SCIENCE VI

GRADE VI STUDYING THE UNIVERSEAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Identify modern space facilities, tools and equipment used to study the universe  Explain the theories about the universe Try to Recall A. Draw the three types of galaxies. Do it on your notebook. B. Read the word inside the circle. Write all the words/ideas that comes into your mind upon reading it. UNIVERSE

ExploreActivity 1 How can you study the universe? What instruments do you need? Draw them in the space provided below.

Read and learn more. The basic instruments that we use to study the universe are our eyes, intelligence, andimagination, to keep our sense organs, different pieces of equipment have been invinlied andsome procedures have been developed. These are:  Telescope – in astronomy any instrument for collecting radiation from any part of the universe is a telescope  Spectroscope – is used to study the chemical compositions of the stars.  Photograph – is used to measures the brighten of the stars from the size and clearness of images  Radio Telescope – detect heavenly objects and celestial events that optical devices like telescope cannot reveal.  Space Telescope – flown to the space orbiting high above the atmosphere to observe the ultraviolet rays of the sun.Activity 2Differentiate optical telescope from spectroscopeTelescope Spectroscope__________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ __________Radio telescope Space Telescope__________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ __________

I LEARNED THAT:  The instruments used to study the universe are the telescope, spectroscope, camera, radio telescope, and space telescope Apply It If you were asked to study the universe using the different equipments you learned, list asmany objects that you think are found in the outer space. Draw your answer in the box below.

Test Yourself*Enumerate basic instruments you will use to study the universe. Discuss each.1. __________ ____________________2. __________ ____________________3. __________ ____________________4. __________ ____________________5. __________ ____________________

Key to CorrectionTry t o RecallExploration Time Activity 1 Answer these Activity 2 Answer these Activity 3 Answer theseApply it A B C. D.Test Yourself 1. Satellite 2. Space Station 3. Space Probe 4. Space Shuttle 5. Space camera

GRADE VI THE BLOOD VESSELSAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Identify the different kinds of blood vessels  Describe the Function Try to Recall LIQUID PART is calledFill up the map with correct answer. Blood has SOLID PARTS are of 3 kindsFunctions Functions Functions Functions

ExploreLook at your wrist. What do you see? Can you see a green line?On what other body parts can you see green lines? These lines are your blood vessels.Activity 1 Directions: Write your answers in your notebook. 1. Where do you pass when you go to school? Make a sketch of your route from home to school. Label the streets you pass by. 2. Where do buses, jeepneys and cars pass? Your blood vessels are like the roads where your bus, jeepneys, and cars pass. It isthrough these blood vessels where blood flows throughout your body.

Activity 2 Read this. There are 3 types of blood vessels namely: arteries, capillaries and veins. Get to know more about these blood vessels by reading the descriptions and functions of each part. Arteries are thick-walled and elastic. They carry reddish blood with nutrients and oxygen away from the heart. The thick walls withstand the force of blood flowing away from the heart. They are buried deep inside the body to keep them safe from injury. They branch off into even smaller arteries that lead to capillaries.Capillaries are the smallest bloodvessels and can be seen only with themicroscope. Blood conpuscles-passthrough the capillaries in single file.You find them near the skin. Oxygenand food in the blood pass through thecapillary to the cells. Exchange ofwater, gases, nutrients and wastematerials occurs between the blood andthe tissues in the capillaries.Capillaries lead into another kind ofblood vessels called veins. Veins carry bluish blood with more carbon dioxide and other wastes back to the heart out into the lungs. The walls are thin and contain less muscle tissue than the arteries. Many larger vains have cuplike values that keep blood from flowing backwards.

Activity 31. Fill up the table below using the information from your readings from the previousactivity.Kind of Blood Vessels Characteristics FunctionsI LEARNED THAT:  The blood vessels are the passage ways of blood.  There are three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries  Arteries are the largest and carry blood with oxygen (oxygenated blood) away from the heart.  Capillaries are very thin and have tiny openings in their walls where oxygen and food pass to the cells.  Veins carry blood (unoxygenated) back to the heart. Apply ItWrite your answers in your notebook.  What will happen if the blood vessels will not work?  Sometimes you prick your finger and no blood flows out. Explain why?  Sometimes a prick can cause blood to flow out. Explain why?

Test Yourself*Copy the table below and complete it using words in the box below it. 4. 1. WORKBLOOD VESSELS 2. 5. WORK KINDS 6. 3. WORK Artery Capillary Vein Carries blood with oxygen and nutrients away from the heart Carries blood with wastes like carbon dioxide back to the heart The part where the exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between the blood and body cells occur.

Key to CorrectionTry to Recall BloodSOLID PARTS LIQUID PARTRED BLOOD WHITE PLATELETS PLASMA CELLS BLOOD CELLSFunctions: Functions: Functions: Functions: - contain - protect the body - help seal blood - carries against infections vessel and stops hormones,hemoglobin which by changing their bleeding electrolytes,carries oxygen shapes as they - produces blood sugars, fats,from the lungs and surround foreign clot minerals, vitaminsdeliver it to body bodies to body tissues.tissues - produce - carries antibodies antibodies to that fight disease - -bring oxygen to protect the body causing germsthe cells and carry against diseasesaway carbondioxide from thecells.

Activity 2 Characteristics Functions Kind of Blood Vessels  Thick-walled and Carry blood containing1. Arteries elastic but are fresh oxygen and food smaller in diameter nutrients away from2. Capillaries than veins the heart to the body cells.3. Veins  smallest The part where the exchange of gases, food nutrients and waste materials between the blood and body tissues occur.  Walls are thin but Carry blood containing larger in diameter carbon dioxide and than arteries other wastes from the cells back to the heart.

Key to CorrectionTest Yourself Artery WORK carries blood with oxygen and nutrients away from the heartBLOOD VESSELS KINDS Vein WORK carries blood with wastes like carbon dioxide back to the heart Capillary WORK the part where the exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between blood and body cells occurs

GRADE VI THE BLOODAt the end of the lesson, you will be able to:  Identify the components of the blood  Describe the functions of each part Try to Recall Name of the parts of the circulatory system as indicated by each number. Write theanswers in your notebook. (1) ___________ (2) ___________ (3) ___________

Explore What happens when you accidentally cut yourself? Blood comes out. Sometimesblood keeps on flowing because it continuously flows in your body. You need to stop theflow of blood.Activity 1 Study the illustration below: A B What does the blood carry with it in section A? What does the blood pick up in section B? What body waste do you think is picked up by blood?

Activity 2A. The solid Parts of the blood1. Study the illustration of the solid parts of the blood.2. Read and learn more about them.Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)  are the most numerous and make up almost half of the blood’s volume.  are filled with hemoglobin which gives the red blood cells its red color and enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all body tissues.  carry away carbon dioxide from the tissues and back to the lungs.  are produced in the red marrow of the bones.  are shaped like flat disk with two concave surface.White blood cells (Leukocytes) White Blood Cells (WBCs)  are fewer in number with a ratio of about 1 WBC to every 660 RBC.  larger than the red blood cells.  protect the body against infections by changing their shapes so that they can move through capillary walls and surround foreign organisms entering the body.  produce antibodies to protect the body against diseases.  are produced in the red bone marrow, and in the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)  are cell - like particles smaller than red or white blood cells.  help seal the blood vessel and stop bleeding.  release substances that help promote blood clotting with the help of vitamin K and calcium.  are not really whole cells but are piece of larger cells formed in the bone marrow.PlateletsB. The liquid part of the blood Plasma  consists of mostly water containing dissolved salts and protein (mostly albumin and antibodies).  sticky and straw colored.  carries hormones, electrolytes, fats, sugar, minerals and vitamins to the body tissues.  carries antibodies to fight disease -carrying germs.  Carries cell wastes to the organ of excretion. Directions: Copy this table in your notebook and fill up using the information from the reading above. Parts/Components of the Blood Function1.2.3.4.

I LEARNED THAT:  The blood is a combination of liquid, cells and cell-like particles that travels through the blood vessels.  The blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.  Blood delivers oxygen and essential nutrients to tissues/cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products.  Each part of the blood has its own function - Plasma carries hormone, electrolytes, fats, sugar, minerals, and vitamins to body tissues antibodies to fight disease carrying germs; cell wastes to the organ of excretion. - Red blood cells carry oxygen and digested food to all parts of the body; carry away carbon dioxide from tissue. - White blood cells protects body against infection by producing antibodies. Apply ItDirections: Answer the following questions briefly in your notebook. 1. Lina has a big wound. After a few seconds, it stopped bleeding. Can you tell why? 2. What do you think will happen if your body lacks red blood cells? 3. Why will people die if they lose too much blood?

Test Yourself* I. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer in yournotebook.AB_____ 1. Red blood cells a. fight germs that cause infections_____ 2. White blood cells b. liquid part of the blood_____ 3. Platelets c. provides the cells of the body with_____ 4. Plasma oxygen and food nutrients_____ 5. Blood d. a red fluid within the blood vessel_____ 6. Hemoglobin e. forms blood clot to stop bleeding f. red pigment of the blood containing ironII. Give three reasons why blood is vital to humans?

Key to CorrectionTry to RecallAnswer (1 – heart; 2- blood vessels; 3 – blood)Activity 1The blood is like a truck. It brings food and oxygen to different parts of the body. It alsopicks up wastes on its way back.Answer theseParts/Components of the Blood Function1. Red blood cells  contain hemoglobin which carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to body tissues  bring oxygen to the cells and carry away carbon dioxide from the tissues2. White blood cells  protect the body against infections by changing their shape as they surround foreign bodies entering the body  produce antibodies to protect the body against diseases3. Platelets  help seal the blood vessel and stop bleeding  produces blood clot4. Plasma  carries hormones, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, sugars, fats to body tissues  carries antibodies that fight disease - causing germs

Answer in Apply It:1. Lina’s wound stopped bleeding because of the action of platelets present in the blood. Platelets help seal the injured blood vessel by producing a substance that helps blood to clot.2. If the body lacks red blood cells, the body cells will receive insufficient supply of oxygen and food nutrients.3. People will die if they lose too much blood because nothing will bring oxygen and food nutrients to the body cells. Wastes will accumulate in the body that could poison the cells.Answer to Test Yourself1. c2. a3. e4. b5. d6. f

GRADE VI THE FOOD COURT IN AN ECOSYSTEMAt the end of the module, you should be able to: describe the interrelationship among living organisms in an ecosystem (food chain, food web, food-nutrient cycle)Try to RecallNote both living and non living things. Classify them using the table below. Do thisin your notebook. A BLiving things Non living thingsNow try to answer these:a. What are listed in column A? column B?b. Complete the map to find out where living things and non living things are found. Fill the blank with the correct letters.Living Things Non-Living Things Are found in the E_O_YS_E_

Explore Do you know how living things are connected with one another? In the followingactivities you will learn how living things are related.Activity 11. Copy the table in your notebook.2. Think of your favorite foods.3. Tell whether it comes from a plant or an animal.4. List them in the table you copy in your notebook.. Food Source of Food (Plants or Animals)Activity 2Study the diagrams in each letters below. Take note of the arrows which tells thedirection of the energy it passed from one organism to another. a. (a) (b) (c) (d)b. (b)

(a) (c) (d)c. (d) (a) (b) (c)Answer these in your notebook. 1. What do you notice about the organism in each labeled A and C? 2. What do you notice in labeled B? Are they plants or animals? 3. Why are the organisms in letter a all plants? How can are they be called? 4. What happens to the organism in letter e if there are no organisms in letter b? 5. What is a food chain? (based your answer from the illustrations).

Activity 3Study the following:Help Lisa find the answer to her question by rearranging the jumbled letter underlinedin the paragraph to form a word.When plants and animals die, they 1.________________become 1) dofo for other organisms. 2.________________These organisms are called 2) 3.________________compodesers. They break down dead 4.________________matter and animal waste into simplesubstances and return the energy back tothe 3) liso to be used again by 4) pltsna.Trace the energy pathways using the following termsConsumers, producers, decomposers.

Activity 41. Study the following food web below.(Adapted: Exploring Science and Health 6, Reprint, 1996)2. Do these in your notebook. a. Study the food web then pick out three food chains from the food web above. Show a diagram of each chain. b. Make a food web (at least 3 food chains) of marine ecosystem (organisms in the sea or ocean).Read and learn.

 Our environment or ecosystem is composed of living and non-living things.  There is interaction between organisms and the environment for food and survival.  A food chain shows the relationship of different organisms and the transfer of energy from the producer to one consumer to another.  Plants produce their own food through the energy from the sun and are eaten by other animals. They are called producers.  Animals that eat plants and other animals are called consumers.  A food web is made up of many food chains that are linked together.  Food chains are usually short with only up 4 to 5 levels. This is because the amount of energy passed on the next link becomes less. Each organism takes part of the energy available.  Decomposers are organisms that break down dead matter and animal waste into simple substances such as mineral salts and CO2. These are returned to the soil to be used again by plants. Apply ItA. Illegal logging is a serious environmental problem our country is facing today. Landslides, drought, global warming are some of the bad effects of this problem. 1. How does illegal logging affect the food relationships (food chain and food web) among the different organisms? (the plants and animals in the forest ecosystem?)B. Create a food chain with a human being and a cow.C. If you are a vegetarian, is your food chain longer or shorter than the food chain of a person who is a meat eater? Why?

Test Yourself* 1. Which shows a food chain? A. corn → chicken → ducks B leaves → worm → birds C. pechay → carabao → hawk D. earthworm → chicken → men 2. Create a food chain by filling out each box with the name of an organism in a pond or river ecosystemproducer primary secondary tertiary consumer consumer consumer3. What happens in a food chain? A. Energy is lost. B. Energy is increased. C. Energy is transferred from producer to consumer. D. Energy is transferred from consumer to producer.

4. Study carefully the food web below then pick out two food chains consisting of at least three consumers from the food web.

GRADE VI THE HEARTAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  identify the main parts of the (heart)  describe the function of the heart Try to RecallCopy the chart in your notebook and fill it up.A. What are the parts of the blood? BloodSOLID PARTS LIQUID PARTB. What are the kinds of the blood vessels?BLOOD VESSELS

ExploreActivity 11. Do the followinga. Clench your fist.b. Locate your heart then place your clenched fist over it.c. Feel the beating of your heart.2. Answer these questions in your notebook1. Where is your heart located? ________________________2. What did you feel when you placed your clenched fist over your heart? _______________________3. Why do you think is it beating? ________________________4. How big do you think is your heart? _____________________________________________________Activity 2Directions: do this activity and answer questions in your notebook.1. Prepare the following materials.clear tubings adhesive tapeplastic bottle rubber stopperY-tube red-colored liquidWhat to do:2. Attached the clear tubings to the Y-tube as shown below. Use the tape to hold the tubes in place.

3. Pour the red-colored liquid into the bottle.4. Insert the Y-tube into the rubber stopper of the small bottle filled with red-colored liquid.5. Now you have a made a model of a single-circuit circulatory system.4. Squeeze the bottle and observe what happens to the red liquid. a. What does the plastic bottle represent? b. What was applied on the bottle to make the liquid move? c.Activity 31. Secure a poster or chart of the heart and a model.2. Compare the model with the chart.3. Examine the model of the heart.4. Label the chambers using the words below. right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle

Your heart. Your heart is a cone shaped, muscular organ found in the middle of the chest cavityslightly tilted to the left. It is divided into chambers. The upper chambers are called atria(singular-atrium) and are sometimes called auricles. The atria are thin-walled. The two atriareceive the blood entering the heart. When the heart beats, the atria contrast at the same time andforces the blood into the ventricles.The ventricles (lower chambers of the heart), are thick-walled. When the ventricles contracts,blood is pushed/pumped into the arteries and flows into the different parts of the body. 5. Read this information about the functions of the heart 6. Answer these questions in your notebook.  What are the upper chambers of the heart?  What is their function?  What are the lower of chambers of the heart?  What is their function?

Read and learn more. Have a Heart Your heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood around your body more than 1,000 times a day; each trip takes less than one minute. Your heart… - starts beating 6 months before you were born. - is about the same size as your closed fist. - on its right side receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lungs. - on its left side receives blood from the lungs and pumps it around the body. - is found in the middle of your chest; bottom tip actually touches your chest wall. - contracts (pumps) and forces blood out into the arteries (tubes that carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body). The walls of the arteries stretch. - relaxes – the artery walls contract to push the blood along. - pulse beat - involves one expansion and contraction of the artery walls with each heart beat - pulse beat equals rate of heart pump - person’s resting pulse rate decreases with age: a. newborn – 130 – 150 beats/minute b. 11 years old – 70-100 beats/minute c. adult – 60-80 beats/minute - the heart has four chambers: two small upper chambers called atria (right atrium and left atrium) and two large lower chambers called ventricles (right ventricle and left ventricle). - the valve prevents the blood from flowing backward. tricuspid valve – opens from the right atrium into the right ventricle pulmonary valve – opens form the right ventricle into pulmonary arteries mitral valve – opens from left atrium into the left ventricle aortic valve – opens from the left ventricle into aorta.  The heart is the powerful pump that moves blood through the body’s blood vessels.  Heartbeat: each heart chamber relaxes as it fills (diastole) and contracts as it pumps blood (systole).

From upper aorta Pulmonary body arteryright atrium To the lungsFrom lungs pulmonary right veins ventricle From the lungs left atrium valve left ventricleFrom lower To lowerbody body Apply ItA. Complete the paragraph below. The heart is made up ______ chambers. It has also two sides, the right side and the ____ side. The right side pumps blood to the _______. The ______ side pumps blood to the cells of the body.B. What happens when the heart stops pumping blood to the lungs and to the different part of the body?

Test Yourself*A. Label the parts of the heart. Refer to the box below for your answers. Vein Pulmonary artery Left auricle Left ventricle Pulmonary veins Aorta Vein Right auricle Right ventricleB. Underline the correct answer. Write your answers in your notebook. 1. The (right side, left side) of the heart pumps blood to the lungs. 2. The (right side, left side) pumps oxygen-rich blood out to your body. 3. (Valves, Arteries) prevent blood from flowing backward. 4. The blood goes to the lungs through the (pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, right auricle). 5. The blood from the lungs enter the (left auricle, left ventricle, right ventricle) of the heart.

Key to CorrectionTry to Recall A. Blood SOLID PARTS LIQUID PARTRed blood White blood Platelets Plasma cells cellsB. ArteryBLOOD VESSELS Veins Capillaries

Exploration Time Activity 1 1. In the middle of the chest 2. About the size of the fist 3. Beating of the heart; Lubdub sound 4. The heart beats when the heart muscles contracts and relaxes as blood is forced out into the arteries. Activity 2 5. a. pressure or force b. heart 6. Cardiac muscles Activity 3 1. a. right atrium and left atrium b. Receives blood from the body and the lungs into the heart 2. a. right ventricle and left ventricle b. Forces blood from the heart out into the lungs and the different parts of the bodyApply It A. four chambers, left side, lungs, left side B. When the heart stops to pump, the blood cannot circulate around the body. The blood from the heart cannot go to the lungs to get fresh oxygen and leave carbon dioxide in the lungs. It cannot move the blood to the different parts of the body along the arteries and cannot move the blood back to the heart through the veins. The body cells will be deprived of the needed oxygen and cannot remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from the body cells.

Test YourselfA. Labels of the Parts of the Heart 1. vein 6. left ventricle 2. aorta 7. right ventricle 3. pulmonary artery 8. vein 4. pulmonary vein 9. right auricle 5. left auricleB. 1. right side 2. left side 3. valves 4. pulmonary artery 5. left auricle

GRADE VI THE HUMAN CIRCULARORY SYSTEMAt the end of the module, you should be able to:  Identify the major parts of the circulatory system.Try to RecallDirections: Study the illustrations. Why do I need food?Answer the question/questions How does food reach my toes?In your notebook. Why do I need oxygen? How does oxygen go to the different parts of my body?What materials does your body need shown by the arrow?

What waste materials does your body give off?

Explore In this lesson, you will learn how different materials are transported to the differentparts of your body. Write all your answers in your notebook.Activity 1 1. Study the diagram very carefully.How do goods (vegetables) from Baguio reach Manila?How are wastes from different houses brought to the Garbage Disposal Area?

Activity 2 Your body also has a transport system. This brings digested food and oxygen todifferent parts of your body. This also picks up waste materials like carbon dioxide fromthe different parts of your body and brings these to the kidneys and lungs.Study the illustrations below.Little oxygen in blood, Blood loses carbonlots of carbon dioxide dioxide, red cells pick up oxygen Blood rich in oxygenHeart pump blood Extra food is Food and oxygen stored ready for is removed from blood use the blood, carbon needed dioxide goes into the bloodAdapted from Science for Life 1991 by Jesuitas P., et. al.Anvil Publishing, Inc. Pasig City, Philippines

Activity 3 This is your transport system. It is also called the circulatory system. Heart Blood (inside the blood vessels) Blood vesselsWhat are the major parts of your circulatory system? 1. 2. 3.

Read and learn more. The human circulatory system is the transportation system of the body. It performs many important function such as the following:  carries food and oxygen to each of the billions of the body cells.  removes waste products that each of the body cells produces.  contains special chemicals that fight disease.  contains special cells that migrate among the body cells and engulf foreign matter such as bacteria.  contains other cells that promote clotting where a blood vessel is broken or cut.  helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat generated in the body cells.  blood plasma provides a ready supply of water for maintaining proper cell function and removes excess water that accumulates among the cells.  the blood transports nutrients, and enzyme, and other materials throughout the body. And collects body waste from cell.I LEARNED THAT:  The major parts of the circulatory system are heart and blood vessels.  The heart is located at the center of the chest cavity.  The human circulatory system transports nutrients and enzyme throughout the body.

Apply It What do you think will happen if one of the organs of the human circulatory system isremoved?* Test YourselfA. Complete the concept map on circulatory system.Circulatory System i works s as/by m works a as/by d e works as/by u p o f

Key to Correction Try to Recall Q - What materials does your body need? A - Your body needs food and air (or oxygen). Q - What materials does your body give off? A - Carbon dioxide and urine Q - What are the major parts of your circulatory system? A - 1. heart 2. blood 3. blood vessels Apply It When one of the organs of the circulatory system is removed, the body will not function normally and would lead to the death of human being. If the blood is removed, no food and oxygen can reach the body cells. If the blood vessels are removed, there are no passageways for the blood to travel into the body cells. If the heart is removed, nothing will pump the blood causing it to flow from the heart to the different parts of the body and back.

Test Yourself i blood works transporting s Blood vessels as/by nutrients, heart oxygen, andCirculatory System m works waste materials a as/by from the cells d of the body e serve as u pathways for p the blood to travel around the body o pumps blood f so that it can circulate works around the as/by body