Unarmed Security Guard

Match the identification marks, if required Any other special point to check as per policy and instructions.Points to remember while checking vehicle/gate pass:- Check if vehicle register number matches with the number given on card/ sticker Check if name of the owner on the card matches Check validity/ expiry date on the card Check signature/ stamp of the issuing authority Check the logo given on card/ sticker Any other special point to check as per policy and instructions.Reporting: in case some discrepancy is noticedby the security guard, the matter be reported to thesupervisor or security officer and the visitor shouldbe asked to wait. 47

DOCUMENTS FOR MATERIAL MOVEMENTFollowing documents/ registers are generally maintained at the gate to control and monitorthe movement of material from IN/OUT gate:- Incoming Material register Outgoing Material register Returnable Material IN/OUT registerIn addition to the above, organization may have additional registers as per their policy?Points to remember while checking movement of Material Check date & time mentioned on the material gate pass Check Same material and quantity as mentioned in the gate pass is being brought in or taken out. Check If any other items are being brought in or taken out along with the authorized ma- terials Check for stamp/ signature of the organization/ issuing authority. Check any alternation/ forging done in the gate pass Any other aspects, as per policy for SOP In case of doubt, do not hesitate in detaining the vehicle/ material and reporting to super- visor or security officer. POSTAL MAIL, COURIERS AND SUSPICIOUS PACKAGESEvery organization has a “Receipt & Dispatch Section” to deal with daily receipt, sort and dis-patch of mail,, couriers, documents, parcels, etcHowever, due to access control operations at most of the organizations, the postman, privatecourier and other delivery boys have their access till the security gate only. During off work-ing hours, normally mails, packets and parcels are received at the security gate. The securitythen delivers these to the respective departments/ offices during working hours.The procedure of receiving mails, packets and parcels depends on organization’s policy.Process: the follow ing process should be follow ed:- Receive – mails, packets and parcels from postman/ courier and give receipt Record – details of mails, packets and parcels received in the mail and courier register Distribute – mails, packets and parcels to the departments/ offices as required and take receipt on register Keep record all transactions and show it to the security office Report – to security officer about any suspected parcel being delivered; detain courier and call police 48

ACTION ON RECEIVING SUSPICIOUS MAILS AND PACKAGESThere have been instances in the recent past, wherein anti-social elements and terroristshave sent bombs hidden in a packet/ parcel, thus causing casualty/ injuryIt is important for a security guard to be cautious and careful, while accepting the mails,packets and parcels etc from anyoneA security guard should be cautious in noticing the following on the mails, packets and par-cels:- Mail, courier, or parcel is unusually heavy Feel of an unusual item inside Oil stains apparent on the cover, seemingly due to some explosive substance inside Some wires seen protruding outside Packet seems to have been opened before delivery and sealed. Some unfamiliarly odour/ smell from mails, packets and parcels.Actions on observing a Suspicious Package Do not receive from the delivery man Detain the deliveryman and inform the superior Segregate the suspicious letter/ parcel and do not let others touch / handle it Note down the names of all guards/ persons who have touched the suspicious mail/ couri- er/ parcel and ask them to wash their hands with soap and sufficient water. Basics principles; don’t accept, segregate and report to Superior. Do not take packages from the delivery man: 49

ACCESS CONTROL OPERATION AND EQUIPMENTIntroductionAccess control is the defined as restriction or denial of access to a place or other resource in-volving physical as well as information security.Access controls give organization the ability to monitor, restrict, exercise control, and protectresource availability, integrity and confidentiality within ACCESS CONTROL OPERATIONTypes of access control: Access control operations are carried out through physicaland electronic methods.Physical Access ControlPhysical access control can be achieved by the intervention of a human such as securityguard, security staff, a receptionist etc and using mechanical means such as locks and keys.In physical access control a person or vehicle is stopped by a security guard at the accesspoint of premises, checked and either let in or turned away. Disadvantages of physical accesscontrol process are following. A slow process Prone to human error Difficult to handle large volume of traffic.Electronic Access ControlElectronic access control process involves theuse of computers, electronic sensors and bio-metrics devices to improve the process.It allows access to a person or vehicle based onthe verification of credentials stored in the database of the system.The system also monitors access control points or doors and sounds alarm in case of forcedentry or tailgating attempt detected.Electronic access control equipment at a door: 50

PERSONNEL ACCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTTurnstilesA turnstile is a form of gate which is designedto allow only one person at a time. A turnstilegenerally consists of three metal arms called astripod of specified design.It is very useful to enforce one-way-traffic ofpeople. It allows passage only to people whohave an entry card, a token, or insert a coin(as in Metro Trains). Hence turnstiles can beused for creating paid access in a premises.Types of TurnstileWaist-high type: this type of turnstile is inbuiltin a steel frame for the ease of erection and in-stallation. Its height is restricted to the waistlevel, hence the name.Full-height Turnstile; the full-height turnstileis a bigger version of the turnstile. It is generallyseven feet high and has a revolving door, whicheliminates the possibility of anyone jumping overthe turnstile. These are installed in high securityarea. 51

Flap Barrier and Optical types:Flap barrier turnstiles are an alternative to thetraditional ‘arm’- style turnstile wherein insteadof tripod arms; flaps made of the same metal areused. These have the same functioning as that oftripod turnstiles.Uses of TurnstileThese days turnstiles are extensively used at a number of locations such as, metro railwaysstations, airport, time attendance offices, in installations/ factories, malls, amusement parks,stadiums, museums, cafeterias, temporary exists. Etc BIOMETRICSBiometrics is the product of science and technology that measures and analyses biological da-ta of human body such as fingerprints, finger vein recognition, facial patterns, eye retinas andirises, hand measurements, voice patterns, for identification and authentication purpose.The use of biometrics is being extensively used in India for the UID (Unique Identification)Project, also known as AADHAR)Biometrics is thus a significant technological development which aids the security agencies inidentifying, monitoring and recording.Fingerprint TechnologyEvery individual has a different set of fingerprints which do not match with fingerprints of anyother individual in the world; a fact that is scientifically proved. Even identical twins do notshare the same set of fingerprintsFinger Vein RecognitionIt is a form of biometric authentication that incorpo-rates pattern-recognition techniques based on imagesof human finger vein pattern beneath the skin’s sur-face.Finger Vein technology is currently in use for a widevariety of applications, including attendance, creditcard authentication, computer and network authenti-cation end point security, automobile security etc. 52

Facial Recognition SystemA Facial Recognition system is a computer appli-cation for automatically identifying or verifying aperson from a digital image or video frame froma video source. One of the ways to do this is bycomparing selected facial features from the im-age and a facial database.Facial Recognition system records facial featuresbased on analyses of the relative position, size, and / or shape of the eyes, nose, cheek-bones, and jaw. It is typically used in security systems of high security areas. 53

Iris RecognitionOne must have seen Iris machines while making Aadharcards. Iris Recognition is a biometric identification systemthat uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques onvideo images of the irises of an individual’s eyes.No two irises are alike. Each is unique in its own way, ex-hibiting a distinctive pattern.Hand GeometryHand Geometry is a biometric that identifies users by theshape of their hands. Hand Geometry readers measure auser’s hand along many dimensions and compare thosemeasurements to measurement stored in a file.Hand Geometry is very reliable when combined with otherforms of identification, such as identification cards or per-sonal identification numbers.Voice RecognitionVoice Recognition is a technique developed to find the identity fo ‘who is speaking, ratherthan what they are saying.By recognizing the speaker it can simplify the task of translating speech in system that can beused to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process.Palm vein Recognition SystemPalm vein technology is the world’s latest, mostadvance and fastest biometric authenticationsystem. The Palm vein technology sensor calledas Palm Secure works by capturing a person’svein pattern image radiating it with near-infrared rays.This small sensor has the capacity to search onerecord out of 1,000,000 records in 2 secondsand verify or identify an individual. Every person has a unique pattern of palm veins. Even ifthey are twins they have different patterns of palm veins. One of the greater advantages ofpalm vein structure is that it does not undergo any change during the life cycle of a person. 54

A number of biometric based machines have been made indigenously using this Palm Securetechnology, which is either computer dependent or computer independent.Potential ApplicationsThis technology is being used for ATMs and banking transactions, personal computer or anauthorization system for front doors, schools, hospital-wards, storage areas, and high securi-ty areas in airports, and even facilitating library lending, doing away with the age-old librarycard system.VEHICLE ACCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTBoom BarriersA boom barrier is a movable pole or a bar pivoted toallow the boom to stop vehicular access through acontrolled point. When operated the tip of a boomgate rises in a vertical arc to a near vertical position.Boom gates are often counterweighted, for the poleto tip easily. Boom gates are often paired either end to end, or offset appropriately to blocktraffic in both directions.These days almost all boom barriers are “automatically controlled” to drop to stop the trafficin the event of accidents, clean-up or road closures etc; without the need to dispatch anyroad worker or law security guards, to use a vehicle to block the way.Spikes – tyre KillerThese are long, thick, sharp-pointed pieces of metalor wood attached to metal sheets or wooden planksand spread across the width of the road or a lane towork as an obstacle for an intruder.Spikes are collapsible, removable or fixed on theroad generally5-6 feet long along the passage required to be defended.These obstacles are primarily designed to deflate tires in a manner useful to law enforcementagencies, when the security situation is threatened for various reasons. 55

Fixed SpikesThe fixed type spikes are used at locations or installations where threat is recurring and areactivated during the attack.Collapsible Spikes are for temporary use andcan be placed and removed from a location as andwhen required.Security BollardsA security bollard is mainly designed for high security vehicle entrances, large vul-nerable areas or complexes and for a location that need to be closed for vehicular traffic atspecific times.It is made of a heavy metal cylinder operated remotely by piston mechanism arrangement.When required, these can be lowered and raised by command for operation by hydraulicmeans. By virtue of their function and design, bollards are automatically concealed, so whennot in use they remain in lowered position and thus cannot be seen.A bollard is designed to take an impact of even a heavy truck crashing into it, therefore mak-ing it very suitable for high security areas requiring immediate blocking of traffic when need-ed. Bollards can be installed as a single unit as well as in groups as shown in the picture.The main functions of the bollards are to: Block the route of an intruder during an attack Restrict the traffic temporarily 56

Prevent entry of heavy vehicles when re- quired Secure the routes in high security and vulner- able areas and complexesIn case of failure of electricity, bollards can bemanually operated by security Guards when re-quired.Road BlockerRoad blocker is designed to provide maximum security for highly sensitive area/ locationsagainst unauthorized/ forced entry of vehicles of all sizes and weights.Surface BarrierSurface Barriers are mounted on the surface of aroad. These are designed to provide a high speeddeployment for secure installation from any vehi-cle attack.SITUATIONS FACED DURING ACCESS CONTROLAccess control operations at any premises may lead to difficult situations due to various rea-sons, requiring tact and professionalism from security personnel in diffusing the situation. 57

Some of these situations are enumerated below:- Lost, Expired and Defaced ID cards; this situation is due to the carelessness on part of the staff, employee or a user. However, this can be resolved by the interven- tion of the ID card issuing authorities after verification at their end, when reported by a security guard through proper channel. Forged, Tampered and Unauthorized ID Cards; this is a serious security concern. These cards are made by dubious persons involving duplicating, copying of original ID cards with intentions to carryout nefarious activities. When defected, the matter must be immediately brought to the notice of the superior and person may need to be handed over to the police by them for further investigation and action Surreptitious Entry, Impersonation and Forced entry; this involves entry by stealth and concealed manner by changing one’s identity, or by gate crashing, involv- ing use of illegal force, which is normally an act by unscrupulous persons with intent to involve fraud or theft, or loot, etc Tailgating, queue and crowd formation and aggressive behaviour: these are management and administrative issues. Tailgating: At most of the premises, employees are involved in tailgating w here- in they closely follow each other while crossing a gate, door, or a barrier in an at- tempt to hide their frequent recess breaks etc. by avoiding punching their cards, bio- metric machines, etc. installation of surveillance cameras and displaying of cautionary signage’s covering likely spots of tailgating by the employees can help in control of such situation. Queue and Crowd: These are generally formed w hen there is either a delay in clearing the way or a large number of people are being denied access for some rea- sons, creating an aggressive behaviour. A security guard must handle this situation immediately before the crowd be- comes unruly and aggressive. The superior must be informed on priority and where required, help of police should also be taken. Vehicular Traffic, Communication; this situation may crop up due to shortage of traffic space or temporary increase in volume of vehicular traffic in/out of the premises. This will require good parking control and traffic management techniques. However, the superior should be kept informed about the build-up of the situation and remedial measures taken. Visitors Expecting Preferential Treatment; it is the general tendency of the visi- tors particularly during the crises situations due to lack of parking space to seek pref- erential treatment.However, as per parking space management, visitors parking area is mostly separate and 58

should not be mixed area reserved for Management/ staff, irrespective of demands by thevisitors.A Security Guard must ensure and make full use of parking and traffic control equipment liketraffic cones, traffic barriers, hand signs to efficiently guide the visitors. The security guardshould always be polite, yet firm with visitors, without extending any preferential treatment,but helping where required. 59

SCREENING & SEARCHIntroductionThe aim of screening and search is to prevent wrongful entry of persons and vehicles, insidethe premises, deny prohibited/ restricted articles intended to be carried inside, as also, toprevent pilferage of material/ goods by wrongful means.Types of Search; follow ing are the types of search:- a) Personal Search b) Vehicle Search c) Baggage Search d) Material SearchProhibited Items: these are generally listed items like, w eapons, firearms, ammuni-tion, explosive, banned chemicals, inflammable material such as petrol, kerosene oil, gasesetc., which are forbidden to be taken in a premisesUnauthorized/ restricted items: these items are forbidden by organizations policiesand instructions, which may include mobile sets, cigarette, lighter, sharp edge tools, propertyand other material.It is imperative to ensure that the security guard has fair knowledge about the least gadgetsused in the electronic security system for search, control and tracking and its handling. SEARCH & SCREENING EQUIPMENTMetal Detector: M etal Detector is a portable device that responds to metal that maynot be apparently visible. These can be classified as Hand Held Metal Detectors (HHMD) andDoor Frame Metal Detectors (DFMD) and are usedto detect any metallic object like pistol/ revolver,knife etc. hidden by a criminal on his person or inhis belongings.These devices are mainly used at entrances of thepremises of airports, hotels, malls, metro stations,security gates/ offices of establishments etc. 60

Door frame Metal Detectors.Screening Equipment/X-Ray MachinesAt all airports, Hotels, Malls, Movie halls and various other places, the public is made to walkthrough a door frame metal detector and all their personal belongings are passed through anX-ray machine to detect any hidden unauthorized items, such as Guns, Pistols, Knives, Explo-sives, etc. 61

PERSONAL AND VEHICLE SEARCHPERSONAL SEARCHPersonal search is a sensitive issue. It needs training of security personnel and their aware-ness about personal issues and sensitivities. A senior security staff should be detailed to over-see such operation.Certain sensitive/ important establishments like Government mints, strong rooms storing cur-rency, bullion, gems & jewellery, ammunition stores, currency printing press, pharmaceuticalcompanies etc have stringent policies for rigorous checking and searching of their employees. FRISKING OF PERSONSMethods of Search/ Frisking; follow ing methods and techniques are carried out forchecking / frisking:- Visual method; ask the person to display his belongings for observing and checking Hand frisking; this is done by passing your hands over a person’s body to search for hid- den weapons, drugs or valuables etc Using metal detectorsCaution during Search/ Frisking; Search/ frisking of a person is a sensitive task andcan cause embarrassing situations, if not carried out professionally. Following precautions willhelp in making the task easier and acceptable to the environment:- Search of FemalesSearch of females and their belongings must be carried out by a female searcher onlySearch should be done in a separate enclosureIf trained female searcher is not available, then one of the female employees may be detailed for the task Search of Headgear/ TurbanThe headgear/ turbans will be examined merely by pressing and not by removing it.If a searcher has reason to suspect that an article may be concealed in the headgear then that person should be directed to rigorous search room. 62

c) Search of Security staff/ employeesThey will be searched only if management especially orders to do so;If ordered, the Security personnel will be searched at the time of leaving after duty hoursThey will also be subject to search while entering the factoryDuring random check or on suspicion, any employee should be checked for any pilferage or otherwise.MALE BODY SEARCH Inside Hat, Cap, Hair Inside shoulder pads Inside the collar All pockets on shirt/ jacket Inside coat lining Arm pits Taped to arms Full back for anything taped Inside waist band/ belt Cuff and under wrist watch Inside waist band/ belt Cuff and under wrist watch Inside the wallet Around/ under a crotch Ankles inside socks Shoes and soles In books/ papers/ stationary box Key & padFEMALE BODY SEARCH Hair knot, inside hair Shoulder pad Inside the collar Lapels All pockets in shirt/ pants Inside lining of coat Arm pits Bosom Full back side and bra straps Inside belt/ waistband Hips Inside thigh, if anything taped Behind the knees and thighs Trouser hem, socks 63

Shoes and heels Paper magazine and books/ stationary Hand bagRULES OF SEARCH Ask for permission to search before commencement Males will be searched by a male only and females by a female searcher only Be firm but polite during search and don’t get involved in any argument Search from top to bottom in sequence Search in a separate room for privacy When required, it is important to have an independent witness Ask the person to be searched beforehand if he is in possession of any company’s proper- ty Carryout search properly and with full attention. Make entry to record if any item is found and kept Gate out pass must be signed by an authorized person only. 64

VEHICLE SEARCHAs in the case of personal search, vehicle search is also a major deterrent for any wrongfulactivity by an individual trying to enter or exit any premises with wrongful intentions. Hence,it is important that it is carried out properly and effectively.Vehicle search gains importance to make the persons or property safe from any miscreantshaving nefarious plans to attack a sensitive area. Vehicle search is thus a very important ac-tivity of physical security requiring special attention and care. Vehicle search will have differ-ent purpose of checking a vehicle at IN gate and at OUT gate respectively.Purpose of vehicle search at IN/ OUT gate  Deny access to prohibited/ restricted arti- cles  Deny entry of any banned chemicals/ drugs inside the premise  Prevent any pilferage of material/ goods  Prevent loss of classified/ important docu- ment  Deter attempt of any criminal activity by making use of vehicle like kidnapping/ sexual assault, etc  Check for any reported item as per report  Carry out surprise check/ search to maintain deterrenceSensitivity of vehicle searchVehicle search is generally not appreciated by the occupants, most of whom do not under-stand that screening and search of persons, vehicles and goods is primarily carried out to en-sure their personal security and protection of premises and the properties there in.Searchers are sensitive issues and cause inconvenience, if not done professionally. It shouldtherefore, be ensured that they are carried out thoroughly but with minimum inconvenienceto the persons and their vehicles under search. Maximum use of available technology & toolsmust be made to increase the efficacy of the search and to impress upon the person that it isfor his security only. During search, always be POLITE, but FIRMVehicle Search at Entry GateThe vehicles are stopped at an indicated/ marked spot is at a distance before the IN gate. Thedriver is asked to verify if the duty is correct and that the vehicle is required to go in. the ve-hicle is then searched as per the procedure.Vehicle search at Exit GateThe vehicles are stopped at an indicated/ marked spot at a distance before the OUT gate. The 65

vehicle is searched as per the drills and necessaryrecords made.Methods and what to look for; this is best doneby two searchers at a time if possible and the se-quence followed for effective deterrence should beas underRoutine searchThis is carried out as a routine activity at any premises as per the policy and SOP issued bythe management; Look at the vehicle for anything unusual from outside Look inside for any suspicious, harmful of dan- gerous item kept/ hidden Ask the occupant to open the bonnet and the boot of the vehicle and look for any danger- ous item kept/ hidden. Check spare wheel, if deflated, look for any ob- ject stashed inside Look under the dash board Look under the seats Look for any pilfered item tied to the car parts underneath by using under carriage mirror.Details searchIt is carried out if an alarm has been sounded regarding some criminal activity or there is astrong suspicion about unauthorized items hidden in the vehicles. The occupant may be po-litely asked to move out of the vehicle.  The driver to open the bonnet and critically examine engine and its part to look for any suspicious item kept/ ties to it  Search inside of the vehicle thoroughly  Check for any disturbance to electrical wiring under the dash board  Search driver’s cabin in details  Ask driver to remove wheel covers and check  Ask driver to remove stopper of the petrol tank and check if any object is suspended inside or if any string hanging  Check for any loose panels / fitting inside/ outside the vehicle  Check the doors/ windows panes for any out of place item  Look for spare fuel tank fitted in the vehicle  Check surface of exhaust pipe  Check inside surface of the chassis . Send vehicle to workshop if the items are still not found 66

ESSENTIALS OF PARKING CONTROLIntroductionParking management is an important activity in anypremises. It becomes necessary to manage parking inpremises where heavy movement of vehicles from IN/OUT gates is a routine. Security is an important as-pect of this activity to ensure safety and protection oflife and property.It is, therefore, a job normally assigned to securityagencies for its day to day management to includesecurity and control of vehicles and material moving IN/OUT of the designated areaIt therefore, makes it an important aspect that security personnel are well-trained in parkingoperations.CATEGORY OF VEHICLES IN PARKING SPACEIn general, vehicles falling under two wheelers, threewheelers and four wheelers categories are given asunder:- Two wheelers such as mopeds, scooters, and mo- torcycles Three wheelers such as auto rickshaws, goods vehicles (half body) etc Four wheelers such as cars, vans, jeeps, SUVs, taxis, etcGenerally these vehicles are self-driven, belonging tomanagement, staff, permanent and casual employeesand require sufficient space for parking, particularlyduring working hours.In some offices, complexes, separate parking space is earmarked for parking of bicycles ofworkers & casual labours, where employed.In some cases, visitors also come in chauffeur driver cars. 67

PARKING AREA & CONDITIONSA parking area is a location that is designated forparking, which may be categorized as per its sur-face conditions as under:- Paved: w hen parking space has hard sur- face all over Unpaved: parking space w ith an unfinished surface Covered: w hen parking space is under a cover like stilt parking etc Un-covered: open area parking in defined space Manually Managed: w hen parking is controlled and operated fully by security guard and staff Auto-managed: w hen large parking areas/ lots are technologically controlled & operated through software & various hardware and by displaying auto-signage’s & ticketing but supervised by security guards & staff for security & smooth functioning.Irregular situations; as given below, will require careful handling as part of duties and respon-sibilities of parking and gate guards:- Traffic congestion Violation of parking instructions Wrongly parked vehicles Unsecured and abandoned vehicles Mechanical failure of vehicles in the driveway Vehicles entering with prohibited items Children and pet animals left in the vehicle Misuse of parking space by some persons like drinking, gambling etc. PARKING HANDLING & MANAGEMENTParking Handling; includes efficient handling of vehicular traffic within a defined parking area/facility as per laid down procedures carried out by the deputed security staff to ensure safetyand security of vehicles, personnel and stores/ equipment being moved IN/OUT.Parking Management: includes a variety of methods and policy framew ork formulat-ed by the management for efficient use of existing parking areas/ facilitiesThe basic purpose of parking management is to provide parking space and services to peoplewho visit a premises in a vehicle and need space and guidance for parking their vehiclesHazards and defects; the follow ing hazards and defects can affect parking opera-tions:- Defaced signage’s and markings Defective access control barrier/ equipment 68

Electrical failure leading to darkness & chaos Spillage of lubricants, liquids, grease, etc Damaged/ unfinished parking surface Water-logging in the parking space Poor lighting and ventilation in covered parking areas Vehicles catching fire in the parking lot Any other criminal activity which puts life and property at riskThe above situations are likely to create problems and difficulties during parking manage-ment, and thus, it requires careful handling by parking and security staff. 69

TRAFFIC PLAN AND EQUIPMENTIntroductionTraffic management inside any premises is an important activity, which improves movementof vehicles and reduces chances of accidents and mishaps.Definition of TrafficTraffic means a number of vehicles moving on public roads and commercial transportation ofgoods or passengers on roads and highways.Traffic guardsTraffic guards are commonly employed to control Traffic where accidents and Traffic conges-tions for various reasons take place. They are also deputed to moderate the flow of Traffic inan area to avoid Traffic jams.Traffic guards generally guide drivers to follow the Traffic rules; but do not enforce the law.Mostly the Traffic guards are detailed from security personnel and other employees of the or-ganization.Parking and Gate GuardsThese Traffic guards regulate motorists to leave and enter a parking complex. Their role in-volves helping pedestrians to cross or stop in front of the parking complex’s entrance. Theyalso act as additional pair of eyes to keep motorists and pedestrians safe. When required,they control and direct street Traffic to halt for a short time and allow motorists to exit fromthe parking complex first.TRAFFIC CONTROL EQUIPMENTTraffic control equipment is used for smooth regulation of traffic involving human interventionand handling of traffic. These include marshalling wands, signal batons, signal hand signs,helmets, traffic vests, traffic cones and barriers, etc. As described below: 70

Marshalling Wand or a Signal baton:Traffic Helmet and a Hard Helmet: 71

Traffic Vests::Traffic Cones:Traffic barriers 72

WHAT IS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT?The term \"Traffic Management' is used to describe how National/ State/ District highway au-thorities and respective municipal councils control and make effective use of the road networkso as to ensure regular improvements in road safety and efficiency.Benefits of Active Traffic Management Safety of all road users Smooth flow of traffic Better quality of life for all road users and road side residents use of transport modes in a sustainable and efficient manner improvement of the local environment Alleviation of global environmental pressures. DUTIES OF THE GUARDS AT PARKING LOTS  ensure the rules governing the parking lot are strictly followed  understand local traffic rules and monitor as appropriate  always keep the barriers at entry station/ exit Station in down position  allow entry to a vehicle only on issue of an entry ticket/ pass  Assist drivers by giving appropriate signals by hand movements or hand-held light bars.  Ensure that vehicles are parked only in allocated space and in order  Check boot, under floor of the vehicle before entry  regularly check functioning of CCTV cameras  Ensure functioning of lighting equipment installed in the area  Ensure there is no vehicle left abandoned in the parking lot.  Watch for any wrongly parked vehicles and corrective action  If the parking lot has an access gate, ensure movement of vehicles through the same  Ensure parking charges are paid before lifting the parking gate/ barrier  if the parking lot size is large, mobile patrol- ling will be the best option to monitor thmo ment of the vehicles inside  Report any matter which is contrary to the orders and discipline. 73

FUNDAMENTALS OF SECURITY ESCORTIntroductionSecurity escort duty is one of the most important elements for creation of a safe environmentduring working and movement of an individual or a group of people needing such protection.It is imperative that a Security Guard assigned for such duties must be well-trained, disci-plined and thoroughly conversant with the risks and threats involved and various methods tocounter the same. NECESSITY FOR SECURITY ESCORT SERVICESA Security escort is needed as a companion for protection, safety, guidance or courtesy to beextended to a person, or a group of people These services are especially needed for provid-ing general security to the concerned person, or the person needs to be guided from oneplace to another or from one person to another, or when a group of people have to be es-corted for safe movement under supervision and protection.General Category of Escorted Persons and Groupsa. Women working in Business Process Outsourcing (BPOs) companies, business centres, hotels, airports or doing night shifts, etcb. International or domestic travellers/ touristsc. Children of affluent familiesd. Relatives and guests of company officials 74

:Risks and Threats A Security escort be prepared to face certain risks and emergenciesdue to human errors or mechanical failure during the discharge of escort duties:- Vehicle Accident Breakdown due to mechanical failure Fire incident Actions by miscreantsA Security escort's presence of mind, alertness and quick response to such situations will mit-igate such risks to a large extent.Types of Security Escorts: an unarmed or armed Security guard trained in escort dutiescan be employed as a security escort. Security escorts operate individually or in pairs or in ateam comprising of armed and unarmed guards. The composition of escort entirely dependsupon the nature of risks and threats to the person or group that is being escorted.Depending upon the threat perception the following duties may be assigned to security es-corts:- To escort a person to escort a group To act as vehicle escort to escort valuableThe level and type of Security escortThe level and number of security escorts needed for a particular task will depend on the typeof threat, importance of person/ group and existing law and order situation in the area. These.factors will also decide whether the escorts should be unarmed or armed 75

ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF SECURITY ESCORTTRAITS OF SECURITY ESCORTSome of the traits and characteristics of a good security escort are:  Polite and courteous, yet firm.  Vigilant and alert  Good personal discipline  Does not consume alcohol, smoke or take any other intoxicants, particularly while on escort duty  Should be conversant with the details of the person being escorted. For example, per- son's name, designation, organization name & address, contact numbers, programme and route.  Does not indulge in loose talk and bragging  Does not leave the escorted person/ group alone  In case of within premises escort duties, walks along with the escorted person and not ahead or behind him  Carry necessary equipment and communication needed for the task  Does not sleep while on escort duty or during rest or temporary halt.  An armed Security escort, always handle weapon safely and proficiently  Remains in contact with control room/ supervisor  Maintains meticulous record of events and submits a report after the duty TASKS - RELATED DETAILSTasks of Security Escort related to Driver and Vehicle: - A Security escort will check followingand report to supervisor before the start of duty:- Redness of the driver before the journey Physical and mental condition of the driver Ensure that the driver is not under the influence of alcohol or any drug Confirm that the driver knows the routes - main and alternate to be followed as per the 'route chart' General condition and suitability of the vehicle provided for the task Confirm from the driver if necessary tools, spare tyre, first aid box, etc. are available in the vehicle Confirm that vehicle has right type of fire extinguishers confirm from the driver if necessary documents of the vehicle are being carried An escort will also exercises control over driver during the journey as under:-No over-speeding, rash and negligent driving, traffic violation, etcNo deviation from the planned routeNo unauthorized halts en-routeNo picking up of unauthorized person en route 76

Report to control room if the driver behaves in a manner which is objectionable and unac- ceptableTasks of Security Escort to Escorted Person/ group Be generally aware about the physical and medical condition of the person being escorted. Ensure that female employees are escorted and frapped at the designated drop points. Confirm that they reach their respective residency safely. Report to control room after the last person is dropped home Do not try to be over friendly with the persons escorted, especially with the female em- ployees. do not allow the persons escorted to get down en route Do not permit any one to give lift to a person in the vehicle Pay special attention to the escorted person of VIP category, particularly if there are some special instructions regarding his protection and safetyTasks related to Communication and control room:- Always be in Communication with the control room, before, during and after the escort duty and convey any relevant information. Always keep the control room informed of the likely delays en-route due to traffic conges- tion, jams, any untoward incident or mishap etc Contact the control room immediately in case of an incident After the last drop give OK report to the control room EQUIPMENT AND AIDSIt is important for a security escort to be always properly equipped with necessary aids andsupport. The following equipment should be carried by the security escort:- Route map and itinerary of the assigned task Walkie-talkie, mobile phone, including reserve communication equipment depending upon importance of the escort duty During out station/ long journey, necessary charging set for Communication equipment A good quality torch with cells Non-lethal weapon such as baton etc Necessary documents/ forms such as duty slip etc A share camera, where required, if not inbuilt in the mobile set 77

CONCERNED AGENCIESA security escort may seek assistance from concerned agencies could be following:- The principal organization/ management/ authority, seeking escort duties. Service provider (SP) the security escort Immediate superior officer coordinating and overseeing the security escort Local police stations falling on the route of es- cort duty traffic Police Ambulance service Nearby Hospitals fire stations en route transport service provider's control room/ con- tact person Road patrol, if detailed by the security agency to operate in the security agency.A security escort should collect and maintain the necessary information of these agencies per-taining to details of the contact person/ authority to include his name, phone number (bothlandline and mobile), location, address, etc.Remember; a security escort should update such information/ details whenever there is achange in the jurisdiction or nature of duty SUITABILITY AND READINESSA security escort when assigned with a particular escort duty should take full charge and con-trol of necessary equipment, aids and situation, etc. before commencement of his escort du-ties.Though, the necessary details and checks have already been elaborated under various tasksand responsibilities in this chapter, however, a proper checklist should be prepared and keptready as part of suitability and readiness for proper discharge of such sensitive duties. 78

Check list:Necessary checks should be made by the securityescort as part of suitability and readiness for prop-er discharges of such sensitive escort duties. Collect the details of the person/ group to be escorted Collect itinerary and the necessary route charts Check the suitability of the driver and his condi- tion Check the worthiness of the vehicle Check for availability of the necessary equipment to be carried in the vehicle check for the suitability of the communication equipment Collect details of the concerned agencies.RESPONSE DURING AN EMERGENCYDuring the performance of such sensitive and important duties, any emergency situation canoccur, calling for immediate response and damage control by a security escort or an escortteam. Following actions should thus be practiced and followed by a security escort in re-sponse to any emergency. Inform control room about the emergency situation Ensure high alert Maintain absolute calm and self control Observer and assess the gravity of the situation Analyze and appreciate the action to deal with the situation If the situation requires police intervention due to the importance of an escorted person or the seriousness of crime, immediately inform the local police station and call for necessary help. In case of injury due to some accident give first aid to the injured. Call for emergency ambulance service or evacuate the injured to the nearest hospital In case of an armed escort, ensure that fire opened only in exceptional circumstances, in self-defence Depending upon the situation, take selective help of local people Submit detailed incident report on completion of duty to the control room or as per policy 79

HEALTH & FITNESSIntroductionTo keep one's mind healthy and strong, it is important to keep the body in good health. Ahealthy body gives rise to alertness and vigil, the two of most important qualities of a goodsecurity guard.It is therefore, incumbent on every security guard to remain physically fit and mentally alert,always and every time. PHYSICAL TRAINING AND FITNESSPhysical Training StandardsAll organizations like armed forces and police forces have laid down physical training stand-ards for their men and women. Accordingly everyone is expected to maintain his/ her healthparameters.Accordingly, fitness programs that promote physical and mental well-being thereby enhancingeffectiveness have been developed for the private security personnel.Physical fitness standards for security guards/ supervisors are given below:-At entry Level:- a) Height - Minimum 160 cm for male and 150 cm for female b) Weight - according to the standard table of height and weight c) Chest - 80 cm with an expansion of 4 cm (for fe- male no minimum requirements). d) Eye sight e) Far sight vision 6/6 f) Near vision 0.6/0.6 with or without correction g) Free from colour blindness e) Free from knock knees, flat foot and should be able to run 1km in 6 minutes f) Free from defects in hearing g) Adequate strength and dexterity in the body to perform searches handle objects and use force for restraining individuals h) Free from evidence of any contagious or infectious disease. Every year a security guard will:- a) Undergo a medical examination b) Ensure continued maintenance of physical standards and efficiency as prescribed for the entry level:Routine Exercises To achieve and maintain such physical fitness standards, a properexercise routine is essential. 80

Therefore, a security guard must make it a habit to do regular physical fitness exercises onhis own, to remain physical fit and alert as under:- To run minimum one kilometre at a stretch in the morning or evening at least four times in a week After the run, carry out seven standard physical training (PT) exercises are shown with the help of sketches in the next pages. PHYSICAL FITNESS & MENTAL ROBUSTNESSA person who is physically fit and mentally robust will have the following qualities and abili-ties:- Healthy Powerfully built Physically strong Forceful and determined personality Mentally robust and stable Can withstand physical stress Fits into a teamAs a trained security guard of the future, one must endeavour to possess such qualitiesAll this is possible when a person takes part in various activities such as outdoor games,events, indoor games and meditation exercises, etcAll such outdoor games/ sports, events, activities have inbuilt design for physically fitness,mental robustness, building team spirit to eventually lead the team, which are must fortrained security guard.These are shown with the help of different sketches and pictures as ready information for asecurity guard under training.:Combat Sports such as wrestling, kabaddi, boxing, etcWrestling is a form of combat sport or activityof grappling with an opponent according to a code& trying to throw or hold them down on the groundto win. 81

:Kabaddi the name kabaddi is derived fromthe Tamil word ‘Kai’ (hand), ‘pidi’ (catch), whichis translated into catching hands’.Two teams occupy opposite halves of a smallswimming pool or field and take turns sending a“raider” into the other half while chanting theword “Kabaddi”, to win points by tackling mem-bers of the opposing team. Boxing is a form of combat sport in which two people engage in a contest of strength, endur- ance, reflexes, speed, will by throwing punches with gloved hands against each other.Unarmed Combat Sports; such as judo,karate etcJudo was started in Japan in 1882, meaning“gentle way” in Japanese, is a modern martialart, combat and Olympic sport.Judo’s competitive element is to either throw ortakedown an opponent to the ground, or force anopponent to submit with a join lock or a choke. ;Karate is a Japanese martial art whose physi- cal aspects seek the development of defensive and counter attacking body movements. The themes of Karate training are fighting and self-defence, though its mental and moral as- pects are for targeting the overall improvement of the individual. 82

;Team Building Sports such as football, hockey, volleyball, basketball, etc.;Football also called as soccer, is a sport thatis played by kicking a ball with the foot to score agoal. A football team has 11 players who takepart in a match. Ten of them play out in the field,while one is the goalkeeper. :Hockey is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with hockey sticks and a hard, solid plastic ball.Volleyball; is a team sport in which twoteams of six players are separated by a net.Each team tries to score points by groundinga ball on the other teams’ court under orga-nized rules. Basketball: a game played between two teams of five players in which points are scored by throwing a ball through a netted hoop fixed above each end. The inflated ball is used in this game. 83

Indoor games; table tennis, carom, chess etc Table tennis: also known as ping pong is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth using hard table divided by a net using table ten- nis rackets.:Carom is a ‘strike and pocket’ table game it is verypopular in Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lankaand surrounding areas.Aim building Exercise: :Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on chessboard, a checked game board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world’s most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs, online, and in tournaments. Helps in increasing concentration & thinking power:Meditation exercise:Yoga is a form of meditation, a generic term used forthe physical mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines,which originated in ancient India with a view to attain astate of permanent peace.Yoga trains to exhibit patience and be at peace and betruthful, which are important qualities for cultivation in asecurity guard.DRILL AND MARCH PASTDrill and March Past training when imparted, cultivates good bearing, discipline, coordination,feeling of pride and motivation in a person.A security guard when trained well in these aspects turns into an asset to any organization heserves with.It is said, “Quality in Steps brings quality in service”Therefore, it is imperative that every security guard is trained well in Drill and March Past. 84

Highlights of Drill and March PastThere are two important things to follow during and drill and march past, which are as un-der:- Correct drill commands Correct body posture;Correct Drill Commands all branches of the armed forces, para-military forces andpolice use various drill commands during foot drill or March past.Common drill commands practiced by army and police are given below for understandingand practice on ground by a security guard LINE BAN: Fall in line command for all present to form into three lines on pa- rade. LINE TOD: Fall out to come out of parade SAVDHAN: Stand in attention HILO MATT: don’t move, when report is to be given VISHRAM: Stand at-ease AARAM SE: Stand easy (w ithout talking and shifting) SAJJ-DAHINE SAJJ: Dress on right side SAJJ-BAYEN SAJJ: Dress on left side KHULI LINE CHAL: Front & rear lines to open NIKAT LINE CHAL: Front & rear lines close in DAHINE MUD: Turn right BAYEN MUD: Turn left PEECHHE MUD: About turn DAHINE DEKH: Look right BAYEN DEKH: Look Left SAAMNE DEKH: Look front SAAMNE SALUTE: Give salute w hile looking in front DAHINE SALUTE: Give salute on right side BAYEN SALUTE: Give salute on left side TEZ CHAL: Quick march DAUD KE CHAL: Super quick time, or running THAM: H alt PARADE TEENO-TEEN MEIN DAHINE CHALEGA, DAHINE MUD: Turn on left side in three columns PARADE TEENO-TEEN MEIN BAYEN CHALEGA, BAYEN MUD: Turn on left side in three columns KOOCH KAR: This command is given to the junior to take over the charge of the parade PARADE PAR: This command is given to join the parade VISARJAN KARNE KI AGYA CHAHTA HUN SHRIMAN: W hen asking for permission from the senior officer present to break off the parade AGYA HAI: P ermission given, as mentioned by the senior most present 85

VISARJAN: Break off command given to disperse off the parade.As a Security Guard, one must understand, remember and practice these commands duringdrill practices.CORRECT POSTURESA correct Posture is defined as; ‘A frame of mind affecting one’s thoughts or behaviour and anoverall attitude; thus implying that if a security guard’s posture is correct, his behaviour iscorrect, his overall attitude is correct.It is therefore, important that a security guard practices to maintain a correct posture andgood bearing.There are a number of illustrations shown in subsequent pages, which give difference be-tween correct and incorrect postures and body positions.“Practice Makes a Man Perfect”. Hence, when a security guard learns to maintain correct pos-tures as illustrated, he will automatically maintain a good bearing, which projects him and hiscompany/ employer in good stead.Always stand on both the legs in savdhan position: MAINTAIN PERSONAL HYGIENE AND GOOD HABITSIt is very important for a security guard to maintain personal hygieneand good habits so as to remain always fit and healthy. Some guide-lines are given below:- a. Always wash hands with soap before meals, or eating anything b. Brush teeth at least twice a day, in the morning and before going to bed. c. Take a bath at least once every day d. Change under garments regularly e. Wear clean and properly ironed uniform f. Shave regularly g. Have a proper haircut and comb your hair neatly h. Carry a handkerchief i. Do not spit every where j. Do not smoke or chew tobacco on duty k. Do not read novels, listen to music while on duty l. Use mosquito net at night m. Follow the dictum, “Sun down Sleeves Down”. In that, roll down the sleeves of the uni- form during night to protect self from mosquito bites. n. Apply anti-mosquito cream on exposed parts of the body during night duties o. Take maximum care and precautions against common ailments like fever, headache, cold & cough, etc. consult a doctor and do not self-medicate p. Always use own eating and drinking utensils as far as possible REFRAIN FROM ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, DRUGS AND OTHER 86

INTOXICANTSAddiction to drugs and intoxication is bad for health and performance. It is, therefore para-mount that as law abiding citizen and as part of the system in support of law enforcementagencies, a security guard should always remain away from such addictions and supports theagencies concerned in its eradication.Commonly used drugs and intoxicants are given below:-;Alcohol avoid consuming or having alcohol even during off duties so as maintain goodhealth and savings. During duty hours, it is strictly prohibited.:Smoking this is harmful for health and is a major cause for serious illness, cancer, heartfailure, etc. one must therefore avoid smoking totally, particularly when it has been nowbanned in public areas.Drugs and other toxicants; the ill effects of consuming banned drugs and intoxicantssuch as Brown Sugar, Charas, Ganja, Heroin, LSD, etc. are known the world over. Any onetaking such drugs is not considered to be stable. Drugs ruin even an established person inlife. As a security guard therefore, ensure that such habit is never allowed to be cultivated inlife.Guard against sexually transmitted diseases and HIVLearn to make life safe, and in doing so, never get associated with other women who mayotherwise be carriers of serious diseases such as venereal diseases, HIV/AIDS, which may ormay not be curable, hence putting one’s life in danger. 87

FIRE SAFETY AND FIRE FIGHTINGFire is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever a combustible-‘fuel’ comes into contactwith ‘oxygen’ under extreme ‘heat’ condition, which is sufficient to ignite a fire.Fire is a Deadly WeaponHistory is witness to the fact that fire can beworse than the mass bombardments, in an area,wherein wildfires have razed even cities andtowns, when there was no enemy but nature’scruel ways.Fire PreventionFire can be averted only if fire prevention is ensured. The term ‘fire prevention’ means takingall precautions required to prevent fire from occurring. Fire prevention is ensured in twoways:- By following all laid down guidelines and instructions By ensuring prescribed remedial measures to minimize or restrict the effect of fire when it .has occurredFIRE FIGHTINGFire fighting is an act of extinguishing a fire. Afire fighter fights fire to prevent loss of life, and/or destruction of property and the environment.HOW DOES FIRE WORK?Fire is a chemical reaction of burning substancescalled ‘fuels’ with the help of ‘heat’ and ‘oxygen’.Therefore, Fuel, Heat and Oxygen are three elements when combined together make fire oc-cur, and produce excessive heat, light and smoke containing toxic gases. Fuel: is a substance or material that burns to produce energy like heat or pow - er. Substances which burn easily are technically called as combustible substance ma- terials, such as wood, coal, gas, or oil, and substances which do not burn are called as non- combustible substances/ material. Heat: I n simple w orks, heat is generated w hen temperature rises. On reaching a certain degree of temperature, the generated heat gets transformed into fire. Once fire starts, it normally maintains its own heat supplyOxygen: Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gaseous chemical element w hich 88

is available in abundance in the atmosphere. Many people are familiar with Oxygen, be- cause it is a vital element of the respiratory process. Without Oxygen, most organisms cannot survive.The Triangle of fireThe “triangle of fire” is also called as ‘Combustion Triangle’ showing three elements of fireas under, which make fire ignite.In the triangle of fire; each side of triangle represents one of the three elements i.e. fuel,heat and oxygen w hich any fire need to start. Alw ays remember, a fire naturally oc-curs when these elements are present and combined in the right mixture.It may be noted that the fire gets extinguished when any olne of the elements in the triangleof fire is removed. Let us see how in the absence of any one of these three conditions, com-bustion will not take place Action – I If ‘heat’ is removed, there will not be any fireNo heat, no fire! Heat can be removed by using a substance which reduces the amount ofheat available to the fire reaction. This is mainly done by using water, which requires heat tochange the state from water to steam. Heat can also be reduced by using required quantitiesand types of powder or gas in the flame, hence the reduction in the amount of hat availablefor the fire reaction in the same manner. In the same way turning off electricity in an electri-cal initiated fire removes the ignition source.Remember to be more careful about fire break out during the peak of summer season. Action – II If ‘oxygen’ is removed, there will not be any fireNo oxygen, no fire! By reducing oxygen concentration, the combustion process slows down orminimizes. This action is very effective and important in the initial stage of starting a fire. Assuch, there is plenty of air around when the fire goes out and may be difficult to fight it then. Action – III If ‘fuel’ is removed, there will not be any fireNo fuel, no fire! Removing the fuel or reducing its supply decreases that heat. Fuel can beconsidered removed naturally, when all the burnable fuel is consumed by the fire. This hap-pens mostly in case of fires in oil depots or such industries, where fire can only extinguishwhen the entire oil under fire is burnt completely.METHODS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHINGFrom the explanations given in the triangle of fire, it is clear that the three elements are nec-essary for fire to ignite. It is therefore, logical that if any or more of these elements is re-moved fire will extinguish.Hence, removal of each element is a method to extinguish the fire that is employed and 89

called as:- Removal of Heat is called ‘cooling’ Removal of Oxygen is called ‘Blanketing/ Smothering’. .Removal of Fuel is called ‘Starvation’Example of Cooling Method: In the cooling method, fire is controlled by reducing thetemperature of the combustible material to a level below ignition point, i.e. essentially remov-al of heat from the medium as under:- Application of water because it is the cheapest medium available everywhere, and is most effective where required Application of endothermic chemicals viz. foam.Example of Blanketing/ Smothering: is excluding all or part of the supporter ofcombustion i.e. oxygen (air), by covering the burning substance with blanket, metal covers,dry chemical powder or any other inert gas which is a non-supporter of fire.Blanketing or smothering of fire:It is for this reason that, when a person’s clothes catch fire, the first thing that is done is tocover his entire body with a large piece of thick cloth like a blanket to prevent air getting incontact with his body till the fire is extinguished.Example of starvation method: is removing the combustible material itself as un-der:- Removal of material from the zone of fire Isolation of oil or gas flowing through the pipe line by closing its stop valve etc. .Removal of oil from the tanks etcCombustible MaterialCategory of Combustible Materi-:al Materials that burn easily are technicallycalled as combustible substances, which aremainly in solid, liquid or gaseous state. Thetable below gives different materials in that category:- CLASSIFICATION OF FIREIn India, fire has been classified into four major classifications, shown in Alphabetical order ofA B C & D. class E fire is added as Electrically Started Fire (ESF) which generally leads toClass ‘A’ fire.The classifications are given below. Class ‘A’ is due to: (Solid) e.g. w ood, paper, fabric, plastic, etc. 90

Class ‘B’ is due to: (Liquid) e.g. petrol, spirits, w ax, oil, etc. Class ‘C’ is due to: (Gases mixed electrical risks) e.g. LP G, CN G, Hydrogen etc. Class ‘D’ is due to (metal) e.g. M agnesium, Titanium, Lithium, Aluminium, etc. Class ‘E’ is due to: Electrical and Electronic appliances also called electrically Started Fire (ESF) e.g. Switch Board, Loose Electric Wires, computer, Server, Air con- ditioner, etc. (this class of fire generally leas to Class ‘A’ fire. FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND HANDLINGWhat is a Fire Extinguisher?A fire Extinguisher, also called an Extinguisher, is a device used to extinguish or control smallfires, mainly in emergency situations.When fire goes out of control or has reached the ceiling, a fire Extinguisher is then of no useand the situation may demand the expertise and services of a fire brigade.A fire Extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agentwhich can be discharged to extinguish a fire. Fire Extinguishers are further divided intohandheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled Extinguishers.The weight of the fire Extinguishers varies due to its size and type. Handheld Extinguishersweigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms, and are, easily portable by hand, Cart-mounted units typi-cally weigh 23+ kilograms. These wheeled models are most commonly found at airport, largeinstallations, construction sites, etc.Hand held fire extinguisher: Wheel mounted fire extinguisher:Fire Extinguishers are now mandatoryIt is now mandatory by law to have a required number of Extinguishers mounted on walls orfixtures at designated locations and of identified types in all officials’ places, public places,important buildings and public transport, etc.Fire Extinguishers, in all buildings are generally required to be serviced and inspected by a 91

.fire protection service company at least annually and at some places even more frequentlySome wise people even ensure availability of fire Extinguishers in their residences, cars etc.Types of fire ExtinguishersThe type of fire extinguisher is based on the type of extinguishing agent it contains i.e. water,foam, gas and powder, etc. Water type Foam type (Mechanical and Chemical) Dry Powder (ABC) Pressurized type Class D Dry Powder type Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas Wet Chemical typeHalon (Gas) – use of Halon has been banned in India since 2005, as it destroys the Ozonelayer. USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERSWater fire extinguishers: are completely red with band which is also of red colour.This extinguisher forms a jet of water onto the fire, lowering the temperature of the burningfuel material considerably below the ignition point. Although, water is considered as the mostcommon fire extinguishing agent used, however, Water Fire extinguishers are only suitable.for the Class “A” type of firesFoam fire extinguishers: are the best suited to put out Class ‘B’ fires. The foamsprayed from the extinguisher forms a thick blanket over oil, petroleum and gaseous sub-stances under pressure.Dry powder fire extinguishers: also called ABC dry chemical fire extinguishers aremost common fire extinguishers in workshops or work places and in kitchen at homes, etc. tohandle all three A B C classes of fires. They can also handle electrical fires. A dry powder ex-tinguisher sprays a very fine powder to smother than fire.Class D Fire extinguishers: these are filled with carbon dioxide gas under extremepressure. These are recognized by the hard horn and no pressure gauge and a black colourband on each cylinder. A carbon-dioxide fire extinguishers work by eliminating oxygen andreplacing it with carbon dioxide and are used to handle flammable liquid (Class B fires) andelectrical fires only.Wet Chemical extinguishers: are used on Class F fires that include cooking oi9ls andfats, such as olive oil sunflower oil, maize oil and butter, etc. these are highly effective as the 92

wet chemical rapidly knocks the flames out, cools the burning oil and chemically reacts toform a soap-like solution, sealing the surface thus preventing re-ignition.Traditional Tools for fire fightingMost Industrial Units still maintain one or more fire points in their premises depending upontheir size. These are located at designated points or areas. Following items are kept andmaintained regularly at these fire points.These are very handy during the ignition stage to beat and extinguish the fire.Bucket containing water:Fire beater:Fire hook:Shovel: 93

Advanced and heavy tools of the tradeMost of the equipment & tools used in fire suppression today has changed over the years.Advancement in aircraft systems for cargo, fire-proof chemicals, efficient water delivery sys-tems, and fire-proof clothing etc. have mostly been evolved for the safety and efficiency ofthe fire fighter and the public in mind.However, the main tool is still the fire fighter with hand tools such as fire buckets and firebeaters.Method of OperationP.A.S.S. Method; this method is the most efficient and common method to extin-guish the fire by using a fire extinguisher.If a fire occurs in your work area, remember the word PASS while using an extinguisher. Theword PASS expands for: Pull aim, squeeze and sweep. That is while extinguishing the fire byusing a fire extinguisher, follow the steps as under.Pull out the pin that locks the handle at the top of the extinguisher to prevent itsaccidental operation.Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. Carry the fire extinguisher in one hand, anduse other hand aiming at the fire. At times some fire extinguishers need to be turned upsidedown to operate. Check which way to hold the extinguisher being used.Squeeze the handle to discharge the fire extinguishers. Stand at about 8 -10 ft awayfrom the fire and remember when you release the handle on the extinguisher, it will stop dis-charging.Sweep the nozzle from left to right or right to left w hile aiming at the base of thefire for desired effect, and continue till fire is extinguished.However, be very careful, as the fire may appear to have been extinguished, whereas it mayre-ignite. Hence, keep a constant watch till you are satisfied that the fire is extinguishedcompletely.Caution in using a fire extinguishers As a trained security guard you must not use a fire extinguisher:-If you don’t know what is burningIf you don’t have the right type of extinguisher.If you are not sure you will extinguish the fire. Remember to place yourself between the fire and an exit. Never try to use an extinguish- er without an escape route.RememberIt is important to check the direction of the wind before using a fire extinguisher.When extinguishing fire in an open air situation: as a trained security guard, one shouldstand on the up-wind side of the fire that is wind should be blowing from behind and a guard 94

should then apply the CO2 gas in the direction of the wind and as close as possible to the fire.For fires in electrical equipment, first witch off the current, then direct the jet or horn straight at the fire.THE SPREAD OF FIRE AND ITS CONTROLTo start with, a fire generally begins as a small fire. It may start by a spark from a loose wirenear a curtain which may start burning or the corner of a carpet in a room catches fire from abeedi or a cigarette butt, which may spread until it engulfs the whole room, floor or a build-ing.However, any fire will spread in stages. It is therefore important for a guard to learn aboutthese stages and understand the urgency of a quick attack on a fire when it has just ignited.Also, it is more than likely that being a guard on ground you may generally be the first personwho will have to fight the fire first with the fire extinguisher; hence the importance of learningand training about all aspects of fire comes to the benefit of the organization you are de-ployed with.The Three Stages of Fire Stage I: Ignition Stage – This is the stage when fire has just ignited and spotted. This is the only stage when a fire extinguisher can be used. Stage II: Critical Stage – This is the stage when fire starts growing rapidly and highly so- phisticated sprinklers are thus required to control and extinguish it. Stage III: Blaze Stage – This is the stage when fire has grown exponentially and only the fire brigade and its expert fire-fighters can control further and extinguish it.It is equally important for you to learn the time taken by various classes of fires to reach theirCritical/ Blaze Stages if it is not controlled in the Ignition Stage. The study of the ‘Stages ofFire’ vis-à-vis ‘the time of its spread’ will give the criticality of controlling the fire in its ignitionstage only.‘The three Stage of Fire’ Versus ‘Time of Spread of Fire’Electrically Started Fire (ESF) – This generally leads to Class A Fire. ESF is mostly due to anElectric Short Circuit which will depend on the type and thickness of fuse wire, type and con-dition of the wiring etc.First 30 secondsIt is amply clear from the earlier table that class ‘C’ fire will cross ‘Critical Stage’ and reach‘Blaze Stage’ in just 30 seconds plus, which is the worst scenario when compared to all thefires. Obviously, as a security guard you must be ready for that worst scenario, particularly ifyou are deployed at an establishment dealing in Gases e.g. LPG, CNG, hydrogen etc., andwhere risk due to electric fitments is high. As a security guard, you must, therefore attain a.level of self- learning and training, if deployed at such installation;Also remember for Class B fire, one has less than 60 seconds (1 Minute) and for Class 95

A fire one has less than 180 seconds (3 Minutes), before these reach to critical stage respec-tively as shown in the table above.Beyond 180 secondsIt is clear from the above that in any case one gets maximum time duration of 180 seconds(3 minutes) to detect a fire and extinguish it too, beyond which it is only a recovery operationthat can be undertaken.Therefore, in all perspectives, depending on the substance burning which defines the type offire, it takes 30 seconds to 10 minutes for a fire to move from Ignition Stage to Blaze Stage,beyond which the fire Brigade takes over from the security personnel. A SECURITY GUARD’S ROLE AS A ‘FIRST FIRE FIGHTER’This is also amply clear from the study of ‘the Stages of fire,’ which clearly indicates that asecurity guard will mostly be the first to fight the fire and stop it before it crosses the IgnitionStage, because it is he who is always there when others may or may not be there.Thus, if trained well a security guard is the best bet then, better than the staff, employeesand other specialized people, because they will all take time to reach there, while a guard isalready there. In so doing you will not let it reach the Critical Stage.:Remember First 30 seconds, first 60 Seconds and first 180 seconds after the fire reachesthe Critical Stage are the most precious seconds that a security guard has to fight for. Theseare the only few seconds a guard has to fight for. These are the only few seconds a guardmay have to his disposal when on duty, to spot and attack a fire to control and extinguishwhen it ignites. Beyond that is is the Fire Brigade which takes over.As a ‘First fire-fighter’ a security guard’s time should be in seconds, for in fire fighting everysecond counts.The First 30 secondsYes, a trained security guard can start extinguishing the fire in first 30 seconds itself.When prepared, trained and well-rehearsed, a trained security guard can effectively handleand start using the extinguisher in maximum 10-30 seconds and thus act faster than theworst fire the time taken therein are indicative of all that you can do and achieve: On spotting the fire remove the fire extinguisher from its mounting and carefully check if the pressure gauge of the fire extinguisher is within the specified range. This will re- quire not more than 3 seconds Pull the safety clip/ seal in next 2-3 seconds Aim at the base of fire and press in next 2-5 secondsThe whole process as above will take not more than 10 to 30 seconds and this is possible onlyif you have rehearsed well during your self-learning and training sessions. 96