Field Technician Computing and Peripherals

FIELD TECHNICIAN COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALSSHRI TECHNOLOGIES HYDERABAD 1

ContentsModule: 1 ...........................................................................................................................................................4Introduction to Field Technician – Computing and Peripherals ........................................................................4Introduction to Field Technician ........................................................................................................................5Job Description of Field Technician – Computing and Peripherals....................................................................6Industry related to Field Technician...................................................................................................................9Career Prospects ............................................................................................................................................. 10Equipment used by Field Technician............................................................................................................... 11Module: 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 16Fundamentals of Computer System................................................................................................................ 16What is electricity?.......................................................................................................................................... 17Fundamentals of Computer System................................................................................................................ 36Session 2: Functional Units of a Computer System......................................................................................... 37Session 2: Computer Hardware and Software ................................................................................................ 40Session 3: Computer Parts .............................................................................................................................. 43Assemble a Computer System ........................................................................................................................ 47Install a Computer System .............................................................................................................................. 60Computer hardware Peripherals..................................................................................................................... 69Computer Networking .................................................................................................................................... 77Knowledge of Companies SOP’s...................................................................................................................... 85Safety Precautions........................................................................................................................................... 86Module: 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 89Troubleshoot and Replace Faulty Module ...................................................................................................... 89Service - Level Agreement............................................................................................................................... 90Warranty ......................................................................................................................................................... 21Incident Escalation .......................................................................................................................................... 22Follow safety procedures while handling tools and system troubleshooting ................................................ 23Basic troubleshooting ..................................................................................................................................... 25Module 4: ........................................................................................................................................................ 33Engage with Customer .................................................................................................................................... 33ENGAGE WITH CUSTOMER ............................................................................................................................. 34Do’s & Don’t’s while handling field calls and dealing with Customers. .......................................................... 38Follow behaviour etiquette when interacting with customers. ..................................................................... 42Importance of Personal Grooming.................................................................................................................. 45 2

Understand incident life cycle......................................................................................................................... 49Educate customer for non-occurrence of recurring incidents and safety process......................................... 51Module 5: ........................................................................................................................................................ 53Coordinate with Colleagues ............................................................................................................................ 53Coordinate with Colleagues ............................................................................................................................ 54Report Problems ............................................................................................................................................. 55Deliver Work of Expected Quality................................................................................................................... 57Interpersonal Conflicts.................................................................................................................................... 58Communicate effectively ................................................................................................................................ 61Positive Attitude & Teamwork ....................................................................................................................... 66 3

Module: 1Introduction to Field Technician – Computing and Peripherals 4

Introduction to Field TechnicianA field service technician is a generalterm for any computer repair orassessment technician who travels toa site to troubleshoot equipmentproblems. Field Service Techniciansuse their product training andtechnical skills to ensure that high-value business equipment such asfilm processing machines, minilabsand large format printers areproperly maintained and repaired with the minimum of downtime. They visit the premises of companiesand organizations that have a warranty or on-going service agreement with the equipment manufacturer orsupport company.Field Service Technicians will typically have a basic electronics qualification or will have gained on-the-jobexperience and training from working in an electronics role.Computer dealers employ thousands of Field Service Technicians across India. It is their job to install,maintain and repair a wide range of commercial and business computer, including: Computer equipment,inkjet printers, commercial and scientific scanners, large format printers, digital kiosks and Internet centers,as well as related computerized control systems and software.There are several core responsibilities of the role. Field Service Technicians install, configure and calibrateequipment and train staff in the safe use of the equipment. They service the equipment regularly, carryingout scheduled maintenance and replacing worn or faulty parts. They repair equipment, diagnosing and fixingfaults on site, and logging repairs on a database.They may also receive bonuses for encouraging customers to replace old equipment with new machines, andin some cases this role can be combined with the role of a Technical Sales Representative. 5

Job Description of Field Technician – Computing and PeripheralsAll field service technicians, regardless of industry, must be able to work independently with littlesupervision. Field service technicians must be able to manage service calls that require more time thananticipated without becoming frustrated or rushing through a job. They must also possess superb customerservice skills and an ability to diagnose and solve problems from non-technical descriptions provided by theircustomers.Computer field technicians make house calls and travel to businesses to fix computer problems that can't besolved over the phone. In conjunction with tech support teams, they diagnose and remedy a wide range ofcomputer hardware and software malfunctions, as well as perform routine updates and upgrades. Fieldtechnicians assess whether problems can be resolved on site or need to be addressed in a shop.Instead of fixing computer subsystems, techs may simply replace inexpensive parts to reduce business downtime. Printers, scanners and other peripheral devices may be diagnosed and repaired by field techs, as well.Businesses may also contract computer field techs to perform regular preventive maintenance on theircomputers.MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIESInstallation 1. Install and upgrade computers and peripherals throughout the district. 2. Install network cabling and network peripherals throughout the district. 3. Relocate computer hardware, peripherals, and equipment as needed. 4. Install and configure software as needed. 5. Assist with the installation, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of data communications circuits and equipment.Equipment Repair and Maintenance 1. Diagnose and repair equipment, including printers, terminals, and personal computers. 2. Service equipment according to established preventive maintenance schedule. 3. 8. Maintain accurate updated records of preventive maintenance. 6

4. Maintain accurate records of time and materials required to perform repairs and service5. Essential Duties and Responsibilities:6. Interact and collaborate with fellow Field Systems Technicians and with the Information Technologies (IT) department to discuss and address equipment failures performance/installation issues, troubleshooting, and preventative maintenance procedures7. Ensure a constant flow of communication regarding equipment repairs and other factors that may impact toll, roadway and or systems operations, primarily communicating with IT and Traffic Management operators8. Monitor service and maintain all revenue collection/auditing systems and peripherals ensuring a high degree of availability and accuracy9. Maintain all hardware systems, peripherals and other specialized devices utilized in Toll Road operations10. Maintain all ITS systems including but not limited to classification devices and investigate reports of inaccuracies associated with these devices11. Service and maintain all related imaging components12. Analyze and troubleshoot all system failures to component level if necessary, rapidly initiating repairs to ensure minimal down time13. Install, maintain and troubleshoot specialized ITS devices14. Give high priority to calls for service and respond expeditiously15. Close all calls for service before leaving the site, including detailed notes and steps performed, unless prevented by extraordinary circumstances16. Perform scheduled Preventative Maintenance (PM)17. Manage and maintain assigned work areas with attention to organization and cleanliness18. Assist with systems installation efforts19. Available 24/7 for callout with the ability to travel to affected locations as required, while occasionally troubleshooting via remote access whenever possible20. Periodically work under the direction of IT regarding fault isolation, identification and resolution and other complex operational issues21. Assist other technical peers with tasks and duties22. Provide installation services for supported technologies23. Utilizing available documentation, maintain high-level of proficiency with supported technologies24. Accurately complete all required reports and correspondence in a timely manner 7

25. Act as a department representative during new construction and/or renovation26. Assist in project management of contractors doing work with the Toll Road27. Provides roadside emergency assistance as needed28. Performs related work as required29. A field service technician is a general term for any mobile repair or assessment technician who travels to a site to troubleshoot equipment problems. A field service technician may work for a product manufacturer or be employed by a dedicated team of repairmen, such as Best Buy's Geek Squad, whose job is to repair and maintain all makes and models of a particular type of product.30. Field service technicians work in industries with products that cannot be easily transported because of their size or link to other systems. Many field service technicians service home-based equipment, such as security systems, appliances, computer equipment, televisions, stereos, and heating and ventilation units.31. All field service technicians, regardless of industry, must be able to work independently with little supervision. Field service technicians must be able to manage service calls that require more time than anticipated without becoming frustrated or rushing through a job. They must also possess superb customer service skills and an ability to diagnose and solve problems from non-technical descriptions provided by their customers. 8

Industry related to Field TechnicianComputer repair technicians resolve common issues, such as crashed hard drives,malfunctioning software and hardware conflicts. Technicians also deal with computerinstallation. When you work in the field, you are mostly responsible for repairing what is alreadybroken; although, you must also troubleshoot for potential problems and critical errors. Thismay include working on printers, modems, computers, software, hard drives and memorycards.If you are hired to work as a computer repair technician for a particular company, you mightmaintain your employer's networks and computer systems. Additionally, you could help tomake the company's network more secure, assist with Web development and keep all of theoperating systems running up to speed. You may also be in charge of buying and installingsoftware, equipment and computers.Most of the companies which employ field technicians are local firms. The job market forComputer Technicians is diverse and continuing to grow. There are many entry-level positionsavailable, and a person can even begin working during high school to receive practicalexperience. Such entry-level positions are generally in the retail domain and focused on endusers. Technician positions within in-house and outsourced IT departments are abundant as wellbut typically have more extensive education requirements. Computer Technicians with abachelor's degree or master's degree and the necessary experience can also fill a wide rangeof IT Analyst or IT Consultant positions.The computer technician field offers a number of benefits, including:  Job security in a growing market – The increasing role of technology is driving a high demand for skilled computer repair technicians, meaning lots of job opportunities.  High average salaries – The U.S. Department of Labor reports that, on average, computer technicians earn annual salaries of more than $50,000.  Extensive advancement opportunities – With just a little experience, additional education, or more certifications, you can take advantage of a wide variety of advancement opportunities. The course prepares for the Comptia A Plus certification, which is an 9

important requirement for a computer technician in the industry and helps in career advancement. Career ProspectsComputer technicians can be found working in a variety of industries. Possible positions rangefrom a computer technician in a retail electronics store who helps repair hardware and software,to a technical support advisor who helps people over the phone with their computer issues, to amember of an internal IT team within large and medium sized companies.The 2016-2017 edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook, published by the U.S. Departmentof Labor, estimates:• A growing job market as industry employment is projected to grow by 12%, over 89,000 newjobs, by 2024. In addition to these new jobs, this field also offers clear advancementopportunities, which creates additional job openings as people move to new positions.• A high demand for these services as computer technicians will become responsible forincreasingly complex and sophisticated computer equipment and software.• A growing number of professionals needed in the field as organizations upgrade their computerequipment and software. 10

Equipment used by Field Technician6-in-1 Auto-Loading Classic and Precision Screwdriver SetAll of the bits are contained within the screwdriver itself and can be easilychanged by simply twisting the shaft. No worry about carrying aroundseparate bits and finding the right one before attempting a repair. Thisset also includes a precision screwdriver that works great on laptops. LED Pen Flashlight A flashlight can be very handy when trying to look into a dark computer case, behind a rack, or when tracking down rogue screws. TRENDnet RJ11/RJ45 Crimp/Cut/Strip Tool I use these for not only making new network cables but also replacing damaged RJ45 connectors on existingcables. Network Cable Tester This basic network cable tester is used to determine if cable is good, bad, or wired incorrectly.Fluke Network Pro3000 Toner and Probe KitI use the Pro3000 for toning and tracing out ethernet wires. It’sespecially handy when the cable installers don’t label any of theports. Victorinox Swiss Army Classic Pocket Knife These little pocket knifes are very useful not only for the knife itself but also for the small scissors that make cutting wire ties and other things very easy. 11

Spudger ToolThis tool is great for laptop repairs. It is especially useful when trying to pryopen a stubborn case or when disconnecting small cables. Stanley 8-Inch Needle Nose Pliers with Cutter Needle nose pliers are used to pulling out a stuck molex connector, removing motherboard standoffs, to reaching into a tight space to removea screw.Sabrent USB 3.0 SATA/IDE 2.5″/3.5″/5.25″ Hard DriveAdapterThese are used for data recovery when the OS is unrepairable andwon’t boot or when the machine itself has a hardware failure and Ineed to recover something quickly. It can also be handy whentransferring data from an old PC to a new one. Thermaltake Power Supply Tester Used to quickly check a power supply for problems and will sound an alarm if any abnormalities are discovered. It can also check your Molex, PCI-E, and SATA power connections as well.ADATA Superior Series S102 Pro 16GB USB 3.0 Flash DriveEvery tech needs a flash drive. I use mine to carry all of my portable appsand software updates as well as a place to store temporary files. TheADATA Superior Series is neither the best flash drive on the market nor is itthe worst. It’s a good flash drive for a good price and it’s USB 3.0. WD 1TB My Passport Ultra-Portable External Hard Drive Having a portable hard drive can be handy when your flash drive isn’t enough & use for large file transfers and storage. 12

LG Electronics 8X USB 2.0 Ultra Slim Portable DVD Rewriter, External DriveFewer computers are shipping with optical drives so it’s nice to have anexternal one in case you need to access bootable media like a Windowsinstall disc or repair tool. Hiren’s BootCD The Hiren’s BootCD is a computer technician’s best friend. It’s a bootable CD that contains a huge set of tools to help you troubleshoot and repair even the most corrupt machines.Ultimate Boot CD for WindowsIf Hiren’s can’t do the job then the Ultimate Boot CD for Windows is anothergreat option. It also contains a huge set of tools for troubleshooting variousissues. Windows 10 DVD, Windows 8DVD, Windows 7 DVD, Windows Vista DVD, and Windows XP CD I keep Windows installation media with me also for the purpose of repairing corrupt windows installations.Blank CD-R, DVD-R, Dual Layer DVD-RI never know when I might need to burn something while on-site with a clientso I keep a few blank CD-Rs, DVD-Rs, and DVD-R DLs with me just in case.25ft CAT6 Patch CableI carry a patch cable for obvious reasons. The longer the betterespecially when trying to plug in to a distant wall port or switch. 13

Additional Cables  SATA Cable  Fire wire 800 to Fire wire 800  Fire wire 400 to Fire wire 800  USB A to Type B  USB A to Mini B  USB A to Micro B Miscellaneous Screws I carry a random assortment of screws that can be used for securing drives, cases, and motherboards.RJ45 ConnectorsUsed with my TREND net Crimp Tool to make new cables or repair damaged ones. RJ45 Female to Female Straight Coupler I carry one of these around with me just in case I need to quickly make a longer cable.Arctic Silver 5 Polysynthetic Thermal PasteSome of the best thermal grease on the market in my opinion. Usedprimarily for dealing with heat issues.2.5 Oz. Germ-x Original Hand SanitizerUse this stuff to stay healthy especially after touching all those mice and keyboards. 14

Samsonite Vinyl Bifold Writing PadUse this for writing down notes, storing forms, and a place to keepextra business cards. 15

Module: 2Fundamentals of Computer System 16

What is electricity?We use electricity every day. Without it we would not be able to watch T.V.listen to the radio, have hot water, use a microwave to heat our food and many ofthe other things we do every day.First you have to know what an atom is. An atom is the smallest part of something. Itis microscopic and every thing is made up of atoms. Atoms are made up of three parts. There are :Protons These parts of an atom have a positive charge. They are in the middle of the atom, calledthe nucleus and they do not move.Neutrons These parts of an atom have no charge. They are neutral and part of the nucleus of anatom with the protons.Electrons These parts of the atom are very small and weigh a lot less then the protons and neurtons.Electrons are not part of the nucleus of the atom, instead they move around in orbits outside thenucleus. Electrons are the only part of an atom that moves.Electricity is the flow of moving electrons. When the electrons flow it is called an electricalcurrent. To understand why electrons flow you need to understand that atoms can lose electrons by rubbing against another material. Think about when you rub your head against a balloon. Believe it or not, your hair is actually getting some electrons from the balloon. Because your hair has more electrons then 17

protons, we say it is negatively charged. But what about the balloon? Well the balloon has more protons than electrons so it is positively charged.Now that we know objects can have positive or negitive charges let's talk about how objects that arecharged will behave. There are 3 main rules about electrical charges:like charges repel So if both you and your friend rubbed balloons on your head and then tried to stick the balloons together they would repel or push away from each other because they would both have the same charge.unlike charged objects attract Since your hair has a positive charge and the balloon has a negitivecharge, they are attracted to each other. Kind of like to magnets trying to stick together.a charged object will attract an uncharged object So the balloon is charged and the wall has no charge.This means the wall is attracted to the balloon.Knowing these three rules you can think of the lunch line full of boys. (Pretend the boys have anegitive charge.)A girl comes to the front of the line. (The girl has a positive charge.) The boys areattracted or trying to get as close as possible to the girl. The boys all start pushing the boy in front ofhim closer to the girl and to move away from the other boys. This is how the electrons flow. Thenegitive charges (electrons) move because they are repelled by other electrons and because they areattracted to the positive charges (protons).The flowing electrons make electricity, but how can we use it?You need three things to let you use this electrical current: a circuit or a path for theelectrons to move through, a power source, or something that is going to make theelectrons move, like a battery or a generator, and something to use the electricity,like a light bulb or a t.v.. 18

The power source causes the electrical current that goes through a circuit or a closed path, and theappliance is connected to the circuit so the electrons can move through it and make the appliancework.What is Electricity?Electricity is all around us–powering technology like our cell phones, computers, lights, solderingirons, and air conditioners. It’s tough to escape it in our modern world. Even when you try to escapeelectricity, it’s still at work throughout nature, from the lightning in a thunderstorm to the synapsesinside our body. But what exactly is electricity? This is a very complicated question, and as you digdeeper and ask more questions, there really is not a definitive answer, only abstract representationsof how electricity interacts with our surroundings.Electricity is a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout nature and takes many different forms. Inthis tutorial we’ll focus on current electricity: the stuff that powers our electronic gadgets. Our goalis to understand how electricity flows from a power source through wires, lighting up LEDs, spinningmotors, and powering our communication devices. 19

Electricity is briefly defined as the flow of electric charge, but there’s so much behind that simplestatement. Where do the charges come from? How do we move them? Where do they move to? Howdoes an electric charge cause mechanical motion or make things light up? So many questions! Tobegin to explain what electricity is we need to zoom way in, beyond the matter and molecules, to theatoms that make up everything we interact with in life.Going AtomicTo understand the fundamentals of electricity, we need to begin by focusing in on atoms, one of thebasic building blocks of life and matter. Atoms exist in over a hundred different forms as chemicalelements like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and copper. Atoms of many types can combine to makemolecules, which build the matter we can physically see and touch.Atoms are tiny, stretching at a max to about 300 picometers long (that’s 3x10-10 or 0.0000000003meters). A copper penny (if it actually were made of 100% copper) would have 3.2x1022 atoms(32,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms) of copper inside it.Even the atom isn’t small enough to explain the workings of electricity. We need to dive down onemore level and look in on the building blocks of atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons.Building Blocks of AtomsAn atom is built with a combination of three distinct particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Eachatom has a center nucleus, where the protons and neutrons are densely packed together. Surroundingthe nucleus are a group of orbiting electrons. 20

A very simple atom model. It’s not to scale but helpful for understanding how an atom is built. A core nucleus of protons and neutrons is surrounded by orbiting electrons.Every atom must have at least one proton in it. The number of protons in an atom is important,because it defines what chemical element the atom represents. For example, an atom with just oneproton is hydrogen, an atom with 29 protons is copper, and an atom with 94 protons is plutonium.This count of protons is called the atom’s atomic number.The proton’s nucleus-partner, neutrons, serve an important purpose; they keep the protons in thenucleus and determine the isotope of an atom. They’re not critical to our understanding of electricity,so let’s not worry about them for this tutorial.Electrons are critical to the workings of electricity (notice a common theme in their names?) In itsmost stable, balanced state, an atom will have the same number of electrons as protons. As in the Bohratom model below, a nucleus with 29 protons (making it a copper atom) is surrounded by an equalnumber of electrons. As our understanding of atoms has evolved, so too has our method for modeling them. The Bohr model is a very useful atom model as we explore electricity.The atom’s electrons aren’t all forever bound to the atom. The electrons on the outer orbit of the atomare called valence electrons. With enough outside force, a valence electron can escape orbit of theatom and become free. Free electrons allow us to move charge, which is what electricity is all about.Speaking of charge… 21

Flowing ChargesAs we mentioned at the beginning of this tutorial, electricity is defined as the flow of electriccharge. Charge is a property of matter–just like mass, volume, or density. It is measurable. Just asyou can quantify how much mass something has, you can measure how much charge it has. The keyconcept with charge is that it can come in two types: positive (+) or negative (-).In order to move charge we need charge carriers, and that’s where our knowledge of atomicparticles–specifically electrons and protons–comes in handy. Electrons always carry a negativecharge, while protons are always positively charged. Neutrons (true to their name) are neutral, theyhave no charge. Both electrons and protons carry the sameamount of charge, just a different type. A lithium atom (3 protons) model with the charges labeled.The charge of electrons and protons is important, because it provides us the means to exert a forceon them. Electrostatic force!Electrostatic ForceElectrostatic force (also called Coulomb’s law) is a force that operates between charges. It statesthat charges of the same type repel each other, while charges of opposite types are attractedtogether. Opposites attract, and likes repel. 22

The amount of force acting on two charges depends on how far they are from each other. The closertwo charges get, the greater the force (either pushing together, or pulling away) becomes.Thanks to electrostatic force, electrons will push away other electrons and be attracted to protons.This force is part of the “glue” that holds atoms together, but it’s also the tool we need to makeelectrons (and charges) flow!Making Charges FlowWe now have all the tools to make charges flow. Electrons in atoms can act as our charge carrier,because every electron carries a negative charge. If we can free an electron from an atom and forceit to move, we can create electricity.Consider the atomic model of a copper atom, one of the preferred elemental sources for charge flow.In its balanced state, copper has 29 protons in its nucleus and an equal number of electrons orbitingaround it. Electrons orbit at varying distances from the nucleus of the atom. Electrons closer to thenucleus feel a much stronger attraction to the center than those in distant orbits. The outermostelectrons of an atom are called the valence electrons, these require the least amount of force to befreed from an atom. 23

This is a copper atom diagram: 29 protons in the nucleus, surrounded by bands of circling electrons. Electrons closer to the nucleus are hard to remove while the valence (outer ring) electron requires relatively little energy to be ejected from the atom.Using enough electrostatic force on the valence electron–either pushing it with another negativecharge or attracting it with a positive charge–we can eject the electron from orbit around the atomcreating a free electron.Now consider a copper wire: matter filled with countless copper atoms. As our free electron isfloating in a space between atoms, it’s pulled and prodded by surrounding charges in that space. Inthis chaos the free electron eventually finds a new atom to latch on to; in doing so, the negative chargeof that electron ejects another valence electron from the atom. Now a new electron is drifting throughfree space looking to do the same thing. This chain effect can continue on and on to create a flow ofelectrons called electric current. A very simplified model of charges flowing through atoms to make current.Conductivity 24

Some elemental types of atoms are better than others at releasing their electrons. To get the bestpossible electron flow we want to use atoms which don’t hold very tightly to their valence electrons.An element’s conductivity measures how tightly bound an electron is to an atom.Elements with high conductivity, which have very mobile electrons, are called conductors. Theseare the types of materials we want to use to make wires and other components which aid in electronflow. Metals like copper, silver, and gold are usually our top choices for good conductors.Elements with low conductivity are called insulators. Insulators serve a very important purpose: theyprevent the flow of electrons. Popular insulators include glass, rubber, plastic, and air.Static or Current ElectricityBefore we get much further, let’s discuss the two forms electricity can take: static or current. Inworking with electronics, current electricity will be much more common, but static electricity isimportant to understand as well.Static ElectricityStatic electricity exists when there is a build-up of opposite charges on objects separated by aninsulator. Static (as in “at rest”) electricity exists until the two groups of opposite charges can find apath between each other to balance the system out.When the charges do find a means of equalizing, a static discharge occurs. The attraction of thecharges becomes so great that they can flow through even the best of insulators (air, glass, plastic, 25

rubber, etc.). Static discharges can be harmful depending on what medium the charges travelthrough and to what surfaces the charges are transferring. Charges equalizing through an air gapcan result in a visible shock as the traveling electrons collide with electrons in the air, whichbecome excited and release energy in the form of light. Spark gap igniters are used to create a controlled static discharge. Opposite charges build up on each of the conductors until their attraction is so great charges can flow through the air.One of the most dramatic examples of static discharge is lightning. When a cloud system gathersenough charge relative to either another group of clouds or the earth’s ground, the charges will try toequalize. As the cloud discharges, massive quantities of positive (or sometimes negative) charges runthrough the air from ground to cloud causing the visible effect we’re all familiar with.Static electricity also familiarly exists when we rub balloons on our head to make our hair stand up,or when we shuffle on the floor with fuzzy slippers and shock the family cat (accidentally, of course).In each case, friction from rubbing different types of materials transfers electrons. The object losingelectrons becomes positively charged, while the object gaining electrons becomes negativelycharged. The two objects become attracted to each other until they can find a way to equalize.Working with electronics, we generally don’t have to deal with static electricity. When we do, we’reusually trying to protect our sensitive electronic components from being subjected to a staticdischarge. Preventative measures against static electricity include wearing ESD (electrostaticdischarge) wrist straps, or adding special components in circuits to protect against very high spikesof charge.Current ElectricityCurrent electricity is the form of electricity which makes all of our electronic gizmos possible. Thisform of electricity exists when charges are able to constantly flow. As opposed to static electricity 26

where charges gather and remain at rest, current electricity is dynamic, charges are always on themove. We’ll be focusing on this form of electricity throughout the rest of the tutorial.CircuitsIn order to flow, current electricity requires a circuit: a closed, never-ending loop of conductivematerial. A circuit could be as simple as a conductive wire connected end-to-end, but useful circuitsusually contain a mix of wire and other components which control the flow of electricity. The onlyrule when it comes to making circuits is they can’t have any insulating gaps in them.If you have a wire full of copper atoms and want to induce a flow of electrons through it, all freeelectrons need somewhere to flow in the same general direction. Copper is a great conductor, perfectfor making charges flow. If a circuit of copper wire is broken, the charges can’t flow through the air,which will also prevent any of the charges toward the middle from going anywhere.On the other hand, if the wire were connected end-to-end, the electrons all have a neighboring atomand can all flow in the same general direction.We now understand how electrons can flow, but how do we get them flowing in the first place? Then,once the electrons are flowing, how do they produce the energy required to illuminate light bulbs orspin motors? For that, we need to understand electric fields.Electric FieldsWe have a handle on how electrons flow through matter to create electricity. That’s all there is toelectricity. Well, almost all. Now we need a source to induce the flow of electrons. Most often thatsource of electron flow will come from an electric field.What’s a Field?A field is a tool we use to model physical interactions which don’t involve any observable contact.Fields can’t be seen as they don’t have a physical appearance, but the effect they have is very real.We’re all subconsciously familiar with one field in particular: Earth’s gravitational field, the effectof a massive body attracting other bodies. Earth’s gravitational field can be modeled with a set ofvectors all pointing into the center of the planet; regardless of where you are on the surface, you’llfeel the force pushing you towards it. 27

The strength or intensity of fields isn’t uniform at all points in the field. The further you are from thesource of the field the less effect the field has. The magnitude of Earth’s gravitational field decreasesas you get further away from the center of the planet.As we go on to explore electric fields in particular remember how Earth’s gravitational field works,both fields share many similarities. Gravitational fields exert a force on objects of mass, and electricfields exert a force on objects of charge.Electric FieldsElectric fields (e-fields) are an important tool in understanding how electricity begins and continuesto flow. Electric fields describe the pulling or pushing force in a space between charges.Compared to Earth’s gravitational field, electric fields have one major difference: while Earth’s fieldgenerally only attracts other objects of mass (since everything is so significantly less massive),electric fields push charges away just as often as the attract them.The direction of electric fields is always defined as the direction a positive test charge wouldmove if it was dropped in the field. The test charge has to be infinitely small, to keep its charge frominfluencing the field. 28

We can begin by constructing electric fields for solitary positive and negative charges. If you droppeda positive test charge near a negative charge, the test charge would be attracted towardsthe negative charge. So, for a single, negative charge we draw our electric field arrows pointinginward at all directions. That same test charge dropped near another positive charge would result inan outward repulsion, which means we draw arrows going out of the positive charge.The electric fields of single charges. A negative charge has an inward electric field because it attractspositive charges. The positive charge has an outward electric field, pushing away like charges.Groups of electric charges can be combined to make more complete electric fields. 29

The uniform e-field above points away from the positive charges, towards the negatives. Imagine atiny positive test charge dropped in the e-field; it should follow the direction of the arrows. As we’veseen, electricity usually involves the flow of electrons–negative charges–which flow against electricfields.Electric fields provide us with the pushing force we need to induce current flow. An electric field ina circuit is like an electron pump: a large source of negative charges that can propel electrons, whichwill flow through the circuit towards the positive lump of charges.Electric Potential (Energy)When we harness electricity to power our circuits, gizmos, and gadgets, we’re really transformingenergy. Electronic circuits must be able to store energy and transfer it to other forms like heat, light,or motion. The stored energy of a circuit is called electric potential energy.Energy? Potential Energy?To understand potential energy we need to understand energy in general. Energy is defined as theability of an object to do work on another object, which means moving that object some distance.Energy comes in many forms, some we can see (like mechanical) and others we can’t (like chemicalor electrical). Regardless of what form it’s in, energy exists in one of two states: kinetic or potential.An object has kinetic energy when it’s in motion. The amount of kinetic energy an object hasdepends on its mass and speed. Potential energy, on the other hand, is a stored energy when anobject is at rest. It describes how much work the object could do if set into motion. It’s an energy wecan generally control. When an object is set into motion, its potential energy transforms into kineticenergy. 30

Let’s go back to using gravity as an example. A bowling ball sitting motionless at the top of Khalifatower has a lot of potential (stored) energy. Once dropped, the ball–pulled by the gravitational field–accelerates towards the ground. As the ball accelerates, potential energy is converted into kineticenergy (the energy from motion). Eventually all of the ball’s energy is converted from potential tokinetic, and then passed on to whatever it hits. When the ball is on the ground, it has a very lowpotential energy.Electric Potential EnergyJust like mass in a gravitational field has gravitational potential energy, charges in an electric fieldhave an electric potential energy. A charge’s electric potential energy describes how much storedenergy it has, when set into motion by an electrostatic force, that energy can become kinetic, and thecharge can do work.Like a bowling ball sitting at the top of a tower, a positive charge in close proximity to anotherpositive charge has a high potential energy; left free to move, the charge would be repelled awayfrom the like charge. A positive test charge placed near a negative charge would have low potentialenergy, analogous to the bowling ball on the ground. 31

To instill anything with potential energy, we have to do work by moving it over a distance. In thecase of the bowling ball, the work comes from carrying it up 163 floors, against the field of gravity.Similarly, work must be done to push a positive charge against the arrows of an electric field (eithertowards another positive charge, or away from a negative charge). The further up the field the chargegoes, the more work you have to do. Likewise, if you try to pull a negative charge away from apositive charge–against an electric field–you have to do work.For any charge located in an electric field its electric potential energy depends on the type (positiveor negative), amount of charge, and its position in the field. Electric potential energy is measured inunits of joules (J).Electric PotentialElectric potential builds upon electric potential energy to help define how much energy is stored inelectric fields. It’s another concept which helps us model the behavior of electric fields. Electricpotential is not the same thing as electric potential energy!At any point in an electric field the electric potential is the amount of electric potential energydivided by the amount of charge at that point. It takes the charge quantity out of the equation andleaves us with an idea of how much potential energy specific areas of the electric field may provide.Electric potential comes in units of joules per coulomb (J/C), which we define as a volt (V).In any electric field there are two points of electric potential that are of significant interest to us.There’s a point of high potential, where a positive charge would have the highest possible potentialenergy, and there’s a point of low potential, where a charge would have the lowest possible potentialenergy. 32

One of the most common terms we discuss in evaluating electricity is voltage. A voltage is thedifference in potential between two points in an electric field. Voltage gives us an idea of just howmuch pushing force an electric field has.With potential and potential energy under our belt we have all of the ingredients necessary to makecurrent electricity. Let’s do it!Electricity in Action!After studying particle physics, field theory, and potential energy, we now know enough to makeelectricity flow. Let’s make a circuit!First we will review the ingredients we need to make electricity:  The definition of electricity is the flow of charge. Usually our charges will be carried by free- flowing electrons.  Negatively-charged electrons are loosely held to atoms of conductive materials. With a little push we can free electrons from atoms and get them to flow in a generally uniform direction.  A closed circuit of conductive material provides a path for electrons to continuously flow.  The charges are propelled by an electric field. We need a source of electric potential (voltage), which pushes electrons from a point of low potential energy to higher potential energy.A Short CircuitBatteries are common energy sources which convert chemical energy to electrical energy. They havetwo terminals, which connect to the rest of the circuit. On one terminal there are an excess of negativecharges, while all of the positive charges coalesce on the other. This is an electric potential differencejust waiting to act! 33

If we connected our wire full of conductive copper atoms to the battery, that electric field willinfluence the negatively-charged free electrons in the copper atoms. Simultaneously pushed by thenegative terminal and pulled by the positive terminal, the electrons in the copper will move fromatom to atom creating the flow of charge we know as electricity.After a second of the current flow, the electrons have actually moved very little–fractions of acentimeter. However, the energy produced by the current flow is huge, especially since there’snothing in this circuit to slow down the flow or consume the energy. Connecting a pure conductordirectly across an energy source is a bad idea. Energy moves very quickly through the system and istransformed into heat in the wire, which may quickly turn into melting wire or fire.Illuminating a Light BulbInstead of wasting all that energy, not to mention destroying the battery and wire, let’s build a circuitthat does something useful! Generally an electric circuit will transfer electric energy into some otherform–light, heat, motion, etc. If we connect a light bulb to the battery with wires in between, we havea simple, functional circuit. 34

Schematic: A battery (left) connecting to a lightbulb (right), the circuit is completed when the switch(top) closes. With the circuit closed, electrons can flow, pushed from the negative terminal of thebattery through the lightbulb, to the positive terminal.While the electrons move at a snails pace, the electric field affects the entire circuit almost instantly (we’retalking speed of light fast). Electrons throughout the circuit, whether at the lowest potential, highestpotential, or right next to the light bulb, are influenced by the electric field. When the switch closes and theelectrons are subjected to the electric field, all electrons in the circuit start flowing at seemingly the sametime. Those charges nearest the light bulb will take one step through the circuit and start transforming energyfrom electrical to light (or heat). 35

Fundamentals of Computer SystemA computer is a truly amazing machine that performs a specified sequence of operations as perthe set of instructions (known as programs) given on a set of data (input) to generate desiredinformation (output). Being a machine, it will not perform independently or creatively. It will doonly, what it is instructed to do, in specific terms. It is based on a complex technology, but worksInput Process Outputon a simple principle as follows:The following features characterize this electronic machine:  Speed  Accuracy  Storage and Retrieval  Repeated Processing Capabilities  Reliability  Flexibility  Low costOverview of a Computer SystemEvery computer system has two main units: • Hardware • SoftwareAll physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware.Software gives intelligence to the computer. For example in a television the wires, switches etc.are the hardware while the programs, watched on TV, is the software. 36

Although the hardware of a computer is capable of performing marvellous tasks, it can't actuallyaccomplish any of them without the vital instructions that software provides. In this section,we'll look at the physical components of the machine, the hardware & then turn to the softwarethat brings life to the physical components. Session 2: Functional Units of a Computer SystemA computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly complicatedproblems quickly and accurately.A computer as shown in Fig. performs basically five major computer operations or functionsirrespective of their size and make. These are 1) It accepts data or instructions by way of input, 2) It stores data, 3) It can process data as required by the user, 4) It gives results in the form of output, and 5) It controls all operations inside a computer. 37

1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. Youshould know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes asinputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the inputunit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage. Datahas to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the processingspeed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU withthe same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access andprocessing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to dothe above functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions.The storage unit performs the following major functions:• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is calledprocessing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unitand makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided.It is then sent back to the storage unit.4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information.Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhereinside the computer before being given to you in human readable form. Again the output is alsostored inside the computer for further processing.5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are performed.Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. Ittakes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the computer. FUNCTIONAL UNITSIn order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer allocatesthe task between its various functional units.The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation.They are1) Arithmetic logical unit2) Control unit.3) Central processing unit. 38

Arithmetic Logical Unit Logical Unit: After you enter data through the input device it is storedin the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed byArithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction,multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit whenrequired. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing orgetting stored.Control Unit (CU) The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like thesupervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit is responsible for coordinating various operations using time signal. The control unit determines the sequence inwhich computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of programsstored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for otherunits of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board operator when severalusers access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer’speripheral equipment as they perform the input and output. Central processing unit The ALUand the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may callCPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions,makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activatingand controlling the operations. 39

Session 2: Computer Hardware and SoftwareHardwareHardware refers to the physical units of a computer, which includes electronic and electrical circuitry,components and devices. Regardless of its shape, size or capabilities, every computer that people use directlyhas same general design.Computer Hardware = Processing Unit + Secondary Storage Devices + Peripheral DevicesThe various units of computer hardware consist of the following components:1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Processor Primary Storage2. Secondary Storage Devices (External Storage) USB Hard Disks Tape Optical Disks3. Peripheral Devices: Peripheral devices are devices connected to the computer externally. If aperipheral device is disconnected, the computer will still be able to work; only functions performed by thisperipheral device will not be available. Mainly there are following types of peripheral devices: Input Devices Output Devices Other PeripheralsInput Devices Input devices accept data and instructions from the user. Following are the examples ofvarious input devices, which are connected to the computer to provide input.There are many input devices. Some important input devices are as follows: 1. Keyboard 2. Mouse 3. Joystick 4. Light Pen 5. Optical/magnetic Scanner 6. Touch Screen 40

7. Microphone for voice as input 8. Track BallSoftware Computer needs instructions to tell it what to do, how to do and when to do. Thus the electronicinstructions well defined and well organized, that people write to tell the hardware what to do to getdesired results, are called programs. Software refers to a set of programs that makes the hardware performa particular set of tasks in a particular order.Software can be classified mainly in two categories as follows:  System Software  Application SoftwareSystem Software:The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processingcapabilities of the computer itself. System software are generally prepared by computer manufactures.These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages which interact with thehardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between hardware and the endusers.Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers etc.Features of system software are as follows:  Close to system  Fast in speed  Difficult to design  Difficult to understand  Less interactive  Smaller in size  Difficult to manipulate  Generally written in low-level languageApplication SoftwareApplication software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. Allsoftware applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application software. 41

Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for writing and editingsimple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which worktogether to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.Examples of Application software are following:  Payroll Software  Student Record Software  Inventory Management Software  Income Tax Software  Railways Reservation Software  Microsoft Office Suite Software  Microsoft Word  Microsoft Excel  Microsoft PowerpointFeatures of application software are as follows:  Close to user  Easy to design  More interactive  Slow in speed  Generally written in high-level language  Easy to understand  Easy to manipulate and use  Bigger in size and requires large storage space 42

Session 3: Computer PartsCaseThe computer case is a plastic or metal enclosure that houses most of the components. Those foundon desktop computers are usually small enough to fit under a desk; however, in recent years more compactdesigns have become more commonplace, such as the all-in-one style designs from Apple, namely the iMac.A case can be either big or small, but the form factor of motherboard for which it is designed matters more.Laptops are computers that usually come in a clamshell form factor; however, in more recent years,deviations from this form factor, such as laptops that have a detachable screen that become tabletcomputers in their own right, have started to emerge.Power supply: A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DCpower for the internal components of the computer. Laptops are capable of running from a built-in battery,normally for a period of hours. 43

MainboardThe motherboard is the main component of a computer. It is a board with integrated circuitry that connectsthe other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or anyothers) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.Components directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include:  The CPU (Central Processing Unit), which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan, or water-cooling system. Most newer CPUs include an on-die Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The clock speed of CPUs governs how fast it executes instructions, and is measured in GHz; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling.  The chipset, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.  Random-Access Memory (RAM), which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU. RAM usually comes on DIMMs in the sizes 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB, but can be much larger.  Read-Only Memory (ROM), which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known as Bootstrapping, or \"booting\" or \"booting up\". The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.  Buses that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound.  The CMOS battery, which powers the memory for date and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.  The video card (also known as the graphics card), which processes computer graphics. More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks, such as playing intensive video games.Expansion cards 44

An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of acomputer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.Expansions cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard.Storage devicesA storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files andobjects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be internal or externalto a computer, server or any similar computing device. It refers to computer components and recordingmedia that retain digital data. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.Fixed mediaData is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives are found in virtually all oldercomputers, due to their high capacity and low cost, but solid-state drives are faster and more power efficient,although currently more expensive than hard drives, so are often found in more expensive computers. Somesystems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability.Removable mediaTo transfer data between computers, a USB flash drive or optical disc may be used. Their usefulness dependson being readable by other systems; the majority of machines have an optical disk drive, and virtually all havea USB port.Input and output peripheralsInput and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis. The following areeither standard or very common to many computer systems.InputInput devices allow the user to enter information into the system, or control its operation. Most personalcomputers have a mouse and keyboard, but laptop systems typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse.Other input devices include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.Output deviceOutput devices display information in a human readable form. Such devices couldinclude printers, speakers, monitors or a Braille embosser. 45

46

Assemble a Computer SystemNowadays, it’s easier thanever, with clear standards ofcompatibility, obviouschoices for performance andvalue, and an actual buildingprocess that’sstraightforward and welldocumented. That beingsaid, there are a lot of pitfallsand assumptions thatexperienced builders makethat newcomers won’t know. We’ve compiled this handy step-by-step guide that will take you from a pile ofparts to a working computer in just a couple of hours.Before assembling ensure there’s a clean workspace with plenty of room to open boxes and put partstogether.There’s an invisible risk when building a computer that can crush the most powerful system: static electricity.The same force that lets you shock your friends when you wear wool socks can also fry components in aheartbeat. Fortunately, it’s easy to all but eliminate with a few simple steps. One easy way is to purchase an anti- static wristband. One end wraps around your wrist, and the other clips somewhere on the computer case, keeping the wearer constantly grounded. Touching the case frequently with the PSU plugged in, but turned off, achieves the same effect. 47

Opening the CasePreparing the case is the easy part. The instructions should introduce you to the basic layout of your case,as well as offer up special instructions regarding component installation.Lay the case in your work area and remove the side panel which provides access to the interior. For mostcases, this mean removing the left-side panel (as viewed from the front). Also remove anything that’sdangling inside the case, or if it’s attached, push it aside. Many cases have permanent internal wiring thatcan become a hassle later.Before we start putting other parts together, we’re going to install the power supply, and then set the caseaside for a few minutes.The Power SupplyThe first component to make its way intothe case should be the power supply, orPSU. Typically located on the rear of thecase, usually in the bottom or top corner,the slot is easily located by searching fora square opening. This opening will havescrew holes on at least two corners, andthe PSU sits in it with a switch and femalesocket facing outward. Consult yourcase’s manual if you have trouble findingthe proper location.There are two main varieties of power supply, standard and modular (there’s a hybrid semi-modulartype too, but we don’t need to worry about that for now.) Modular PSUs have cables that detach fromthe main unit to avoid clutter. They’re ideal for smaller cases and neat freaks.INSTALLING THE PROCESSORWe’re going to prepare the motherboard by installing the CPU, cooler, and RAM before fitting it in thecase. This is a lot easier than installing these components after the motherboard is already installed.In fact, depending on your case and cooler, it may not be possible to assemble your system with themotherboard in the case. That’s because many after-market coolers use a backplate to provide thetightest fit possible. It is, of course, attached to the back of the motherboard. You won’t be able to install 48

it unless you have a case with a cut-out that aligns with the backplates location, a feature typicallyfound only in high-end enclosures.Carefully remove the motherboard from its anti-static bag and set it on a hard, flat, non-metal surfacesuch as a wooden desk, or the side panel of your case. Also, make sure that no source of dust or liquidis nearby.Pick a sideEven though installing a CPU has become an easier task over the last few years, it’s still one of themore difficult steps. There are numerous pins on the CPU and motherboard, and bending any one ofthem could render your system kaput.But confidence is key, and I believe you won’t screw things up. Intel processors are easier than withAMD chips, but we’ve outlined both below.IntelBefore we start messing with it, let’s get acquainted with the Intel socket. Modern Intel sockets have thepins on the motherboard, instead of on the processor, which makes installation easier. This part of thesocket is called the contact array, and it’s very important not to bend or touch any of the pins on it (sodon’t touch it!). The square metal bracket that holds the CPU in place is the load plate, and it’s raisedand lowered by using the load lever. When clamped down, the end of the load lever tucks under a hookto keep everything in place.The first step is to open the load plate. Do this by pushing down gently on the load arm and moving outsideways from under the hook, and thenlifting it up all the way. The lever actionof the hook will open the plate, whichyou can easily flip up. If it’s a newmotherboard, there may be a plastic orfoam filler in the socket, which you cThe CPU itself should have two smallnotches cut out of it, directly across fromeach other on the chip. With thecontacts facing down, there should beonly one direction where the notches 49

will line up with the notches in the socket. Gently set the CPU in so that the outer brim lies flush with thesocket body. This part doesn’t require any pressure.Use the load arm on the side to lower the plate over the chip, then push down and re-clip the arm underthe hook once again. This will require a fair amount of pressure, so make sure the chip is properlyseated before pressing down! Remember, the notches in the processor should align with those in thesocket.AMDLet’s get to know your AMD CPU and socket alittle bit before trying to install it. In this case, thepins are on the CPU, with holes they fit into onthe socket itself. The load arm on the socketshifts the holes underneath slightly, gripping thepins on the processor when pressed all the waydown.If it isn’t already, lift the arm up so that it’spointing straight up, or even a little bit further.That will ensure the holes for the pins are wide open.Instead of notches, we’ll be looking to line up the processor in the slot correctly using the goldentriangle. The triangle should be engraved in gold on one corner of the CPU, and all you have to do isline that up with the triangle cut into the slot itself. Once the processor is sitting comfortably in the slot, simply press the arm down until it clicks into place and locks in. This last step can be intimidating, since it will require a fair amount of pressure to lock in place. 50