HM EF.4 TM G]\\ H JR\\ F.PP VG[ TM H 5F; YJFIPPP ;DHIM G[ mm VF VD[ G.4 VDFZL DC[GT AM,[ K[ NM:TM4 VS[ ND VG]EJLVM 2FZF T{IFZ SZFJ[,F D8LZLI,M4 DF+ 5Z H D/X[P VDFZ]\\ D8LZLI, TDMG[ NZS[ 5lZ1F DF\\ ZFDAF6 5Z] JFZ YFX[P SM. BM8F D[;H[ S[ ,LS\\ G.4 DF+ 0F.ZS[ 8 :5WFt” DS 5ZL1FG]\\ D8ZLI, VG[ DLXG ;ZSFZL HMAPPP TDFZF DMAF., 5Z DFlCTL D/[ JJF TDFZ]\\ GFD ,BL WhatsApp D;[ [H SZM 7878101034 GA\\ Z 5ZPP Join our Telegram Channel - Join Now 0FpG,M0 SZM VG[ JF\\RTF ZCMPP TDFZL ;O/TF VF;5F; KP[ Daily20 GK” - Click Here VDFZF D8LZLI, V\\UG[ F TDFZF lJRFZM VDG[ H6FXMP VF D8LZLI, TDFZF lD+M ;FY[ VR}S XZ[ SZHMP VF DlCGFG]\\ DCtJG]\\ SZ8\\ VO;[” JF\\RMPP GLR[GL ,LS\\ 5Z Sl,S SZMPPP Click Here Visit daily http://jobscaptain.com/ for crack any competitive exam in Gujarat and across India. Visit our One of the unique page Daily GK. જય … જય … …! www.jobscaptain.com
START SF/GF UH] ZFTL 5t| IIM SF/ Db] I 5t| II JWFZFGF 5t| IIM sVf ! ;FNM JT”DFGSF/ HFI K[ K\\4] KLV[4 KM4 RF,] JT”DFGSF/ UIM IF4 sSIFZ[Sf W]4\\ WF4 WL4 WM Z ;FNM E}TSF/ UIM K[ Gç\\ D]HA # 5}6” JTD” FGSF/ UIM CTM IF CTF $ 56} ” ET} SF/ UIM CX[ CM>X4 CX]\\4 CXM 5 5}6” ElJqISF/ ZCIM K[ G\\PçD]HA ^ RF,] 5}6” JTD” FGSF/ ZCIM CTM GP\\ çD]HA & RF,] 5}6” ET} SF/ ZCIM CX[ G\\PçDH] A * RF,] 56} ” ElJqISF/ HTM CTM TM4 TL4 T]4\\ TF\\ ( RF,] E}TSF/ HTM CX[ TM4 TL4 T]4\\ TF\\ !) RF,] ElJqISF/ H.X X\\]4 XM4 X[ !! ;FN ElJqISF/ sAf SF/GF SDl” 6 5I| MU TYF 5[|ZSGF 5t| IIM HM>V[P !P SD”l65I| MUGM 5t| II ïVFIð KP[ STZ” L 5|IMU o ,B]\\ K\\P] SD”l6 5|IMU ,BFI KP[ ZP 5|Z[ S lSI| FGM 5t| II ïVFIð G[ AN,[ ïVFJð KP[ ï,B] K]ð G]\\ 5[Z| S~5 ,BFJ]\\ K]\\ sSf S’NgTGF 5t| IIM HM>V[P ! JT”DFG S’NgTGF 5|tIIM >G[ VYJF TF\\ K[P BF>G[4 ZDLG4[ H>G[ VYJF ZDTF4 C;TF >P l;C\\ HM.G[ T[ EFuIMP T[ AF/SM C;TF\\ C;TF\\ 3[Z HFI KP[ Z E}TSN’ gTGF 5t| IIM V[,M4 V[,L4 V,[ ]\\ UI,[ M4 VFJ[,M # ;\\AW\\ S ET} SN’ gTGF 5t| IIM o >G[ $ Infinitive sWFT]G]\\ D}/~5f GM 5t| II J]\\ JF\\RJ]4\\ SZJ]\\ o ZF+[ JFR\\ J]\\ CFlGSFZS KP[ WFTG] F NZS[ D]/~5G[ J]\\ 5t| II ,FU[ KP[ 5 lJwIY” o HM>V[
[ 2] VU\\ [|_DF\\ GLR[ DH] A SF/ KP[ Active Tenses sSTZ\" L 5I| MUDFf\\ Present He writes (a letter) ,B[ KP[ 1. Simple He is writing ðð ðð ,B[ KP[ sVtIFZ[f 2. Continuous He has written ðð ðð ,bIM K[P 3. Perfect He has been writing ðð ðð ,BL ZCIM K[P 4. Perfect He write ðð ðð ,bIM Continuous ,BTM CTM Past He was writing ðð ðð ,bIM CTM 5. Simple ,BL ZCIM CTM 6. Continuous He had written ðð ðð 7. Perfect 8. Perfect He had been Continuous Writing ðð ðð Future 9. Simple He will write ðð ðð ,BX[ 10. Continuous He will be writing ðð ðð ,BTM CX[ 11. Perfect He will have ðð ðð ,bIM CX[ 12. Perfect Written ,BL ZCIM CX[ Continuous He will have 13. Present conditional Been writing ðð ðð ,B[ 14. Conditional continuous He would write ,BTM CMI 15. Perfect conditional He would be writing ,bIM CMI S[ CMT 16. Conditional continuous He would have written ,BL ZCIM CMI He would have been writing CJ[ VF SF/G[ ;DHJF SM9FDF\\ (Tabular form) D}SLV[ Passive Tenses sSD\"l6 5I| MUDF\\f
[ 3] 1 (A letter) is written ,BFI K[P ,BFI KP[ sVtIFZ[f 2 ðð ðð is being written ,BFIM KP[ x 3 ðð ðð has been written ,BFIM ,BFTM CTM 4 xx ,BFIM CTM 5 ðð ðð was written X 6 ðð ðð was being written 7 ðð ðð had been written 8 xx 9 ðð ðð will be written ,BFX[ 10 x x x 11 ðð ðð will have been written ,BFIM CX[ 12 x x x 13 ðð ðð would be written ,BFI 14 x x x 15 ðð ðð would have been written ,BFIM CMI S[ CMT 16 x x x 5P] ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ sI + Kf[ V\\U[_| DF\\ SF/ sI + Kf[ RF,] JT”DFGSF/
V[P JP AP JP [ 4] AP JP 1 I go We go V[P JP We are going C]\\ HFp\\ KP] VD[ H>V[ KLV[ VD[ VtIFZ[ H>V[ KLV[ I am going 2 You go You go C]\\ sVtIFZ[f HFp K]\\ You are going T] HFI K[P TD[ HFJ K[ TD[ sVtIFZ[f HFJ KM You are going 3 He goes They go T] sVtIFZ[f HFI K[ They are going T[ HFI KP[ TV[ M HFI K[P T[VM sVtIFZ[f HFI K[P ;FNM ET} SF/ sIMf He is going sTM + CTMf T[ sVtIFZ[fHFI K[P We were going 1 I went We went RF,] ET} SF/ VD[ HTF CTF C]\\ UIM VD[ UIF I was going You were going 2 You went You went C]\\ HTM CTM TD[ HTF CTF T] UIM TD[ UIF You were going They were going 3 He went They went T\\] HTM CTM sTM + CX[f ;FNM ElJqISF/ s>Xf We shall be going He was going VD[ HTF CX]\\ 1 I shall go We shall go RF,] ElJqISF/ C]\\ H>X VD[ HX]\\ You will be going I shall be going TD[ HTF CX[ 2 You will go You will go C]\\ HTM CM>X T\\] H>X TD[ HXM They will be going You will be going T[VM HTF CX[ 3 He will go They shall go T\\] HTM CM>X T[ HX[ TV[ M HX[ He will be going T\\] HTM CX[ TENSES IN ENGLISH 5}6” JT”DFG SF/ sIM + Kf[ RF,] 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ sZCIM K[f V[P JP AP JP V[P JP AP JP
[ 5] 1 I have gone We have gone I have been going We have been going C\\] UIM KP] VD[ UIF KLV[ C]\\ H> ZCIM K]\\ VD[ H> ZCIF KLV[ 2 You have gone You have gone You have been going You have been going T] UIM K[P TD[ UIF KM T] H> ZCIM KM TD[ H> ZCIF KM 3 He has gone They have gone He has been going They have been going T[ UIM KP[ TV[ M UIF KP[ T[ H> ZCIM K[P TV[ M H> ZCIF KP[ 56} ” ET} SF/ sIM + CTMf RF,] 5}6” E}TSF/ sZCIF CTMf 1 I had gone We had gone I had been going We had been going C\\] UIM CTM VD[ UIF UIF C\\] H. ZCIM CTM VD[ H> ZCIF CTF 2 You had gone You had gone You had been going You had been going T] UIM CTM TD[ UIF CTF T]\\ H> ZCMI CTM TD[ H> ZCIF CTF 3 He had gone They had gone He had been going They had been going T[ UIM CTM TVM UIF CTF T[ H> ZCMI CTM TV[ M H> ZCIF CTF 56} ” ElJqISF/ RF,] 5}6” ElJqISF/ sZCIM CXf[ sIM +CX[f 1 I shall have gone We shall have gone I shall have been going We shall have been going C]\\ UIM CM>X VD[ UIF CX\\] C\\] H> ZCIM CM>X VD[ H> ZCIF CX]\\ 2 You will have gone You will have gone You will have been going You will have been going T\\] UM CM>X TD[ UIF CXM T]\\ H> ZCIM CX[ TD[ H> ZCIF CXF[ 3 He will have gone They will have gone He will have been going They will have been going T[ UIM CX[ T[VM UIF CX[ T]\\ H. ZCIM CX[ T[VM H> ZCIF CX[ VU\\ [|_DF\\ SF/ [REGULAR VERBS] ;FNM JT”DFG SF/ sp + Kf\\] RF,] JTD” FGSF/ sp + K\\f] V[P JP AP JP V[P JP AP JP 1 I call We call I am calling We are calling C\\] AM,FJ]\\ K\\] VD[ AM,FJLV[ KLV[ C]\\ sVtIFZ[f AM,FJ]\\ K\\] VD[ sVPf AM,FJLV[ KLV[
2 You call You call [ 6] You are calling T] AM,FJ[ KP[ TD[ AM,FJM KM TD[ sVPf AM,FJM KM You are calling 3 He calls They calls T\\] sVPf AM,FJ[ KP[ They are calling T[ AM,FJ[ K[P T[VM AM,FJ[ K[P T[VM sVPf AM,FJ[ K[P ;FNM E}TSF/ sIMf He is calling sTM CTMf We called T[ sVPf AM,FJ[ KP[ We were calling 1 I called VD[ AM,FjIM RF,] E}TSF/ VD[ AM,FJTF CTM D[\\ AM,FjIM I was calling You called C\\] AM,FJTM CTM You were calling 2 You called TD[ AM,FjIM TD[ AM,FJTF CTF T[ AM,FjIM You were calling They called T] AM,FJTM CTM They were calling 3 He called TV[ MV[ AM,FjIM TV[ M AM,FJTF CTF T6[ [ AM,FjIM s>Xf He was calling sTM CXf[ ;FNM ElJqISF/ T[ AM,FJTM CTM We shall call RF,] ElJqISF/ We shall be calling 1 I shall call VD[ AM,FJLX]\\ VD[ AM,FJTF CX]\\ C\\] AM,FJLX I shall be calling You will call C\\] AM,FJTM CM>X You will be calling 2 You will call TD[ AM,FJXM TD[ AM,FJTF CXM T\\] AM,FJLX You will be calling They will call T] AM,FJTM CM>X They will be calling 3 He will call T[VM AM,FJX[ T[VM AM,FJTF CX[ T[ A,FJX[ He will be calling T[ AM,FJTM CX[ 5}6” JT”DFG SF/ sIM + K\\f[ RF,] 5}6” JTD” FGSF/ sZCIM KP[ \\f VP[ JP AP JP V[P JP AP JP 1 I have called I have been calling We have been calling D\\[ AM,FjIM K[P We have called C\\] AM,FJL ZCIM K\\] VD[ AM,FJL ZCIF KLV[ 2 You have called VD[ AM,FjIM K[P You have been calling You have been calling T[ AM,FjIM KP[ T\\] AM,FJL ZCIM K[P TD[ AM,FJL ZCIF KMP 3 He has called You have called He has been calling They have been calling TD[ AM,FjIM KP[ They have called
[ 7] T[6[ AM,FjIM K[P TV[ MV[ AM,FjIM KP[ T[ AM,FJL ZCIM K[P TV[ M AM,FJL ZCIF K[P 5}6” E}TSF/ sIM CTMf RF,] 5}6” ET} SF/ sZCIM CTMf 1 I had called We had called I had been calling We had been calling D[\\ AM,FjIM CTM VD[ AM,FjIM CTM C\\] AM,FJL ZCIM CTM VD[ AM,FJL ZCIF CTF 2 You had called You had called You had been calling You had been calling T[ AM,FjIM CTM TD[ AM,FjIM CTM T] AM,FJL ZCIM CTM TD[ AM,FJL ZCIF CTF 3 He had called They had called He had been calling They had been calling T6[ [ AM,FjIM CTM TV[ MV[ AM,FjIM CTM T[ AM,FJL ZCIM CTM T[VM AM,FJL ZCIF CTF 56} ” ElJqISF/ sIM CX[f RF,] 56} ” ElJqISF/ sZCIM CXf[ 1 I shall have called We shall have called I shall have been calling We shall have been calling D[\\ AM,FjIM CX[ VD[ AM,FjIM CX[ C]\\ AM,FJL ZCIM CM>X çççççççç 2 You will have called You will have called You will have been calling You will have been calling T\\[ AM,FjIM CX[ TD[ AM,FjIM CX[ çççççççç çççççççç 3 He will have called They will have called He will have been calling They will have been calling T[6[ AM,FjIM CX[ TV[ MV[ AM,FjIM CX[ çççççççç çççççççç SF/GF 5`| GFY” RF,] ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ V[SJRG AC]JRG V[SJRG I go We go I am going Do we go? we not go Am I going? I am not going Do I go? I do not go You go You are going You go Do you go? you do not go Are you going? You are not Do you go? you do not go They go going He goes He is going
[ 8] Does he go? He does not go Do they go? They do not go Is he going? He is not going ;FNM E}TSF/ RF,] I went We went I was going Was I going? I was not going Did I go? I did not go Did we go? We did not go You were going You went You went Were you going? You were not Did you go? You did not go Did you go? You did not go going He was going He went They went Was he going? He was not Did he go? He did not go Did they go? They did not go going ;FNM ElJqISF/ RF,] I shall go We shall go I shall be going Shall I be going? I shall not be Shall I go? I shall not go Shall we go? we shall not go going You will go You will go You will be going Will you go? you will not go Will you go? You will not go Will you be going? You will not He will go They will go be going Will be go? He will not go Will they go? they will not go Will he be going He will be going He will not be going VH[ ZLT[ RF,] 5}6” SF/GF ~5M RFP 5}P JP I have been going – Have I been going? – I have not been going RFP 5}P E}P I had been going – Had I been going? – I had not be going RFP 5}P EP I shall have been going – shall I have been going? I shall not have been going VG[ GSFZ ~5M VS[ JRG 56} ” JT”DFGSF/ ACJ] RG JT”DFGSF/ I have gone AC]JRG Have I gone? We have gone I have not gone Have we gone? We are going. Are we going? You have gone We have not gone We are not going Have you gone? You have gone You are going Are you going? You have not gone Have you gone? You are not going He has gone You have not gone They are going Has he gone They have gone Are they going? He has not gone Have they gone? They are not going They have not gone ET} SF/ I had gone 5}6” ET} SF/ Had I gone? We were going We had gone Were we going? We were not Had we gone? You were going Were you going? You were They were going not going
Were they going ? [ 9] We had not gone They were not going You had gone I had not gone Had you gone? ElJqISF/ You had gone You had not gone Had you gone? They had gone We shall be going You had not gone Had they gone Shall we be going? He had gone They had not gone We shall not be going Had he gone? You will be going He had not gone Will you be going? 5}6” ElJqISF/ You will not be going I shall have gone We shall have gone They will be going Will they be going? Shall I have gone? Shall we have gone? They will not be going I shall not have gone We shall not have gone You will have gone You will have gone Will you have gone? Will you have gone? You will not have gone You will not have gone He will have gone They will have gone Will he have gone? Will they have gone? He will not have gone They will not have gone ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ [The Present Tense] ~5M o I go - We go Do I go ? - Do we go? Do you go? You go - You go Do you go? - Do they go? He goes - They go Does he go? - I do not go -- We do not go You do not go -- You do not go He does not go -- They do not go VF SF/F ZMlH\\NL lS|IFVM sAlways—CD[\\XF YTL VtIFZGL GCLP not now) 8J[ DH] AGL lGIlDT lSI| FVM (habitual or routine activities), ;FDFgI ;tIM (general truths) S[ ;GFTG ;tIM4 :YFIL lSI| FVM4 SC[JTM4 plSTVM4 ;}+M TYF lGIDM DF8[ J5ZFI KP[ VF SF/ ;FY[ ACW] F always, daily, everyday, every week, often s36LJFZf4 frequently sJFZ\\JFZf rarely sEFuIH[ 4 HJÿ,4[ SJlRTf® usually, generally s;FDFgITof occasionally s5|;\\UM5FTf once a month >ü XaNM 56 HMJF D/[ K[P
[ 10] NFP TP o I go to school at 10-30 o He generally sits on the first bench. But today he is sitting on the last bench o The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 56 VtIFZ[ H pUTM CMI TM o Look, the sun is rising. o He usually sDM8[EFUf[ catches the 9-30 bus. o We seldom sEFuI[Hf speak Sanskrit o He often prepares his own tea. o I never read novels. o I eat on apple everyday. o I don’t buy cheep things. o He always goes for a walk in the morning. o Ul6TGF lGIDM : Two and Two make four o E}lDlTGF 5|D[IM o The sum of the angles of a triangle is two right angles. l+SM6GF B6} FVMGM ;ZJF/M A[ SF8B}6F AZFAZ YFI K[P If the two sides of a triangle are equal. The angles opposite to these sides are equal. o J7{ FlGS lGIDM o Heat expands while cold contracts. UZDLYL 5NFYG” ]\\ 5;| Z6 YFI K[ HIFZ[ 9\\0LYL ;\\SMRFI K[P o jIFSZ6GF lGIDMG[ jIST SZJF ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ BF; SZLG[ TG[ F SDl” 6~5M jIF5S ZLT[ J5ZFI KP[ NFP TP NFP TP o The simple present is used sJ5ZFI KP[ f with adverbs such as always, often… o VwIFtDXF:+ o JF;F\\l; lH6F”lG IYF lJCFIPPP o sULTF Z o ZZf
[ 11] Just as a person give up worn out clothes and puts on other new ones, so does the embodied self give up discrepit bodies not enter new ones. G{G\\ lKgNlgT X:+Fl6PPP Weapons do not cut it (the Atman), fire does not burn it, water does not moisten it and wind does not dry it. o Geography : Nq8F\\TM How do seasons change ? We know that the earth revolves round the sun and also rotates on its axis. Days and nights are caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis. The axis of the earth makes an angle of 23 1/2 with the vertical. It is this inclination which causes changes in season. o About Finland It is often said that Finland is a small country. A glance at the map, however, belies this with a total area of 130,128 sq. miles, Finland is larger than Great Britain, but her population is only 4.7 million. The majority live in central and southern Finland. The northernmost part, Lapland is sparsely inhabited. Vast forests of spruce, pine and birch cover most of the land nad the thick undergrowth is full of flowers and berries. There are about 60,000 lakes of all sizes connected by narrow channels and short rivers. Tideless seas wash the coastline. Fish abound in the seas, rivers and lakes. The highest land is in Lapland the country of scenic fells where reindeer roam. o ;FlCtIDF\\ o “For the first time Drydon introduces the notion of literature as an organic force which develops with the development of a nation, expressing the impulses of each new age in a manner suited to its growth”
[ 12] o J/L V\\U|_[ DF\\ 36F lS|IF5NM VJ[ F K[ H[ RF,] JTD” FG SF/DF\\ J5ZFTF GYLP T[GM 5|IMU ;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\\ H YFI K[P VFJL lSI| FVM V{lrKS (deliberate) GYL 56 VGl{ rKS (involuntary VYJF automatic) CMI K[P NFP TP o HMJFGL4 ;FE\\ /JFGL4 lJRFZJFGL lS|IFVM VF5D[/[ YTL CMI KP[ VFJF lS|IF5NMG]\\ GLR[ DH] A JULS” Z6 SZL XSFIP o Verbs of senses or perception s>lgŒIUdI lSI| FVMf HJ[ L S[ o See, hear, smell, feel >ü swIFGDF\\ ZFBM S[ look, listen, watch, stare, gaze V[ deliberate lSI| FVM K[f o Verbs of feeling and emotions : s,FU6L NX”S lSI| FVMf love, hate slTZ:SFZJ]f\\ like, dislike, loathe sGOZT SZJLf detest slTZ:SFZJ]f\\ want, wish, desire s>rKJ]\\f hope, prefer, >ü o Verbs of thinking : DFGl;S 5|J’lTGM lGN[X\" SZTF lS|IF5NMf HJ[ F S[ o think, slJRFZJ]\\f4 suppose sWFZJ\\]f assume sDFGL,J]\\f remember sIFN ZFBJ]\\f forget sE,] L HJ]f\\ 4 know understand, realize sbIF, VFJJMf consider, agree imagine sSÿ5GF SZJLf4 mean, mind expect sWFZ6F SZJLf trust >ü o Verbs of possession : sDFl,SL NXF”JTF lS|IF5NMf H[JF S[ o Belong to, possess, have (possess GF VYD” Ff\\ owe, >ü o ALHF S8[ ,FS lS|IF5NM o seem, appear, look s,FUJ]f\\ consist, contain, matter, concern >ü lS|IF5NM ;FNF JTD” FGSF/DF\\ H J5ZFI K[P Nq8F\\TM o
[ 13] Love : I love you very much. (I am loving GCLf Hate slTZ:SFZJ]\\f : I hate mich ! Like : She likes him but doesn’t love him. Dislike : I like dogs but dislike cats. Loathe : Her husband simply loathes her cooking.
[ 14] rear : I fear there will be a war. dosire : We all desire happiness and heatlh. detest : I detest people complaining. want : I want your pen. wish : I wish you good luck. respeet : I respect my parents. think : I think you are wrong. assume : Scientists assume that there is no animal life on mars. suppose : I suppose you want to borrow money from me again ? remember : I remember it now. forget : Forgive and forget. believs : I don’t believe in ghosts. expect : England expects everyone to do his duty. know : I know him very well.y understand : I understand your point. trust : I trust in God. be long : This house beiongs to me. owe : I owe you five rupees sDFZ[ TDG[ 5F\\R ~l5IF VF5JFGF KP[ f possets : I possess this house. own : I own this house. have : I have a nice house. look : He looks nice. seem : He seems to be a good man. appear : It appears that you have made a mistake. consist : The committee consists of ten members. contain : This bucket contains a lot of water. --- p5ZGF AWF JFSIMDF\\ RF,] JT”DFGSF/ J5ZFTM GYL ---
[ 15] SCJ[ TM VG[ quotations VJTZ6M o The true teacher, like Socrates, plays the part of a midwife. - S. Radhakrishan o One can prove anything by statistics expect truth. -- G. C. o False friends are like our shadows, keeping close to us while we walk in the sunshine, but leaving us the instant we cross into the shadow. o Socialism is when people work for the government. Democracy is when the government works for the people. o A stitch in time seves nine. JBT;ZGM VS[ 8F\\SM ALHF GJ 8F\\SF ARFJ[ KP[ o Fools rush in where angels fear to tred. o Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. WLZHGF\\ O/ DL9F\\ o Gossip sU5;5f is that which no one claims to like; but everybody enjoys. - Joseph Conrad - Love looks through a telescope, envy, through a microscope - Josh Billings - There is sufficiency in the world for the man’s need but not for the man’s greed. - Mahatma Gandhi. - If you wish to be great, be self-effacing and humble. The tree laden with fruit always bends low. - Shri Ramkrishan - Time and tide wait for nobody. ççç ;FNF JT”DFGSF/ lGA\\W ççç A Postman Points :- 1. His appearance. 2. Daily duties 3. Hard work. 4. Qualities.
[ 16] 5. A useful public serant A postman is a common sight in our cities and villages. He wear a khaki uniform. He has a khaki canvas bag slung over his shoulder. In this bag he carries letters, post cards, money orders and parcels. His work heigns early in the morning. He goes to the Post Office to collect the mail. He then starts on his round to distribute the letters. He visits each house and shop and delivers letters them. He collects the letters from different letter-boxes along the way. He takes them to the post office. He goes home for lunch. He returns to work. He delivers the mail a second time in the evening. He goes home to rest after finishing his day’s work. The postman does a hard job. His work is dull. He does the same work every day. He has to be on his feet all the time. He has to walk many miles a day. He also has to go up and down the stairs of many buildings. At the end of the day he is very tired. He is a useful public servant. People eagerly wait for him. He is a cheerful worker. He is the bringer of good and bad news. If we had no postman we would have to go to the post office ourselves to collect our letters. Slung – Hanging ; BE\\ [ l8\\UFT] Difficult Words Distribute – Give out; JCR\\[ J]\\ Mail – Letters; 85F,GF SFU/M Delivers-Hands;CFYMCFY JC[\\R[ K[ ;FDF 5’q9 5Z ‘The postman’ lGA\\W VF%IM K[P V[ 5|DF6[ NZ[S jIlST lJX[GF lGA\\WM ;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\\ H ,BFI KP[ The farmer, The nurse, The hawker >ü VFD jIlST lJQ[GF\\ ZM_NF SFI” (daily routine) NXFJ” JF ;FNF JTD” FGSF/GM p5IMU YFI K[P 56 HM jIlST lJXG[ L ET} SF/GL l;lwW J6”JJL CMI TM ;FNM E}TSF/ 56 ;FY[ J5ZFI K[P NFP TP DFZM l5|I (My favourite sportsman) ZDTJLZ VCL\\
[ 17] E}TSF/GL 38GFVMGM 56 ;DFJ[X YFI K[P V8[ ,[ ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ + ;FNM ET} SF/ J5ZFI K[P WMP XII DF8[ p5IMUL GLR[GM lGAW\\ HV] MP My Favourite Sportsman My favourite sportsman is Sachin Tendulkar. Sachin plays cricket with skill and aplomb. There is no answer to him. Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar was born on April 24, 1973. As a school boy of 14, he burst upon the Bombay cricket scene like a bomb-shell, with a string of massive scores at 276, 159, 156, 123, 123, 97, 150 and 329 not out in the school and club cricket! During just two seasons, Sachin scored more than 3000 runs! In 1988, Sachin at 15, became the youngest player in the Ranji Trophy championship. Gavaskar said, “People come to see only stars and Sachin is already a star now.”
[ 18] He has never looked back since he entered Test arena. His test match records are splendid. In a one-day match against Pakistan he hit four sixes and a four in an over from Abdul Kadir, the best spin bowler in the world ! On the Indian tours of New Zealand and England he has played magnificently, so magnificently that admiring girls in England languished for the favour of his friendship, while the middle-aged mothers longed to adopt him as their son. The shy Sachin had to run away for safe shelters. Back in Bombay he has been a cynosure of all eyes. The shy sophomore of Kirti College has become the most sought-after celebrity in cultural, industrial, sports and even the film circles He has the technique and temperament for the big occasion plus an opulent repertoire of strokes He has the flair, makes flourishes with his bat at the crease and is fascinating to watch. He is a dare-devil who can put to the sword the best of bowlers, if the occasion demands. To sum up, one can quote from Imran Khan : “Tendulkar’s career will have its ups and downs.” But at the moment he stands on the threshold of greatness. --- excerpts from the ‘sun’ magazine
[ 19] o VF l;JFI ;F{YL JWFZ[ TM KF5FVMDF4\\ DU[ [hLg;DF\\ T[ dramatic narration DF8[ J5ZFI K[P T[ ŒFZF VF SFI” AC]\\ ;]\\NZ TFNxI (Vivid pen-pictures) XaNlR+M ZH] SZ[ KP[ o H]VM ‘Savvy’ GF D[ ð(! GF VS\\ D\\ ;z] L pDFEFZTL lJQG[ ]\\ XaN lR+ o s;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\\f “It’s her eyes. They pierce right into your eyes, summing you up in one shrewd flicker. The next instant they twinkle at you, innocent child-like. An intense aura flows out of her bright saffron robes, as she articulates her thoughts, clearly, passionately. Even her short hair – frowned upon by other members of her ill-stands testimony to the rebel she has always been. Uma Bharti, our savvy woman this month, stands on the lawn of the party office. The atmosphere is charged with enthusiasm and buoyancy. It is as if the place has come alive by her mere presence. People mill around her. Not only is she comfortable, she heartily enjoys the adulation with unpretentious candour. The crowd hankers for the glimpse of her. A few even touch her feet……. she greets a few with a smile. Others she dismisses within seconds. o J/L sports events, commentaries Sl| DS 38GFVM4 V{TCFl;S 38GFVM4 GF8SLI 38GFVM >ü G[ TFNxI SZJFDF\\ dramatic narrative ;CH J5ZFI K[P o Bedi comes and bowls to Sobers… o Shri Ram lifts the bow and breaks it. Sitaji immediately garlands him.
[ 20] o ;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\\ J5ZFI,[ \\] zL RŒ\\ X[BZG]\\ XaN lR+ o He hums a song as he walks along a gravel path, not a care in the world. He throws his head up and laughs, reads a book, goes for long walks. He talks to the birds when he is not feeding them or just sits in nature’s midst. No files to read, no meetings to attend. No speeches to make or secret parleys to worry about…. “I am taking a holiday now. Go and talk to the people in the new Govt,” he says, visibly relieved to be away from it all. There is no rancor or regret. Chandra Shekhar now spends most of his day supervising the construction on his farmhouse. “Running the country was easier. You only had to give instructions. Now I have to get the work done myself,” he smiles wiping out the sweat from his brow. --- ‘India To day’ (July 31, 1991)
[ 21] o N; modal auxiliaries. shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must VG[ought to – VF ~5MG[ SIFZ[S ing 5|tII ,FUTM GYL VF56[ SIFZI[ can-ing, could-ing SZTF GYL ! o Above all ;FY{ L JWFZ[ TM jIF5S ZLT[ J5ZFTF primary auxiliaries : to be, to have sVDS] V5JFNMG[ AFN SZTFf G[ RF,] SF/GF ~5M GYLP (be lS|IF5NG]\\ RF,] JTD” FGSF/G]\\ ~5 SDl” 6 5|IMUDF\\ H J5ZFI K[P NFP TP He is being informed) (have lSI| F5N 56 give S[ take GF VY”DF\\ H RF,] SF/DF\\ J5ZFI KP[ We are having a party. VgI+ GCLP o GMW o to be GF ~5M –is, are, am, was, were >ü introductory ‘there’ ;FY[ lJXQ[ J5ZFI K[ HG[ F lJX[ VgI+ RRF” SZL KP[ o RF,] JTD” FGSF/G[ AN,[ VF SF/ SJlRT® here VG[ there GL ;FY[ pN®UFZ JFSIDF\\ 56 J5ZFI KP[ - Here comes the bus! V[ A; VFJ[! - There she goes ! T6[ L V[ HFI! o SJlRT® SM> IMHGFAŒ4 GSSL 38GF DF8[ ElJqISF/G[ AN,[ ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ J5ZFI KP[ - The school opens on the 17th June - When does the school reopen? XF/F SIFZ[ B},[ K[Pm o In clauses of time and condition (type – 1) ElJqISF/G[ AN,[ ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ J5ZFI KP[ VCL\\ p5JFSIDF\\ when, as soon as, while >ü XaNM CMI K[P HD[ S[ - If you (will) come, we shall go for a walk. - I shall go after I (shall) have finished my work - I shall wait till you (will) finish your lunch. VCL\\ shall, will VwIFCFZ ZC[ KP[ VF lGID 36M VUtIGM K[P 36L E,} M lGJFZJF DF8[ VF lGID DGG56} ” KP[ o Prof. K. Das says, “In fact, if we try to analyse the sentence patterns in everyday speech and in works of great English writers, we shall find that it is the simple present and not the present continuous that we need every now and then. (Its average ratio is (87/13) VF VlE5|FI p5ZYL VF SF/GL VUtITF VF\\SL XSFI K[P RF,] JT”DFGSF/ [The present continuous] I am going We are going C\\] sVtIFZf[ HFp\\ KP\\] VD[ sVtIFZ[f H>V[ KLVP[
[ 22] You are going You are going He is going They are going VF SF/G[ ;DHJM TNG® ;C,[ M KP[ o AM,TL JBT[ H[ lS|IF RF,] CMI V[8,[ S[ VtIFZ[ (now) H[ lSI| F RF,] CMI T[ NXF”JJF RF,] JT”DFGSF/ J5ZFI KP[ HD[ S[ç - I am reading now. C\\] VtIFZ[ JF\\R] K]\\P - Look, the sun is rising HFV[ M4 ;I] ” pUL ZCIM KP[ - Hurry up, the bell is ringing. - He often sits on the back benches, but today he is sitting on the front bench. o ïVtIFZðGF VYG” [ YM0M lJ:TFZL XSFI We can take it ‘now’ in a general sense. V[8,[ S[ SM> jIlST VtIFZ[ 5]:TS E,[ G JFR\\ TM CMI 56 ïCF,DFð\\ JFR\\ TM CMI TM VF SF/ JF5ZL XSFI KP[ H[D S[ç He is reading a play by Kalidas SF,LNF;G]\\ GF8S T[ JFR\\ L ZCIM K[P VF SF/ BA} H ;C,[ M K4[ KTF\\ S8[ ,FS\\ DN] ®FVM wIFGDF\\ ZFBJF H~ZL KP[ !P ;FNF JT”DFGSF/GF lXQS\" GLR[ VF56[ HMI] S[ S[8,FS lSI| F5NM CD[XF ;FNF JTD” FGSF/DF\\ H J5ZFI K4[ RF,] JTD” FGSF/DF\\ GCLP H[JF Sç[ see, hear, wish, want, remember >ü ZP 56 SIFZ[S VFJF lS|IF5NM lŒVYL\" V[8,[ S[ see GM VY” D/J] YTM CMI TM tIF\\ RF,] JTD” FGSF/ JF5ZL XSFI K[P HD[ Sç[ The manager is seeing the clerk tomorrow. #P VF SF/ ElJqISF/GF VY”DF\\ SM> RMSS;4 VFIM_T lS|IF DF8[ 56 J5ZFI K[P V[ wIFGDF\\ ZFBJ]\\ 38[ KP[ HD[ S[ç I am coming tomorrow. SF,[ C\\] VFJ]\\ K\\]P sU]P 5t| II o IMf ;FNM ET} SF/ [The simple past] ~5M o I walked We walked You walked You walked He walked They walked
[ 23] 5`| GFY” o Did I walk ? Did we walk ? Did you walk ? Did you walk ? Did he walk ? Did they walk ? GSFZ o I did not walk. We did not walk. You did not walk. You did not walk. He did not walk. They did not walk. ;FNM ET} SF/ V[8,[ VS[ JBTGL E}TSF/GL 56} ” 38GF [Simple past expresses a one time completed past event.] o ;FDFgI ZLT[ ET} SF/GL JFTDF\\ SM> RMSS; ;DI lGNX[ JF/L VYJF SM> VS[ JBTGL 56} ” 38GFJF/L JFT H VFJTL CMJFYL VFSF/ G]\\ O,S AC] lJXF/ K[P o 5F9I 5]:TSM4 KF5FVM4 DU[ h[ LGM4 JFTF”VM >ü DF\\ VF SF/ ;J+” KJFI[,M ZC[ KP[ VG[ TG[ M jIF5S p5IMU HMJF D/[ K[P AWF SF/GF\\ p5IMUDF\\ TG[ \\ :YFG No. 1 KP[ o ;FDFgI ZLT[ lSI| F5NMG[ ,UF0LG[ ;FNM E}TSF/ AGFJJFDF\\ VFJ[ KP[ H[D S[ç Walk - Walked, Call - Called, Play - Played J/L H[ lSI| F5NMG[ ,UF0LG[ E}TSF/G]\\ ~5 AGFJJFDF\\ VFJ[ TH[ 5t| II ET} SN’ gTDF\\ 56 ,FU[ K[ T[YL ;Z/TF 36L ZC[ KP[ ,UEU !)4))) V\\U[_| lS|IF5NMDF\\ OST !))ç!5) ~5M H VJ[ F K[ HG[ F ET} SF/ VG[ E}TS’NgT VlGIlDT K[P H[JF S[ç go went gone --- eat ate eaten.
[ 24] V[8,[ S[ ;DU| lSI| F5NMDF\\ VS[ FNçA[ 8SF VlGIlDT lS|IF5NMGM DCFJZM JW] Sl-G GYL AGTM ! ;FNF E}TSF/GM p5IMUPPP 1. RF{SS; ;DI lGN[\"X CMI tIFZ[PPP - I saw him yesterday. - I passed my S. S. C. Exam. In 1960. - I went to Bombay last year. - The train left ten minutes ago. - I met him at 5 p. m. 2. RFS{ S; ;DI lGN[Xª G CMI 56 38GFGF ;\\NE” ŒFZF VF56[ ;D_ XSLV[ S[ VD]S ;DI[ T[ 5}ZL Y> U> K[P tIFZ[ ;FNM ET} SF/ J5ZFI K[P (In such cases the time is implied or indicated by the context) - I didn’t sleep well (i. e. last night) - He retained his parliamentary seat (i. e. in the last election) 3. V[S 38GF 5}6” Y> U> CMJFYL T[GM ;DI 5}ZM YIM K[ V[ ;FNF E}TSF/DF\\ Ol,T YFI K[P NFP TP He worked in the school for 10 years. sVG[ M VY” V[ YFI S[ T[ CJ[ SFD SZTM GYLPf He worked there for a long time. sVG[ M VY” V[ 56 YFI S[ T[ CJ[ SFD SZTM GYLPf $P 36LJFZ used to VG[ would GL DFOS V[ past habit DF8[ J5ZFI KP[ - He used to smoke when he was young. - He would sit there on the river bank for hours. W]D5| FG SZTM4 A;[ TM4 VJ[ F H VYD” F\\ ;FNM E}TSF/ J5ZFI K[P - When he wasin Bombay he went to Juhu Beach regularly. 5. Conditional type II DF\\ ;FNF ET} SF/GM 5|IMU YFI KP[ He would come if you called him.
[ 25] HM TD[ AM,FJM TM T[ VFJP[ T[ H ZLT\\[ subjunctive s;X\\ IFYf” DF when the past tense is unreal NFP TP as if, if, only, I wish, >ü 5KL 1. ! wish I knew his name. 2. It only I knew earlier, I would have sent you a telegram. 3. It is (high) time you had a hair cut ! _YZF JWL UIF K[4 CHFDT SZFJJFGM ;DI 5FSL UIM KP[ JFTF”DF\\ o JFTF”VMDF\\ ;FNM E}TSF/ H J5ZFI KP[ GLR[GL JFTF” JF\\RL ET} SF/GF ~5M XMWJF 5I| tG SZMP The Camle’s Revenge A cunning jackal wanted to enjoy a feast to water melons. But he had to cross a river to reach the melon field on the other side of the bank. So he went to a camel and said, “Mr. Camel, there are lovely melons across the river. If you carry me across I shall show you, where they are. Then we can both feast on melons.” The camel agreed to carry the jackal across the river. They reached the field. The jackal ate the melons very fast. The camel was very slow. After the jackal finished eating, he started howling. “Why do you howl ?” said the camel, “If you howl the farmer will catch us.” But the jackal replied. “It is my habit to howl after my meal. So, I shall not stop howling.”
[ 26] The howls brought the owner to the field. The jackal ran away. The camel was left alone He was soundly beaten by the farmer and his men. The time came for the return journey. The jackal mounted the camel’s back; The camel started crossing the river. He reached the middle of the stream. Then he rolled about in the water. The jackel was alarmed. “Why do you roll in the water? ” said he. The camel replied, “It is my habit to roll after my meal. “The jackal was thrown off into the river. He got drowned, The camel thus took revenge on the jackal for betraying him to the farmer. This teaches us that meaness is always punished.
[ 27] 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ [The present perfect] sUP] 5|P o sIM ç K[f ~5M o I have gone. We have gone C\\] UIM K]\\P VD[ UIF KLVP[ You have gone. You have gone. T] UIM K[ TD[ UIF KMP He has gone. They have gone. T[ UIM KP[ T[VM UIF KP[ GMW\\ o AM,RF,GL EFQFDF\\ (Spoken English) DF\\ VF ~5MGF ;l\\ 1%T ~5M I’ve gone, We gone H J5ZFI K[P o VF SF/G\\] GFD 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ K[P 56 JF:TJFDF\\ T[ E}TSF/ H KP[ lCgNLDF\\ T[G[ ïVF;gG ET} SF,ð SC[ K[P VF;gG V8[ ,[ G_SGM4 TFH[TZGM V8[ ,[ S[ VnTGo ;CH[ [ VS[ 5`| G YFI S[ TM 5KL TG[ [ JTD” FGSF/ SD[ SCJ[ FDF\\ VFJ[ Km[ - ;FNF ET} SF/DF\\ HIFZ[ VF56[ ç ïT[ UIMð SCLV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ V[S lSI| F tIF\\ 5}6” YFI KP[ HIFZ[ VF56[ ïT[ UIM Kð[ SCLV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ ïUIMð 5KL ïKð[ GF 5|tIIYL T[ lSI| FG[ VF56[ JTD” FG ;]WL ,A\\ FJLV[ KLV[P 8}\\SDF\\ jIFSZ6GL EFQFDF\\ SCLV[ TM VF ET} SF/G[ JT”DFG ;FY[ ;FS/4 S0L4 ;A\\ \\W S[ V;Z CMJFG[ SFZ6[ TG[ [ VF56[ ï5}6” JTD” FGSF/ð SCLV[ KLVP[ - VF ;F\\S/4 S0L4 ;\\A\\W S[ V;Z V[8,[ X]\\m NFP TP Babar founded the Moghul Empire on 1526. AFAZ[ !5Z^DF\\ DMU, ;FD|FHI :YF%I]\\P
[ 28] 56 CJ[ T[ ZCI] GYLP V[8,[ V[D G SCL XSFI S[ç Barbar has founded the Moghul Empire. T[JL H ZLT[ ç 1. I have never seen a tiger. D[\\ SIFZ[I JF3 HMIM GYLP sV8[ ,[ S[ CH] ;]WL VFH ;]WLf 2. I have done my work. D[\\ SFD SZL ,LW] K[P sCJ[ AFSL GYLf 3. He has not come yet sT[ CH] VFjIM GYLPf 4. I have just finished my work. CD6F\\H SFD 5~} SI”]\\ KP[ 5. Have you ever seen a tiger ? VF SFZ6[ VF SF/ ;FY[ BF; SZLG[ - Just sCD6F\\Hf already sSIFZG]I\\ f ever sSIFZ[If never, for sCH] ;]WLf since VG[ yet HJ[ F XaNM J5ZFI KP[ VF SF/ ;FNF ET} SF/YL ïK[4 K]ð\\ GF JWFZFGF 5t| IIMYL :5q8 ZLT[ H]NM TZL VFJ[ KP[ ;FNM ET} SF/ 56} ” JTD” FGSF/ C\\] UIM C\\] UIM K\\] T[ UIM T[ UIM KP[ I have seen a picture yesterday. ç ;FNM ET} SF/ VS[ RMSS; 38GF 5}6” Y> K[ V[D ATFJ[ K[P H[G[ JT”DFG ;FY[ SM> ;\\A\\W GYLP T[DF\\ 36LJFZ RMSS; ;DI lGN[\"X CMI K[P 5}6” JT”DFG DF\\ RMSS; ;DK lGN\"[X ;\\EJ GYL VF56[ V\\U[|_DF\\ V[D G SCL XSLV[ K[ I have seen a picture yesterday. VFSl’ TGL DNNYL VF DN] M® JWFZ[ :5q8 Y> XSP[ JTD” FGSF/ ;FNM E}TSF/ 5}6” JT”DFGS SF/ 56} ” JT”DFGSF/DF\\ CD\\ X[ F ET} S’NgTGF ~5MH J5ZFTF CMJFYL T[ XLBJFG[ TI{ FZ YJ]\\ 50[ K[P ;FDFgI ZLT[ NZ[S lSI| F5NGF VF56[ +6 ~5M T{IFZ SZLV[ KLV[P V1 (Verb one) V[8,[ S[ D/} ~5 HJ]P\\
[ 29] V2 (Verb two) ðð ðð ET} SF/G]\\ ~5 UIMP V3 (Verb three ) ðð ðð E]TSN’ gTG\\] ~5 UI[,M VYJF UIM K[P V3 G]\\ ~5 V8[ ,[ ET} SN’ gTG\\] ~5P 56} ” JTD” FGSF/ l;JFI 5}6” ET} SF/4 56} ” ElJqISF/ VG[ SD”l65|IMUGF AWF SF/DF\\ RFS{ S; J5ZFT\\] CMJFYL4 V8[ ,[ S[ GJ SF/ ST”ZL 5|IMUGF VG[ GJ SF/ SDl” 6 5I| MUDF\\ S], !* SF/DF\\YL !Z SF/DF\\ J5ZFT\\ ]\\ CMJFYL ET} SN’ gTG]\\ ~5 XLBJ]\\ VlGJFI” AGL HFI K[P ç HM S[ VF ~5M ;C[,F K[P SFZ6 S[ H[ E}TSF/GF lS|IF5NG[ 5|tII ,FU[ K[P T[H 5t| II ET] S’NgTG[ ,FU[ K[P V[8,[ S[ ((é E}TSF/GF VG[ E]TSN’ gTGF 5|tIIM ;ZBF K[P NFP TP V1 V2 V3 Walk Walked Walked talk talked talked admire admired admired play played played ç VUFp H6FjI] T[D VS[ FNçA[ 8SF H[8,F V[8,[ S[ !))ç!5) ~5MH VlGIlDT KP[ HG[ M DB] 5F9 SZJM ;C,[ M KP[ 56} ” JTD” FGSF/GM p5IMU s!f CD6F\\ H 5]ZL YI[,L lSI| FVM DF8[ o H[D SP[ He has just gone out. T[ CD6F H ACFZ UIM KP[ It has just struck ten. CD6F H NX JFuIF K[P
[ 30] sZf E}TSF/DF\\ lS|IF X~ Y> CMI VG[ CH] RF,] CMI H[D SP[ - We have lived here for 10 year. - VD[ N; JQY” L VCL\\ ZCLV[ KLV[ sVG[ CH] ZCJ[ FG]\\ RF,] KP[ f - He has been ill since last week. K[ÿ,F V9JF0LIFYL T[ DFN\\ M KP[ sVG[ CH] DFN\\ UL RF,] K[Pf - I have worked in this firm for the last 10 years. D\\[ VF 5[-LDF\\ Kÿ[ ,F N; JQY” L SFD SI]\\ K[P sVG[ CH] RF,] KP[ f - I have worked in this firm since 1980. !(*) YL SFD SI”]\\ KP[ sVG[ CH] GMSZL RF,] K[Pf s#f ET] SF/GL 38GF 56 V;Z RF,] CMI tIFZ[ - I have finished my work sCJ[ C]\\ K]8M K]f\\ - I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now) s$f ET] SF/GL 38GF HG[ M ;DI RMSS; GYL VYJF VF%IM GYLP - I have never known him to he angry D\\[ TG[ [ SIFZ[I U:] ;[ YTF HMIM GYLP VF SF/ E]TSF/ VG[ JTD” FGSF/G]\\ lDz6 CMJFYL ;FNF E]TSF/GL ;FY[ KF5FVMDF\\4 Z[l0IM4 8LPJLP VCJ[ F,MDF4\\ 5+MDF4\\ ;\\JFNDF\\ 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ VJFZGJFZ 0MlSIF\\ SZTM ZC[ KP[
[ 31] 56} ” E}TSF/ [The past perfect] UP] 5P| o sIM CTMf VF SF/G]\\ ;\\l1%T ~5 I had gone G[ AN,[ I’d done KP[ I had gone We had gone C\\] UIM CTMP VD[ UIF CTF You had gone You had gone T]\\ UIM CTM TD[ UIF CTFP He had gone They had gone T[ UIM CTM T[VM UIF CTFP 56} ” E}TSF/G[ 36LJFZ jIFSZ6 XF:+LVM Before-past 56 SC[ KP[ V[8,[ S[ VS[ ET] SF/ 5C[,FGM ET] SF/ NFP TP ç C]\\ HIFZ[ lGXF/[ 5CMr\\ IM tIFZ[ 3\\8 JFUL UIM CTMP When I reached the school, the bell had rung. VFDF\\ E]TSF/GL A[ lS|IFVM Y> K[P V[S lGXF/[ 5CM\\RJFGL VG[ AL_ 3\\8 JFUJFGL 3\\8 JFUJFGL lSI| F 5C,[ L VYJF JC[,L Y> KP[ T[YL T[ lS|IF DF8[ 56} E” T} SF/ VG[ 5KLGL lS|IF DF8[ ;FNM E}TSF/ J5ZFI K[P HD[ S[P ç 5M,L; VFJL T[ 5C,[ F\\ RMZ GF;L UIM CTMP The thief had run away before the police came. ç 0MS8Z VFjIF T[ 5C,[ F NZNL U]HZL UIM CTMP The patient had died when the doctor came. ç TD[ VFjIF T[ 5C[,F SFD X~ Y> UI]\\ CT\\] The work had begun before you came.
[ 32] sZf HIFZ[ E}TSF/GL VS[ 38GF H[ AGL K[ T[ lAN\\ ]YL T[ VUFpGF 5|;\\U TZO GHZ GFBLV[ (Looking back on earlier action from a certain point in the past) tIFZ[ 5}6” ET} SF/G VF56[ :JFEFlJS ZLT[ JF5ZLV[ KLVP[ HF]VM DCFG ,B[ S Irving Wallace GL best seller, “The Seventh Secret” G]\\ VJTZ6 “Her hurt had remained, yet was gradually diminishing Realistically she knew her pain had not been caused by the loss of love, but by wounded pride. Soon, looking back, she had been able to see that what she had really wanted was not Jeremy and himself but conformity in marriage, a home and children of her own. The idea of breaking away from lecturing had appealed to her more than Jeremy had. She had been fond of him, of course. But when the air cleared, she had been able to see that an alliance with Jeremy would have been a disaster. After hurt had coagulated into distate, the memory of him had begun to evaporate into the happier euphoria of good riddance. Thank God, she had a fallback position. With renewed energy she had thrown herself into the completion of the Hitler biography. Increasingly by the book and her father had once more become the most important things in her life.” # (a) 5}6” ET] SF/G[ HIFZ[ VUFpGM ET] SF/ TZLS[ J6”JLV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ said Direct speech 5KLGF Indirect speech DF\\ O[ZJTF Reported speech DF\\ VFJ,[ M ;FNM E]TSF/ VF5M VF5 56} ” E]TSF/ AG[ K[P HD[ S[ o - He said, “I saw you.”
[ 33] - He said that he had seen me. (b) J/L Sequence of tenses GF lGID DH] A D]bI JFSIDF\\ ET] SF/ CMI TM p5JFSIGF JT”DFGSF/ ET] SF/DF\\ O[ZJJF 50[ K[P V[ lGID D]HA 5}6” JTD” FG 56 56} ” ET} SF/DF\\ 5lZ6D[ K[P H[D S[P - He said, “ I have done my work.” - He said that he had done his work. 4. (a) Perfect conditional SF/DF (Type-III) If-clause DF\\ 56} ” ET] SF/ J5ZFI KP[ NFP TP If I had read, ! would have passed HM D[\\ JFrI\\] CMT TM C]\\ 5F; YIM CMTP V,AT VCL\\ 56] ” E]TSF/GM VY” ïJF\\rI] CT]\\ð ZCT[ M GYL 56 ïJFr\\ I\\] CMTð TD[ YFI KP[ T[H ZLT[ Subjunctive s;\\XIFYf” DF\\ I wish I had not gone there. stIF\\ G UIM CMT TM ;F~\\ CTP\\] f If only he had informed me about this. sT6[ [ H6FjI\\] CMT TM ;F~\\ CTf\\] He behaves as if he had been a millionare. s,B5lT CMI T[D JT”[ KP[ f
[ 34] [The Past Comtinuous and the future continuous] RF,] ET} SF/ VG[ RF,] ElJqISF/ sU]HZFTL 5t| IIM o TM4 CTMf VG[ sU]HZFTL 5|tIIM o TM4 CXf[ ç VF AG\\ [ SF/ TN®G ;C,[ F KP[ E}TSF/DF\\ SM> lSI| F ðRF,] CTLð S[ ElJqIDF\\ SM> lS|IF RF,] CX[ T[ NXF”JJF VF SF/ J5ZFI KP[ ç J/L ïTM CTMð VG[ ïTM CX[ð VF 5|tIIM YL T[ :5q8 ZLT[ 5FZBL XSFI KP[ ~5M I was going We were going I shall be going We shall be going C] HTM CTM VD[ HTF CTF C]\\ HTM CM>X VD[ HTF CX]\\ You were going You were going You will be going You will be going He was going They were going He will be going They will be going When I came, he was reading. When I come, he will be reading. C]\\ VFjIM tIFZ[ T[ JF\\RTM CTMP C]\\ VFJLX tIFZ[ T[ JF\\RTM CXP[ Yesterday at six o’clock. I was playing I shall be playing volleyball till six tomorrow Volleyball. C]\\ VFJTLSF,[ K JFuIF ;W] L JM,LAM, ZDTM CM>X C]\\ U> SF,[ K JFU[ JM,LAM, ZDTM CTMP Birds are singing now. Yesterday at this Birds are singing now. Tomorrow at this Time, they were singing. time, they will be singing. 51LVM VtIFZ[ UFI KP[ U> SF,[ VFH 51LVM VtIFZ[ UFI K[P VFJTL SF,[ VFH ;DI[ ;DI[ T[VM UFTF\\ CTFP TV[ M UFTF CXP[ +6I[ RF,] SF/M V[SH JFSIDF\\ D}SLV[ TM o Birds are singing now. They were singing yesterday at this time. They will be singing tomorrow at this time. 51LVM VtIFZ[ UFI K[P sRFPJPf TV[ M U> SF,[ VFH ;DI[ UFTF CTFP sRFPE}f VG[ sSNFRf VFJTL SF,[ 56 VFH ;DI[ UFTF CX[ sRFP EPf 56} ” ElJqISF/ [The Future Perfect] I shall have gone We shall have gone.
[ 35] C\\] UIM CM>X VD[ UIF CX]\\ You will have gone You will have gone T]\\ UIM CM>X TD[ UIF CXMP He will have gone They will have gone T[ UIM CX[P TV[ M UIF CXP[ o ElJqIDF\\ SM> lS|IF 5Z} L Y> U> CX[ T[ NXFJ” JF VF SF/ J5ZFI KP[ VF SF/DF\\ ;DI lGN[X\" H~ZL K[P SIFZ[ m ç C]\\ VFJLX tIFZ[ T6[ [ 5]:TS JF\\RL ,LW]\\ CX[P When I come, he will have read the book. ç VD[ VFJL 5CM\\RLX]\\ T[ 5C,[ F T[ SFD SZL ZCX[ P[ He will have finished the work before we arrive. o ;FDFgI ZLT[ VF SF/ s;]WLDF\\f stIF\\ ;W] LDFf\\ > XaNMYL VlEjIST YFI KP[ - By the end of the summer he will have taughtus to speak English. < By next June he will have written his next novel. < The meeting will have been finished, by the time we get there. < It we don’t get there before seven they will have eaten and drunk everything. o The future of assumption : C\\] WF~ K\\í] DFG\\] KP\\] V[ VY”DF\\ 56 VF56[ VF SF/GM BF; SZLG[ EFQ64 5J| RG > DF\\ p5IMU SZLV[ KLV[P H[D Sç[ You will have noticed from my speech how desperate our economic condition is : VF56F NX[ GL VFlYS” l:YlT S8[ ,L BZFA KP[ T[ VF5 ;CV] [ DFZF 5|JRGDFY\\ L HMI] CXP[
[ 36] ;FNM ElJqISF/ [The Future Tense] VF SF/ TNG® ;C[,M KP[ ElJqIDF\\ SM> lSI| F YX[ T[ NXF”JJF VF SF/ J5ZFI KP[ V8[ ,[ S[ ï>Xð JF/F lS|IF5NGF ~5M VF SF/DF\\ J5ZFI K[P H[D S[ BF>X4 5LX ZDLX4 H>X4] ,BLX > s VF SF/ lJQ[ lJ:T’T RRF” GF lJEFUDF\\ SZL K[Pf wIFGDF\\ V[8,F 5}ZT]\\ ZFBJFG]\\ S[ G[ AN,[ VG[ G[ AN,[ G J5ZFI HFI GCL TM lS|IF5N 5Z EFZ VFJL HFI K[P NFP TP C\\] H>X HP TFZ[ HJ\\] H 50XP[ HM S[ VDl[ ZSG >u\\ ,LXDF\\ CJ[ GM p5IMU 5C,[ F 5~] QDF\\ 56 jIF5S ZLT[ YFI K[ VG[ 3;FT]\\ HFI KP[ RF,] 56} ” SF/M BZB[ Z UH] ZFTLDF\\ VFJF RF,] 5}6” SF/M GYLP J/L V\\U[®_| DF\\ 56 VF SF/M VMKF J5ZFI KP[ SFZ6 S[ VF SF/M OST ;FTtI ATFJJFH J5ZFI KP[ J/L RF,] 56} ” JTD” FG G[ AN,[ TD[ DM8[ EFU[ 5}6” JTD” FG JF5ZL XSM KMP J/L RF,] 5}6” E]TSF/ G[ AN,[ TD[ DM8[ EFU[ 5}6” E]TSF/ JF5ZL XSM KMP J/L RF,] 56} ” ElJqISF/ G[ AN,[ TD[ DM8[ EFU[ 5}6” ElJqISF/ JF5ZL XSM KMP NFP TP C]\\ K[(,F NX JQ”YL HF/LIFDF\\ ZCL ZCIM K]P\\ C\\] K[(,F NX JQ”YL HF/LIFDF\\ ZCIM K]P\\ s5}P JPf I have lived in Jaliya for the last 10 years. V[ JFSI JF5ZL XSM VG[ p5ZGF A[ JFSIMDF\\ BF; TOFJT 56 ZC[TM GYLP sGLR[GF WMZ6GF VYJF X~VFTGF lJnFYL”VM VF SF/G]\\ OST lJCU\\ FJ,MSG SZ[ TM 56 RF,[4 8}SDF\\ VF SF/YL UEZFJFGL H~Z GYLPf modal auxiliaries I shall go We shall go. You will go. You will go. He will go They will go. shall will will Shall I will go You shall go, will shall I have been living in Jaliya for the last 10 years.
[ 37] RF,] 56} ” JTD” FGSF/ [The Perfect Continuous] I have been going We have been going sC\\] H> ZCIM K]\\f You have been going You have been going He has been going They have been going. SM> lS|IF E]TSF/DF\\ X~ Y> CMI VG[ ;TT CH] RF,] CMI TJ[ ]\\ ;FTtI ATFJJF V\\U_[| DF\\ ;FNF JT”DFG S[ RF,] JT”DFG G JF5ZTF VF SF/ J5ZFI KP[ NFPTP C]\\ K[(,F N; JQY” L VU\\ [_| XLBJL ZCIM K]\\ sVG[ CH] XLBJ]\\ K\\f] VYJF C\\] !(&) YL VU\\ |_[ XLBJL ZCIM K]\\ sVG[ CH] XLBJ]\\ K]\\f I have been teaching English for the last 10 years. VYJF I have been teaching English since 1970. T[ A[ JZ;YL V\\U_|[ XLBL ZCIM KP[ He has been studying English for 2 years. VFGM VY” VD[ YFI S[ T[ A[ JZ; XLbIM K[ VG[ CH] XLBL ZCIM KP[ For 2 years he has studied English and he is still studying VFDF ;FTtI (continuity) 5Z EFZ K[ wIFG ZFBM S[ RF,] JT”DFGSF/DF\\ ;DI lGNX\"[ H~ZL KP[ GMW o< RF,] 5}6” SF/GM SD”l6 5I| MU YTM GYLP
[ 38]
[ 39] RF,] 5}6” JTD” FGSF/ [The Perfect Continuous] RF,] 56} ” JT”DFGSF/DF\\ SM> ALHM E]TSF/ E/[ tIFZ[ RF,] 5}6” ET] SF/ AG[ K[P NFPTP D[\\ 5F\\R JFU[ RM50L JFR\\ JL X~ SZLP I began to read this book at 5 O’clock. TD[ GJ JFU[ VFjIF tIFZ[ 56 C]\\ RM50L JF\\RTM CTMP You came at 0 O’clock and I was still reading it, TM VFD SCL XSFI o When you came at 9 O’clock. I had been reading this book since 5 O’clock. VYJF I had been reading this book for 4 hours when you came at 9 O’clock. VF RF,] 5}6E” T} SF/ YIMP VF SF/DF\\ ;DIlGN\"[X H~ZL K[P 8}\\SDF\\ SM> A[ lSI| F E]TSF/DF\\ Y> CMI VG[ TD[ FY\\ L V[S lSI| F 5C[,L X~ Y> CMI VG[ AL_ lSI| F Y> tIFZ[ 56 RF,] CMI TM T[ lSI| F NXF”JJF RF,] 5}6” ET} SF/ J5ZFI K[P RF,] 5}6” ElJqISF/ [Future Perfect Continuous] HM SM> A[ lS|IF CJ[ 5KL YJFGL CMI VG[ TD[ F\\GL V[S lS|IF X~ Y>G[ AL_ lS|IF YTF ;W] L RF,] ZC[ TM T[ lSI| F NXF”JJF RF,] 56} ” ElJqISF/ J5ZFI K[P NFP TP TD[ A[ JFU[ SFU/ ,BJFG]\\ X~ SIP”] VtIFZ[ RFZ JFuIF K[P HM TD[ K JFuIF ;]WL 5+ ,BJFG]\\ RF,] ZFBM TM K JFuIF ;]WLDF\\ TD[ RFZ S,FS SFU/M ,bIF SIF” CX[P By six O’clock you will have been writing letters for four hours. As he started work in July, by December he will have been working for six months T6[ [ H,] F>DF\\ SFD X~ SI]”P TM 0L;d[ AZGF V\\T ;W] LDF\\ T[ K DF; ;W] L SFD SZL ZCIM CXP[ VF SF/ ElJqIDF\\ VDS] ;DI ;]WL SFD SZL ZCIM CX[ TJ[ F ;FTtI 5Z EFZ VF5[ KP[ sRF,] 5]6” ElJqISF/GF ~5Mf sC\\] H> ZCIM CM>Xf
[ 40] VF SF/DF\\ A[ ;DIlGNX”[ H~ZL K[P VF SF/GM EFuIH[ p5IMU YFI KP[ RF,] 5]6” SF/M VMKF J5ZFI K[P SFZ6 S[ VF SF/G[ AN,[ TD[ 36[ 9[SF6[ 5]6” SF/M JF5ZL XSM KMP VG[ J/L T[ ;FTtI ATFJJF SJF”RT® H J5ZFTF SF/M KP[ SF/GF TOFJTM HN] F HN] F SF/GM TOFJT ;DHJFYL SF/ p5ZGL 5S0 DHA]T AG[ K[ T[ CT[ ]YL SF/GF TOFJT GLR[ VF%IF KP[ ;FNM JTD” FG SF/ RF,] JTD” FGSF/ !P ZMHGL lSI| F ATFJ[ K[P T[DF\\ CDX[ F\\ !P VtIFZGL H RF,] lSI| F ATFJ[ K[P now GM (always) GM EFJ KP[ NFPTP C]\\ ZMH VU\\ |_[ EFJ KP[ 5F9 JF\\R] K]\\ C\\] VtIFZ[ +LHM 5F9 JF\\R] K]\\P I read English lessons everyday. I am reading the third lesson now. ZP ;CFISFZS lSI| F5N to be G\\] ~5 KP[ H[ ZP ;CFISFZS to be GF ~5M is are ,FU[ KP[ OST 5|zFY<\" GSFZDF\\ H ,FU[ KP[ lJWFG lS|IF5NG[ ing 5t| II ,FU[ KP[ JFSIDF\\ GCLP\\ I am going. Am I going? I go. Do I go? I do not go. I am not going. #P 5R\\ [lg2IGF XaNM4 ,FU6LGF XaNM OST #P 5\\R[lg2IGF XaNM RFP JP DF\\ J5ZFTF GYL ;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\\ H J5ZFI K[P H[JF Sç[ I am hearing G[ AN,[ I hear H AM,FI KP[ see, her, smeil, hope, think. $P ElJqISF/GF VYD” F\\ 56 J5ZFI KP[ $P T[ H 5|DF6[ The school is closing on the 15th Oct. sAW\\ YJFGL K[Pf The school closes on the 15th October XF/F 5\\NZDL VMS8MAZ[ A\\W YXP[ 5P 5P A[ ElJqISF/GF ;FY[ p5IMUDF\\ if ;FYG[ M ElJqISF/ ;FNF JTD” FGSF/DF\\ 5lZ6D[ KP[ It he comes, I shall meet him. HM T[ VFJX[ TM C]\\ TG[ [ D/LXP
[ 41] ;FNM E}TSF/ 5}6” ET} SF/ E}TSF/GL V[S JBTGL SM> RMSS; 38GF E]TSF/GL A[ 38GFVMDF\\ H[ 38GF JC[,L V8[ ,[S[ 5C[,L Y > CMI T[G[ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P DF8[ J5ZFI K[P The thief had run away before the police I saw 3 pictuer yesterday. D\\[ U> SF,[ 5LSRZ HMI]\\ came. 5M,L; VFJL T[ 5C,[ F RMZ GF;L UIM CTMP I left home when the telegram arrived By 2 O’clock, I had finished my work. TFZ VFjIM tIFZ[ C]\\ 3Z[YL GLS?IM CTMP sA\\G[ lSI| FVM ,UEU ;FY[ Y> KP[ VYJF G_JM A[ JFuIF ;]WLDF\\ D\\[ DF~ SFD 5]~ SZL ,LW] ;DI UF/M CM> XS[Pf CTP\\] s38GF ,UEU ;FYç[ ;FY[ AGL KP[ f I had left home when the telegram arrived TFZ VFjIM T[ 5C[,F C]\\ 3[ZYL GLS/L UIM CTMP s38GF VFU/ 5FK/ KP[ f ;FNM E}TSF/ 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ V[S JBTGL E}TSF/GL RMSS; 38GF ATFJ[ ET} SF/GL 38GF 56 JTD” FG ;FY[ ;\\Sl,T KP[ ;A\\ \\WJF/L4 V;ZJF/LP I saw a picture yesterday. I Have seen the picture D\\[ U>SF,[ 5LSRZ HMI] D\\[ 5LSRZ HMI]\\ K[P sCJ[ HMJFGL H~Z GYLf The teacher tried several methods of The teacher has tried several methods of teaching English. teaching English. lX1S[ V\\U_|[ XLBJFGL S[8,LI 5wWlTVM lX1S[ VU\\ |[_ lXBJJFGL S[8,LS 5wWlT VHDFJL KP[ VHDFJLP Ol,TFY” o CH] VHDFJJFG]\\ RF,] K[P sOl,TFY” o CJ[ JWFZ[ VHDFJJL GYLP Z ;DIG]\\ RMSS;56]\\ CMT\\] GYLP Z ;DIG]\\ RMSS; 56] CMI KP[ He has been to Bombay since. January He went to Bombay last year. ð80.T[ HFgI]VFZL *) YL D]\\A>DF\\ KP[ T[ UIF JQ[” D]A\\ > UIM 5}P JP T[ UIM K[P # ;FNM ET} SF/ ç T[ UIMP He went. ïK[ð4 ïK]ð KL V,U 50[ KP[ p5Z HMIF DH] A 5]6” JTD” FGSF/DF\\4 E]TSF/GL AGL UI,[ L 38GFG]\\ DCtJ UF6{ K[P VtIFZGF V[8,[ S[ JT”DFGGF ;DI 5Z T[GL V;Z DCtJGL KP[ V[ SFZ6[ E}TSF/GM RMSS; ;DI HJ[ M S[ (Yesterday, 2 days, ago, in 1950) SIFZ[I 56} ” JT”DFGDF\\ J5ZFTM GYLP T[ ;FNF E}TSF/DF\\ H J5ZFI K[P Time expressions are not essential in present perfect. Those used with simple present perfect indicate duration sUF/Mf or unspecified sVRMSS;f past time. Specific past times are never sfated in present perfect.
[ 42] 56} ” JTD” FG RF,] 5}6” JTD” FGSF/ 5G] ZFJlT”T 5}6” lSI| F NXFJ” [ KP[ ;TT RF,] ZC,[ L 38GF NXF”J[ KP[ (repreated completed activity) (uninterrupted activity) It has rained every day this week. It has been raining all morning. VF V9JFl0I[ ZMH JZ;FN 50IM KP[ ;JFZYL ;TT JZ;FN 50L ZCIM KP[ I have lived in Babapur for the last 10 I have been living in Babapur since years. 1970!(&) YL AFAF5Z] DF\\ ZCL ZCIM K]\\ sCH] K[(,F !) JQY” L AFAF5Z] DF\\ ZCIM K]P sCH] RF,] K[Pf VCL\\ ;FTtI 5Z EFZ KP[ RF,] K[Pf sVCL\\ 5]GZFJlT”T 56} ” lS|IF 5Z EFZ KP[ f There is really not a great deal of difference in meaning between these 2 tenses. The continuous present sRFP 5}P JPf emphasizes duration, whereas the present perfect focuses on repetition and/or completion. Many of the statements could be expressed in either tense without anyone noticing the difference sVFJM H TOFJT 5}6” E}TSF/ VG[ RF,] 5}6” E}TSF/ JrR[ KP[ f SDl” 6 5I| MU VU\\ _[| GF SD”l6 5|IMU VG[ UH] ZFTLGF SDl” 6 5I| MUDF\\ VS[ 5FIFGM TOFJT ;DHJF HJ[ M K[P UH] ZFTLDF\\ ;SDS” lS|IF5NJF/F JFSIMGM SDl” 6 5I| MU YFI K[P HD[ Sç[ C\\] O/ BFp\\ K]\\P DFZF J0[ O/ BJFI KP[ 56 ;FY[ ;FY[ ç VSD”S lS|IF5NGM 56 SD”l6 5|IMU HJ[ M H4 EFJ[ 5|IMU YFI K[P HD[ Sç[ C\\] 50]\\ KP\\] DFZFYL 50FI KP[ BZ[BZ VF SDl” 6 5I| MU GYL 56 ;\\:S’TGM EFJ[ 5I| MU K[P 56 VU\\ |[_DF\\ TM OST ;SDS” lSI| F5NGM H SDl” 6 5I| MU YFI K[P VSD”S lS|IF5NGM SNFl5 GCLP lSI| F5N ;SD”S K[ S[ VSD”S K[ T[ SD[ HF6J]\\ m X]\\ 5K] JFYLP C]\\ BFp\\ K\\P] X]\\ BFp K]\\ O/ BFp K]\\ DF8[ ïBFJð] V[ ;SD”S lS|IF5N KP[ 56 C\\] 50] K]\\P X]\\ 50]\\ KP]\\ HJFA GYL DF8[ ï50J]\\ð V[ VSDS” lS|IF5N K[P DF8[ V\\U[|_DF\\ I fall from a tree. C\\] hF0 5ZYL 50]\\ K]\\ VFJF JFSIMGM SD”l6 5I| MU G YFIP
[ 43] VU\\ _[| XLBJF DF8[ SD”l6 5I| MU H~ZL GCL\\ A(S[ VlGJFI” KP[ o lGIDM o !P STF” SD” YFI KP[ ZP SD” STF” YFI K[P #P lS|IF5NG]\\ E}TS’NgTG]\\ ~5 D}SFI KP[ $P to be GF T[ H SF/G]\\ ~5 ET} SN’ gT VFU/ DS] FI K[P T[ GLR[GL VFSl’ T DH] A NXFJ” L XSFIP wIFG ZFBM S[ H[D 56} ”SF/MDF\\ lS|IF5NG]\\ ET} SN’ gTG]\\ H ~5 J5ZFI KP[ TD[ SD”l6 5I| MUDF\\ 56 OST ET} S’NgTG]\\ H ~5 J5ZFI K[P VF ZLT[ lS|I\\ F5N GF ET} S’NgTGF\\ ~5M XLBJF VtI\\T H~ZL KP[ lSI| F5NMGF E}TSN’ gT SJ[ L ZLT[ AG[ K[m lSI| F5NGF ET} SF/GL DFOS H 5|tII ,UF0LG[ NFP TP D/} ~5 E}TSF/ E}TSN’ gT wash washed washed call called called play played played STF” lSI| F5N SD” STF” to be GE]\\ T} SD” TH[ SF/G]\\ SN’ gT ~5
[ 44] DM8F EFUGF s((éf ~5M VFJF 5|SFZGF K[P KTF\\ S8[ ,FS ~5M s;MçNM-;M ~5Mf VlGIlDT 56 K[P H[JF S[ ç D}/ ~5 E]TSF/ ET] S’NgT go went gone break broke broken give gave given take took taken do did done drive drove driven VFJF ~5MGL IFNL K[(,F 5’q9 5Z VFJL KP[ VFJF ~5M ;Z/TFYL 5FSF SZL XSFI K[P HM ET] SF/GF ~5M VG[ ET] SN’ gTGF ~5M ;ZBF KP[ TM 56} ”SF/ VG[ SD”l6 5|IMUGF E]T SN’ gTGF ~5M VG[ ET] SF/GF ;ZBF ~5MGM TOFJT SD[ ;D_ XSFI m HJFA V[ K[ S[ç !P 5}6”SF/DF\\ have GF ;CFIS lS|IF5NGF p5IMUYL T[ SF/ H]NM 50L HFI KP[ ZP SDl” 6 5|IMUDF\\ E]T S’NgT 5C[,F to be GF ~5M is, was, is being, was being, besn JUZ[ [ :5q8 ZLT[ H]NF 50L HFI KP[ #P JWFZ[ 5|S[ 8L;YL SD”6L 5|IMU XLBTL JBT[ GLRG[ L lJElSTVM p5IMUL Y> 50[ K[P STF” lJElST SD” lJElST C\\] I VD[ We DG[ Me VDG[ Us T\\] You TD[ You TG[ You TDG[ You T[ He TV[ M They TG[ [ Him T[VMG[ Them T6[ L She T[6LG[ Her T[ It TG[ [ It GM\\W o SDl” 6 5|IMUDF\\ I G\\] me, we G]\\ us, he G]\\ him, she G]\\ her YFI K[P 8}\\SDF\\ VU\\ _|[ DF\\ VF8,] HFcIF 5KL4 YM0LS 5|[S8L; 5KL4 SD”l6 5I| MU VtI\\T ;C,[ M AGL HFI K[P ST”ZL 5I| MU
[ 45] ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ 1 I write a letter C]\\ 5+ ,B]\\ K\\]P ;FNM E]TSF/ D[\\ 5+ ,Bimp ;FNM ElJqI 2 I Wrote a letter C\\] 5+ ,BLXP RF,] JT”DFG C]\\ sVtIFZf[ 5+ ,B]\\ K\\] RF,] E}TSF/ 3 I shall write a letter C]\\ 5+ ,BTM CTMP RF,] ElJqI C]\\ 5+ ,BTM CM>XP 56} ” JTD” FG 4 I am writing a letter D\\[ 5+ ,bIM KP[ 5}6” ET} SF/ D[\\ 5+ ,bIM CTMP 5}6” ElJqI 5 I was writing a letter D\\[ 5+ ,bIM CX[P RF,] 56} ” JTD” FG C]\\ 5+ ,BL ZCIM K]\\P RF,] 56} ” E]TSF/ 6 I shall be writing a letter C]\\ 5+ ,BL ZCIM CTMP RF,] 5}6” ElJqI C\\] 5+ ,BL ZCIM CM>XP 7 I have written a letter 8 I had written a letter 9 I shall have written a letter 10 I have been writing a letter 11 I had been writing a letter 12 I shall have been writing a letter SD”l6 5|IMU To be 1 A letter is written by me. 5+ DFZFYL ,BFI KP[
[ 46] Is was are , were 2 A letter was written by me to be 5+ DFZFYL ,BFIMP is being Was being 3 A letter will be written by me are being 5+ DFZFYL ,BFX[P were being been 4 A letter is being written by me 5+ sVtIFZf[ DFZFYL ,BFI KP[ 5 A letter was being written by me. 5+ DFZFYL ,BFTM CTMP 6 GYL YT]\\ 7 A letter has been written by me 5+ DFZFYL ,BFIM K[P 8 A letter had been written by me 5+ DFZFYL ,BFIM CTMP 9 A letter will have been written by me 5+ DFZFYL ,BFIM CXP[ 10 GYL YT]\\ 11 GYL YT]\\ 12 GYL YT]\\ GMW\\ o VF SM9F GL JFZ\\JFZ 5|[S8L; SZJFYL SDl” 6 5I| MU ;Z/ Y> HX[P GPç# G]\\ ~5 ;F{YL VUtIG]\\ KP[ SFZ6S[ AWF GF ~5M GP\\ # 5|DF6[ H YFI K[P STZ” L 5|IMU I Shall write a lette C]\\ 5+ ,BLX I should write a letter DFZ[ 5+ ,BJM HM>V[ Shall Should
[ 47] Will I will write a letter C]\\ 5+ ,BLXP Would C]\\ 5+ ,B]\\ K]\\ Can I would write a letter C]\\ 5+ ,BL XS] K]\\ Could C] 5+ ,BL XSIM May I can write a letter C]\\ 5+ SNFR ,B]\\ Might C]\\ 5+ SNFR ,B]\\ Must I could write a letter DFZ[ 5+ ,BJM H HM>V[ Ought to DFZ[ 5+ ,BJM HM>V[ Infinitive I may write a letter C]\\ >rK] K] S[ T] 5+ ,B be+infinitive C]\\ 5+ ,BJFGM K]\\ have+infinitive I might write a letter T6[ [ 5+ ,BJFGM K[P I must write a letter I ought to write a letter I want you to write a letter I am to write a letter He has to write a letter Shall A letter will be written by me. Should 5+ DFZFYL ,BFXP[ Will A letter should be written by me Would DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJM HM>VP[ A letter will be written by me 5+ DFZFYL ,BFXP[ A letter would be written by me
Can [ 48] Could May DFZFYL 5+ ,BFIP Might A letter can be written by me. Must DFZFYL 5+ ,BL XSFI Ought to A letter could be written by me. Infinitive DFZFYL 5+ ,BL XSFIM Is to A letter may be written by me has to DFZFYL 5+ SNFR ,BFIP A letter might be written by me DFZFYL 5+ SNFR ,BFIP A letter must be written by me DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJM H HM>V[P A letter ought to be written by me DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJM HM>V[P I want a letter to be written by you C\\] >rK] K] S[ TDFZFYL 5+ ,BFI A letter is to be written by me DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJFGM KP[ A letter has to be written by me T[GF J0[ 5+ ,BFJFGM KP[ ;FNM JT”DFGSF/ Who, writes a letter? ;FNM ET] SF/ Who wrote a letter ? ;FNM ElJqI Who will write a letter ? RF,] JT”DFG Who is writing a letter ? RF,] ET} SF/ Who was writing a letter ? RF,] ElJqI Who will be writing a letter ?
56} ” JTD” FG [ 49] 5}6” E}TSF/ Who has written a letter ? 5}6” ElJqI Who had written a letter ? Who will have written a letter ? ;FNM JTD” FGSF/ ALHF 5|SFZGF 5`| GFY” JFSIM ;FNM E}TSF/ What do you write ? ;FNM ElJqISF/ How did you write a letter ? RF,] JTD” FGSF/ Will you write a letter ? RF,] E}TSF/ When are you writing a letter ? 56} ” JTD” FGSF/ Which letter were you writing ? What have you written ? GMW\\ o p5ZGF JFSIMGM VeIF; SZTF H6FX[ S[ 5|`GFY” JFSIMGM SDl” 6 5I| MU HMS[ p5ZYL V858M VG[ U}\\RJ6EIF[” ,FU[ K[P 56 JF:TJDF\\ lJWFG JFSIM H[JM H K[P ;FNF JT”DFGDF\\ YT\\] CT]\\ T[GF AN,[ CJ[ G[ K]8\\ ] 5F0LG[ JrR[ XaN DS} FIM KP[ V[8,[ 5C,[ F HM SF/ SIM K[ T[ GSSL SZL VFU/ JWJFDF\\ VFJ[ TM SD”l6 5|IMU ;C[,M AG[ KP[
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