;FNM JT”DFGSF/ [ 50] ;FNM ET] SF/ By whom is a letter written ? ;FNM ElJqI By whom was a letter written ? RF,] JTD” FG By will a letter be written ? RF,] ET} SF/ By whom is a letter being written ? RF,] ElJqI By whom was a letter being written ? 56} ” JTD” FG ~5 GYL YT]\\ 56} ” ET} SF/ By whom has a letter been written ? 5}6” ElJqI By whom had a letter been written ? ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ By whom will a letter have been written ? ;FNM E}TSF/ What is written by you ? ;FNM ElJqISF/ How was a letter written by you ? RF,] JT”DFGSF/ Will a letter be written by you ? RF,] E}TSF/ When is a letter being written by you ? 56} ” JT”DFGSF/ Which letter was being written by you ? What has been written by you ? GM\\W o l2SD”S lS|IF5NMG]\\ SD”l6 5I| MU SZTL JBT[ A[DF\\YL SM> 56 VS[ SD” ,> XSFI K[P 1. He gave me a pen. A pen was given to me by him VYJF I was given a pen by him 2. lS|IF5N 5KL GFDIMUL VjIJ (preposition) CMI TM T[G[ ;FY[ ZFBJM H~ZL KP[ I look after him. He is looked after by me. 3. VF7FY” DF\\ Let VG[ be pD[ZFI K[P Open the window. Let the window be opened. 4. VF7FY” DF VSD”S lSI| F5NGM SD”l6 5I| MU You are requested XaN pDZ[ JFYL YFI KP[ keep to the left – you are requested to keep to the left Active Voice
[ 51] 1 I shall have written a letter 2 I should have written a letter 3 I can have written a letter 4 I could have written a letter 5 I will have written a letter 6 I would have written a letter 7 I may have written a letter 8 I might have written a letter 9 I ought to have written a letter 10 I ought to have written a letter Having done the work he went for a walk
[ 52] Perfect Infinitives 1 A letter will have been written by him 2 A letter should have been written by him 3 A letter can have been written by him 4 A letter could have been written by him 5 A letter will have been written by him 6 A letter would have been written by him 7 A letter may have been written by him 8 A letter might have been written by him 9 A letter must have been written by him 10 A letter ought to have been written by him The work having been done by him, he went for a walk. GMW\\ o Pefect participles G]\\ passive voice perfect infinitives GL DFOS H been pD[ZLG[ SZJFDF\\ VFJ[ KP[
[ 53] 5~] Q ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ RF,] I am being called 1 I am called We are called sDG[ VtIFZ[ AM,FJ[ K[P You are being called sDG[ AM,FJ[ KP[ f He is being called 2 You are called You are called RF,] I was being called 3 He is called They are called sDG[ AM,FJFTM CTMPf You were being called ;FNM E}TSF/ He was being called 1 I was called We were called RF,] sVF SF/GF\\ sDG[ AM,FJFIM K[Pf 2 You were called We were called 3 He wasx called They were called ;FNM ElJqISF/ 1 I shall be called We shall be called sDG[ AM,FJFX[Pf 2 You will be called You will be called 3 He will be called. They will be called GMW o RF,] 5}6” SF/GM SD”l6 5|IMU YTM GYL GLR[ DH] A 56 SZL XSFIP 1 I call I am called 2 You call You are called 3 He calls He is called 1 I called I was called. 2 You called You were called 3 He called He was called 1 I shall call I shall be called. 2 You will call You will be called. 3 He will call He will be called ~5FbIFG
[ 54] JT”DFGSF/ 56} ” JT”DFGSF/ We are being called I have been called We have been called You are being called sDG[ AM,FjIM KP[ f They are being called You have been called. You have been called ET} SF/ We were being called He has been called They have been called You were being called 5}6” E}TSF/ They were being called I had been called We had been called. ElJqISF/ sDG[ AM,FjIM CTMPf You had been called. You had been called He had been called They had been called 5}6” ElJqISF/ I shall have been called We shall have been called sDG[ AM,FjIM CX[Pf You will have been called You will have been called He will have been called They will have been called. Active Passive sSM9FDF\\f SF/ ;FNM RF,] 56} ” RF,] 5}6” JTD” FG STZ” L I love I am loving I have loved I have been SF/ o SD”l6 I am loved I am being loved I have been loved loving E}TSF/ ST”ZL I loved I was loving I had loved X SDl” 6 I was loved I was being loved I had been loved I had been ElJqI o ST”ZL I shall love I shall be loving I shall have loved loving X SF/ o SD”l6 I shall be loved X I shall have been loved I shall have been loving X
[ 55] The causative s5[|ZS ~5f U]HZFTLDF\\ HD[ SZJ]ç\\ SZFJJ]4\\ BFJ]\\4 BJ0FJJ]4\\ TYF lCgNLDF\\ HD[ BFGF lB,FGF lB,JFGF HJ[ F 5[Z| S ~5M K[P TJ[ F ~5M V\\U[|_DF\\ GYL TY[ L +6 lSI| F5NMP To make, to have to get GL DNNYL VU\\ [|_DF\\ 5Z|[ S~5M AGFJFI K[P VF56[ VUFp HMI]\\ S[ U]HZFTLDF\\ SD”l6 5|IMUDF\\ ïVFIð 5t| II ,UF0L SD”l6 5I| MUGF ~5M T{IFZ YFI K[ H[D S[ ,B[ KP[ 4 ,BFI KP[ T[JL ZLT[ 5[|ZS ~5DF\\ Db] I ïVFJð ,UF0L 5[Z| S ~5M TI{ FZ YFI K[ HD[ S[ ,BJ]4\\ ,BFJJ]4\\ JFR\\ J]\\4 J\\RFJJ]\\ > VU\\ [|_DF\\ o +6 ~5MDF\\ make DF\\ NAF6 K[P HIFZ[ have VG[ get DF\\ SM>G[ SFD SZJF ZMSLG[ VYJF VFU|C SZLG[ SFD SZFJJFGM CT[ ]\\ K[P have VG[ get DF\\ BF; SM> TOFJT GYLP have GM p5IMU VD[ZLSFDF\\ JWFZ[ K[ HIFZ[ get GM p5IMU >u,g[ 0DF\\ lJX[Q K[P makeG\\] ~5 have VG[ get YL TN®G HF]\\N] 50L HFI KP[ 1. Make suggests the use of force either physical or psychological make 5|IMUDF\\ DFGl;S VYJF VgI NAF6 CMI K[Pf 5[Z| S ~5GL ZRGF o make VF ~5 DCN VX\\ [ ST”ZL 5|IMUDF\\ H CMI K[P T[DF\\ 5Z|[ S~5 make + SDP” (object + lS|IF5NG\\] D/} ~5f sto VwIFCFZ ZFBLG[ AGFJFI K[Pf NFPTP I made him work D[\\ T[GL 5F;[ SFD SZFjI]P\\ SDl” 6 5I| MUDF\\ EFuIH[ J5ZFTF make GF 5I| MUDF\\ D/} ~5 to ;FY[ J5ZFI K[ HD[ S[4 He was made to work TG[ L 5F;[ SFD SZFJJFDF\\ VFjI]\\P HIFZ[ have VG[ get GF ~5M DF8[ EFU[ SD”l6 5|IMUDFH\\ HMJF D/[ KP[ SD”l6 5I| MUGL ZRGFDF\\ have + object + past participle s5|Z[ S ~5f + sSD\"f + ET} SN’ gT HD[ S[ - I got my hair cut (by a barber) D[\\ JF/ S5FJZFjIFP - I had my hair cut (by a barber) HIFZ[ STZ” L 5|IMU HZF S-U\\ M ,FU[ K[ H[D SP[ - I got a barber to cut my hair. - I had a barber cut my hair. ALHF JFSIDF\\ V[8,[ S[ have GF 5Z|[ S STZ” LDF\\ to VwIFCFZ ZC[ KP[ 8}|S\\ DF\\ VF56[ 5F\\R GDG} FVM IFN ZFBJF HM>V[P
[ 56] 1. make : He make me work 2. have sSD\"l65I| MUDFf\\ I had my shoes repaired. 3. get sSDl\" 65I| MUDF\\f I got my shoes repaired. 4. have sSTZ\" L5I| MUDF\\f I had a cobbler repair my shoes. 5. get sSTZ\" L5|IMUDFf\\ I got a cobbler to repair my shoes. GM\\W o 5[|ZSZRGFDF\\ bIF, ZFBJF HJ[ L J:T] V[ K[ S[ ! 5Z|[ S~5 5KL SD” VFJJ]\\ H HM>V[ H[D S[ -He had his hair cut JF/ S5FJZFjIF i.e. He employed someone to do it 56 HM SD” G VFJ[ TMP -He had cut his hair V[GM VY” VD[ YFI S[ 5MTH[ 5MTFGF JF/ SF%IF CTF Z AM,TL JBT[ make, have VG[ get p5Z :JZEFZ (stress) VFJJM HM>VP[ Have VG[ get GF 5[Z| S~5GF N®q8FT\\ MP 1. Get this room cleaned. VF ~D ;FO SZFJL (IMP 2. At present I am busy having my house repaired. CF, C]\\ SFDDF\\ K]\\ DFZ]\\ 3Z ZL5[Z SZFJL ZCIM K]\\ 3. And what greater harm could you do her than to have her accused. T[GF 5Z VFZM5 DS} FJLG[ TD[ T[G[ T[YL JWFZ[ G]SXFG X]\\ SZL XSM m 4. I would have some one to examine your head TDFZF DUHGL SM> 2FZF T5F; SZFJJL 50X[P 5. Could you have her arrested ? TD[ T[6LGL WZ5S0 SZFJL XSM m 6. I have a flight to Bomday booked on Monday. D\\[ ;MDJFZ[ D]\\A>GL OF,F>8 A]S SZFJL KP[ 7. I helped him finish his job. T[G]\\ SFD 5}~ SZFJJFDF\\ D[ DNN SZLP GMW\\ o help G]\\ lSI| F5N 56 SJlRT modal GF VgJI[ J5ZFI KP[ tIFZ[ help 5KL lSI| F5N G]\\ D}/~5 D]SFI KP[ VG[ bare infiniteive GM p5IMU YFI K[P
[ 57] Make GF p5IMUGF YM0F N®q8F\\TM o 1. Money makes the mare go. 2. You can take a horse to the water but you cannot make it drink. 3. The way he talked to his sister made me want to puke. 4. Any tough cop could make him sing like a canary. 5. What makes you think that I am waiting for an escort ? 6. I made her do what she did. 7. Can we make the murder look like an accident? 8. How would you like to be made to sit near a roasting fire in this hot weather ? 9. The student had made a speling mistake. So the teacher made him write the same word ten times. 10. I won’t go and you can’t make me go. Clauses sp5JFSIMf jIFSZXF:+LVMGM V[S ;J”;\\DT DT K[ S[ V\\U|[_ XLBJF DF8[ XLBJF Clauses VFJxIS K[P Clauses XLBJF DF8[ JFSIGF 5|SFZ HF6JF 56 H~ZL KP[ JFSIGF +6 5S| FZ K[P : ;FN]\\4 ;\\IS] T4 VG] ;\\S], VYJF lDzP 1. A sentence that has only one verb in it is called a simple sentence. NFP TP The sun rises in the east in the west 2. A sentence that is made of two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction or conjunctions is called a Compound sentence. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. s36LJFZ compound sentences G[ JWFZ[compact SZJF VF56[ OF,T] (redundant) ;J”GFD S[ G[ 50TF DS} LV[ KLV[P HD[ Sç[ - We bought a house, and we sold it and we made a profit. - We bought a house, sold it and made a profit. ;\\I]ST JFSIGL V\\NZ VFJ[, 5|tI[S JFSI :JT+\\ ZLT[ pEF ZCL XS[ K[ VG[ and but or >ü pEIFgJIL VjIJYL HM0FI[, CMI KP[ 3. Complex sentence slDz JFSIf
[ 58] VFJF 5|SFZGF JFSIMDF\\ V[S Db] I JFSI CMI K[P VG[ AFSLGF V[S S[ VS[ YL JWFZ[ U6{ JFSIM CMI K[P UF{6 JFSI V[8,[ VJ[ ]\\ JFSI S[ H[ ;5\\ }6” VY” GYL NFBJT]\\ T[G[ ;5\\ 6} ” VY” DF8[ ALHF JFSI p5Z VFWFZ ZFBJM 50[ K[P V[ ZLT[ UF{6 JFSIG[ ï,U\\ 0ð] SCL XSFI H[ Db] I JFSIGF BEF p5Z A[;LG[ H RF,L XS[ K[P V[8,[ A clause is a sentence that does not make complete sense by itself. It depends on another sentence for its full meaning. NFPTP If you read, you will pass. HM TD[ JF\\RXM4 TM 5F; YXMP VF JFSIDF\\ V[ UF{6 JFSI KP[ OST V[ 56} ” VY” ATFJT]\\ GYLP 56 HIFZ[ T[G[ V[ D]bI JFSIGL ;FY[ HM0JFDF\\ VFJ[ tIFZ[ H T[GM ;\\56} ” VY” ;DHFI K[P 8}\\SDF\\ ;FNF JFSIMG[ Z[(J[ GF ïV[lgHGð GL p5DF\\ VF5L XSFI H[ 5MTFGL D/[ [ :JT\\+ ZLT[ RF,L XS[ K[P ;I\\ ]ST JFSIG[ ïA[ Vl[ gHGð GL p5DF\\ VF5L XSFI VCL\\ A\\gG[ JFSIM :JT\\+ K[ VG[ ;\\5}6” VY” ATFJL :JTo RF,L XS[ K[P HIFZ[ lDz JFSIG[ V[S Vl[ gHG JTF UF{6 JFSIM HJ[ F ï0aAFVMð ;\\,uG CMI K[P VF 0aAFVM :JT\\+ ZLT[ RF,L XSTF GYLP T[G[ D]bIJFSI ~5L ïV[lgHGðGL H~Z 50[ K[ clauses +6 5S| FZGF K[P 1. Noun clauses. sGFD p5JFSIMf 2. Adjective clauses. slJX[Q6 p5JFSIMf TYF 3. Adverb caluses. slS|IFlJXQ[ 6 p5JFSIMf Noun clauses. sGFD p5JFSIMf A clause that does the work of a noun in a sentence is a Noun Clause H[ JFSI GFDG]\\ SFI” SZ[ K[ T[ GFDçp5JFSI SC[JFI K[P T[ Db] ItJ[ STF” S[ SD” TZLS[ SFI” SZ[ K[P
[ 59] 1. What you say is true. sSTF\" TZLS[f 2 Tell me who he is sSD\" TZLS[f T[ preposition object sSDf\" TZLS[ 56 VFJ[ K[P I don’t believe in what you say, Noun clauses GL lJlXq8TF V[ K[ S[ DM8[ EFU[ T[ that sSf[ YL X~ YFI K[ V[8,[ T[G[ ‘that – clauses’ 56 SC[ K[P We know that the earth is round VF56[ HF6LV[ KLV[ S[ 5’yJL UM/ K[P lJXF/ ;b\\ IFDF\\ lSI| F5NM 5KL that clauses VFJTF CMJFYL Noun-clauses VM/BJF ;C[,F 50[ K[P VFJF lS|IF5NMDF\\YL S[8,F\\S lS|IF5NM GLR[ DH] A K[P say, tell, state, think, hope, imagine, inform, see, observe, fear, advise, assure, admit, understand, realize, expect, doubt, believe, ask, agree, i.e., Noun-c-auses wh that I don’t know how he finished his work. He asked me where I was going. 2. Adjective Clauses slJXQ[ 6 p5JFSIMf VF 5|SFZGF D]bItJ[ ;\\AWL ;J”GFDM YL HM0FI[,F CMI K[P NFPTP who, whom, whose, which, what, that (who-which) VG[ GF VYD” F\\ HD[ S[ o That is the boy who (that) works hard. That is the boy whom (that) I me yesterday. V+[ Who works hard VG[ whom I met V[ lJX[Q6 p5JFSIM K[ HIFZ[ This is The boy V[ Db] I JFSI KP[ ;\\A\\WL ;J”GFDM WMç!Z DF\\ 5K} FTF CMJFYL TG[ L lJ:TT’ DFlCTL ;FY[GF SM9FDF\\ VF5L K[P
[ 60] Relative Pronouns ;\\A\\WL ;J”GFD DF+ DG]qI DF8[ lJElST lJ ;\\P ;P VY” ;\\P ;P G]\\ ALH] ~5 :+Lç5]P VP[ JP APJPDF\\ V[S H ~5 1 STF” who H[ that 2 SD” whom H[G[ that 6 ;\\AW\\ whose H[G]\\ X 5F| 6Lç5NFY” DF8[ 1 STF” which H[ that VP[ JPçAPJP4 STF” SD”G]\\ 2 SD” which HG[ [ That V[S H ~5 6 ;A\\ W\\ of which H[G]\\ X OST 5NFY” DF8[ 1 STF” what T[ H[ X VP[ JPG]\\ H ~5 o 2 SD” what T[ H[ X sAPJP GYLf STF” S[ 6 ;A\\ W\\ X SDG” ]\\ 56 V[SH ~5 X X 1 STF” X DF+ DGq] I DF8[ H 2 SD” 5|`GFY”S ;JG” FD X :+L,LU\\ ç 5]\\(,LU\\ 6 ;A\\ \\W X V[PJPAPJP V[SH ~5 who SM6 whom SMG[ whose SMG]\\ DG]qI 1 STF” which SI]\\ X 5|F6L X 5NFY” DF8[ 2 SD” which SI]\\ X 6 ;A\\ W\\ which of DF\\YL SI]\\ OST 1 STF” what X]\\ X 5NFY” 2 SD” what X]\\ X DF8[ 6 ;\\A\\W X X X
[ 61] This is the boy/girl who (that) works hard. These are the boys/ girls who (that) work hard. This is the boy/girl whom (that) all praise. These are the boys/girls whom (that) all praise. This is the boy/girl whose exercise is well-done. These are the boys/girls whose excercises are will-done. This is the dog which (that) bit me. These are the dogs which (that) bit me. This is the dog which (that) I beat. These are the dogs which (that) I beat. This is the lock the key of which is lost What you say is true. Take what you like. (Take the thing which you like. Who are you ? Whom do you want ? Whose is this book ? Which is your house/brother ? Which do you like tea or coffee ? Which of these books is yours ? What is this ? What do you want ? GM\\W o Whom do you want to see ? formal English DF\\ ‘who’ 56 J5ZFI K[P Who do you want to see ?
[ 62] But GM lJlXq8 p5IMU WMP XII GF AM0G” F 5`| G 5[5ZDF\\ But GF\\ ;\\A\\WL ;J”GFDGF VY”DF\\ 5`| G 5}KFI KP[ T[YL SZLG[ VF lJX[ HF6J]\\ H~ZL K[P But GF XaN 5|SFZ (Part of speech) +6 KP[ 1. Conjunction TZLS[ (a) ï56ð GF VY”DF\\ He went to the party, but his brother didn’t. (b) However sKTFI\\ f GF VYD” F\\ She cut her finger, but didn’t cry. 2. Preposition sGFDIMUL VjIIf TZLS[except sl;JFIf GF VY”DF\\ (a) No body but you could be so selfish. TDFZL l;JFI ALHM SM> VF8,M :JFYL” G CM> XS[P (b) But fer your help, I would not have passed. TDFZL DNN l;JFI C]\\ 5F; G Y> XSIM CMTP 3. Relative pronoun s;A\\ \\WL ;JG” FDf TZLSP[ Who not S[ which not GF VY”DF\\ Every rose has a thorn NZ[S U],FAG[ SF8\\ F CMI KP[ There is no rose which has not a thorn VJ[ ]\\ SM> U],FA GYL CMT] S[ H[G[ SF8F G CMIP There is no rose but has thorn V+[ CSFZ JFSIGM 5|IMU every YL X~ YFI K[P HIFZ[ GSFZJFSIGM 5|IMU YL X~ YFI K[P HIFZ[ GSFZJFSIGM 5|IMU there YL X~ YFI K[P WMP XII GF 5|`G 55[ ZDF\\ +LHF 5S| FZGF\\ GM p5IMU YFI K[P March 87 : There was none in the audience hall …. Laughed (but, who, all) Oct 87 : There was none ….. wept at the death of mahatmaji (who but, when) March 88 : There is no student in our class… has contributed in the relief fund. (as when, since) Oct. 86 : There is no country … has problems (which, but, that) p5ZGF AWF JFSIMDF\\ OST but G\\] ;\\A\\WL ;J”GFD H VFJL XS[ Adverb Clauses slS|IFlJX[Q6 p5JFSIMf
[ 63] H[ clauses lS|IFlJXQ[ 6G]\\ SFI” SZ[ K[P T[ adverb clause SC[JFI KP[ TG[ F 5S| FZ GLR[ DH] A KP[ 1 Adverb clause of place s:YFGSJFRS lSP| pPf 2 Adverb clause of time s;DIJFRS ðð f 3 Adverb clause of purpose sC[TJ] FRS ðð f 4 Adverb clause of reason sSFZ6JFRS ðð f 5 Adverb clause of result s5lZ6FDJFRS ðð f 6 Adverb clause of comparision sT],GFJFRS ðð f 7 Adverb clause of condition sXZTJFRS ðð f 8 Adverb clause of contrast slJZMWJFRS ðð f 9 Adverb clause of manner sZLlTJFRS ðð f CJ[ S|DJFZ HM>V[P 1. Adverb clause of place : s:YFGSJFRS pP lSP| f chief conjunction sDb] I ;\\IMHSMfo where – wherever 1. I don’t know where he lives. 2. His dog follows him wehraver he goes. 3. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 2. Adverb clause of time. s;DIJFRS pP lS|Pf chief conjunction sDb] I ;\\IMHSMfo when, whenever, while, before, after, till, until, as, as soon as, since. (and the compound forms) no sooner… than, hardly…. When, scarcely…. when. 1. Look before you leap. 2. After the patient had died, the doctor came. 3. Wait till I come. 4. As soon as I have finished, I will call you. 5. When he came, I was reading. Hardly, Scarcely = ïEFuI[Hð4 ïDF\\0ð YFI K[P no sooner 5KL than VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ Hardly S[ scarcely 5KL when VFJ[ K[P Hardly had I opened my umbrella when the rain started. CH] TM EFuI[H sDF\\0f K+L p3F0LP tIF\\ TM JZ;FN T}8L 50IMP VF 5S| FZGF clauses WMP XII GF AM0G” F 5[5ZDF\\ 5|`G # (C) DF\\ 5K} FI KP[ N®q8F\\TM
[ 64] Oct. – 86 : The film had hardly started … a loud bang was heard inside. (as, when, since) March-87 : Hardly had he opened his umbrella… it turned up in wind. (as soon as, when, then) Oct. – 87 : Scarcely had he opened the cage… the bird flew away. (when, and, then) March-88 : The police had hardly left the ground… the bomb exploded. (when, then, that) March-89 : The plan had hardly taken off… it began to roll violently. (when, then, than) Oct. – 89 : The stage programme had hardly begun… the audience started shouting. (as, when, since) VF AWL BF,L HuIFVMDF\\ OST when H VFJL XS[ 3. Adverb clause of purpose sC[T]JFRS lSP| pPf chief conjunction sD]bI ;\\IMHSMfo that, in order that, so (that) lest, in case etc., 1. Ramu is working hard so (that) sH[YL SZLG[f he may pass his examination) 2. Make a note of it lest you should forget. GM\\W 85SFJL ,M4 GCL TM ZB[G[ TD[ E,} L HXMP 4. Adverb clause of reason. sSFZ6JFRS lSP| pPf chief conjunction sDb] I ;\\IMHSMfo because, since, as, for = 1. He passed his examination because he worked hard. 2. Since you say so, I must believe it. TD[ SCM KM V8[ ,[ DFZ[ DFGJ]\\ H HM>V[P 3. As it was raining heavily, we postponed our programme. JZ;FN HMZNFZ JZ;TM CTM V8[ ,[ VD[ VDFZM SFI”SD| D,] tJL ZFbIMP 5. Adverb clause of result : s5lZ6FDJFRS lSP| pPf chief conjunction sD]bI ;\\IMHSMfo that, so (that), so (such) … that 1. He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him. T[ V[8,]\\ WLD[ AM(IM S[ AC] VMKF T[G[ ;FE\\ /L XSIFP 2. The lion was so fierce that no one tried to go near it.
[ 65] 3. So terrible was the cyclone that whole roofs were ripped off. J8\\ M/LIM V[8,M HMZNFZ CTM S[ VFBF KF5ZFG[ KF5ZF p0L UIFP 6. Adverb clause of comparision : sT,] GFJFRS lS|P pPf chief conjunction sD]bI ;\\IMHSMfo as, as…as, not so…as, than, the…the etc., 1. I am taller than you (are) 2. He is as clever as Ramesh. 3. The more he gets, the more he demands. sGMW\\ o ;DF\\TZ JWFZM S[ 38F0M NXF”JJF G\\P # GM 5|IMU KP[ f T[ H[D H[D JWFZ[ D/[ J[ K4[ TD[ T[D JWFZ[ DFU\\ [ KP[ 7. Adverb clause of condition : sXZTJFRS lSP| pPf chief conjunction sDb] I ;\\IMHSMfo ( If, Unless, ) 1. If you work, you will pass. HM SFD SZXM TM 5F; YXMP 2. Unless you work, you will fail. HM SFD GCL\\ SZM TM GF5F; YXMP If VG[ Unless If ç HM VG[Unless = HM GCL VF AG\\ [ lJZMWL XaNM CMJFYL JFSI ~5F\\TZ SZTL JBT[ GLRG[ F lGIDM ;DHJF H~ZL KP[ 1. If-clause DF\\ HIFZ[ GSFZFtDS JFSI CMI tIFZ[ SM> 5lZJTG\" YT]\\ GYLP H[D S[ o If you don’t read, you will fail. Unless you read, you will fail. 2. 56 HM If – clause DF\\ CSFZFtDS JFSI CMI TM lJZMWL VY” DS} JM 50[ K[P H[D S[4 If you read, you will pass. Unless you read, you will fail VYJF you will not pass. ;FNF JT”DFGSF/GM GSFZ SZJF\\ do, does GF ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P HD[ S[4 He goes – He does not go. I go – I do not go. Unless CSFZFtDS JFSI CMJFYL T[G[ VFJF ;CFISFZS lS|IF5NGL H~Z ZCT[ L GYLP V8[ ,[ Unless JF/F JFSI CSFZFtDS CMI VG[ if-clause DF\\ O[ZJJFG]\\ CMI tIFZ[ do- does VJxI DS} JF\\ HM>V[ o HD[ SP[ Unless he reads, he will fail.
[ 66] If he does not read, he will fail. Unless you read, you will fail. If you do not read, you will fail. V\\U|[_DF\\ lGID K[ S[ No future after temporal. Temporals V[8,[ denoting time. ;DINXS” pEIFgJIL VjII 5KL ElJqISF/ J5ZFTM GYLP T[G[ AN,[ ;FNM JT”DFGSF/ H J5ZFI K[P H[D SP[ We shall go for a walk when you (will) come. VCL\\ When you will come G[ AN,[ when you come VFJ[ KP[ VH[ ZLT[ If-clause G\\] K[P V[8,[ If you will come G[ AN,[ If you come VFJ[ K[P VF 36M VUtIGM lGID K[P VF lGIDGL HF6 GF VEFJ[ 36L E},M YJF ;E\\ J K[P 8. Adverb clause of contrast : slJZMWJFRS lS|P pPf Chief conjunction sDb] I ;\\IMHSMfo Though, if, however, although, even if. 1. Though he is poor, he is happy. 2. However poor, he is, he is happy. 3. Poor as he is, he is happy. HM S[ T[ UZLA K[ í UT[ T[8,M T[ UZLA K[P í E,[G[ T[ UZLA K[ KTF\\ T[ ;]BL K[P GP\\ Z DF\\ However 5KL TZT H lJXQ[ 6 VFJ[ K[ HIFZ4[ GP\\ # DF\\ lJX[Q6 JFSIGL X~VFTDF\\ VFJ[ KP[ WMP XII GF AM0”GF\\ 55[ ;”DF\\ VF V\\U[ 5|`G 5}KFI K[P H[ VF 5KL VF%IF KP[ 9. Adverb clause of manner : sZLlTJFRS lS|P pPf Chief conjunction sD]bI ;\\IMHSMfo As, how, in that, 1. He did as I told him. 2. You may finish it how, you like. 3. We were at a disadvantage in that they outnumbered us two to one. 4. At Rome we must do as the Romans(do) Clauses that tell ‘how’ an action is done are Adverb Clauses of manner.
[ 67]
[ 68] The Sequence of Tenses sSF/S|Df V\\U_|[ DF\\ SF/S|DGM lGID ACH] 8S} MçVS[ H ,L8LGM K[P 56 lJnFYLV” M S[ JFR\\ SJU” DF8[ T[ ;[\\S0M D;] LATM pEL SZ[ K[P VF lGID 5FIFGM K[P 5FIFGF R6TZ lJGF V\\U|_[ EFQFGL .DFZT R6JL Dx] S[, KP[ VF lGIDGL lJlXq8TFV[ K[ S4[ s!f T[ JTD” FGSF/ S[ ElJqISF/G[ ,FU] 50TM GYLP sZf OST ET} SF/G[ H ,FU] 50[ KP[ s#f J/L VF lGID lDzJFSIMG[ H ,FU] 50[ K[P S[ EFJFY” ;DHTF 5FZFJFZ D]xS,[ LVM 50[ KP[ s5f DF\\ VF lGID lJX[Q ,FU] 50[ K[P VUFp HMI]\\ T[ DH] A JFSIGF +6 5S| FZ HMIFP s!f ;FN]\\ JFSI sZf ;\\I]STJFSI VG[ s#f lDzJFSI V8[ ,[ DF\\ V[S D]bI JFSI VG[ V[S T[YL JWFZ[ UF{6 JFSIM CMI K[P VF lGID VF UF{6 JFSIMG[ ,FU] 50[ K[P lGID o HM Db] I JFSIDF\\ VFJ,[ \\] lSI| F5N ET} SF/DF\\ CMI TM UF6{ JFSI S[ p5JFSIG]\\ lSI| F5N 56 ET|} SF/DF\\ O[ZJFI\\] K[P VF lGID 5D| F6[ OST 5F\\R SF/DF\\ 5lZJT”G YFI K[ VG[ DM0, VMShL,LIZLhGF ~5DF\\ 56 5lZJT”G YFI K[P s!f ;FNF JT”DFG ;FNM E}TSF/ YFI KP[ sZf RF,] JT”DFG RF,] ET} SF/ YFI K[P s#f 56} ” JT”DFG 5}6” E}TSF/ YFI K[P s$f 56} ” ET} SF/ ;FNM ET} SF/ YFI KP[ VG[ s5f RF,] ET} SF/ RF,] 5}6” ET} SF/ YFI KP[ GF\\ ~5MDF\\ G]\\ G]\\ G]\\ VG[ G]\\ ~5 YFI K[P CJ4[ UR] JF0M SIF\\ pEM YFI K[P NFPTP T6[ [ SCI] ïïC]\\ HFp\\ K]\\Pðð TG[ \\] lGID D]HA VF JFSIGM XaNXo VG]JFN SZLV[ TM T6[ [ SCI] S[ T[ HTM CTM 56 U]HZFTLDF\\ TM VF56[ TD[ H SCLV[ S[ T[6[ SCI] S[ T[ HFI KP[ VU\\ _|[ GF SF/S|DGF VFWFZ[ H V[ ET} SF/G]\\ ~5 AgI] KP[ U]HZFTL VY” TM D}/ K[ T[ H ZC[ K[P VG[ VCL\\H VGJ] FNDF\\ VYJF ;DHJFDF\\ lJnFYL”VMG[ TS,LO 50[ KP[ U]HZFTLGM D/} VY” ;FRJL ZFBJM HM>V[ VG[ T[ DF8[ BA} DCFJZFGL H~Z ZC[ K[P VUFp D]bI JFSIG[ ïV[lgHGðGL p5DF VF5[,LP Vl[ gHG pW]\\ 50[ V[8,[ UF{6JFSIMGF 0aAF VF5M VF5 pW\\ F 50[ TJ[ M VF lGID VU\\ |[_DF\\ K[P U]HZFTLDF\\ GYL V[ JFT VF56[ SF/_5J} ”S IFN ZFBJFGL KP[ SF/SD| GF lGIDM ;FY[GF SM9FDF\\ VF%IF KP[ VF lGID 0FIZS[ 8ç>G0FIZ[S8 5Z} TF H l;lDT GYL4 NZ[S lDz JFSIG[ ,FU]\\ 50[ K[P NFPTP I can sing well C]\\ ;F~ UF> XS]\\ K\\] I thought that I could sing well. DFZM bIF, K[ S[ C]\\ ;F~ UF> XS]\\ K\\] The Sequence of Tenses SF/SD| GF lGIDYL SF/DF\\ YTF\\ OZ[ OFZ VF SF/DFY\\ L
[ 69] 1. ;FNM JT”DFGSF/ o He said “Ram goes.” 2. RF,] JT”DFGSF/ o He said “Ram is going.” 3. 56} ” JT”DFGSF/ o He said “Ram has gone.” 4. ;FNM E]TSF/ o He said “Ram went.” 5. RF,] ET] SF/ o He said “Ram was going.” 6. 56} ” E]TSF/ o He said “Ram had gone.” 7. Modal auxiliaries 8. 9. He said “Ram will go.” He said “Ram will be going.” 10. He said “Ram will have gone.” 11. 12. TJ[ L H ZLT[ 13. 14. He said “Ram can go.” He said “Ram may go.” 15. He said “Ram shall go.” 16. He said “Ram has been going.” He said “Ram is to go.” He said “Ram has to go.” He said “Ram will have to go.” GMW\\ o SF/SD| DF\\ infinitive VG[ gerund GF ~5M AN,TF GYLP
[ 70] VF SF/DF\\ O[ZOFZ YFI KP[ 1 He said that Ram went ;FNM E}TSF/ 2 He said that Ram was going. RF,] ET] SF/ 3 He said that Ram had gone. 56} ” ET] SF/ 4 He said that Ram had gone. 56} ” E}TSF/ 5 He said that Ram had been going. RF,] 5}6” E]TSF/ 6 No change çççç 7 He said that Ram would go. 8 He said that Ram would be going will G\\] would 9 He said that Ram would have gone. ðð ðð ðð ðð 10 He said that Ram could go. 11 He said that Ram might go. can G]\\ could 12 He said that Ram should go. may G\\] might 13 He said that Ram had been going shall G\\] should 14 He said that Ram was to go. RFP 5}P JP G]\\P RFP 5}P EP} I G]\\ was 15 He said that Ram had to go. 16 He said that Ram would have to go. has G\\] had will G]\\ would
[ 71] Direct – Indirect s5t| I1 SYG VG[ 5ZM1 SYGf WFZM S[ TDFZF lD+[ S[ SM>V[ TDG[ SM> JFT SCL K[P V[ JFT TDM ALHFG[ A[ ZLT[ SCL XSFIP s!f 5t| I1 SYGYL s direct speech JF5ZLG[f sZf 5ZM1 SYGYL s indirect speech JF5ZLGf[ NFPTP (1) He said : “I am going.” VYJF (2) He said that he was going. wIFGDF\\ ZFBM S[ direct speech DF\\ s!f SM>GF AM,FI[,F XaNM ïH[JF G[ T[JFð D}SJFDF\\ VFJ[ K[P sZf VJTZ6 lRÐM CMI K[P s#f VJTZ6 lRÐM 5C[,FGM V(5lJZFD CMI KP[ s$f VJTZ6 lRÐM 5KL Capital Letter CMI KP[ HIFZ[ indirect speech DF\\ s!f VJTZ6 lRÐM p0L HFI K[P sZf VJTZ6 lRÐM 5C[,F\\GF V(5lJZFD p0L HFI K[P s#f Capital Letter GFGM AG[ K[ SFZ6 S[ JFSI HM0FI HFI K[P s$f SM>GF AM,FI[,F XaNMçHJ[ FG[ T[JF GCL 56 CJ[ T[G[ TDFZL 5MTFGL EFQFDF\\ D}SM KMP NFPTP (1) He says “I go.” VYJF (2) He says that he goes. UH] ZFTL EFQFDF\\ indirect G\\F lGIDMG[ VF56[ RF{SS; ZLT[ J/UL ZC[TF GYLP NFPTP T6[ [ SCI] o ïC]\\ HFp\\ K\\]ð VF JFSIG]\\ indirect VF56[ +6 ZLT[ SZLV[ KLVP[ s!f T6[ [ SCI] S[ T[ HFI K[P s;FR]f sZf T[6[ SCI] S[ C]\\ HFp K]\\ sBM8]f s#f T[6[ SCI] C] HFp K]\\ sBM8]f VF ZLT[ SIFZ[I VF56[ ;\\IMHS that sSf[ D}STF GYL VYJF T[ G[ AN,[ C]\\ 56 D}SL N>V[ KLV[
[ 72] 56 VU\\ [_| DF\\ VF VU\\ [GF lGIDM AC] H S0S K[P tIF\\ HZF 56 OZ[ OFZG[ VJSFX GYLP p,8] OZ[ OFZ YTF\\ 36M VGY” YFI T[JF JFSIMGL ZRGF Y> HFI K[P NFPTP He says, “I am a fool “ G\\] He says that he is a fool. H YFI 56 HM TD[ He says that I am a fool VD[ U]HZFTLGL DFOS AM,M TM VG[ M VY” VD[ YFI S[ TD[ 5MT[ H D}B” KM V[8,[ direct-indirect XLBTL JBT[ U]HZFTL V\\U[_| EFQFGF VF 5|IMUGM TOFJT ;D_ ,[JM H~ZL KP[ H[YL U]HZFTL EFQF 5|IMUDF\\YL VFJTL E},M lGJFZL XSFIP Sequence of tenses sSF/SD| f 0FIZ[S8ç>G0FIZS[ 8 XLBTL JBT[ V\\U|[_GM SF/S|D (Sequence of tenses) GM 5b| IFT lGID HF6JM 56 H~ZL K4[ H[ GLR[ D]HA K[P s!f HM D]bI JFSI JT”DFGSF/ K[ UF{6JFSIDF\\ UD[ T[ SF/ VFJL XS[P ElJqISF/DF\\ CMI TM HD[ S[ o I know that the train is late. I know that the train was late. I know that the train will be late. I know that the train has often been late He will say that you are hapy. He will say that you were be happy. He will say that you will be happy. He will say that you had been happy. 56 sZf HM D]bI JFSIDF\\ VFJ[,]\\ lS|IF5N E}TSF/DF\\ CMI TM p5JFSIG]\\ lSI| F5N 56 E}TSF/DF\\ H J5ZFI KP[ H[D S[ o I knew that the train was late I said that you were happy. Direct – Indirect lGIDM
[ 73] lGID ! o HM JTD” FGSF/ S[ ElJqISF/DF\\ CMI TM GF lS|IF5NGF SF/DF\\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYL GM\\W o V8[ ,[ S[ SFZ6 S[ T[ JFT ZH] SZ[ KP[ V[8,[ lRgCMDF\\ VFJ[, S[ AM,FI,[ L CSLSTP lGID Z o HM E]TSF/DF\\ CMI TM DFG\\ F lSI| F5NG]\\ VG~] 5 E}TSF/G]\\ ~5 AG[ KP[ ;FNM JT”DFG çç ;FNM E]TSF/ AG[ KP[ ;FNM JTD” FG çç RF,] E]TSF/ AG[ KP[ 5}6” JT”DFG çç 56} ” E]TSF/ AG[ KP[ lGID # o HM ET] SF/DF\\ CMI VG[ DF\\ 56 ET] SF/ CMI TMP ;FNM E]TSF/ çç 5}6” E]TSF/ AG[ KP[ RF,] ET] SF/ çç RF,] 5}6” E]TSF/ AG[ K[P ç N®q8F\\TM ç 1. He says, “It is a fine day.” 2. He says, that it is a fine day. 3. He says, “Sita was clever.” 4. He says that Sita was clever. 5. He says, “Ram will pass.” 6. He says that Ram will pass. 7. He will say “Ram is ready.” 8. He will say that Ram is ready. 9. People say, “Gandhiji was great” 10. People say that Gandhiji was great. 1. He said, “Kanti goes.” 2. He said that Kanti went. 3. He said “Shanti is going.” 4. He said that Shanti was going. 5. He said, “Priti has gone.” 6. He said that Priti had gone. 1. He said, “The train arrived very late.” 2. He said that the train had arrived very late. 3. He said, “The boys were playing.” 4. He said that the boys had been playing. 5FK/GF +6[I lGIDM 5FIFGF VG[ B}AH VUtIGF KP[ T[G[ TD[ GLR[ D]HA ;FNL EFQFDF\\ 56 UM9JL XSMP !P HM JFSIGL ACFZ JTD” FG S[ ElJqISF/ CMI TM V\\NZGF SF/DF\\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP ZP HM JFSIGL ACFZ E]TSF/ CMI TM V\\NZ JT”DFGGM ET] SF/ YFI K[P #P HM JFSIGL ACFZ E]TSF/ CMI VG[ V\\NZ 56 E]TSF/ CMI TM V\\NZ 5}6” E]TSF/ YFI KP[
[ 74] VF +6I[ lGIDMGF ;FNF 2q8F\\T 56 ;FD[ DH] A VF5L XSMP lGID $ o HM E]TSF/DF\\ CMI 56 DF\\ lS|IF ;GFTG ;tI S[ J{7FlGS CSLST ATFJJL CMI TM lS|IF5NGF SF/DF\\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP GMW\\ o VF lGID p5ZGF AG\\ [ lGIDMGM V5JFN K[P V[ J:T] :JFEFlJS K[ S[ ï5y’ JL UM/ K[Pð G[ AN,[ VF56[ ï5'YJL UM/ CTLð VD[ SNF5L SCL G XSFV[P
[ 75] 1. He saya. “Kanti goes.” 2. He says that Kanti goes. 3. He said. “Kanti goes.” 4. He said that Kanti went. 5. He said. “Kanti went.” 6. He said that Kanti had gone. 1 The teacher said. “The earth is round.” 2 The teacher said that earth is round. 3 The trader said. “Honesty is the best policy.” 4 The trader said that honesty is the best policy. 5 The poet said. “Nature is beautiful.” 6 The poet said that nature is beautiful.” 7 He said “Two and two make four.” 8 He said that two and two make four. 9 The scientist said. “Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.” 10 The scientlst said that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Direct Indirect - 1 I say. “I go.” Isay that I go. - 2 I say. “You go.” I say that you go. - 3 I say. “He goes.” I say that he goes. 4 You say. “I go.” You say that you go. 5 You say. “You go.” You say that I go. 6 You say. “He goes.” You say that he goes. - 7 He says. “I go.” He says that he goes. 8 He says. “You go.” He says that you go. - 9 He says. “He goes.” He says that he goes. - 1 He said to me “I want your book”
[ 76] 2 He told me that he wanted my book. 3 He said to you. “I want your book.” 4 He told you that he wanted your book. 5 He said to him. “ I want your book.” 6 He told him that he wanted his book. 7 I said to you. “you want my book.” 8 I told you that I wanted his book. 9 you said to him. “I want your book” 10 You told him that you wanted his books” 11 You said to me. I want your book.” 12 you talk that you 24 - auxiliaries The best way to master the use of modals is to observe how they are used in situations and to practice making sentences like the ones you hear , always making sure of what you are saying. …One way to acquaint yourself with the appropriate forms is to memorize a group of typical sentence and use them as patters.” 1 am 2 is 3 are 4 was 5 were 6 has 7 had 8 have
[ 77] 9 do 10 did 11 does Modal auxiliaries 12 shall 13 should 14 will 15 would 16 can 17 could 18 may 19 might 20 must 21 ought to 22 need 23 dare 24 used to (Primary auxiliaries) I am a teacher. I am going. I have a pen.
[ 78] I have gone. I do my work. I do not go. I am going. He is going. They are going. He was going. They were going. I have gone. I had gone. I shall have gone. Do I go ? I do not go. Does he go ? He does not go. Did he go ? He did not go. ( modal auxiliaries) Modals showing difference moods. 1 The modal auxiliaries are used to express not statements of facts but actions or events that exist only as conceptions of the mind e.g. possibilities, potentialities necessities, wishes . 2 shall-will (pure future) color future 3 promise, willingness, determination, command and intention (PWDIC)
[ 79] 4 should, ought to, must, have to, … … obligation 5 should, probability, reproach, advice 6 if-clause to express a supposition that may not be true. 7 would-will …….. 8 can, (possibility) , (ability) , (permission) 9 could can could perfect infinitive negation deducation 10 may (possibility) (permission) 11 might , may, possibility, permission, might be 12 may-might , can-could,(synonymous) 13 must obligation (logical conclusion ) 14 ought obligation should… 15 need dare auxiliary double role… 16 used to…. 17 used to ought to infinitive modals to infinitive bare infinitive bare to… 18 modals participles can - ing not possible must –ing not possible 19 should, would, could, should- ing , would-ing , could-ing , not possible 20 EG… play-plays can be possible 21 can-cans not possible 22 may- mays not possible 23 EG… he can speak English 24 he can English not possible 25 can you lift this box ? yes, I can. yes I can= yes, I can lift can be possible. (modals) 1 shall ( simple) (continuous) 2 should 1 I shall go 1 I shall be going
[ 80] 3 will 2 I should go 2 I should be going 3 he will be going 4 would 3 he will go 4 he would be going 5 he can be going 5 can 4 he would go 6 he could be going 7 he may be going 6 could 5 he can go 8 he might be going 9 he must be going 7 may 6 he could go 10 he ought to be going 8 might 7 he may go 9 must 8 he might go 10 ought to 9 he must go 10 he ought to go ( Auxiliaries) (perfect) (perfect continuous) I shall have gone I shall have been going I should have gone I should have been going he will have gone he will have been going he would have gone he would have been going he can have gone he can have been going he could have gone he could have been going he may have gone he may have been going he might have gone he might have been going he must have gone he must have been going he ought to have gone he ought to have been going
[ 81] 1 I shall go, he will go 2 I shall be going 3 I shall have gone 4 I shall have been going 5 the school opens on the 17th of June 6 I am to your place tomorrow 7 be + infinitive I am to go to the station 8 be about to go I am about to start 9 be going to I am going to learn English I shall go we shall go you will go you will go he will go they will go 1 thou shalt (you shall) not steal 2 you shall have your money back 3 if you agree, I will check this letter 4 I won’t pay the bill. it seems to be inflated.
[ 82] 5 I will do or die in this attempt. p=promise, w=willingness, d=determination, I=intention, c=command. (colorless future) 1 if today is Monday, tomorrow will be Tuesday. 2 colored future All right, I’II come. I won’t do it again. 3 will you please come in. 4 (insistence) (inevitability) He will have his own way Accidents will occur Boys will be boys 5 (probiability) and likelyhood This will be the book you are looking for, I think.
[ 83] will I do ? (Am I likely to be suitable ?) how shall should be use 1 (to express futurity) I shall soon be ready. shall we reach there in time ? 2 (color future) He says he won’t go but I say he shall. you shall not catch me so easily next time. if you work well, you shall have higher wages. you shall not have it, it is mine
[ 84] 3 In question tags : let us go, shall we ? 4 suggestions : shall we go by car ? offers : shall I help you ? advice : which pen shall I buy? order : how shall I go ? by bus or train ? shall will 1 simple futurity 1 simple futurity I shall come tomorrow he will come tomorrow 2 colored future 2 colored future promise, willingness, determination intention, command I will come (promise) 3 in question tags - PWDIC sit down, will you? YOU SHALL HAVE REWARD IF YOU WORK efficiently.
[ 85] 4 habits : An Indian will 3 In question tags : always like to talk and talk let us go, shall we ? 5 insistence : 4 requests for : he will have his own way suggestions : shall we go by car ? 6 inevitability offers : shall I help you ? Boys will be boys. accidents will advice : which book shall I buy ? occur. order : how shall I go ? by bus or train ? 7 probability will I do ? 8 requests will you please sit down ?
the future continuous [ 86] will+ be+ work - ing. THE FUTURE PERFECT (will + have) he will be reading when he will have finished his I go there. work by six o’clock tomorrow/by the end of December/by then (be + infinitive) he is to come the future perfect continuous will + have + been + (be+ going to) work-ing he is going to learn English by the end of December I shall have been (be+ about to) working in the office for 10 months. he is about to go (for a definite arrangement ) by the end of December I shall have been ram and shyam are meeting tonight working for six months. this tense emphasizes the duration of the school opens on 17th June. a future event for a present situation which (LESS DEFINITE AND MORE CASUAL) . reaches into the future. two time expressions are essential with the tense . 1) specific future I WILL BE SEENING YOU TOMORROW. time or event, and 2) the duration.
[ 87] why have we both ‘shall’ and ‘will’ ? (AND SIMILARY ‘SHOULD AND WOULD’) W. STANNARD ALLEN (stock phrases) the train leave at 6:0’clock (habitual present) (command compulsion obligation) (want or wish) colorless future Shall I ? (is this your command ?) will you ? (do you wish ?) (unformity) shall-should will-would (I will, I would) shall-should will-would colored future volition be going to, be + infinitive (am to go), have + inf (have to go)
[ 88] (1) be going to (intention) (prediction) intend means what (to have a particular or plane in mind) intention that which one propose or plans to do plan, aim, intent, objective, design, purpose, goal, target. be going to colored future intention feeling of certainity in mind of the speaker . 1 I am going to learn English. 2 we are going to work harder next year. 3 he is going to sell the house.
[ 89] 4 we are going to spend our holidays in Kashmir this year. 5 we are going to by a house when we saved enough money. 6 when are you going to pay my bills ? (2) for prediction 1 there are clouds in the sky and it is going to rain. 2 now that there is recession, things are going to get much dearer. Hadley chase Myra’s eyes glittered. “I’m going to tell you what you’re going to do .
[ 90] you’re going to “yes” that guy until you get the run of the his of his game, then you’re going to turn him in . you’re going to have a gun, and you’re going to shoot better than he shoot. you’re going to do everything better than he does. then he goes.” automatic see, hear, think, understand it go come I am going to go I am going to come shall - will be going to shall-will 1 if you come at 5 0’clock, we shall go for a walk. 2 you’ll be in time if you hurry. 3 I’ll be at your service whenever you call. 4 he going to sell his house.
[ 91] be + infinitive 1 to convey orders or instructions 2 to convey a plan no one is to go without the permission of the head mistress you are to stay her, Rita to convey a plan : the marriage is to take place next week. I am to go: we are to go you are to go you are to go he is to go they are to go I was to go we were to go you were to go you were to go he was to go they were to go
[ 92] obligations MUST, OUGHT TO SHOULD. SHOULD you should respect your parents OUGHT TO you ought to visit your friend. he is in hospital. should and ought to MUST you must read. must (semi-auxiliary) have to must have to read to you have to read I have to do my home work. have to… have + infinitive obligation must have to
[ 93] a) you must read regularly b) you have to read regularly a) he must stay here : b) he has to stay here : a) he must do his work himself. b) he has to do his work himself be + infinitive and have + infinitive I am to go = I have to go = BI HI I am to go we are to go you are to go you are to go he is to go they are to go I was to go we were to go
you were to go [ 94] he was to go you were to go they were to go I have to go we have to go you have to go you have to go he have to go they has to go I had to go we had to go you had to go you had to go he had to go they has to go I shall have has to go we shall have have to go you will have to go you will have to go he will have to go they will have to go
[ 95] be + infinitive - be + going to I am to write we are to write you are to write you are to write he is to write they are to write I was to write we were to write you were to write you were to write he was to write they were to write I am going to write we are to write you are going to write you are to write he is to write they are going to write
[ 96] I was going to write we were going to write you were going to write you were going to write he was going to write they were going to write obligation no obligation present must have to don’t/doesn’t have to have (got)to future must shall/will shall not/ won’t have to have to past, had to didn’t have to hadn’t (got)to
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