ມ.2_ພູມສາດ_Geo

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lk]t[ko |hk rkdmu I G 7;k,Ih6la’g0[djP;da[r6,lkfme,t-kfmqj;wx .......................... ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ1 [qfmu ! G mt;u[ c]t ,tsklt\\5f ................................................................. 1 [fq mu @ G -oA [oa pkdkf0v’3]d...................................................................... 10 [fq mu # G r,6 vkdkf ...................................................................................... 15 rkdmu IIG mt;u[vk2iydk ............................................................................. 20 [qfmu $ G r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[vk2iydk ............................................. 20 [fq mu & G xt-kdvo.omt;u[vk2iydk............................................................. 28 [fq mu * G dkodtlyde1m6j t;u[vk2iydk ............................................................ 33 [qfmu ( G v5fltstde16mj t;u[vk2iydk ............................................................ 36 [qfmu ) G xtgmfgv1[y .................................................................................... 38 [fq mu _ G lkmk]tot]fa vk2iydk.8h ............................................................... 41 rkdmu III G mt;u[gvuiq[ .................................................................................... 45 [qfmu !W G r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[gvuiq[ ................................................... 45 [fq mu !! G xt-kdvo.omt;u[gvui[q .................................................................. 49 [fq mu !@ G dko0tspkp8;q 0v’glf4tdyf.ogvui[q ............................................. 52 [fq mu !# G xtgmfifa g-p .................................................................................. 55 [fq mu !$ G xtgmf/i’ja ...................................................................................... 59 rkdmu IV G mt;u[vkg,iydk ............................................................................ 63 [qfmu !& G r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk ............................................ 63 [fq mu !* G xt-kdvo.omt;u[vkg,iydk ........................................................... 67 [qfmu !( G ltrk[glf4tdyf16mj t;u[vkg,iydk................................................... 71 [qfmu !) G 8q;g,nv’1m6j t;u[vkg,iydk................................................................ 74 [qfmu !_ G ltstiafvkg,iydk .......................................................................... 77 [fq mu @W G xtgmfg[i-oy .................................................................................. 83 rkdmu V G mt;u[3vg-vkou ............................................................................. 88 [fq mu @! G mt;u[3vg-vkou................................................................................ 88 [qfmu @@ G xtgmfvqflt8ik]u........................................................................... 92

rkdmu I 7;k,Ih6la’g0[djP;da[r6,lkfme,t-kfmqj;wx ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu ! mt;u[ c]t ,tsklt\\5f |;j p3]dmujr;dgIqkvkwl16jm5d;aooU ,ugoNvmujd;hk’xt,ko &!W ]hko d,@F .ooAogoNvmuj mguj xoa czoj foy d;kh ’ !$_ ]kh o d,@ sn^ @_ :F l;j omguj svn^ ooA c,oj govN mguj xoa mtg] c]t ,tsklt\\f5 g-’yj d;,gvkq xt,ko #*! ]kh o d,@ s^n (!: c]t wfch [’j vvdgxoa * mt;u[ c]t $ ,tsklt\\f5 D !D mt;u[ !D! mt;u[vk-u mt;[u vk-gu xoa mt;[u mduj ;kh ’.spwj rlkod;kj \\F6j ,gu ovN mxuj t,ko $$ ]kh o d,@ 3fp,vu kok g0fo[a c8gj loA 0t|komu !W = .8h 0oB wx9oq g4’y gloA 0t|komu )# g= |vn c]t 8’A c8gj loA c;’mu @& = 8kg;oa vvdwx9oq g4’y !(W =8kg;oa 8dq D mfy g|vn 8fy d[a ,tsklt\\f5 vkd8dy F mfy 8kg;oa vvd8yfd[a ,tsklt\\5fxk-u2ydF myf.8h8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvyogfpF myf8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h8yfda[ mt;u[ vk2iydk 3fp,umtg]cf’ c]t 7v’-6cvf0Aow;hD myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[mt;u[gvuiq[ 3fpc,oj lkpr63ddkfF mtg]dkltxPo c]t lkpr6v6ikogxao-kpcfoD !D@ mt;u[vkg,iydk mt;u[vkg,iydkgxaomt;u[.spvj aofa[mu @ g-y’j ,ugoNvmujxt,ko $@ ]hko d,@F 8A’16-j ud3]d 8kg;ao8qdg-y’j cdpj k;c8gj |nvsk.8hxt,ko !(DWWW d,F 95fg|nvl5f16jglAo0t|ko mu )# =#_j g|nvcdpj k;]q’wxg4y’95f.8hl5f0v’cs^,Ivo16gj lAo0t|komu && =&_j .8Fh 1]6j ts;kj ’gloA c;’mu &# = 8kg;ao8qdskglAoc;’mu !*( = 8kg;aovvdD mt;u[vkg,iydk 8A’1j6]ts;jk’dk’0v’ # ,tsklt\\5f.spj7nG myfg|nv8yfda[ ,tsklt\\5fvkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8yd c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[ ,tsklt\\f5 xk-2u dy D govN mxuj tdv[f;h p @ 8vofoy .spj g-’jy grojy gvoU ;kj G <vkg,idy kg|vn < 3fp,u govN mxuj t,ko @$ ]kh o d,@ c]t vkg,idy k.8h 3fp,gu ovN mxuj t,ko !W ]kh o d,@ g-’jy 8fy 9vfda[ czoj fyody;j mujgvUo;kj vkg,iydkdk’xtdv[,ugoNvmujxt,ko ) ]hko d,@F g,nvj ];,8vofyo0v’ vkg,idy kdk’ c]t vkg,idy k.8gh 0kQ doa grojy gvoU ;kj G <vkg,idy k]k8oy < grktxt-k-oq .og0foU .-rh klkmu,j ug7kQ rklk]kc8'gxoa l;j o.spDj 1

lt4kou7Qo7;hk16j0Q;3]d.8h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oqdxu'd;yo160j Q;3]d.8h 3

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!D# mt;u[vk2iydk mt;u[vk2iydk,ugoNvmuxj t,ko #W ]hko d,@ F8A’16]j ts;kj ’glAo0t|komu #( = g|nv sk #& =.8Fh 3fp,gu loA lo6 lf6 8fa zkj omk’dk’ c]t 1]6j ts;kj ’gloA c;’ !) = 8kg;oa 8dq g4’y gloA c;’mu &W = 8kg;aovvdD mt;u[oU 8A’16jmk’myf.8h0v’mt;u[gvuiq[ c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h0v’ mt;[u vk-Du mfy g|vn 8fy d[a mtg]g,fcu 8ikgo c]t -vj ’c7[-[u iko8kF mfy 8kg;oa vvdlP’g|vn 8yfda[mt;u[vk-u 3fp,u7v’-6cvf c]t mtg]cf’0Aow;hD myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[,tsklt\\5f vyogfpF myf.8h8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvyogfp c]t ,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydF myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[ ,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydD !D$ mt;u[gvuiq[ mt;[u gviu [q gxoa mt;[u ovh p9fa 1.6j ovoa f[a mu & .o9eo;o * mt;[u g-’jy ,gu ovN mxuj t,ko _F) ]kh o d,@ g-’jy gmkjq d[a (: 0v’govN m\\uj fq 3]dF gxoa mt;[u m,uj cu zoj foy 8c+ zoj d[a mt;[u vk-3u fp,vu kokg0f o[a c8gj loA 0t|komu #& = g|vn sk (@ = g|vn c]t 1]6j ts;kj ’gloA c;’mu !W =8kg;oa 8dq sk @& = 8kg;oa vvdF myf.88h yfd[a mtg]fe c]t mtg]g,fuc8ikgoF myfg|nv8yfd[a ,tsklt\\f5 vkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[mt;u[vk-u c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydD !D& mt;u[3vg-vkou mt;u[3vg-vkou gxaomt;u[mju,ugoNvmjuohvpd;jk\\j6 3fp,ugoNvmjurP’c8j )F& ]hko d,@F xtdv[fh;p[aofkgdkt.sp{j ohvp1kj ’s^;’s^kp7n,uxt,ko !WDWWW d;kj gdkt g-y’j ,umuj8A’16j.o 0v[g0fvaod;hk’0;k’.og0f,tsklt\\5fxk-u2yd c]t 8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvyogfpmk’myf 8kg;ao8qdF gdktmu.j spdj ;kj \\6j c,oj gdktvqflt8ik]uD govN m0uj v’mt;[u oU l;j o.spcj ,oj ovo1g6j 2vN ’3]d.8Fh 1]6j ts;kj ’gloA 0t|komu @W g= |vn sk *W = .8h c]t 16j]ts;kj ’glAoc;’mu !!W = 8kg;aovvd sk !@W =8kg;ao8qdD !D* mt;u[0Q;3]d.8h Xva’8kd8yd? mt;u[0Q;3]d.8h s^n va’8kd8ydF gxaomt;u[mju,ugoNvmjuovo1j6g0f.8h0v’|j;p3]d 7ng],ju c8gj loA 0;Q 3]d ** =##j .8gh 0kQ wxskg0f0;oA 3]d.8h X_W .= 8?h F g0fogU xoa 8vofoy mdju ;kh ’0;k’ g-’jy xdq 7,5 f;h poEdkh ,8tsv^ fxFu ,gu ovN mxuj t,ko !$F@$& ]kh o d,@ 1]6j ts;kj ’dk’0v’ # ,tsk lt\\5f.sp7j nG ,tsklt\\5fxk-u2ydF vaf]a’8yd c]t vyogfpF mt;u[oU[+,u7qovkwl16j,urP’c8j oda 7oQ 7;kh gmkqj ooA mugj 0kQ wx grvjn fegouodko7oQ 7;kh c8dj ,= du kozfa xPj odoa wx1l6j t4koo7u oQ 7;kh D 2

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]hv'c,joE ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]hv'Ivj ,r6 #D@ r6,lao4ko1j6.8h,tsklt\\5f !D ws^jmtg] c,oj oa[gvqkrNomujmuj8+9kdmt;u[]q’wx g-y’j ,u7;k,g]ydc8j W , {@WW ,S rNomuj faj’djk;oU ,]u da ltot7vj pMgouo]’q wxD @D 8ts^yj’mtg] c,oj rkdl;j omu8j +9kdwsm^j tg]]’q wx g-’yj ,u7;k,g]ydc8j @WW ,{#DWWW ,D g0foU,da gduf,u 7v’8kj ’Mlts^[a doa g-’yj groyj gvUo;kj 7v’.8[h kfkoD #D mqj’rP’.8hmtg] gxoa g0fmguj ]dy d;kj md5 M[vj o.oroN mtg] g-’jy g]dy c8j #DWWW ,D ]’q wxF d;,gvkq govN mxuj t,ko )$: 0v’roN mtg]m’a \\fq D g0foxU tdv[f;h pr,6 loa 4kosk^ p1kj ’g-oja G ro6 vh pm,uj 9u v,cs,^ c]t 9v,xh6D ovdoAo d=pa’,ulkpr6.8hmtg] g-y’j gxaolkpr6mujpk;7qf37h’wx8k,rNomtg]F [k’[vj o d=0kfgxao;ad gxao8vork.sh,uIvpc8dcs’F [k’lkpr6,u7;k,pk;g4y’ !&DWWW d, g-aoj G lkpr616rj No,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydD rNomtg]pa’,ugs;g]yd g-y’j l;j o.spgj ryoj rq[gsao16j]P[8k, c7,/a’j g-aoj G gs;,kiuvko g]ydg4y’ !!DW@W , 16j,tlt\\5fxk-u2ydD 7

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[qfmu # r6,vkdkf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ! D 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf XWeather and Climate? !D! 7;k,\\kp0v’2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf { 2hkvkdkf c,oj ltrk[0v’vkdkf.o-q;j w]ptg;]k |b’j 16.j olt4komucj s’j |b’j muj cooj vo g-’yj ltrk[vkdkfooA ,udkoxPj ocx’.o,N|’jb D { r6,vkdkf c,jozqoltg]jp0v’dkoxjPocx’0v’2hkvkdkfxt9e;ao.o0q’g0f .f|’jb g-’jy r,6 vkdkff’ja dkj ; wf\\h o6 ;Po8g+ ovjn ’doa gxoa g;]kpk;oko @W{#W x0u oB wxD !D@ ,6olj;o8jk’M0v’vkdkf { 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf c,jode]a’cI’9kdoE|ad0v'vkdkf mujdqf]q’rNofyo ,su ;q |;j p;fa cmdgxoa ,]u [u kD 7fy ltg]pj c];h 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkf mxju dq dt81y ]j6 tf[a |hkoE mtg]c,oj !W!& ,u]u[kD 4hk7kj 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfskdl6’d;kj !W!& ,u]u[k gryoj gvUo;kj vkdkf,u7;k, foa l’6 c84j kh skd8Od;kj ,kf8t4kof’ja dkj ; grojy gvoU ;kj vkdkf,7u ;k,foa 8OD { vo5 str,6 0v'vkdkfG [oa pkdkfmsju ,h5 s3+ ]dgIkq o,U vu o5 str,6 c8d8kj ’doa 1.j6 oc8]j t 0’q g0f0v’|kh 3]d c]t 1.j6 oc8]j tpkj o7;k,l’6 D ltrk[vo5 str,6 mwju fIh [a 7cn o;ooA c,jo0Boda[xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvomuj|hk3]dwfhIa[9kdf;’8kg;aoD gryjo;afcmd v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf fh;pc8d3,c,af (Thermometre) g-y’j sq;|;j pc,oj vq’lk c-o-uv5f (Celcius) 0Posp=h;jkG < =c <D { 7;k,-,j5 0v’vkdkf \\kpg4’y xt],y kovkpoEm,ju .u ovkdkfF g,vjn xt],y kovkpoE gru,j 0Bos^kp9trk.shgduf,ug,dF \\vdF oE7hk’F \\kdgsa[F /qo c]t sy,t16gj my’ |kh 3]dD !D# g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’3]d dkomujlj;o8jk’M0v’3]dwfhIa[7;k,Ihvo 9kdf;’8kg;ao[+gmqjkdao 9bj’gIaf.shgduf g0f7;k,dfq foa vkdkf8O c]t g0f7;k,dfq foa vkdkfl’6 .o3]dD g0f7;k,dfq foa vkdkf0v’ 3]d,u $ g0f7nG !? []= gy ;om1ju .j6 dgh loA lo6 lf6 ]ts;kj ’gloA 0t|ko & g= |vn g4’y & .= 8h g-’jy gxoa []= gy ;o mwju fIh [a 7;k,Ivh o8tsv^ fxDu g0fogU xoa g0f7;k,dfq faovkdkf8OgvoU ;kj G g0f7;k,dfq fao vkdkf8Olo6 lf6 D 15

@? [=]yg;omu1j 6]j ts;kj ’glAo0t|komu #W ={#& =ma’g2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t .8hF gxaog0f 7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’gvUo;kj G g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’.dhg0fIhvoD #? [=]yg;omu1j 6]j ts;kj ’glAo0t|ko Xlatitute? mu *W ={ *& = ma’.og2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t .8h gxaog0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf8O.dh0Q;3]dD $? [=]yg;o0Q;3]dma’lv’ s^n glAo0t|ko _W =g|nv c]t .8h g-y’j gxaog0fmu,j uvkdkf |k;9fa 8tsv^ fxu gxoa g0f7;k,dfq foa vkdkfl’6 gvoU ;kj g0f7;k,dfq foa vkdkfl’6 0;Q 3]dD g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf X$? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8Ol6ol6f X#? X@? X!? X@? X#? X$? g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’3]d @D g0fr6,vkdkf8jk’M0v’3]d v’u 8k,dkoI[a xt],y ko7;k,Ivh o9kdf;’8kg;oa 0v’g0f8kj ’Mgm’y |kh 3]dc8d8kj ’doa grojy 9’jb c[’j r,6 vkdkfgm’y |kh 3]dvvdgxoa # g0f.sp1j cj6 8]j tg2vN ’3]d7Gn g0fr,6 vkdkfIvh o .dhglAol6ol6fF g0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5jo X]ts;jk' @# =sk *& = 0v'ma' @ g2Nv'3]d? c]t g0fr6,vkdkf|k;.dh0Q;3]dD c8j7;k,9y’r6,vkdkf0Boda[s^kpg’njvow0g-ajoG mju8A'8k, ]tfa[vq'lk0t|koF r6,lao4koF lkpoEg7nvj oF ,6ol;j o8kj ’M0v’vkdkfDDD fa’j oAoF gryoj 9b’j c[’j c8]j tr,6 vkdkf.spMj vvdgxoa s^kpg0fr,6 vkdkfpvj pvudD 16

@D! r6,vkdkfIhvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ r6,vkdkfIhvoc['j vvdgxao $ xtgrf7nG r6,vkdkfIhvo-5j,l6ol6f gxaog0fmu,j u]tf6fP;.oxu|b’j F ,u/qo8qd8ts^vfxuD v5ostr6,ltg]pj .oxu|b’j xt,ko @* =c c]t xt]y,kooE/qoc,oj s^kpd;kj !&WW ,,}xuD r6,vkdkfoU,u16gj 0fl6ol6fg-aoj G 16[j =]yg;o]5,j c,joEvk,k3-o.omt;u[vkg,iydk.8hF ]5j,c,joEdq’3d c]t -kp/aj’vjk;dygo.ovk2iydkF ,kg]g-pF vyo3fgog-pF 2y]y[xyoF -kp/’aj 8kg;ao8qd0v’vyogfp c]t ,Po,kgxao8QoD r6,vkdkfIhvo.dhglAol6ol6f xu|b’j ,ulv’]tf67nG ]tf6/qomu,j uvkdkfIhvos^kp ltg]pj #W =c c]t ]tf6c]h’ g-y’j 7qo mhv’4yoj gvUo;kj ]tf6|k; grktvkdkf[+IhvocI’xko.f ltg]pj @W =cD r6,vkdkfoU,u16gj 0f vkpao 0v’lv’g2Nv’3]d7nG 1g6j 2Nv’3]dg|nv,u1x6j tgmfg-godko c]t -6fa’ Xmt;u[vk2iydk?F xtgmfg,da -dy c]t \\gj6 dktv’a 8u Xmt;[u vkg,idy k? le][a g2vN ’3]d.8,h 1u -j6 ec[F g0f|v’.spj c]t rkd8kg;ao8qd 0v’gdkt,kfkdkltdk Xmt;u[vk2iydk?F rkd.8h0v’g[i-yo Xmt;u[vkg,iydk? c]t rkdg|nv0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]u Xmt;u[3vg-vkou?D r6,vkdkfIhvo-5j,,=]tl5, ,u @ ]tf67nG ]tf6Ihvo,u/qo8qds^kp c]t ]tf6|k;gdnv[[+,u/qo8qdD v5ostr6,ltg]pj 0v’ gfvn oIvh olf5 #W =c c]t ltg]pj gfvn om|ju k;lf5 xt,ko @W c= c,oj r,6 vkdkf0v’g0fvk-u 8kg;aovvdF vk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t vk-u.8hD ryglfc,oj g0fmugj ryoj lk,kfx6dg0QkwfhfuD g0foU/qo8qds^kp 3fpltgrkt169j uikx6o9u Xvyogfp? xu|b’j /qo8qdg4y’ !@DWWW ,,D r6,vkdkfcsh’c]h’ c,oj g0fvkdkfcs’h c]’h foq M,/u oq 8dq gmvjn |’jb c[[/oq 2kh 7tov’D 1mj6 tg]-kp-kIkik v5ostr6,ltg]pj gfnvo,a’dvo ) =c c]t ltg]pj gfnvod=]tdqf #& =cF 16mj tg]-kp3d[ultg]pj gfnvoIhvo l5f #W =c c]t gfnvomu|j k;l5f {#W = cD ovd9kdoAo v5ostr6,pa’38odao ]ts;kj ’ dk'g;oa c]t dk'7on 7Gn 1m6j tg]-kp-kIkik8vomPj ’ vo5 str,6 0oB dkp &W c= F c88j vodk’7on v5ostr6,]q’8Od;jk W =cD g0fr6,vkdkffaj’djk; ,u16jc8j]tg2Nv’3]dD 16jg2Nv’3]dg|nv c,oj mtg]-kp -kIkikF ]u[u Xvk2iydk?F vk;kxu c]t 3d[u Xvk-udk’? 16gj 2nNv’3]d.8hc,oj mtg]-kpdk]kIkiu Xvk2iydkdk’? c]t rkddk’0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD 17

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D@ g0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5jo 16j]ts;jk’dk’0v’g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo c]t r6,vkdkf|k;0v’lv’g2Nv’3]dD r6,vkdkffa’j dkj ;xu|b’j ,u $ ]tf67nG ]tf6|k;F ]tf6[ko.\\j X]tf6.[w,hxq'j ?F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hs^oqj D gryoj c[’j g0fr6,vkdkfoUvvdgxao # xtgrf7nG r6,vkdkfvq[v5jog,fuc8ikgo ]tf6|k;[+|k;xko.f ,usy,t8qd[k’gmnvj v5ostr6,ltg]jp.ogfnvo,a’dvomuvj kog- Xmt;u[vk2iydk? !! c= . ]tf6IhvoM c]t csh’F v5ostr6,ltg]jp.ogfnvoly’skmujvkog- @& =cD ,u/qo8qdc[[/qo2hk7tov’.o]tf6.[w,hs^qoj sk]tf6|k;D r6,vkdkffa’j dkj ; ,u16cj 7,/a’j mtg]g,fuc8ikgo Xmt;u[gvuiq[ c]t mt;u[vk2iydk?F 7k]2u g= op Xmt;[u vkg,idy k?D ovdooA p'a ,1u cj6 s,^ rkd.8h c]t rkd8kg;oa 8dq lP’.80h v’xtgmf vfq lt8ik]uD r6,vkdkfvq[v5jomtg] c]t ,tsklt\\5f /oq 8dq 8tsv^ fxu mvh ’2kh ,gu ,dxdq 7,5 1gj6 ]vN pMF vo5 str,6 ltg]pj gfvn oIvh olf5 xt,ko !& c= c]t ltg]pj gfnvomu|j k;l5fxt,ko & =cD ]q,8kg;ao8qdoegvqk7;k,-5,j ,kl6gj 0foUg-aoj G [aofk xtgmf1cj6 7,/’ja 8kg;oa 8dq 0v’mt;u[gvui[q D r6,vkdkfvq[v5jomt;u[ g,njvspa[g0Qkg]yd.oczjofyogmqjk.f/qopyj’|hvp]q’ c]t ,u7;k,csh’c]h’s^kp0Bo vo5 str,6 ltg]pj 0v’gfvn o|k;lf5 {& c= r,6 vkdkff’ja dkj ;oU d;,gvkq rkddk’0v’mt;[u gviu [q F rkddk’0v’vkg,iydkg|nv c]t g0f-ug[iu8kg;oa 8dq D @D# r6,vkdkf|k; c[’j vvdgxoa @ g0fr,6 vkdkf7Gn r,6 vkdkf|k;g0frl6 ’6 c]t r,6 vkdkf|k; 0;Q 3]dD r6,vkdkf|k;g0fr6l6’ gxaor6,vkdkfmu,j u]tf6|k;pk;F sy,t8qds^kpF ]tf6IhvolAo,u/qo8qds^kpD r6,vkdkfoU ,u16jg0fr6l6’g-ajoG r6vkogxuF xugigoF dkdxaf Xmt;u[gvuiq[?D ovdoAo d=pa’,u16jr6rP’8yg[fF lkpr6ivddu (Rockies) c]t lkpr6va’gfu c8vj kdkf,u]adltotcsh’c]h’d;kj D r6,vkdkf|k;9af0Q;3]d d;,gvqk @ 0Q;3]d7nG 160j Q;3]dg|nvc,oj g0fvhv,cvh,0Q;3]doa[ma’gdkt3dicvo]a’D r,6 vkdkf f’ja dkj ;,vu kdkf|k;9fa c]t cdpj k;F [+,cu l’cff8ts^vf * gfvn o 7n * gfvn o,fn 18

106j ;Q 3]dg|vn F .o * gfvn of'ja dkj ;c,oj c9'h 106j ;Q 3]d.8Fh d'q doa 0kh , * gfvn o,fn 106j ;Q 3]d.89h tgxoa * gfnvoc9h'160j Q;3]dg|nv c]t g;]k]tf6Ihvo16gj 2Nv'3]dg|nvF 16gj 2Nv'3]d.8hc,oj ]tf6|k;F v5ostr6,]’q Ivf {$W c= sk {*W c= F ]tfI6 vh o[I+ vh o ,7u ;k,-,j5 rP’g]da |vh p v5ostr6, {! =c .ogfnvod=]tdfq 10j6 ;Q 3]dg|nvD le][a 10j6 ;Q 3]d.8vh kdkf|k;s^kpd;kj 0;Q 3]dg|nvD 8k8t]k’G w]pt0v’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7nopk;d;kj !@ -q;j 3,’ @!}# @!}* @#}_ @@}!@ 1g6j 2vN ' dk'g;ao >!@ -, [ko.\\j Ihvo 3]dg|vn dk'g;ao <!@ -, .[w,hs^qoj |k; @!}# @!}* @#}_ @@}!@ 1g6j 2vN ' dk'g;ao >!@ -, [ko.\\j Ihvo 3]d.8h dk'g;ao <!@ -, .[w,hs^qoj |k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8k8t]k’G dkowfIh [a cl’8kg;oa .o]tfd6 ko8kj ’M0v’c8]j t0;Q 3]d gfnvo 0Q;3]dg|nv 0Q;3]d.8h ,nf * gfnvo ,y45ok{ly’sk ]tf6Ihvo c9h’ * gfnvo ]tf6|k; daopk{mao;k ]tf6.[w,hso^qj ,nf * gfnvo ]tf[6 ko.\\j c9h’ * gfnvo ,a’dvo{,uok ]tf6|k; ]tf6Ihvo g,lk{rbfltrk ]tf6[ko.\\j ]tf6.[w,hso^qj 7e4k, !D 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf8kj ’daoco;.fL @D g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’3]dc[’j gxao9adg0f 7ng0f.fcfLj #D 9’qj xP[mP[r6,vkdkfvq[vo5j c]t r6,vkdkf|k;c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL $D .soh da IPoc8,h I[6 g0f7;k,dfq foa vkdkf0v’3]dD 19

rkd II mt;u[vk2iydk [qfmu $ r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[vk2iydk !D r6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[vk2iydk mt;u[vk2iydk,u]adltotgxaoxbdczjo c]t gxaor6rP’mjud;hk’.spjc8jd=,u]adltot r,6 loa 4kovojn Mxtxoq 1o6j eg-oja G rl6 ’6 F vkj ’8OF m’qj rP’DDD @W = ! W = W = !W = @W = #W = $W = &W = $W = $W = #W = lDcvf]kl mtg]g,fuc8ikgo #W = r6rP’ c]t r6l6’mk’rkdg|nv @W = r6vkciddko lDoaog-u vk-u8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h rr6 P’mk’rkd8kg;oa 8dq r6mug[l8u @W = mtg]-kp-kIkik m'jq rP’],j5 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mq'j rP’]5,j c,oj Ewog9u lD -kf c,oj Eooy vjk;gvgfo !W = r6rP’dyou g0fr6rP’ !W = lD 3;o8k r6rP’gvmu3vxu vkj ;dygo r6rP’dkg,uI5o oEdq’3d rD mk’rkd8kg;aovvd W = mqh'rP'D]5j,c,joEdq’3d glAol6ol6f W= rD dy]u,ao9k3i ,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8yd lD;yd8=gip ,tsklt\\5fvyogfp lDcmocdopydk !W = mtg]-kpok,y[ lDok1k-k -jv’c7[3,-e[yd !W = oD -eg[-u mqj'rP']5j, @W = @W = l6'd;jk !D&WW , #W = !FWWW{!F&WW , c,joE-ec[ &WW{!FWWW dD ,kfkdkfltdk W{&WW , mtg]-kp #W = W $WW _WW dy3]c,af g0fdkr]6 ckI]kt]ru 6rP’rkd.8h cs^,d6f3I[ 8kg;aovvd lkpr6fikgdoltc[d lP’.8h @W = ! W = W = !W = @W = #W = $W = &W = czomjur6,lao4ko0v';u[vk2iydk 20

dD r6rP’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mt;[u vk2idy kgxoa mt;[u cs’j rr6 P’mduj ;kh ’.spwj rlko g-’jy ]tf[a l’6 0v’r,6 loa 4kogdvn [ gmkqj doa m’a \\fq mt;[u F ltg]pj c];h l’6 xt,ko (&W c,fa F [o+ [a gvkq g0frkd8kg;oa vvdlP’.8h c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nv g-y’j c,oj g0fr6l6’D 1j6rkd8kg;aovvd0v’mt;u[,ur6rP’mujle7ao7nG rr6 P’vk[-u ou Fu 3-,k]Fu 8’a dkodu k c]t ovu k-kD mk’rkd.8,h ru r6 P’vd6 kofkF dk8’a dk c]t mk’rkd8kg;oa 8dq ,ru r6 P’dgu o c]t dkg,iu o6 D 0D Ivpc8dg]njvo.spj c]t r6w2 r,6 loa 4kof’aj dkj ;oU ,1u m6j k’rkd8kg;oa vvdlP’g|vn 0v’mt;[u g-’jy 1]6j ts;kj ’dk’0v’ rr6 P’vk[-u ou u c]t rr6 P’3-,k]Du ,oa gxoa g0ffoy 8O c]t gxoa |v’mcuj dpj k;c8mj tg]cf’Ivf |v’ovu k-kD ,kIvfxfa 9[5 oa F g0fodU p= ’a xkdfq ,cu zoj foy ws; c]t rw6 2]tg[fu 3fpltgrktc,oj 1]6j P[Ivpc8dg]vjn o.spoj oA D 7D lkpr68jk’M1j6mt;u[vk2iydk mt;u[vk2iydkwfh,ur6l6’1j6mk’rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nvmjugvUo;jkG lkpr6vaf]kfg-yj’ gxoa lkpr|6 ,5j F ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 0v’lkprg6 skj^q oU ltg]pj c];h xt,ko @WWW c,fa D ovd9kdoFU g0fr6l6’pa’,u16jrkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h g-y’j l;j os^kpgxaog0fr6w2gdqkj .ooAor6w2du]u,ao9k3i X&D)_& ,? gxoa 9v,rm6 ulj ’6 d;kj \\.6j omt;u[vk2iydkF l;j o1mj6 k’rkd.8dh =,ulkprm6 u,j u]tf[a l’6 l,q 7;og-oja G rg6 ]du [a c]t rf6 ikgdoltc[dD ’D mqj’rP’ mq’j rP’16jmt;u[vk2iydk,ugoNvmuj|hvp4hkmP[.lrj 6,lao4ko8Qo8=vnoj MF ,uc81j 6j]P[8k, c7,mtg] c]t 8k,]vh ’oElkp8kj ’Mgmkjq ooA g-’jy gxoa m’jq rP’mcuj 7[1g6j [vN ’8kg;oa 8dq c]t 8kg;oa vvd0v’mt;u[D l;j om’jq rP’]vh ’c,oj EooA c,oj 18j6 k,]vh ’c,oj EoyoF ]vh ’c,oj Eoug-F ]vh ’c,oj Ed’q 3d c]t vojn MD @D r6,vkdkf c]t c,joE dD r6,vkdkf mt;u[vk2iydklj;o.spjgxaovkdkfIhvocsh’c]h’ grkt;jkgxaomt;u[mjuxbdczjo 3fp,uglAovkpao8afzkj omk’rkdg|nv c]t rkd.8h rhv,oAod=,uglAol6ol6f8afzkj o8vodk’ 0v’mt;u[D ltgrktmk’rkdg|nv0v’mt;u[vkdkf ,u]adltotIhvocsh’c]h’muIj 5ocI’d;kj phvo;jkczjofyod;hk’ gIaf.shvyfmyrqo0v’vkpoE9kd,tsklt\\5f[+lk,kfg0Qkwxg4y’g0f 21

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ.9dk’0v’czoj foy c]t pvh o8k,c7,/’ja ,tsklt\\f5 g[vN ’8kg;oa 8dq lP’g|vn c]t 8kg;oa 8dq lP’.8wh f,h lu kpoEg7vjn og1oa ws^zkj oD !D r6,vkdkfIhvo-5j,l6ol6f g0foUd;,gvqkrNomuj8vodk’0v’mt;u[7n g0f]hv’c,oj Edq’3d c]t rkd8kg;oa vvd lP’g|vn 0v’gdkt,kfkdkltdk g-’jy ,vu o5 str,6 ltg]pj @* =c F ,u xt],y kooE/oq s^kpd;kj !&WW ,,} xFu ,]u tff6 P;7]n tf/6 oq gmkjq ooA D @D r6,vkdkfIhvo-j5,.dhl6ol6f g;Qk];,r6,vkdkfoUd;,gvqkc8gj lAo0t|komu & =sk !( = g|nv c]t .8h 0v’mt;u[F c8jg,njvspa[wxskrkd8kg;aovvd r6,vkdkffja’djk;wfhd;,wxIvfglAol6ol6fD vkdkfoU ,]u da ltotIvh o-,5j F ,u @ ]tf76 Gn ]tfc6 ]’h c]t ]tf/6 oq F xt],y kooE/oq ltg]pj &WW sk !WWW ,, 8+xuF v5ostr6,ltg]pj xt,ko #W =cD #D r6,vkdkfg7yj’csh’c]h’ r,6 vkdkfodU ;,gvkq 8vofoy m8uj O 9kdg0fr,6 vkdkfIvh o-,j5 .dgh loA lo6 lf6 vvdwxskmk’ rkdg|nv c]t rkd.8h0v’mt;u[F ,u @ ]tf67n ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD w]ptmuj,u/qo8qdc,oj lAo c]t 8dq [l+ t\\Oltg\\7u [n k’x/u oq 8dq sk^ p9oq gdfu oE4;h ,F [k’xru fa cs’h c]’h ,]u tfc6 ]’h cdpj k; s^kpgfnvoF xt]y,kooE/qoltg]pj @&W sk &WW ,, 8+xuF v5ostr6,ltg]pj xt,ko #W =cD $D r6,vkdkfIhvocsh’c]h’ \\kpg4’y g0fvkdkfmcuj s’h c]’h foq M 9’bj ,/u oq 8dq gmvjn |’jb c8rj fa gxoa /oq c[[/oq 2kh 7tov’D 1g6j 0fmtg]-kp-kIkik vo5 str,6 ltg]pj .ogfvn o,’a dvo ) c= c]t ltg]pj .ogfvn od]= tdfq #& c= F 1g6j 0fmtg]-kp3d[u ltg]pj gfvn oIvh omluj f5 c,oj #& =c c]t gfvn om|ju k; mlju f5 {#W =cF ovd ooA vo5 str,6 p’a 38odoa ]ts;kj ’dk'g;oa c]t dk'7on G 1m6j tg]-kp-kIkik .o8vomPj ’vo5 str,6 l6’0Bodkp &W =c F c8.j o8vodk’7norafs^5f]q’8Od;kj W c= D g0fr6,vkdkffaj’dkj ;wfhxkdqf,u16mj a’lv’g2Nv’3]d7nG 16gj 2Nv’3]dg|nvc,oj mtg]-kp -kIkikF ]u[u Xvk2iydk?F vk;k[u c]t 3d[u Xvk-udk’?F 16jg2Nv’3]d.8h c,oj mtg]-kp dk]kIkiu Xvk2iydk ? c]t g0frkddk’0v’vqflt8ik]uD 22

mtg]-kp-kIkik ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ &D r6,vkdkfg,fuc8ikgo c,oj r,6 vkdkfg0fc7,/’ja g|vn lf5 0v’mt;[u m8uj fy d[a mtg]g,fcu 8ikgo c]t g0f.8lh f5 0v’mt;u[F ]tf6|k;[+|k;xko.fF ,usy,t8qd[k’7A’7k;F v5ostr6,ltg]pj .ogfnvo,a’dvo 1m6j vuj kog- !! c= F .o]tfI6 vh ovkdkfIvh o c]t cs’h F vo5 str,6 ltg]pj .ogfvn ol’y sk 1m6j vuj kog- @& c= ,/u oq 8dq c[[/oq 2kh 7tov’.o]tf.6 [w,sh ojq^ sk]tf|6 k;D r,6 vkdkff’ja dkj ; ,1u c6j 7,/’ja mtg] g,fuc8ikgoF 7k]u2=gop Xmt;u[vkg,iydk?D ovdooA d,= 1u c6j s,^ s;’a fu (Good Hope}Bonne Esperance) X.8lh f5 0v’mt;[u vk2idy k ?F rkd.8h c]t rkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD 0D c,joE c,oj E16mj t;u[vk2iydkl;j os^kp,uxt]y,kooE|hvp c]t ws^lt\\Oltg\\u8ts^vfxug-oaj G c,oj Ed’q 3dF c,oj Eooy F c,oj Eogu -F c,oj E-ec[DDD [oa fkc,oj Egskjq^ o]U ;h oc8,j cu d’h ,8u kfsk^ p g-’jy lkh ’7;k,sp’h5 pkd.sch ddj kooe.-gh xoa gloA mk’7,q ,tok7,q {0oq l’jq c8lj tf;d.sch ddj ko lkh ’g0vnj ow22kh oE8dq g-oaj G g0vnj ow22kh vfa l;o (Aswan) 1c6j ,oj EoyoD #D -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyo mt;u[vk2iydkIaj’,uwxfh;p-a[rtpkdvo.8hfyo g-yj’,ugxao9eo;os^;’s^kpc9d1kp 1g6j 0f8kj ’M7Gn [c+ Ilj ;j osk^ pg8kQ 3I,1g6j 0fxtgmfd’q 3dF xtgmfvk2idy k.8Fh mtg]-kp-kIkikF g0fr6vaf]kfF c4[vkj ;dugo c]t [vj ovnoj MvudD 16jxtgmfdq’3d c]t xtgmfvk2iydk.8h,u[+7e g-y’j d;,g4y’ *W: 0v’7e.o3]dD 23

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດovdoAo 16jvk2iydk.8hpa’,u[+grafd;,gvqk _): 0v’graf.o3]dF 16jrkdg|nv0v’mtg] -kp-kIkik,[u o+ E,oa g-vN w2 c]t dkH fme,t-kf g-’jy 9f5 |da c,oj 1x6j tgmf][u u c]t vkog-iDu $D g0fme,t-kf8jk’M0v’mt;u[vk2iydk mtg]-kp 3vvk-uf xkj 8b[l6ol6f -k;ko xjk37d xjkg0fg,fuc8ikgo xjkg0fr6rP' xjkg0fr6l6' czomujg0fme,t-kf0v'mt;u[vk2iydk 24

!D g0fxjk8b[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0fxkj 8b[ d;,gvqkgoNvmuj0v’g0fl6ol6fc8gj lAo0t|komu W = sk & = g|nv c]t .8h0v’ mt;[u 3fpltgrktc,oj g0f]vh ’c,oj Ed’q 3dF vkj ;dgu oF c7,mtg]rkd8kg;oa vvdlP’.8h c]t rkd8kg;oa vvd0v’gdkt,kfkdkltdkD xkj 8[b f’ja dkj ;gdfu 0oB .og0fm,ju /u oq 8dq sk^ pd;kj !&WW ,, 8+xuF rhv,daooAo d=gxaog0fmuj,uv5ostr6,l6’8ts^vfxuD ,aogxaog0fxkj 8b[fq’|kxtdv[fh;p w,sh k^ p-tofy m,uj ]u k7kcr’m’a ,8u oQ w,sh k^ p-oA m,ju gu 7vn dPh ;dvf .oxkj w,oh oA p’a ,lu fa [k’xtgrf vkwl16j g-aoj G ]u’F 7kj ’F mtouF dtIvdF ’6 c]t vnoj MD @D g0fmqj’sphk 4fa 9kdg0fxkj 8[b lo6 lf6 c,oj g0fm’jq spkh -k;ko g-’jy d;,gvkq govN mduj ;kh ’0;k’l,q 7;o 3fpltgrkt c,oj d;,gvkq gdnv[g7’yj |’bj 0v’fyo8vo.80h v’mt;u[D l;j omk’rkdg|nvd;,gvqkc8gj lAo0t|komu & = g|nv sk !# = g|nvgmqkj oAoD mq’j sphk -k;ko 8A’16jg0fvkdkfIhvomuj,u @ ]tf67nG ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD rnf8Qo8=mugj duf.og0foU c,oj 8oQ spkh mluj ’6 xt,ko @ sk # c,fa D ovdooA p’a ,u8oQ w,.h spgj dfu skj ’Mxtxoq 1dj6 [a 8oQ spkh ooA g-ajoG 8Qo[k;[a[ c]t 8QolelkD .oxjkg0foUpa’,ulafxtgrfdyosphk c]t lafxtgrfdyo-Uo vkwl1j6s^kp-toyfg-ajoG 7;kpxjkF ’q;xjkF ,hk]kpF -hk’F cIfF ly’F glnvfk; c]t vnjoMD ryglf16j[k’cs’j pa’,uc,’;ao g-{g- (TséTsé) mujoegvqkrtpkf gs’qkovo,kl6jlaf]hP’ c]t 7oq .orkdroN oDU ,kg4’y xfa 9[5 oa F m’jq spkh .og0fowU f4h dn oe.-gh 0kQ .odkoxd6 /’a gxoa l;j osk^ pc];h D g0fmqj'sphk-k;ko 25

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D g0fmtg]-kp mtg]-kp-kIkik d;,gvkq goNvmudj ;kh ’0;k’1m6j k’rkdg|nv0v’mt;u[vk2iydk g-’yj cdpj k;c8cj 7,mtg]cf’Ivf/’ja mtg]rkd8kg;oa 8dq D 1m6j k’rkd.80h v’mt;[u ,mu tg]-kpdk ]kIkiu c]t mtg]-kpok,y[uD phvo7;k,csh’c]h’0v’vkdkfF g,nvj g[y’j ];,c]h;ma’ @ g0fmujdkj ;,koAo]h;oc8gj xqkj cxoF [+,uxkj w,h s^n rnfgduf0Bowfh 3fpltgrktc,oj 16jmtg]-kp-kIkikD l;j o16jmk’.8hoAogsao;kj ,urnfs^kpd;kj g-aoj G dqd|k, mu,j uIkdpk;F dqd7=hF 8Qodt[v’grafD rhv,daooAo d=,ulaf[k’-toyfmumj qomko8+7;k,csh’c]h’ vkwl16jg-aoj G v6fF oqddt9vdgmfF ’6F 0Ug0a[F dtxv,DDDD -uik[ 26

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8Qo[k;[a[ 7e4k, !D 9’qj [vd]adltot95fryglf{I6[Ikj ’r6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[vk2iydkgxaoco;.f L { rvh ,m’a vtmy[kpc8]j tI[6 c[[r,6 loa 4koD @D ]adltot0v’r6,vkdkf.omt;u[vk2iydkgxaoco;.fL gryjowfhc[j’r6,vkdkf faj’djk; oAogxao9adxtgrfL c8j]txtgrfc8d8jk’daoco;.fL c]t ,u1j6g0f.f 0v’mt;u[L #D -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyomujle7ao0v’mt;u[vk2iydk,u-toyf.fcfj L 16jg0f.f L $D mt;u[vk2iydkxtdv[fh;pg0fme,t-kf.fcfj L c]t ,u16jg0f.f L &D g/dy xt8[y fa !D 9’jq c8,h czomurj ,6 loa 4koF czomurj ,6 vkdkf0v’mt;u[vk2iydkD @D .shoadIPo-vdI6[rk[mtg]-kp.f|jb’F I6[lafxtgrf.f|jb’mjufe]q’-u;yf.o mt;[u vk2idy kD 27

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfmu & xt-kdvo.omt;u[vk2iydk !D xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’xt-kdvo.omt;u[vk2iydk !D! g-Nv-kf mt;u[vk2iydkgxaomt;u[muj[+,uxt-kdvos^kpmP[.lmj t;u[vnoj M grkt;kj dko7hkmkf 7qozy;fe.olt8t;afmu XV-XVIII wfhgIaf.shrqo]tg,nv’.omt;u[oU\\qfwxxt,ko !WW ]hko7qoD rqo]tg,nv’ 0v’mt;u[vk2iydkxtdv[fh;p @ g-Nv-kf.sp7j nG g-Nv-kfzy;fe c]t g-Nv-kf zy;0k;D ovd9kdoAoF pa’,u-k;zy;gs^nv’ c]t 7qo-vfI;j ,16oj edaoD !? g-Nv-kfzy;fe gxaog-Nv-kfmju,u9eo;os^kp7nd;,gvqk @}# 0v’9eo;orqo]tg,nv’ma’\\qf.omt;u[F c9d1kp1j6gdnv[mqj;m5dcsj’F [jvomju,u7qovkwl1j6s^kpd;jk\\j6 c,jomk’rkd8kg;ao8qd c]t rkddk’D g-Nv-kfoUwfhc[’j vvdgxao @ -qo-kf.sp7j nG -qo-kf-6fa’ c]t -qo-kf[a’86D lv’ -oq -kfocU [’j vvdgxoa sk^ p-oq gzkjq m,uj ru klkg;kQ c8]j tmvh ’4ojy c8d8kj ’doa D ovdooA dp= ’a ,su k^ p -qogzqkj mujfe]q’-u;yfgxaod5j,ohvpF ,ultrk[glf4tdyfmujpa'fhvprafmtokF ,ug9Qkdqd{ g9Qkgs^qkj gxaosq;|hkD r;dg0kq g9kQ ,9u f5 rgy lffkh odkofe]’q -;u fy c]t dkome,kskdoy 7kh 0kp7kh p7dn oa g-oja G ,vu k-[u gxao-k;dtlydemuj0Boda[me,t-kf 3fpvkwldkogIafwI,j ao8QoF lk]uF g0Qk,yoF g0kQ /kh ’F g0kQ g[^ gxoa 8oQ 8=D @? g-Nv-kfzy;0k; Xg-Nv-kfvkia[ c]t c[dc[? g-Nv-kfoU lj;os^kpc,jofe]q’-u;yf1j6mk’rkdg|nv0v'mt;u[ 3fp,uvk-u[gxao-jk’ saf4tdeF dtlyde c]t 7hk0kp16jc[[7q’mujD c8dj =pa’,u9eo;o|bj’mujfe]q’-u;yfc[[[+16j7q'muFj ]Ph ’lfa 186j k,mtg]-kpD ovd9kd @ g-Nv-kfmujwfhdkj ;,kc]h;F rqo]tg,nv’0v’mt;u[vk2iydkpa’xtdv[fh;p -k;z;y 0k; X-k;gviu [q ? vkwl1x6j t,ko !W ]kh od;kj 7oq mwuj fvh [q rtp[q ]’q ,k8’A 4ojy 4ko 1.6j og0f vkdkfvq[v5jo c]t g0fmuj,ug’nvj ow0me,t-kfveo;p7;k,ltf;d.odkome,kskdyo g-y’j sk^ pd;kj \\c6j ,oj 1x6j tgmfvk2idy k.8Fh 1rj6 kd8kg;oa vvdp’a ,-u k;z;y gsvn^ ’ 9eo;osk^ pclo7oq mujg0Qk,kvkwl16.j ooAos^kpd;kj \\6jc,oj -k;vyogfp g-y’j g0Qk,kvkwl16j phvor;d]kj g,nv’0Bo va’dyfgvqk,kgIaf;Pd168j k,oy7q,cs’j 8kj ’M0v’r;dg0qkD 16jg0foU pa’,u7qo-vfxt,ko !@: 0v’roq ]tg,vn ’mt;[u vk2idy k g-’jy ];,,[u oa fk-oq -kf8kj ’Mmfuj e]’q -;u fy 1g6j m’y rr6 P’vk[-u ou u 28

oAoc,jo-qo-kf gv8u3vxuF 1j6g0fvjk’oyg- c,jo-qo-kfgxuo c]t -qo-kf,kodkfmujvkwl ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 18j6 k,gdkt,kfkdkltdkD !D@ fyocfo fyocfo0v’mt;u[vk2iydk4ndr;d]jkg,nv’0Bogvuiq[8afc[j’.olt8t;afmu XIX vao,u 9addtrafva’dyfF /ia’j F cvfltxkpF xvd85pdkoF vu8k]uF c[o-ydDDD mujgxaozh6pbfgvqkfyocfo vk2idy kD r;dg0kq wfch [’j xoa foy cfovk2idy kgxoa I[6 g]0k7tofy XgloA -?jn D xfa 9[5 oa F [oa fkxtgmf f’ja dkj ;ooA wfIh [a gvdt]kfc];h c8pj ’a 7’q Ida lkI[6 ]da ltot0v’-kpcfoooA w;7h ngdkqj D czomuxj tgmf8kj ’M.omt;u[vk2iydk 29

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