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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI AN ANALYSIS OF CODE MIXING FOUND IN TWO SELECTED VIDEOS BY NESSIE JUDGE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MARSHYKE TRISHARMA I. PELLO Student Number: 154214112 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI AN ANALYSIS OF CODE MIXING FOUND IN TWO SELECTED VIDEOS BY NESSIE JUDGE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MARSHYKE TRISHARMA I. PELLO Student Number: 154214112 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 ii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iv

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI v

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI vi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me”. Philippians 4:13 vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI For my papa, my mama, my sisters, my brother, my best buddies, and anyone who always supports me in every step of my life. viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Writing this thesis has taught me many things. Certain people have been a part of this long journey and have supported me during the process of finishing this thesis. First, I am so thankful to God for His love, blessing, and every single thing that He has given to me. He is the reason I can stand and bear this life. Second, I am so grateful to have an amazing thesis advisor, Anna Fitriati, S. Pd., M. Hum., for helping me in finishing this thesis. Thank you for your patience in guiding me through this whole time. Third, I thank my co advisor and academic advisor, Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M. Sc, for guiding me during this process. I also thank F. X. Risang Bagaskara, S. S., M. Hum., as my academic advisor. Thank you for the support that has been given to me from the beginning until now. Fourth, I would like to thank my parents, my sisters, my brother, and my best friends for their support and love. Having them as my support system is very important for me. Fifth, I want to thank my brothers and sisters of GKB Bahtera Hayat Yogyakarta. Thank you for the love, support, and patience that you all have given to me. Last, I thank all of my friends that have been a part of my journey in this university. Thank you for the support and help. I will cherish our memories forever in my heart. Marshyke Trisharma I. Pello ix

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. ii APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE.................................................................................. iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH............................................................................................. vi MOTTO PAGE .............................................................................................. vii DEDICATION PAGE.................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xii ABSTRAK........................................................................................................ xiii xiv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 A. Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation............................................................................. 3 C. Objectives of the Study ......................................................................... 4 D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................. 6 A. Review of Related Studies .................................................................... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................ 8 1. Sociolinguistics .............................................................................. 8 2. Code................................................................................................. 10 3. Code Switching .............................................................................. 10 a. Situational Code Switching ....................................................... 11 b. Metaphorical Code Switching .................................................. 11 4. Code Mixing ................................................................................... 12 5. Types of Code Mixing .................................................................... 13 a. Intra-sentential Code Mixing .................................................... 13 b. Intra-lexical Code Mixing ......................................................... 14 c. Involving a Change of Pronunciation ....................................... 14 6. Reasons of Code Mixing ................................................................ 15 a. Talking about Particular Topic.................................................. 15 b. Quoting Somebody Else ............................................................ 15 c. Being Emphatic about Something ............................................. 16 d. Interjection ................................................................................ 16 e. Repetition Used for Clarification .............................................. 16 f. Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity ................................. 17 g. Clarifying The Speech Content for The Interlocutor ................ 17 7. Word Classes/Part of Speech ......................................................... 18 a. Noun ......................................................................................... 18 b. Adjective ................................................................................. 18 x

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI c. Verb ........................................................................................... 18 d. Adverb ....................................................................................... 19 8. Indonesian Affixes .......................................................................... 19 C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 21 A. Object of the Study................................................................................ 21 B. Approach of the Study........................................................................... 22 C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 22 1. Data Collection .............................................................................. 23 2. Data Analysis ................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 25 A. Types of Code Mixing ......................................................................... 25 1. Intra-sentential Code Mixing .......................................................... 26 a. Noun ......................................................................................... 26 b. Adjective ................................................................................... 28 c. Verb .......................................................................................... 29 d. Adverb ....................................................................................... 30 e. Phrase ....................................................................................... 31 f. Compound ................................................................................ 32 2. Intra-lexical Code Mixing ............................................................. 33 B. Reasons of Code Mixing ...................................................................... 37 1. Talking about Particular Topic ....................................................... 38 2. Being Emphatic about Something ................................................. 41 3. Repetition Used for Clarification .................................................... 45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION..................................................................... 49 REFERENCES............................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 53 xi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF TABLES No. __Table___________________________________________________Page 1. Table 1. Types of Code Mixing 26 2. Table 2. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun) 27 3. Table 3. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adjective) 28 4. Table 4. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Verb) 29 5. Table 5. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adverb) 30 6. Table 6. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun Phrase) 31 7. Table 7. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Prepositional Phrase) 32 8. Table 8. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Compound) 33 9. Table 9. Intra-lexical Code Mixing (Suffix –nya) 34 10. Table 10. Intra-lexical Code Mixing (Prefix di-) 35 11. Table 11. Intra-lexical Code Mixing (Prefix nge-) 36 12. Table 12. Reasons of Using Code Mixing 37 13. Table 13. Talking about Particular Topic 38 14. Table 14. Being Emphatic about Something 41 15. Table 15. Repetition Used for Clarification 46 xii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT PELLO, MARSHYKE TRISHARMA I. (2019). An Analysis of Code Mixing Found in Two Selected Videos by Nessie Judge. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. In this modern era, almost all of the people use social media. One of the social media is Youtube. Youtube is used in order to upload, watch, and share videos. In Indonesia, one of the famous Youtubers is Nessie Judge. In her videos, she tends to mix Indonesian and English. Therefore, this research focuses on the analysis of code mixing found in two videos by Nessie Judge. There were two research questions in this research. First is to find the types of code mixing. Second, the researcher analyzed the reasons of code mixing done by Nessie Judge. To answer the research questions, the researcher applied sociolinguistic theory, especially the theories on types and reasons of code mixing proposed by Hoffman (1991). The researcher also applied two other theories, namely the theory of word class and the theory of Indonesian affixes. The theory of word class talked about the category of word and the theory of Indonesian affixes was about the types of affixes found in Indonesian. In this research, the objects of the study were two selected videos by Nessie Judge. The first video talked about a conspiracy theory and the second video was about a mysterious event that happened in the world. This study applied sociolinguistic approach. After analyzing the data, there were 106 cases of code mixing. For the types of code mixing, there were 84 data of intra-sentential code mixing and 22 data of intra-lexical code mixing. For the reasons of code mixing, the researcher found 82 data of talking about particular topic, 18 data of being emphatic about something, and 6 data of repetition used for clarification. The researcher concluded that intra-sentential code mixing was the most used type of code mixing because the pattern of sentence in both languages that made the speaker mixed the languages easily. The researcher also concluded that talking about particular topic was the most used reason of code mixing and it happened because the speaker in the videos used popular terms and there were some lack of equivalent words in Indonesian. Keywords: Indonesian, English, code mixing, sociolinguistics. xiii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK PELLO, MARSHYKE TRISHARMA I. (2019). An Analysis of Code Mixing Found in Two Selected Videos by Nessie Judge. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Di era modern ini, hampir semua orang menggunakan media sosial. Salah satu contoh media sosial adalah Youtube. Youtube digunakan untuk mengunggah, menonton, dan berbagi video-video. Di Indonesia, salah satu pengguna Youtube yang terkenal adalah Nessie Judge. Dalam video-videonya, ia sering mencampurkan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis campur kode yang ditemukan dalam dua video oleh Nessie Judge. Ada dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama untuk menemukan jenis campur kode. Pada rumusan masalah yang kedua, peneliti menganalisis alasan penggunaan campur kode yang dilakukan oleh Nessie Judge. Untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti menggunakan teori sosilinguistik, khususnya pada teori jenis dan alasan campur kode yang dikemukakan oleh Hoffman (1991). Peneliti juga menggunakan dua teori lainnya, yaitu teori kelas kata dan teori imbuhan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Teori kelas kata merujuk pada kategori kata dan teori imbuhan bahasa Indonesia merupakan teori yang membahas tentang imbuhan-imbuhan yang ada dalam bahasa Indonesia. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah dua video oleh Nessie Judge. Video pertama membahas tentang sebuah teori konspirasi dan video kedua membahas sebuah kejadian misterius yang terjadi di dunia. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan Sosiolinguistik. Setelah menganalisis data-data yang ada, peneliti menemukan ada 106 kasus campur kode. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang pertama, yaitu mengenai jenis campur kode, ada 84 data campur kode dalam bentuk sentensial dan 22 data campur kode dalam bentuk leksikal. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang kedua, yaitu alasan penggunaan campur kode, peneliti menemukan 82 data membicarakan suatu topik, 18 data berempati pada sesuatu, dan 6 data pengulangan untuk memberi penjelasan. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa campur kode dalam bentuk sentential adalah jenis yang paling banyak digunakan karena pola kalimat dalam kedua bahasa yang membuat pembicara dalam video mencampurkan bahasa dengan mudah. Peneliti juga menyimpulkan bahwa membicarakan suatu topik adalah alasan yang paling banyak muncul dalam data dan penyebabnya adalah karena pembicara dalam video menggunakan istilah-istilah yang populer dan belum ada istilah yang sepadan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kata kunci: Indonesian, English, code mixing, sociolinguistics. xiv

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is a tool of communication and it is used by people in order to communicate with each other. By using language, people can convey their idea, opinion, how they feel about something, and many more. Trudgill (1983) states that language is not simply a means of communicating information - about the weather or any other subjects. It is also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationships with other people (p.13). In this world, there are many languages. English is one of the most used languages and it is also an international language. English is considered as a foreign language to countries that do not use English in their daily life. In Indonesia, people can learn and master English by going to educational institutions. However, English can also be acquired through songs, movies, novels, or TV programs. Nowadays, people in Indonesia tend to mix Indonesian and English at the same time when they communicate in their daily life. For example, when people have a conversation with their friends, they mix Indonesian with English. Another example is when they write a caption on their social media account. This phenomenon of mixing two different languages at the same time is known as code mixing. Nababan (1993) states that code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in language B (p. 1

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2 32). According to Wardaugh (1992), code mixing occurs when conservants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterrance (p. 106). In this modern era, social media are something that almost all people in the world have. By having social media, people can easily get any kinds of information they want. Social media can also be used by people to share their daily activities or to express their feeling or opinion about anything. There are many kinds of social media, such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Youtube, Pinterest, and many more. Youtube is one of the social media that has given impacts on people‟s life. According to Ensour (2015), Youtube is a website that can share videos and the users can watch, upload and comment on videos (p. 287). There are 14 different languages available on Youtube. Youtube is one of the world‟s major websites that is used for uploading and sharing videos, creating personalized channels and providing direct broadcast service for organizations. It means that Youtube is a platform for people to share their idea or thoughts about something in a form of a video. The type of the videos on Youtube is various. There are educational videos, gaming videos, music videos, and still many more. In Indonesia, there are many famous Youtubers. One of them is Nessie Judge. Nessie Judge started making videos in 2012. The contents of her videos are various. She makes vlog (video blog) about her daily life, for example when she travels to Europe with her family. She also talks about some important issues that happen in the society, such as anti-bullying, LGBT, cat calling, or sexual consent.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 3 Sometimes, she collaborates with other Indonesian Youtubers. Her new content in her videos is called Nerror. It is a segment which she discusses conspiracy theories and mysterious events occur in the world. In this study, there are two videos that the writer use. They are Rekaman 911 Darurat Terseram! and Konspirasi Terseram XXXTentacion. The researcher finds an interesting thing in Nessie Judge‟s videos. In the videos, the speaker usually mix Indonesian and English. It has been mentioned before that this phenomenon is called as code mixing. Code mixing happens when a speaker can speak more than one language. In her two selected videos, there are many Indonesian to English code mixing that can be found. When Nessie Judge wants to convey something and she cannot find the word in Indonesian, then she mixes with English word. This topic is worth studying because code mixing is a phenomenon that happens in a society with various languages in it. Those who are able to speak more than one language or also known as bilingual or multilingual people, usually experience this phenomenon. By studying this, it helps us to understand more about code mixing and we can find the reasons why it happens. B. Problem Formulation There are two questions that can be observed in this study. They are: 1. What types of code-mixing are found in two selected videos by Nessie Judge? 2. What are the reasons of using code-mixing in two selected videos by Nessie Judge?

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 4 C. Objectives of the Study This research focuses on the use of code mixing in two selected videos by Nessie Judge. Based on the problems that have been formulated in the previous chapter, there are two objectives of this study. The first objective is to find out the types of code mixing that are used in two selected videos by Nessie Judge. The second objective is the writer tries to identify the reasons Nessie Judge, as the speaker, use code mixing in her two selected videos. D. Definition of Terms In this research, the writer discusses code mixing. Code mixing is a part of sociolinguistics. To understand further, the meaning of sociolinguistics is explained as follows. According to Wardaugh (1992, p. 13), Sociolinguistics concerns with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication. It can be concluded that language and society are inseperable. The structure of language can be understood by observing how language and society are related to each other. Yuliana, Luziana, and Sarwendah (2015) state that language is not homogeneous (p.48). It means that there are many varieties of languages that can be found in the society. In studying sociolinguistics, it is important to know and understand what a code is. A code is “a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language – a dialect, a register, an accent or a style on differrent occasions and for different purposes” (Stockwell as cited in Yuliana et

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 5 al, p. 48). Code covers phenomena namely code mixing and code switching. According to Bhatia and Ritchie (2002), code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morpheme, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two partcipating grammatical systems within a sentence (p. 376). Code mixing occurs in bilingual and multilingual societies.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter consists of three different parts, which are review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Related studies are about previous studies that have the same topic, and related theories are focused on the theories applied to the research. By presenting these, it can help the writer to develop and analyze the research. A. Review of Related Studies In this part, there are four previous studies with the same topic as the writer‟s: two undergraduate theses and two journal articles. The first research is an undergraduate thesis conducted by Allantro in 2014 with the title “Code Mixing in Fashion Tips Articles As Seen in Go Girl! November 2013 Edition”. The researcher of this thesis analyzes the type of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing in the magazine. The researcher applies the theory from Charlotte Hoffman. In this research, there are 146 data categorized as intra-sentential code- mixing, and 14 sentences are categorized as intra-lexical code-mixing. After analyzing the type of code mixing, the researcher explains the reasons of using code mixing and there are 3 reasons of code-mixing found in the articles namely talking about particular topic, interjection, and repetition used for clarification. The second undergraduate thesis is “English Code-Mixing in Presidential Candidate Debates” done by Murtiningtyas in 2015. In her research, she analyzes 6

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 7 5 debates and there is only one thing that is being observed in the debates which is the type of code mixing. In order to find the types of code mixing, the researcher observes the utterances of participants of presidential candidate debate. The researches applies the theory from Pieter Muysken to analyze the type of code mixing. After analyzing the data, there are only two types of code mixing found in the debates, which are insertion and alternation. The third is a journal article by Offiong Ani Offiong and Bassey A. Okon (2013) entitled “Of Efik and English: Code Mixing”. In the research, they find that there are some factors that make Efik people mix their language with English, such as urbanization, education, government business and multilingualism. It also because there is a lack of vocabulary in Efik. From the analysis of this journal, it is said that when a language starts to borrow some grammatical items from another language, then its identity is lost. The fourth is a research by Huzaina Abdul Halim, Hana Nadia Ahmad Nadri, and Foziah Mahmood entitled “Code Mixing On Facebook Among Malaysian Tesl Student” (2015). There are three questions that the researchers have made. The first is the level of code mixing used by the students, the second is the most used level of code mixing by the students, and the last is the reasons the students mix the language. Based on the observation, Facebook status, wall interaction and online open-ended questionnaire, the researchers analyze the data. As the result of the analysis, it is found that the most inserted level of code mixing is phrase insertion, and the main reason of using code mixing is to show the solidarity.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 Those researches are useful in order to help the writer to analyze this research. The writer also found similarities and differences from the previous researches. The first similarity is the topic. Four previous researches have the same topic which is the phenomenon of code mixing. The second is the theory. The research written by Allantro applies the theory by Hoffman in analyzing the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing. The third is the approach of the researches. Code mixing is one of the aspects that is being studied in sociolinguistics, therefore the previous researches use sociolinguistic approach. The writer of this research also use the same approach. The difference from this research and those previous studies are the object of the analysis. Those previous studies use articles, students, or participants of a debate as the object of the study, while for this study the writer uses videos as the object. The position of this study is to develop other/previous studies conducted by previous researchers. This research uses different object in analyzing code mixing. B. Review of Related Theories This section covers some related theories which help the writer in analyzing the data. 1. Sociolinguistics Communication is an important thing that people always do in their daily life. When they want to interact with other people, they use language as a tool to

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 communicate. There is a relation between society and language. According to Wardhaugh (1992, p. 13), Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language is trying to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of language. It can be concluded that sociolinguistics helps us to examine the relationship between language and society in order to understand the language‟s structure. In a society, there are people with different ethnic groups, different culture, and different religions. Trudgill (1983, p. 15), states that whenever we speak we cannot avoid giving our listeners clues about our origins and the sort of person we are. Our accent and our speech generally show what part of the country we come from, and what sort of background we have. It can be understood that each country/place in this world has its own characteristic. It has its own accent or dialect that differs its speakers from the others. It also means that whenever one speaks to the others that do not come from different area, the accent of the dialect will be obvious. Other definition of sociolinguistics comes from Holmes (2013, p. 1) as he states that sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguists find that we tend to speak differently based on different social contexts. Sociolinguists want to identify the language‟s social function and how it is used in order to give the social meaning.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 10 2. Code According to Wardhaugh (1992, p. 89), a language or a variety of a language can be referred as a code and it is considered as neutral since it is useful. He gives more explanation that in communication, code is commonly used. People should choose a specific code in conveying their minds of feeling when they want to speak. In this case, the specific code can be a particular language, dialect, style, register, or variety. Thus, people may use different code in different situations. It means that people use particular code which depends on particular people they talk to (p. 99-100). Finch (2000, p. 209 – 210) suggests that code means “ a system of rules that allows people to give information in symbolic form. Human language is a code. It consist of words that represent ideas, event, and objects.” It means that people use code in order to convey what they want to say. 3. Code-Switching Hoffman (1991) points out that code-switching means “it involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic variteties within the same utterance or during the same conversation” (p. 110). According to Tarjana (2009, p. 7), code switching occurs when one code switches from one code while speaking, the situation dictates the use of language. It means that the use of language depends on the situation. The same meaning of code switching comes from Kridalaksana. He states that “code switching is the use of language variation to do adaptation, with other situation or because of other participants (Kridalaksana as cited in

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 11 Suandi, 2014, p. 133). It means that situation and the speaker or participant have an important role in the switch of language. There are two types of code-switching according to Wardhaugh, namely situational code-switching and metaphorical code-switching. a. Situational Code-Switching Situational code-switching is the first type of code-switching. Situational code-switching takes place when “the languages used change according to the situations in which the conservants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved” (Wardhaugh, 1992, p. 106). It can be concluded that there will be change of the language depends on particular circumtance. So, the circumtance or contexts demand the changing of the language. For example, a speaker uses English while talking about particular topic and later on the speaker uses Indonesian in discussing that topic. b. Metaphorical Code-Switching The second type is metaphorical code-switching. Wardhaugh argues that “when a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have metaphorical code-switching. The interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic” (1992, p. 106). He gives more explanation that metaphorical code-switching “has an affective dimension to it: you change the code as you redefine the situation – formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity” (p. 107). It means that people switch the

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12 language or the code because they have a purpose in doing that. For example, A and B speaks in a serious way, but suddenly A talk about something humorous. It means that the purpose of speaker A switching the code is in order to break the ice in that situation. The role of code is important since it redefines the situation. 4. Code-Mixing Code mixing occurs in bilingual and multilingual societies. Bhatia and Ritchie (2002, p. 376), argue that code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morpheme, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. Wardhaugh (1992) believes that “code-mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance” (p. 106). He adds that “conversational code- mixing involves the deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic change.” Other meaning of code mixing comes from Nababan (1993, p. 32) as it has been mentioned in the previous chapter, code mixing is “a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing often occur within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest is in language B.” It is clear that code mixing takes place when the speaker use and speak more than one language at the same time. For some people, it is difficult to differentiate between code switching and code mixing. McLaughlin highlights the difference between code-mixing and

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 13 code-switching “by referring to code-switches as language changes occuring across phrase or sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentences and usually involve single lexical items” (McLaughlin as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 110). According to Nababan, code mixing is “a mixing of two or more language or language variation which demands the speaker, it is only because of informal and speaker habitual (Nababan as cited in Astuti, 2017, p. 25). By comparing the meaning of code switching and code mixing, it is clear that code switching occurs when there is a purpose from the speaker and the switch of the language takes place depends on the speaker or participant, the situation, or the topic of the conversation. On the other hand, code mixing occurs when the speaker cannot find the right expression in the speaker‟s language, therefore the speaker mix with other language. Code mixing also occurs because of the speaker‟s habit. 5. Types of Code-Mixing There are three types of code-mixing according to Hoffman, they are Intra-sentential code-mixing, Intra-lexical code-mixing, and Involvement in a change of pronunciation. Here is the explanation of the types of code mixing. a. Intra-sentential Code-Mixing Intra-sentential code-mixing is the first type of code-mixing. This type is related to syntax. The mixing occurs within a sentence, a phrase, or a clause (Hoffman, 1991, p. 112). For example, “Estaba training para pelear” which means “He was training to fight” (Wardhaugh 1992, p. 108). From that example,

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 14 it shows that the codes are English and Spanish. When the speaker speaks in Spanish, the English verb “training” is added in the middle of the sentence. When linguistics units such as phrases, words, morpheme, etc. are added in a sentence, it is considered as intra-sentential code mixing. b. Intra-lexical Code-Mixing The second type of code-mixing is intra-lexical code-mixing. This type takes place within a word boundary. When there are affixes added to a word, a mix can occur. An example for this type is kuenjoy (English enjoy is mixed with the prefix from Swahili and the meaning is “to”). The example shows that code mixing may occur when a Swahili prefix is mixed with English word “enjoy”. Other example is in Indonesian and English: “Beberapa yang siaran live yang di- upload di Youtube aku juga nonton”. It is clear that there is an addition of Indonesian prefix di- in English word “upload”. By using the prefix di-, it gives a passive meaning. Therefore, di-upload means to be uploaded. c. Involving a Change of Pronunciation This last type of code-mixing is related to phonological matters. In order to undertand it, the example can be seen when Indonesian try to pronounce English word, they change it into Indonesian way of pronouncing. The example is taken from Hoffmann (1991, p. 112). Cristina (4:0): (introducing her younger brother to a new friend of hers) „This is Pascual‟ [paskwál] Friend: „What‟s his name?‟ (i.e. she didn‟t catch it) Cristina: „Pascual‟ [pəskwæl] Friend: „Oh..”

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 From the example above, it shows that at first Cristina pronounces Pascual as paskwál. Later, she pronounces it again and it becomes pəskwæl. There is a change of pronouncation that occur. 6. Reasons of Code-Mixing According to Hoffman, there are seven reasons why people use code- mixing while communicating with other people. a. Talking about Particular Topic Hoffman (1991, p. 115) believes that code-mixing may occurs when there is a lack of facility in the register‟s relevance or because there is a particular things that trigger kinds of connotations which are related to experience in a specific language. People may mix the language when they cannot find the right expression in a particular language, therefore they mix with another language. b. Quoting Somebody Else For this reason, a speaker mixes the language when she/he wants to quote a statement, a saying, etc. To understand clearly, here is an example given by Hoffman (1991, p. 112): An adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual: „... y si dices “perdon”en castellano, e te vielve la mujer y te dice:‟ („... and if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and says:‟) „En Catala’ („In Catalan!‟) From the example above, it shows that the speaker mix Spanish and Catalan language. In the beginning, the speaker speaks in Spanish, but later when she

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16 quotes a saying from a person, she uses Catalan language because that is the language that is used by the person she quote from. c. Being Emphatic about Something In this case, code-mixing is used in order to show empathy about something. People may mix the language to show the empathy intentionally or unintentionally. The example is derived from Hoffman (1991, p. 112): „Hay cuatro sillas rotas y‟ (There are four broken chairs and‟) Prou!’ I („That‟s enough!‟)‟ The italic word indicates that the speaker mix the language to show the empathic utterances. There is a strong statement used by the speaker in the sentence and it shows that the speaker is being empathic about something. The strong expression is used in order to emphasize something important and to show the empathy. d. Interjection Interjection according Warriner (1982, p. 20) is a word that expresses emotion and the word does not have grammatical relation to other words in the sentence. Hoffman in his book gives an example to show the interjection: An adult Spanish-American English speaker: „... Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed! (Silva-Corvalan as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112) From the example above, it is obvious that the word Ay! does not have any grammatical meaning. However, the word Ay! is an expression of feeling embarrassed. e. Repetition Used for Clarification The repetition is used to make people understand the personal involvement and desire of the speaker (Silva-Corvalan, 1989, p. 181).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 17 To understand this reason, here is an example as derived from Hoffman (1991, p. 112): An adult Spanish-English bilingual: „Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.’ The repetition in the example is the sentence Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco which means they were off-white, you know. The repetition takes place in order to emphasize the message that the speaker conveys. f. Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity Code-mixing is used by some communities or groups to communicate and to show their identity to the other communities or groups. Speakers may mix their language in orer to be accepted by certain communities. Hewitt in Hoffman (1991) argues that members of majority group, for example, young whites in London may switch the language into Jamaican Creole in order to be accepted by particular or specific groups (Hewitt as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 116). g. Clarifying The Speech Content for The Interlocutor In a conversation, code-mixing occurs not only as a single word, idiom, or sentence, but also at phonological level. Here is the example provided by Hoffman (1991, p. 112): Christina (4:0): (introducing her younger brother to anew friend of hers) „This is Pascual‟ [paskwal] Friend : „What‟s his name?‟ (i.e. she didn‟t catch it) Christina : „Pascual!‟ [pəskwæl] Friend : „Oh…‟ There is a phonological change in the word Pascual. The speaker (Christina) change the pronunciation of Pascual (in English) into the Spanish pronunciation.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 18 7. Word Classes/Part of Speech Morley (2000, p. 26) states that word is “the basic unit of syntax”. It is a basic unit because a word can stand on its own without being attached to other liguistic items and it still has a meaning. There are some categories of word, namely noun, adjective, verb, and adverb. Here is the explanation of the word classes according to Valin (2001, p. 6). a. Noun Noun refers to the name of a person, a place, or a thing. Noun is classified into some types. There are proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns refer to particular individuals such as Jill, John, Tokyo, or Seoul. Common nouns mean nouns that do not refer to individuals. For example, cat, chair, bus, water. Common nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns. Count nouns are countable entities, such as seven books, six balls, five boxes. Mass nouns are not countable. b. Adjective An adjective is a word that usually expresses the entities‟ properties, for example a red apple, a short girl, a beautiful dress. An adjective is the modifier of a noun. c. Verb A verb shows the action of something. For example, sing, run, swim, dance. A verb is classified into intrasitive and transitive verb. An intrasitive verb means a verb that does not followed by an object. On the other hand, a transitive verb is used with an object.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 19 d. Adverb Adverb is typically ended in –ly. For example, slowly, completely, specially, happily. Adverb modifies verb, adjective, or even adverb. Adverb also expresses the relation of place and time. 8. Indonesian Affixes Words in Indonesian can be formed by combining the words with affixes or other forms. Pisceldo, Mahendra, Manurung, and Arka (2008, p. 143) state that “words in Indonesian are built from their roots by means of a variety of morphological operations including compunding, affixation, and reduplication.” Affixation is suggested as “a process of changing a lexeme into complex words. Affixation process occurs when a bound morpheme is placed on a free morpheme orderly” (Kridalaksana as cited in Suastini & Apriliani, 2018, p. 193). Moreover, affix is “an element that can change the meaning, types, and function of a basic word or basic form” (Chaer as cited in Suastini & Apriliani, 2018, p. 193). Affixes are divided into four types, namely prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, and infixes (Moeliono & Dardjowidjojo, 1997, p. 81). Sosy highlights the meaning of prefix and suffix as she states that “prefix is a group of letters that come at the beginning of a word, whereas suffix is a group of letters that come at the end of a word” (Sosy as cited in Pauzan, 2016, p. 1). The examples of prefix in Indonesian are di-, ter-, and me-. Then, the examples for suffix are –nya, -kan, and –an. Moeliono and Dardjowidjojo (1997, p. 81) suggest that “confix is a combination of prefixes and suffixes that flank the base of the

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 20 word and form a unit. Infix is a form of affix that is placed in the middle of the word base”. C. Theoretical Framework The writer applies some theories in this study in order to help and support the analysis. In understanding the meaning of code-mixing, the writer uses theory of code-mixing according to Bhatia and Rhitcie (2002, p. 376), Wardhaugh (1992, p. 106), and Nababan (1993, p. 32). By using the theories from them, it helps the writer to have a better understanding about the idea of code mixing. Those theories are important and needed in order to answer the problems in this research. The first problem is finding the types of code-mixing. To answer this problem, the writer uses the theory from Hoffman. According to Hoffman, there are three types of code mixing, which are intra-sentential code mixing, intra- lexical code mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation. In analyzing the type of code mixing, the writer also apply theory of world classes or part of speech by Van Valin in An Introduction to Syntax. By doing this, it helps the process of analyzing the type of code mixing. The writer also apply the theory of Indonesian affixes in order to analyze the affixes that are found in the data. In answering the second question, which is about the reasons why code-mixing occur, the theory from Hoffman is applied. Hoffman classifies that there are seven possible reasons why code-mixing take place.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 21 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three parts. Those are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study discuss the data or the object of the study, approach of the study is about the approaches used in analyzing the study, and method of the study presents the way or the procedure in analyzing the data. A. Object of the Study This study is concerned about the occurance of code-mixing found in two selected videos by a famous Indonesian Youtuber named Nessie Judge. The first video was Rekaman 911 Darurat Terseram! which was published on May 26, 2017. This 14 minutes and 33 seconds video talked about scary 911 calls happened in the United States of America. There were 6 selected 911 calls in her video and she disscused and listened to those calls in the video. The second video was Konspirasi Terseram XXXTentacion published in June 30, 2018. She discussed the sudden death of a famous rapper, XXXTentacion. She gave the explanation in 11 minutes and 52 seconds long. The reason why the writer chose those two selected videos was because the topic presented are informative to the viewers. Those are informative because the information given could give new knowledge to those who watched the 21

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 22 videos. Besides, the two selected videos contained many code-mixing that the writer could analyze. B. Approach of the Study In this research, the approach that the writer used was sociolinguistics approach. According to Finch (2000, p. 193), sociolinguistics is “the study of language in relation to society”. It means that there is a relationship between language and a society. Therefore, sociolinguists are concerned about that relationship. Holmes (2013, p. 1) adds that the sociolinguists are “interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social context”. It implies that when people speak, social context determined the way they use their language and how they convey it. The writer believed this was the appropriate approach since sociolinguistics covered any kind of phenomena between language and society, including the topic of this research namely code-mixing. Therefore, the writer chose sociolinguistics as the approach. C. Method of the Study In this part, the writer explained the ways the data were collected and analyzed. By doing so, the purpose of this research which are to find the types of code-mixing and the reasons of the occurance of the code-mixing found in three selected videos by Nessie Judge could be achieved.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 23 1. Data Collection In order to collect the data, there were some steps that should be done by the writer. The first step was the writer downloaded two videos, which were Rekaman 911 Darurat Terseram! and Konspirasi Terseram XXXTentacion on youtube.com. After that, the writer made a transcription of the utterances spoken by Nessie Judge in each video. In the process of making the transcription, the writer listened to the speaker of the video and wrote down the utterances. The writer also checked the subtitle that was avalaible in the videos. It was done in order to recheck the accuracy of the utterances. The next thing to do was the writer divided those utterances. The writer separated the utterances that contained the occurance of code-mixing and the utterances that did not contain code mixing. By doing so, it helped the writer analyze the utterances containing code-mixing. Then, the writer classified those code-mixing utterances in a table in order to find the type of code-mixing. The total data found in two selected videos are 106 data of code-mixing. In the first video, there were 54 data found in Konspirasi Terseram XXXTentacion, while there were 52 data in Rekaman 911 Darurat Terseram! 2. Data Analysis This part covered the steps in analyzing the data which are the transcription that had been made by the writer. There were some steps in writing the transcription. First, the writer listened carefully to every word in the videos. Second, the writter wrote down the utterances. Third, after the writer finished with

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 24 the process of writing down the utterances, the writer checked the subtitle of the videos in order to help see the accuracy of the sentences. The writer started analyzing the data by determining the type of each utterance containing code- mixing. To make it easier, the writer presented the data in a table, and the writer used italic and bold form to words that were indicated as code-mixing. The writer used the theory from Hoffman in order to find the type. According to Hoffman, there were three types of code-mixing, which were intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the change of pronunciation. In analyzing the first type of code mixing which is intra-sentential code mixing, the writer classified the word class for the word used in the data. Then, the writer also gave explanation about each type of code- mixing in order to see how the type was suitable with the presented data. To make it easier in analyzing the data, the writer made a numbering for the data, for example 1/12 and 2/30 . Number 1 and 2 mean first and second video, the last two digits mean data number 12 and data number 30. After classifying the type of code-mixing, the next thing to do was to find the reasons of code-mixing and the writer applies the theory from Hoffman. Later, after all the classification and the problems were done, the writer made a conclusion by determining the most used type of code-mixing and the most possible reasons of code-mixing.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 25 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this chapter, the writer gives the explanation about the results of the analysis. This chapter consists of two parts, which are the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing occur in two selected videos by Nessie Judge. By collecting the data from those videos, the writer finds that there are 106 data containing code mixing. A. Types of Code Mixing The writer applies the theory from Hoffman in order to find the types of code mixing. According to Hoffman (1991), there are three types of code mixing, namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and involvement in a change of pronunciation. Intra-sentential code mixing occurs in the form of phrases and words. Intra-lexical code mixing occurs when there is an addition of Indonesian affixes to English words. For the last type, which is involvement in a change of pronunciation, the writer does not find any data that shows pronunciation changing from the speaker of the videos. Therefore, the writer only discusses two types of code mixing found in two selected videos. After analyzing all the data, there are 84 data of intra-sentential code mixing and 22 data of intra-lexical code mixing. The researcher displays the distribution of code mixing data in a table down below. 25

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 26 Table 1. Types of Code Mixing Types of Code Mixing Total Intra-sentential Code Mixing 84 Intra-lexical Code Mixing 22 Involving a Change of - Pronunciation 1. Intra-sentential Code Mixing According to Hoffman (1991), intra-sentential code mixing occurs within the word boundary and phrase. From both videos, there are 84 data of intra- sentential code mixing. Intra-sentential code mixing can be in a form of a noun, an adjective, a verb, an adverb, a phrase, or a compound. a. Noun Noun is the first example that the researcher found after analyzing the data. In our daily life, there are many things that can be considered as a noun. The examples are table, bottle, London, and Jennie. The table below displays the examples of noun found in the data. There are four data of intra-sentential in a form of noun and the function of all nouns here is the object of the sentence.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 27 Table 2. Intra-sentential Code-Mixing (Noun) No. Utterances 1/9 Dari banyak interview yang aku tonton juga X sering banget ngomong bahwa dia ingin membuat perbedaan dan menggunakan hidupnya untuk membantu. 1/12 Setengah jam kemudian pada jam 4 sore, X meninggalkan dealership motornya dan masuk ke mobil BMW I8-nya dia lalu mulai nyetir dan pergi dari dealership. 2/8 Jadi Karen langsung telfon 911 dan inilah rekamannya. 2/18 Basically Sandra Harold ini punya chimpanzee yang udah dia urus sejak kecil. From all the data above, it is clear that the speaker mixes Indonesian with English words. In this part, the English words are nouns. In the first datum, the word interview means “a meeting (often a public one) which a journalist asks somebody questions in order to find out their opinions” according to Hornby (2015, p. 801). In the sentence, interview is a noun and the function of interview here is as an object. It is because interview is receiving the action of being watched by the speaker of the video (Nessie Judge). In Indonesian, the word interviu is actually a borrowing word. This word is adapted from English to Indonesian. The meaning of interview itself is wawancara. However, the speaker in the videos choose to use the English term instead of the Indonesian term. The second datum, according to Hornby (2015, p. 382), the term dealership means “a business that buys and sells products, especially cars, for a particular company”. Dealership is considered as the object in the sentence

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 28 because it receives the action of meninggalkan or in English means leaving. In the sentence, it is obvious that XXXTentacion leaves the dealership. The third datum is 911. 911 is an emergency telephone number that is used in emergency situations. In this datum, 911 functions as an object because it receives the action of the predicate langsung telfon or in English means calling from the subject Karen. The last datum is chimpanzee. Chimpanzee is an animal and it is defined as an object in the sentence. Object is the one that receive the action from the subject. From the data it can be seen that chimpanzee receives the action of being taken care (yang udah dia urus) by the owner of the chimpanzee, Sandra Harold. b. Adjective Adjective is the second example for the first type of code mixing that the researcher found. In this part, the writer displays English adjective words that is mixed in Indonesian. Table 3. Intra-sentential Code-Mixing (Adjective) No. Utterances Sesaat setelah beritanya keluar, semua orang pun kaget, shock, 1/14 dan bingung. Suatu hari ketika X viral, Drake ngontak dia dan bilang bahwa 1/22 Drake mau kolaborasi dan X pun super happy kayak: wow gila Drake mau kolaborasi sama gue. From the table above, there are two data that show adjective words inserted in Indonesian language. The first datum found is shock. Hornby (2015,

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 29 p. 1385) states that shock is something “that offends or upsets people, that is morally wrong.” This adjective modifies the noun which is orang or people. In Indonesian, there is a borrowing word for this term, which is syok. However, the researcher found that the speaker in the videos uses the English term rather than Indonesian term. The second datum is viral. The meaning of viral according to Hornby (2015, p. 1679) is “used to describe a piece of indormation, a video, an image, etc. that is sent rapidly over the Internet from one person to another”. In the sentence, the adjective viral refers to the subject namely XXXTentacion. c. Verb Another form of intra-sentential code-mixing that is found by the researcher in the data is verb. Verb means a word that is usually one of the main parts of a sentence and it shows an action of something. The table below displays some examples of verb that is mixed in Indonesian language. Table 4. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Verb) No. Utterances 1/23 Tapi setelah itu Drake ga pernah contact dia lagi. 2/42 Follow aku di Instagram dan Twitter gampang banget namaku aja. There are two data of verb form in intra-sentential code mixing. The first datum is contact. This is a verb that appears in the middle of the sentence and

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 30 Hornby (2015, p. 319) states that contact means “to communicate with somebody, for example by telephone or letter”. In the sentence, it is stated that Drake never call X anymore. Drake does not communicate with him any longer. As it has been mentioned previously, a verb is divided into intrasitive verb and transitive verb. Here, the word contact is considered as a transitive verb because it is followed by an object which is dia. The second datum is follow. This verb appears in the beginning of the sentence. Hornby (2015, p. 589), states that follow means “to come or go after or behind somebody or something. In this case, the word follow in social media means that in order to get to know or to always up to date for the latest information or activity of the speaker of the videos, the viewers should follow her Instagram and Twitter account. The word follow is considered as a transitive verb. It means that the verb is followed by an object. In the sentence, the word follow is followed by the object aku. d. Adverb The fourth example for the intra-sentential code mixing found by the researcher is an adverb. Adverb means a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence and that is often used to show time, manner, place, or degree. The example of adverb is displayed in the table below.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 31 Table 5. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adverb) No. Utterance 2/6 Aku sebenarnya takut karena obviously ini orang beneran dan kayak aku udah pernah bilang aku jauh lebih takut sama psikopat dan orang-orang yang jahat dibanding sama hantu. From the datum above, it shows that the speaker mixes the adverb obviously in the middle of the sentence. Hornby (2015, p. 1031-1032) believes that obviously is used “when giving information that you expect other people to know already or agree with”. In the sentence, the speaker wants to emphasize that she is afraid because these (refers to the psycipaths in the videos) are real people. It is easy to detect that the word is an adverb because the word obviously is ended with English suffix –ly. e. Phrase Another form that the writer finds in the data is phrase. According to Hornby (2015, p. 1118), phrase is “a small group of words without a finite verb that together have a particular meaning and that typically form part of a sentence”. From both videos, the writer found two kinds of phrase namely noun phrase and prepositional phrase. Hornby (2015, p. 1022) defines noun phrase as “a word or a group of words in a sentence that behaves in the same way as a noun, that is as a subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of a preposition”. Down below is the example of noun phrase found in the video.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 32 Table 6. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun Phrase) No. Utterance 1/13 Kesaksian orang-orang yang ada, tiba-tiba ada black SUV, mobil SUV hitam yang stop pas di depan mobilnya si X. From the table above, the noun phrase in the utterance is black SUV. In this phrase, the position of black is the adjective form that modifies the noun SUV. SUV or also known as sport utility vehicle is car that is usually be used on rough surfaces. The other variation of phrase that the writer found is prepositional phrase. According to Hornby (2015, p. 1173), prepositional phrase means “a preposition and the noun following it”. Here is an example of prepositional phrase. Table 7. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Prepositional Phrase) No. Utterance 1/19 In a way, itu mungkin terjadi karena kalo kalian ga tau dia udah mecahin rekornya Taylor Swift. In the datum above, in a way is considered as a prepositional phrase because it consists of a prepositional and followed by a noun. In the utterance, it starts with the prepositional in and followed by a way. In a way also has the same meaning as in some ways or in one way.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 33 f. Compound The writer also found compound word that is inserted in the utterances. In Introduction to Syntax by Van Valin (2001, p. 8), he states that “languages can usually increase their stock of nouns, for example, by borrowing nouns from other languages or creating new ones through compounding (e.g. butter + fly yields butterfly).” The table below shows the example of compound word. Table 8. Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Compound) No. Utterance 1/10 Dan ini adalah timeline kejadiannya. The compound word from the table above is timeline. That word is formed from two different word, which are time and line. These two words are definitely have their own meaning. Hornby (2015, p. 1584) clarifies that time means as a noun “what is measured in minutes, hours, days, etc”. Hornby (2015, p. 879) also states that the word line as a noun means “a long thin mark on a surface”. By looking at the definition of each word, it is clear that they are different from each other. However, when those words are combined, it becomes a totally new word with new meaning. Hornby (2015, p. 1586) states that timeline means “a horizontal line that is used to represent time, with the past towards the left and the future towards the right”. In the video, the speaker explains about the timeline of the event that happened before XXXTentacion died.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 34 2. Intra-lexical Code Mixing As it has been mentioned previously, intra-lexical occurs within a word boundary and a mix happens when there is an affix inserted in sentences. In this case, Indonesian affixes are added with English words. Intra-lexical code mixing is related to morphology. In this research, there are a few of Indonesian affixes inserted in the sentence, such as –nya, nge-, and di-. From the data, it is clear that the speaker tends to mix Indonesian affixes with English root rather than English affixes with Indonesian words. It happens because the attachement of Indonesian affixes to English words may cause changes for the English word classes. The affixes that are found in the videos by Nessie Judge have different functions. To further explanation, here is the example of intra lexical code mixing found in the videos. Table 9. Intra-lexical Code Mixing (Suffix –nya) No. Utterances 1/27 Seakan dia menceritakan plan-nya untuk membunuh X dan menembaknya di bawah leher. 2/28 Kita bakal dengar recording-nya. 2/41 Kalo misalkan kalian suka videonya please klik like-nya karena itu bakalan nunjukkin kalo misalnya kalian suka. The table above presents data of Indonesian suffix –nya mixes with English words. In the first datum, suffix –nya is added to English word plan. Suffix –nya is used in order to show a possession on something and in the

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 35 sentence it means that the plan belongs to someone. The addition of suffix –nya changes the lexical category from a verb to a noun. The second datum is recording-nya. In this example, the addition of suffix –nya to English word recording does not change the lexical category of it. Hornby (2015, p. 1249) states that recording is a noun which means “sounds or pictures that have been recorded on CD, DVD, video, etc”. In this case, suffix – nya shows that it belongs to someone. The last datum is like-nya. In this example, suffix –nya also changes the lexical category from a verb to a noun. Like as a verb according to Hornby (2015, p. 876) means “to find somebody/something pleasant, attractive or of a good standard; to enjoy something”. In the sentence, like as a noun means a button in a form of a thumb up and it is used in order to show that one likes or loves the video. Table 10. Intra-lexical Code Mixing (Prefix di-) No. Utterances Aku tonton banyak banget dan bahkan beberapa yang siaran live 1/4 yang di-upload di Youtube aku juga nonton. Semua telfon yang masuk ke 911 itu di-record. 2/4 In the first datum, prefix di- is added to English word upload. According to Hornby (2015, p. 1661), upload means “to send data onto another computer” and in the sentence di-upload means something that is being uploaded by someone. It becomes a passive sentence. The second datum based on the table

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 36 above is di-record. In the sentence, record means to store on tape or a disk and later it can be heard again. Therefore, di-record based on the context of the sentence has a meaning that all 911 calls are recorded. From two examples of prefix di- above, it can be concluded that in this case the addition of prefix di- has a function of making a passive form in the sentences. Muslich also states that the meaning of suffix di- is “to express a passive action” (Muslich as cited in Fajriyah, 2014, p. 22). Table 11. Intra-lexical Code Mixing (Prefix nge-) No. Utterances 1/7 Dia mulai dikenal ketika dia nge-upload beberapa lagunya remix ke situs Soundcloud. 1/24 Tiba-tiba Drake nge-release lagu KMT yang beat-nya mirip banget sama lagunya X yang berjudul Look At Me. Puri (2016, p. 39) states that “the prefix nge- is the simplified form of the prefix me- that is derived into menge-”. Another researcher, Ningsih (2013) argues that “prefixes me- can be mem-, men, meng-, and meny-. The prefix nge- is the informal prefix which has the same function with prefix me-” (p. 13-14). In the videos, the speaker changes the prefix me- by changing it into prefix nge-. From the table above, there are two data that show prefix nge- attached to English words. In the first datum, upload is a verb and according to Hornby (2015, p. 1661) it means “to send data onto another computer”. The prefix nge- is used in the sentence in order to show the action of uploading something (in this case, it is about uploading songs).