FINAL circulation Gandhi Jayanti 2020

2nd October 2020 Birth Anniversary of Mahatma A legacy beyond the freedom of India GANDHIMAHATMA

Gandhi Legacy Beyond Independence of India “My Life is My Message”. In a gentle way, you can shake the world. Mahatma Gandhi 2nd October 2020 Gandhi Birth Anniversary 2 Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd

Gandhi Legacy Beyond Independence of India How relevant is Mahatma Gandhi today? Buddhdev Pandya MBE We often ask how relevant Mahatma Gandhi is to the world of today? I put “That future is not one of ease or resting this Mahatma as India’s most invaluable gift to the world that will bear but of incessant striving so that we may influence for generations to come. fulfill the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today. The service Gandhiji to the people of India has been a father figure for the nation. of India means the service of the millions A title that was given by Subhash Chandra Bose on radio 6 July 1944 who who suffer. It means the ending of poverty addressed Gandhiji as “The Father of the Nation”. Ironically, the significance and ignorance and disease and inequality of of this is that the recognition came from Netaji Bose when he had already opportunity. The ambition of the greatest departed from the Indian National Congress party in 1939 following his man of our generation has been to wipe differences with Mahatma Gandhi and others in the high command. every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and However, I place Gandhiji’s legacy beyond just the independence of India suffering, so long our work will not be over.” as it touched the very core of the reasons for the struggle for independence in the first place. ‘Truth and Non-violence’ are two big words for the 21st century Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru world that is seeing injustices across parts of our civilisation. Mahatma Gandhi, India’s first Prime Minister who adopted simplicity in his life, described his philosophy as an experiment The eve of Independence of India with truth and nonviolence. It seems that he managed to unfold layer by layer that consciousness of human conduct taking us through both much needed, 14 August 1948 religions values and political moralities. He was a humble seeker of truth. Truth in its purest form unites and there can be only one truth. There was some unique aspect of Gandhiji that touched global community. Which I believe to be summarised in a sentence by Gandhi ji, so eloquently put “My Life is My Message”. The Mahatma who first followed and then preached. The roots of a quote are attributed to mahatma: Be the change you wish to see in the world. Yes, Gandhiji matters to us now, ,more then ever before. If we must, then the sentiments were summed up in the speech India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gave on the eve of the Independence day “Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially”. He touched on a central pulse, “ That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving so that we may fulfill the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over.” This foundation of ideals are embedded in the making of the Constitution of India with explicit emphasis on secular values; “To secure to all its citizens • JUSTICE, social, economic and political; • LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; • EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; • and to promote among them all, • FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual • and the unity and integrity of the Nation.” The real tribute to Mahatma Gandhi would be to retain these values and to protect and preserve the constitution that promises to secure them. Buddhdev Pandya MBE 2nd October 2020 United Kingdom Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd ‘Legacy Beyond Independence of India’ Compiled by Buddhdev Pandya MBE Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd Bedfordshire United Kingdom [email protected] 3 Gandhi Birth Anniversary: 2nd October 2020

Gandhi Legacy Beyond Independence of India Truth The quality of any leadership demands expression of ‘truth’ that commands an indefinable mysterious power that pervades everything. If applied, the people you serve would be prepared to walk that extra mile with you when facing most turmoil times. When referring to Mahatma Gandhi we use the word ‘Satyagrah’ more causually, yet the word satya (Truth) is derived from Sat which means ‘being’. Nothing is or exists in reality except Truth. Gandhiji has equated ‘Truth’ with God; that cannot be seen but is felt and defies all proof. “If we once learn how to apply this never failing test of Truth, we will at once able to find out what is \"Truth alone triumphs\" worth doing, what is worth seeing, what is worth reading. But how is one to to realize this Truth, which may be likened to the philosophers stone or the cow of plenty? By single minded devotion (abhyasa ) and indifference to all other interests in life (vairagya) replies the Bhagavadgita. But Truth is the right designation of God. Hence there is nothing wrong in every man following Truth according to his lights. Indeed it is his duty to do so. Then if there is a mistake on the part of any one so following Truth it will be automatically set right. For the quest of Truth involves tapas self suffering, sometimes even unto death. There can be no place in it even a trace of self interest. In such selfless search for Truth nobody can lose his bearings for long. Directly he takes to the wrong path he stumbles, and is thus redirected to the right path. Therefore the pursuit of Truth is true bhakti (devotion). It is the path that leads to God. There is no place in it for cowardice, no place for defeat. It is the talisman by which death itself becomes the portal to life eternal. Source: The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi ji’s insistence on truth is something, seemed to be gradually fading from our practice of our faith as well as political morality. And, that is why Gandhiji is more relevant to our generation now than ever before. The definition of perceived Ram Rajya can not be at the exclusion of political morality that relies upon Truth. A divine kingdom, Ram Rajya where values of justice and equality prevail and the leaderships exhibit, adoption of truth beyond the need of self preservation. The words, ‘Satyameva Jayate’ - Truth Alone Triumphs - written in Devanagari script below the profile of the Lion Capital is part of the State Emblem of India. Nonviolence \"Nonviolence is a powerful and just The meaning of “Nonviolence” is simply agreeing that you won’t physically attack your enemy. But, it weapon. Indeed, it is goes beyond the physical hurt. Gandhiji referred to his form of nonviolence as satyagraha, meaning a weapon unique in “truth-force” or “love-force.” Practicing satyagraha means a person should seek truth and love while history, which cuts refusing, through nonviolent resistance, to participate in something he/she believes is wrong. This without wounding principle guided Gandhiji’s activism against the British Empire, helping India win independence in and ennobles the 1947”, said Martin Luther Jr. who was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. man who wields it.\" The Quest for Peace Mahatma Gandhi was of the view:“No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahimsa and Justice (1964) so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. As Martin Luther King's and when the benevolent principle of Ahimsa or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the Nobel Lecture, people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond. Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Lord Mahavira is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa”. The use of violence to resolve an issue is never too distant from most spheres of everyday life. Indians across the world take pride in the a country that has given the world “ahimsa” and yoga to also be at peace with itself. Indian Culture which is to be all about Non-Violence, so why people are witnessing more eruption of violent in recent years that was not observed for decades at this scale? Perhaps, a new prevailing culture that seems embodied within the new political ideology of Hindutva, as it has been promoted, represents an opposite view point to nonviolence; regarding the Gandhian ideas it as a weakness greater than strength! Equality The concept of equality is not a new one. Gandhiji’s idea of society was that while we are born equal, Gria“NtpawisnriIslgfahnaeudpuahdhnedrirtvtriardsoiutseauielihurdio,cs’sresiduaulnm’esivafaslkosetaicplesfeag.tr”ceioanuioAodctcdasrnstemhdreamfhidocionennuufroregcgmirIvcicneaeretaannodar,ncytdiay meaning that we have a right to equal opportunities, not all have the same capacity. This is where US House Majority Lead- the secular ideology tells us that where every citizen is treated respectably, irrespective of caste, er, Congressman Steny colour and creed, and even the weakest citizen of the country gets justice. If we equate this attitude Hoyer, while welcoming with Ram Rajya, it would compare with how Lord Ram’s Rajya actually was! For the purpose of Prime Minister Modi at political dispensation the secular philosophy as a doctrine has little to do with religion and its cultural the event in September values suggests that religion should have no place in civil affairs. It does not mean any disrespect for 2019 invoked Mahatma religious faiths, but regards each with equal respect rather than provide exclusivity for any one of Gandhi his speech. them. One of the most pertinent relevancy of the concept of modern battle for equality is about equal right to access to power and then derives the need for fair and just society to all. But more so about nature of economic impact and benefits a system promotes. Embracing diversity and to facilitate redress in tackling disparities has become centre to promoting the concept of equality. There is much more closeness between secular and democratic socialism- not including socialism that dominated by one party government. The state of being secular have been seen as the key fundamentals for a true democracy. “Therefore, presumably Gandhiji might have faced furry from those committed to Hindutva and advocated India to be a Hindu Rastra.” 2nd October 2020 Gandhi Birth Anniversary 4 Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd

Gandhi Legacy Beyond Independence of India Hindu and Hindu Rastra The tendency in the current political wind is to infuse the terms Hindu and Hindutva in the context of India as a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state. However, there The spirit of Gandhi is very much are distinct differences between these two terms. alive in India today. Some of his Gandhiji called himself a Sanatan Hindu because, he believed in the Vedas, the disciples have misgivings about Upanishads, the Puranas and scriptures. Gandhiji believed that all religious texts were this when they remember the divinely ordained. He was heavily influenced by Jainism in his youth and that probably drama of the fight for national was reflected as he took the religious principle of ‘Ahimsa’ (doing no harm) and from it independence and when they look developed his own famous principle of Satyagraha (truth force) later on in his life. around and find nobody today who comes near the stature of Gandhiji’s era had witnessed a period of violently conflicting communal identities the Mahatma. But any objective in the midst of extreme poverty, unjust conditions and atrocities. When time came for observer must report that Gandhi independence, it represented a choice between the inclusiveness of Gandhi’s ideology is not only the greatest figure against that what was on offer that supported exclusion of others from power. Proposing in India’s history but that his an exclusivity for one specific group, a new would have been Hindu Rastra (Hindu Nation). influence is felt in almost every Instead, the people, preferred India to be a secular and inclusive nation. aspect of life and public policy The use of the political ideology of Hindutva was aimed at attract people belonging to a today.” particular faith and exploiting their religious sentiments to provide maximum engagement and creating a large pool of voting fodder. The strategy effectively helped raise the cry for My Trip to the Land of Gandhi” a kind of nationalism in parallel that sympathised with their particular kind of political King, Martin Luther, Jr. July 31, 1959 ideology. The Hindutva, as a political ideology differs from the very fundamentals of what Gandhiji was advocating at the time. It was based on a narrow and exclusivist in its conflation of janma bhoomi (motherland) and punya bhoomi (holy land). While, in Gandhiji’s Hindu dharm, it was a matter of self consciouses of goodness that impacts upon our conduct of being a good Hindu. Thus, he did not separate religious impact from politics. In fact he brought more clarity of religious ethic to political behavior as individuals rather than political militancy into religious communities. Gandhi ji’s Hinduism gives space to all, while the Hindutva- a political ideology, although presented as nationalist and modern, its militant chauvinism and authoritarian fundamentalism defines India as Hindu and wants all Indians to be promoting the aspirations of Hindus. Gandhi ji’s sarva-dharma- samabhova can possibly be an effective basis for a tolerance on which to premise a just inter-religious peace and harmony; that we often explain as embracing the diversity. In Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership the majority of Indians — Hindu, Muslim and of other faiths — shared his vision of a country resolutely inclusive and humane, which would welcome people of every belief and ethnicity to be equal citizens with equal rights. This ideal lay at the foundations of the constitution of the new republic, crafted under the care of Babasaheb Ambedkar. This was bitterly contested by bodies such as the Hindu Mahasabha, founded around (1915), and by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS 1925) with a vision of their own for India, a nation exclusively for India’s Hindu majority. And, in that Muslims and Christians would be ‘allowed’ inclusion not at an equal class citizens. Though less explicitly enunciated, people of disadvantaged castes and tribal ethnicities would also be seen as somewhat a group with limited recognition in society. Gandhi ji was absolutely clear about the fundamental differences between the two. Gandhi ji: “ BY RAMARAJYA I do not mean Hindu Raj. I mean by Ramarajya Divine Raj, the Kingdom of God. For me Rama and Rahim are one and the same deity. I acknowledge no other God but the one God of truth and righteousness”. Generations to come......... Albert Einstein said of Mahatma Gandhi that: \"Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.\" A deceptively simple man, Gandhi overturned the greatest Empire the world has ever seen”. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. “ India's secular constitution is its soul. I am confident India will remain a cradle of civilisation where diverse people can live in harmony. In the words of my late father, www.shaheednanaksingh.com \"India's diversity is like the colours of a rainbow, its charm will diminish if one is removed\". Wrote Lord Ranger CBE, British Peer, on the even of 74th India’s independence Day. 14th August 2020 Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd 5 Gandhi Birth Anniversary: 2nd October 2020

Gandhi Legacy Beyond Independence of India A Cold Blooded Cowardly Murder Mahatma Gandhi was shot at pointblank range at the on which he tried to weave out a social fabric of secular, age of 78-years, when he was being helped across united and independent India free from the narrow gaze of the gardens of Birla House by his great-grand nieces region, religion, caste and creed. It was his abiding faith in looking frail from fasting and going on his way to a prayer truth, non-violence and purity of means which endowed him meeting. with a rare knack to take momentous decisions based on his ‘inner voice’. His murderer was a ‘Hindu’ labeled as a fanatic Hindu, who pulled the trigger and shot Gandhiji on 30th January 1948. Gandhiji found his ‘inner voice’ as the most effective There is no doubt that this cowardly act was part of a major medium for comprehension of truth. He strongly believed conspiracy to silence his influence on the post-independent that the ‘inner voice’ of a purified soul was as much based on India. human rationality as on inner ‘revelation’. It was the highest meeting point of ‘Reason’ and ‘Revelation’. He regarded the The historical facts indicate that the Hindutva -a political- ‘inner voice’ as nothing less than the ‘voice of God’ and in his lobby which advocated partition of India and creating to schemes of things, the ‘inner voice’ played as much a role as two nations; one for Hindus and one for Muslims, had failed reasoning, if not more. The role of faith in Gandhi’s life could to gain much mileage in the elections for the constitutional hardly be overemphasized. This is precisely emerges from assembly held in 1947. The people had overwhelmingly the teaching of Lord Krishna in Srimad Bhagavad Gita. voted for the Indian National Congress which enjoying maximum public popularity. On 29th August 1947, appointed For him both sacred and secular were to form a continuum a Drafting Committee to,’ ..scrutinise the draft of the text rather than being in any kind of dichotomous relationship. It of the Constitution of India prepared by Constitutional is through innumerable spiritual and secular struggles that Adviser. The Drafting Committee had seven members: Alladi he built up his faith, virtually brick by brick. As the rays of Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalaswami; B.R. Ambedkar, K.M hope for an independent India came more visible, Gandhiji Munshi, Mohammad Saadulla, B.L. Mitter and D.P. Khaitan. was known to be moving towards his quest for more faith At its first meeting on 30th August 1947, the Drafting aspects, holding regular prayers. Like his ‘salt march’, that Committee elected B.R Ambedkar as its Chairman. Thus, had triggered the battle cry for freedom from the British, the Constitution which evolved included the core values Gandhiji was on a new path,a journey to seek more celerity on of secular ideology and rejecting the elements of political being a Hindu as he was never a social and religious recluse. ideology of Hindutva that was aiming at making India to be Gandhi was a spiritual commoner “first hand experience of made a Hindu Rastra. the forces that wanted Hindutva politics to monopolise the power in India, this was perhaps his new mission, knowing Nathuram Godsay, Gandhiji’s assassin said, “My shots that if allowed to succeed it would dismantle India in years were fired at the person whose policy and action had brought to come. rack and ruin and destruction to millions of Hindus.” Even at the lowest denominator of values held in the Hindu faith, its Gandhiji’s ideology must have been seen as a threat on two does not answer, what justifies this cowardly act of killing an fronts; one of this must be Political and the second would unarmed 78 year old-man going to his prayers. Gandhiji was be his understanding of the Hindu religion. His secular elected as the president of the Indian National Party in 1924 sets of “principles” were contradictory to very foundation and held the post for only one year. Since then, he never held of the ides of creating new India exclusively run by and for formal position on any cabinet or Constitutional Committee Hindus. This exclusivity while suited to those who advocated pre or post Independence. Hindu rastra but could not fit in to the vocabulary of those on the side of secular India. Thus, the killing of Mahatma In reality it was Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru, who were in January 1948, after almost all the Constitutional and both of a strong view that there should be no partition of the partition arrangements were agreed upon and the Cabinet new India. This position was held despite demands for two was already in charge of the nation, is a real major puzzle! nations by the Hindu Maha Sabha leader Vinayak Savarkar and Mohammad Ali Jinnah of Muslim League. It was for Almost seven decades later, there are those who Sardar Patel who was asked to convince Gandhiji to give up unashamedly celebrate Gandhi ji’s death. On 30th January his fast and support the idea of dividing the nation into two 2019, Hindu Mahasabha national secretary shot at an effigy parts as the communal butchering was seeing no end. The of Mahatma Gandhi celebrating ‘Martyr’s Day’ in Uttar inclusion of the states such as Kashmir, Hyderabad and other Pradesh’s Aligarh. Afterwards, a symbolic ‘blood’ was seen odd 560 other small kingdoms into India were trusted in the oozing out of the effigy and many reports confirmed that hands of Sardar Patel with Dr Ambedkar and his committee sweets were distributed by her supporters and fellow to facilitate such necessary provisions in the constitution Mahasabha members. These forces also celebrate ‘Shaurya -including the article 370. Perhaps Gandhi ji would have his Divas’ (Day of Pride) on January 30, to commemorate the own personal views, but then he was not the sole decider of ‘valour’ shown by Godse who gunned down an unarmed any major decisions. 79year-old man in cold blood, forgetting that the spirit of the values that Mahatma Gandhi held is still as alive. This This poses a huge question; then why Gandhiji was way, perhaps they attempt to kill Gandhiji’s thoughts and blamed for the course of Indian history and judged to be vision for India, over and over again every year! murdered? The answer may be hidden in the way India is seen in the 21st Century by the people in the world. Brand Only recently, Britain has unveiled his statue in the India is respected for its secular democracy where respect Parliament square. In September 2019, speaking on the for pluralism and human rights safeguard every individual.” relevance of Mahatma Gandhi in the contemporary world, India’s Prime Minister Sri Narendra Modi said, “Gandhi was For more than six decades of Indian manged to keep the from India but did not belong only to India. Whether it’s forces of Hindutva politics out of ‘power’ in Delhi. They knew climate change or terrorism, corruption or selfishness in that as long as Gandhiji was alive, his influence would have public life, Gandhiji’s ideals are the guiding light for us when strengthened the roots of democracy and implementation of it comes to protecting humanity. I believe that the path shown secular values. by Gandhiji will lead to a better world. I believe that as long as Gandhiji’s philosophy remains embedded in humanity, he Gandhiji was essentially a man of faith and again his will remain relevant and continue to inspire us”. fathomless faith which gave him a rare sense of fearlessness which inspired the life and thinking of his countless followers. It was once again his faith which worked as a loom 2nd October 2020 Gandhi Birth Anniversary 6 Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd

Gandhi Legacy Beyond Independence of India A Letter to the Editor From Lord Rami Ranger CBE, British Peer A campaign by some misguided against the statues of Mahatma Gandhi in the UK. Dear Sir, I am appalled by the campaign launched for the removal of Mahatma Gandhi’s statues in the UK by misguided and ill-informed few. The statues had been erected by public demand to recognise the immense contribution of Gandhi Ji to the free world. As a result, this protest is unwarranted, uncalled for, unnecessary and above all, counterproductive. If Britain wishes to acknowledge the contribution of a leader who was also the architect for bringing an end to the British rule in India, then it speaks volumes about the vision and values of this great man. I shudder to think what our world would have been today without Mahatma Gandhi’s struggle for racial equality which started in South Africa. To call him a racist is totally out order when he dedicated his entire life fighting racism, imperial rule and shaped the world as we see it today. Mahatma Gandhi was not only an Indian leader but a universal icon who inspired people across the globe with his ideals. The civil rights movement in America under Dr Martin Luther King was the direct result of Bapuji’s inspiration. The struggle against apartheid in South Africa by Nelson Mandela is yet another example. It is wrong to show disrespect to someone who put the interests of the oppressed above that of his own? How many people do we know in the world who gave up everything for a cause that they believed in? Gandhi Ji was well educated and could have easily continued to live a comfortable life like most prefer to do. He gave up his comfort and wealth for the sake of freedom for his countrymen. Still, today a few misguided individuals choose to overlook his herculean struggle for humanity and wish to mock and belittle his great achievements. Had he not shown the leadership, then I doubt India could have gained freedom peacefully through the non- violence movement. Nor would we have seen the Civil Rights movement in the USA and a black President Barack Obama and the end of apartheid in Lord Rami Ranger CBE South Africa. History shows us that there are only a handful of people objective is achieved. We can see people in certain countries to have lived and served in the way Mahatma Gandhi did. where leaders have encouraged to use violence to achieve Condemning or criticising a leader, who is revered the world their goals, and where violence has become ingrained in their over by finding fault in him is detrimental to every leader who culture and character and remains in their DNA long after their followed in the footsteps of Mahatma Gandhi. By trying to objectives have been fulfilled. tarnish his memory and his teachings cannot take his wisdom Bapuji was a visionary, where some leaders opted for and lessons forward to our future generations. The statue a religious state, Bapuji chose a secular and democratic India of someone who renounced violence and spoke of civility where everyone would be equal regardless. He knew that many decades ago, when violence was being perpetrated on no country could move forward by keeping a section of her minorities by majorities every day acted and acts as a great population behind by systematically discriminating against symbol of peace and harmony. His famous saying, “an eye for people based on their religion, caste or gender. The result is in an eye only ends up making the whole world blind” serves us front of us, as we can see how India is surging ahead, whereas well even today. religious-based countries are in turmoil. Leaders in religious His statues shows that ones objective can be achieved countries always keep their citizens down in the name of peacefully as long as there is merit in the cause. He once said, religion to cover their own failings. This is the reason Indians “strength does not come from physical capacity, it comes from are shining across the globe because they are the product of an indomitable will” This was the basis of his peaceful Quit a secular and democratic country and as a result, can easily India movement which brought India independence. integrate into any society easily and quickly. Mahatma Gandhi’s wisdom and respect for his principles Bapuji was unique in many ways. He had no desire to have spread the world over. Apart from the British monarchs, rule people. Instead, it was to serve them selflessly. We can no other person in history has had stamps issued to honour see in some countries, leaders put their interests above that of him as many times as Mahatma Gandhi. Over 50 countries their people and in the process bring sufferings to people and have issued postage stamps to honour Gandhi Ji. This must impede the progress of their countries. demonstrate his respect across the world. Gandhi Ji’s message of love and non-violence has History is full of leaders who fought for freedom with become even more critical than ever before in our fractured arms which resulted in the death and destruction of millions world. Peace can only come when world leaders start to follow of innocent lives. Still, Gandhi Ji, on the other hand, advocated Gandhi Ji’s ideals. His statues will remind us of his contribution a peaceful and nonviolent freedom struggle based on Indian to non-violence and a peaceful coexistence. values. He knew that violence would generate more bloodshed Those who attempt to denigrate the memory of Bapuji, and disorder, which would result in the loss of hundreds and are doing the same for humanity itself, and this cannot be thousands of innocent Indian and British lives to achieve the allowed to happen. ultimate goal of freedom. The loss of even a single life was very precious to him, whether Indian or British. He knew that once people became violent, then their character would change Lord Rami Ranger CBE forever and that they would remain violent even after their Letter released in June 2020 Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd 7 Gandhi Birth Anniversary: 2nd October 2020

Mahatma Gandhi as India’s most invaluable gift to the world that will bear influence for generations to come. GANDHIJI STATUE Tavistock Sq- London r v Parliament Sq-London Belgrave Rd-Leicester w Acknowledgment: I wish to thank Lord Rami Ranger CBE far agreeing to allow me to publish his letter and his quotes. Also, Satish Parmar for help in compilation of this document at a short notice. ‘Legacy Beyond Independence of India: Published by Gujarat Publications Ltd Bedfordshire United Kingdom [email protected]