray of light bounce back or reflect? Did you know that… when light bounces back it is called reflection. 4. What characteristic of light is shown in this activity?

Activity 3. Does light bend when it strikes another medium?What you need: a transparent container with flat sides water a small quantity of milk a torch or flashlight a piece of black card scissors sticky tape a book a darkened roomWhat to do: 1. Fill the container with water and a few drops of milk. (to make rays of light easier to see) 2. Pierce a hole in the middle of the black card. Then fasten this around the lens of the flashlight with the sticky tape.

3. In the darkened room, switch on the flashlight and shine it as you see in the picture, so that the beam of light falls on the surface of the water. (Place the container on a book)  What happens when the light of the flashlight, strikes the surface of the water?  What caused the light to bend and go out of the container from the opposite side?Did you know that…  the surface of the water acts as mirror, that reflects the light.  the reflection changes the path of light, in order to stay straight.  refraction is the change of direction of light. 4. Observe the picture.  What happens when the beam of light enters the water?

 Why does the straw seems to be broken at the point where it enters the water? Did you know that… when light passes from air to water it changes speed, which in turn, causes a change in direction. 5. What characteristic of light is shown in the activity?Activity 4What you need: a round glass jar a paper with drawings on it a drinking straw a waterWhat to do: 1. Fill the jar with water. Put the straw, in it keeping it up straight. Look carefully at the top of the water.  What seems to happen to the straw in water?

2. Take out the straw. Place the paper with drawing behind the jar. Look carefully at the top of the water.  What seems to happen to the drawing at the back of the jar?  What do you think caused the straw to look larger? The drawing seems to appear enlarged?Did you know that… when the rays of light pass from water to air, light is refracted (changes direction). If the surface of separation is a curved glass or jar, the refraction makes the object look bigger than it actually is.  What characteristic of light is shown in this activity?

Activity 5 water a flashlightWhat you need: a pencil a darkened room a shoebox a glass a ruler scissorsWhat to do:1. In a short side of the shoebox, draw and cut three slits or cuts 1 cm apart.2. Fill the glass with water and place this in the center of the box, in line with the slits.3. In the darkened room, switch on the flashlight and shine it on the slits. Observed carefully the rays of light.

Describe the path of light… - before it touches the glass from the source - while passing through the glass - after passing through the glass  What do you think caused the light to meet together and then cross over? Did you know that… the curved surface of the glass and water causes refraction of the rays of light, making them meet together and then cross over.  What does this activity show?Activity 6What you need: prism or transparent uneven casing of a ball pen direct sunlightWhat to do: 1. Get a prism or transparent uneven casing of a ball pen. 2. Place a prism in the path of a strong beam of light as indicated in the diagram. Or use the ball pen casing as shown.  What happens to the light rays when they pass through the prism?  What color do you see?

 Which color seems to have bent the most?  Which color seems to have bent the least?  What is white light made of?3. Study these illustrations of how a prism works. Look at your partner using A B side of the prism.  Why is it possible to see your partner without looking directly at him or her?  What happens to the light entering the prism that makes it possible for you to see your partner?  What does the prism do to the light rays?5. Find out why prisms or mirrors are used in periscope. Study the illustration.  What do prism or mirror do to light rays?5. What characteristic of light is shown in this activity?

I LEARNED THAT:  Things are seen only by reflecting light or when the light is sent back to our eyes.  The mirror reflects the light in the ordinary way, with the same angle of reflection with which the ray strikes the mirror (angle of incidence).  The mirror or prism inside the periscope makes us see a reflected image of something without being seen just like in submarine.  Reflection is bouncing back of light.  When light passes from one medium to another at an angle, the direction of light changes. This change is called refraction.  White light is made of several colors, namely red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.  Rays that pass through concave lens spread out from each other.  Rays that pass through convex lens become closer to one another. When rays of light pass through curved objects like glass with water (somewhat convex) it causes the rays to meet together.  Light energy is the form of energy that enables us to see.  The sun is the main source of light on Earth. Besides the sun, lamps, candles, lanterns and torches are also sources of light energy.  Besides helping us to see, light energy is used in cameras to “capture” images on films. Film projectors, overhead transparency projectors and visualizers also make use of light energy to project images into screens.  Light energy is also used to communicate or send messages. For example, traffic light help to control the flow of traffic.

Apply ItA. Answer the following. 1. Why can you see yourself in a mirror? 2. Why can’t you see yourself in a paper? 3. Why can some bottoms of bottles with transparent convex surface cause fire when placed in dry leaves?B. Think and describe how lights on runway help airplanes. Test Yourself*A. Some descriptions about light is found in column A. Write the letter of the correct answer.AB___ 1. bending of light a. reflection___ 2. separates white light into 7 colors b. convex___ 3. bouncing of light___ 4. bring rays closer to one another c. refraction___ 5. enables us to see things d. prism e. lightB. Aside from enabling us to see things, describe another possible use of light energy.

Key to CorrectionTry to RecallExploration Time Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Activity 5 Activity 6Apply it 1. 2. 3.Test Yourself 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. E

LITTLE LIGHT IN THE SKY AT NIGHT GRADE VI LITTLE LIGHTS IN THE SKY AT NIGHTAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Compare the characteristics based on given data  Describe the relationship between the color and temperature of a star Try to RecallA. Complete the organizer below: List all the things that you see in the sky at night. Sky at night

B. Identify the following. Choose your answer from the box below. a. - are balls of hot burning gases. b. - is used to take photographs. c. - it makes the object appear larger and nearer. d. - a telescope that uses lenses. e. - a telescope that uses mirrors. f. - a special telescope that uses radiation. telescope camera radio telescope reflecting telescope refracting telescope stars ExploreActivity 11. Study the table below. Table 1 Stars Color Temperature Size (Brightness) Apparent Betelguese Red 3,000ْC Super Giant Magnitude Arcturus Orange 4,200ْC Giant .80 Sun Yellow 6,000ْC 0.06 Vega White 11,000ْC Medium/ average -26.72+1.0 Rigel Bluish-white 20,000ْC Dwarf 0.04 Dwarf 0.08Note:

 Apparent Magnitude is the brightness of the stars as seen from the earth. The stars that look brightest have a magnitude of 1. Those that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6. The astronomers talk of light years when they describe the distance of stars. Scientists measure the distance of stars in terms of light year. A light-year is the distance light travels in one a year at a speed of 300,000 km per second. The light that leaves the sun reaches the earth in about 8.3 minutes. The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundred of years and some after a thousand or more years. To express these distances in terms of kilometers would make use of as many as 15-digit numbers. To avoid this they use light- year.STAR’S DISTANCES IN LIGHT YEAR Table 2 Star Distance (LYI)Proxima Centauri 4.3Sun 8.3 minutesSirius 8.7Vega 26.5Betelguese 520Daneb 1600Answer these: (Write your answers on your notebook) Refer to table 1 for questions 1-5 and table 2 for question #6 1. What is the hottest star? Coolest star? 2. How about the sun? What is its temperature? What is its color? 3. Is the sun the hottest star? Why? 4. What is apparent magnitude? 5. What is the brightest stars as seen on earth? Why? 6. What is the nearest star? Farthest star?

Activity 2What you need:1. Prepare a candle, a box of matches2. Light a candle.3. Observe the flame.4. Compare the heat of the different colors of the flame.5. Compare the colors of the hottest/coolest star to the temperature of the different colors of the flame of the candle?6. Which flame do you think is the hottest?7. Describe the relationship between color and temperature of stars.Activity 31. Secure 3 candles, box of matches2. Light the three candles.3. Place them three meters away from each other along a horizontal line.4. Stand about a foot away the first candle and observe the brightness of the three candles at an eye level.5. Record your observation.

Answer these: 1. Which candle looks brighter and bigger? Why? 2. Which candle looks smaller and dimmer? Why 3. How would you relate the distances and brightness of the candles to stars? 4. Why do some stars appear bigger and brighter than the other stars?Activity 41. Prepare 1 small ball and 1 big ball2. Put the small ball one meter away from you.3. Put the other big ball four meters away from you.4. Look at the balls at eye level.5. Observe their apparent sizes.Answer these: 1. Which ball looks bigger as you see it? 2. How do you relate this observation to the size of the sun and other stars in the sky? 3. Why does the sun look bigger than the other stars in the sky as we see them?

Activity 5 1. Prepare the following materials: bubble wrap. (wrapper of appliances), paper, tape, 2 flashlights, ruler, and scissors. 2. Cover one flashlight with a piece of paper with three centimeter diameter hole cut out at the center. This hole represent the planet. Flashlight 3 cm 3. Place the second flashlight 5 meter behind the first flashlight. This will represent a “star.” 4. Stay 30 cm away from the planet. Be sure that you are placing the planet and the star. 5. Ask someone to move the bubble wrap back and forth in front of the planet. Observe the planet. 6. Now, move the bubble wrap back and forth in front of the star. Observe the star.Answer these in your notebook. 1. What is your observation the bubble way was move in fruit of the “planet”? of the star? 2. Why do you think carried the difference? (clue: think of the distance of the planet in the star from the observer).

Read and learn more.  Stars differ in size, brightness, magnitude, distance from the earth, temperature and color.  Stars temperature is related to their color.  The apparent and the apparent size brightness of stars as affected by its distance from earth.  The brightness of light is measured by an instrument called photometer.  The distance of light is measured in light-year instead of kilometer to avoid the large use of numbers. Example: (LY = 300,000 km/sec) 60 seconds - 1 minute = 300,000 x 60 x = 18,000,000 km 60 minutes - 1 hour = 18,000,000 x 60 = 1,080,000,000 km 24 hours - 1,080,000,000 x 24 = 25,920,000,000 km  Stars seem to twinkle because of the movement of air and dusts in the atmosphere that obstructs our vision. The pockets of air at different densities are continually moving in front of the stars, making the light of the star appear to twinkleI LEARNED THAT:  The apparent brighten and size of the star is affected by its distance from the earth.  The color of the star determine its temperature.  Stars seem to twinkle because of the movements of air in our atmosphere.

Apply ItA. Complete the diagram below. Characteristics of Stars Color Size Brightness Red Super Giant 1,500C - 3,500C Orange 4. 3,500C - 5,000C1. 6,000C - 7,500C2. Average 7,500C - 11,500C3. 5. 11,000C - 25,000C

B. Are there stars during daytime? Do you see them? Why?C. Proxima CentauriEarth 4.27 light years Supposed Proxima Centauri explodes and is totally destroyed. Is it possible for us tocontinue “seeing” it even if it is no longer there? If so, how long.* Test Yourself Modified True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is wrong, thencorrect the word that makes the sentence wrong. ___ 1. The sun is a star. ___ 2. Red stars are actually smaller than the sun. ___ 3. Stars shine even during daytime, but we cannot see them. ___ 4. Stars really twinkle. ___ 5. The farther the stars are from the earth, the brighter they become. ___ 6. Stars give off the same amount of energy per second. ___ 7. The star’s color depends upon their composition. ___ 8. Temperature determines a star’s color. ___ 9. A yellow star is hottest than a red star. ___ 10. The biggest stars are called giant stars. ___ 11. The smallest stars are called dwarf stars. ___ 12. The temperature of the sun is 3,000C. ___ 13. The stars’ distances are measured in kilometers. ___ 14. Stars seem to twinkle because of the movement of air and dust in space. ___ 15. Sun is the nearest star on earth.

Key to CorrectionTry t o Recall A. B. C.Exploration Time Activity 1 Answer these Activity 2 Activity 3 Answer these Activity 4 Answer these

Activity 5 Answer theseApply it A B C.Test Yourself 1. T 2. F - bigger 3. T 4. F - suns 5. F - dimmer 6. F - different 7. F - temperature 8. T 9. T 10. F - super giant 11. T 12. F - 6,000٥ C 13. F - light year 14. T 15. T

GRADE VI MILKY WAY OUR GALAXYAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Describe the common galaxies  State that our Solar System is part of the Milky Way Galaxy Try to RecallA. Identify the following zodiac constellations. Select your answers in the box. . ..1. . . 3. . 5. . ... . . . ...2. ... 4. .... . Pisces Libra Aries Cancer Aquarius Leo Taurus

ExploreActivity 1 Look up the sky see starry night and draw things that you see. Be able to discuss it your seatmate.Activity 2 Read the following notes and draw the object as described in the space provided. The Milky Way This galaxy resembles a thin convex lens bulging at the center. It has adiameter of about 80,000 light years. The thickness of its center is about 10,000light years. This galaxy is composed of 200 billions of stars. It is called theMilky Way. Look at the side view of the Milky Way. Describe the location of our solarsystem. The solar system is about 32,000 light years away from the center of thisgalaxy. The illustration shows that our solar system is near the edge of the MilkyWay. Our galaxy belongs to a small group of 17 galaxies called the Local Group.The large and Small Magellanic Clouds are the nearest neighbor of this group.

Our galaxy and neighboring galaxies Another neighbor galaxy is the Great Nebula or the Andromeda Galaxy. Itis about 2 million light years away from us. It is believed to be larger than theMilky Way. It is spiral in shape. There are three major types of galaxies. US astronomer Edwin P. Hubbledeveloped a common classification system to classify the galaxies discovered.These major types are the spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. Spiral galaxies are made up of millions of stars. Their unique characteristic isthe lens-shaped nucleus at its center with arms or projections extending out. Thearms follow as the central part moves. There are few stars and almost no dust orgas in between the arms. Some spiral galaxies are tightly wound while others areopen. About 75 percent of all known galaxies are believed to be spiral in shape. Spiral Galaxy

Elliptical Galaxy Elliptical galaxies are nearly ball-shaped to lens-shaped. They do not haveany arms. There is almost no gas and dust clouds. Studies of their brightnesspatterns show that most of their stars are found close to the center. Irregular Galaxy Irregular galaxies comprise two or three percent of the total number of galaxies that Hubble classified. These are smaller and fainter compared to spiral and elliptical galaxies. They are composed of stars which are unevenly distributed. One irregular galaxy is the Large Magellanic Clouds. The study of the galaxies is still continuing. The study helps mankind understand the origin of the universe.

Answer these:  What do you call the community of stars/a group of billions of stars?  What is a galaxy?  What is a galaxy composed of?  Which is the only visible galaxy?  What are the major types of galaxies?Read and learn more. Part of the galaxy called the Milky Way can be seen each night. The Milky Way is a broad band of light stretching across the sky. There are millions of stars in the Milky Way and their light make a milky band in the sky. The sun, all the visible stars and billions of stars seen only through a telescope form a huge, flat spiral system known as our galaxy. Our galaxy is rotating like a big whirlpool, and the myriad stars move around its center somewhat as the planets rotate around the sun. The Milky Way forms a huge irregular circle of stars tilted about 60 degrees to the celestial equator. Even before the structure of our galaxy was known, the great astronomer, Herschel, proposed that this concentration of stars was due to the reason that the galaxy is extending farther in space in some directions than in others. It is clear that in looking at the Milky Way, you are looking down the long direction of our galaxy. Looking through a deeper layer of stars, these stars appear more numerous. The Milky Way has both thin and congested spots. There are three main types of galaxies. One is the spiral galaxy, to which our solar system belongs. This type of galaxy is characterized by a central lens-shaped bright nucleus made up of millions of stars. It has spiraling arms which come out from the opposite side of the nucleus. The other kind of galaxy is called elliptical. Its shape varies from nearly ball-shaped to lens-shaped. Their stars are found close to the center. The third kind of galaxy is irregular. Galaxies belonging to this group are small, fainter and lack symmetry. The Large and Small Magellanic clouds are examples of irregular galaxies.I LEARNED THAT:  Galaxies are collections of billions of stars that stay in the same region and move together  They are classified according to appearance.

Apply It Study the MAZE below. Find five or more words hidden in the MAZE below that are related to galaxies. The words maybe read downward, upward, backward, horizontally or diagonally.ELAR G E MAGE L L A N I C C L OUD S BCREACG H K N KL UHV CMK L P OU YT T F SWLNN N E B U L AMK L J H G F K Y T REW I P HLKL D U Y T R E D S A WM I N B V G F D R E I II J U Y R L KMN B V C F D E R F D S AE F CR RPKG D E O K MN B V C G T R F D J H D F R KA LTLP I I U RM I LKYWA YKB CXZYT FL PI TR E W I I Q E K L I N V C X Z DWQ J G C S OC I RC U L A RD J ON A L I Z A F A B I A NTOA I Y T R E W I I L A N H G T VWE L L I E N J LLPAN G G O Y F E RN A N D E Z J HGT R FTGHBCX Z S D F HKL I U Y H B C X P LO I RF NDH J K L M N B VC X Z R E W I D J K I L O VS UXC SM A L L MAG E L L A N I C C L OU D S L FPKLM N B V C XV F R E K L O P I J OY B F S NJ K I R R E G U L A RM N H KOO L J LU T UV TName of Galaxies Shapes of Galaxy1. ________________ 1. ________________2. ________________ 2. ________________3. ________________ 3. ________________4. ________________B. Do you ever wonder why we are living on earth? Why we have the stars, planets and the galaxy itself? Who do you think is responsible for the wonderful creations? How will you show your appreciation for this? As a pupil/child how can you share to others the beauty of God’s creation?

Test Yourself*Fill in the blanks. 1. ___________ is a group of billions of stars. Our solar system is a part of 2._____________. It is 3. __________ in shape. Galaxies are classified into three types. They are 4. ______________, 5.______________ and 6. ______________. The other known galaxies are 7. _____________, 8. ________________ and 9. ________________.

Key to CorrectionTry t o RecallExploration Time Activity 1 Answer these Activity 2Apply it A B C.Test Yourself 1. Galaxy 2. Milky Way 3. Spiral can be interchanged (3-6) 4. spiral 5. elliptical 6. irregular can be interchanged (7-9) 7. Andromeda 8. Large Magellanic Cloud 9. Small Magellanic Cloud