body systems

Body Systems By Hamsa Madhira Teacher : Ms Stubbfield Health Science 2A 1 Take me to the table of contents

Table of Contents Topic Pg no. 1. Integumentary System 3 2. Musculoskeletal 3. Nervous System 6 4. Special Senses 9 5. Cardiovascular 12 6. Respiratory 7. Digestive 8. Urinary 9. Reproductive 2 Take me to the table of contents

Integumentary System Key Word: Integumentary​: means pertaining or relating to an e​ nveloping​ or external​ l​ ayer​ or covering. Definition and Function ​: The Integumentary System is a vital body system that consists of skin, hair, nails and exocrine glands. The system provides an external covering for the body structure and protects the human body from many foreign bodies and potentially harmful substances. Its many functions include to protect the human body, regulate body temperature, secrete waste products, and retain bodily fluids. Important Vocabulary: - Nails plate (corpus unguis) : the hard part of our nail is called the nail plate or the corpus unguis. It is translucent and rich in keratin protein. - Nail cuticle: The nail cuticle is a layer of clear skin located along the bottom edge of your finger or toe or the nail bed. Its function is to protect new nails from bacteria when they grow out from the nail root. - Hair (lanugal) : a thin strand of threadlike outgrowth that is rich in keratin. It grows throughout the body, however is mostly observed on the scalp. 3 Take me to the table of contents

- Hair Follicle: This is responsible for producing hair. As part of their hair-producing role, hair follicles retain stem cells, promote cell growth and tissue invasion. It also helps anchor the hair to the skin. - Skin: The skin is the outer covering of the body.It protects the body from differing atmospheres. While the layer of skin that we see on each other every day is called epidermis, there are actually two other layers. - Epidermis: It is the outermost layer of the skin that protects the skin from UV radiation, infection, and aids in getting rid of waste by-products. - Dermis: It is the middle layer of skin cells. It cushions the body from stress and strain, and provides elasticity to the skin. The dermis is the main layer of tissues that helps us develop a sense of touch. - Hypodermis: The hypodermis is the bottom most layer of the skin. It is constituted of adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the skin. - Epithelial: refers and relates to a thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface. - Exocrine glands: Glands that secrete substances to the epithelial surface by a duct. These often help us get rid of waste by-products including sweat, oils, saliva, and mucous1. - Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands ): These are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. - Oil glands ( Sebaceous glands ): They secrete a substance called sebum and other oils in the body. Diseases​: - Acne: It is one of the most common types of skin disorders. Acne is a skin condition that occurs when hair follicles plug with oil and dead skin cells2. - Psoriasis: A skin disorder that causes skin cells to multiply up to 10 times faster than normal3. 1 Freeman, S. (2019, May 14). Physiology, Exocrine Gland. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542322/ 2Acne | Blackheads | Pimple | Zits. (2019, October 23). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/acne.html 3 Jaliman, D. (2019, June 25). Psoriasis: Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/understanding-psoriasis-basics 4 Take me to the table of contents

- Head lice infestation: An infestation of head lice is a common integumentary infection that affects children the most. It usually results from the direct transfer of lice from the hair of one person to the hair of another. - Albinism: These are a group of rare genetic disorders that cause the skin, hair, or eyes to have little or no color. It is caused by the deficiency of melanin4. Careers:​ - Plastic surgeons: They perform operations that change the partial or complete appearance of a person. Unlike cosmetologists who only perform surgeries for those with a preference like a nose job or face lift, plastic surgeons perform reconstructive surgeries of patients that have injuries in a severe accident or who have birth defects. - Anesthesiologists: Anesthesiologists look into the medical speciality concerned with the preoperative care, operative, post operative care of patients during a surgery. 4 Solan, R. (1980, July 09). Albinism: Causes, Types, and Symptoms. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/health/albinism 5 Take me to the table of contents

Musculoskeletal System: Key word: Musculoskeletal​: relating to or denoting the musculature and skeleton combined. Definition: The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, structure and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Important definitions: - Voluntary movement: This type of movement is intentional and consciously done. - Involuntary movement: This type of movement is unintentional and performed by the body even subconsciously. - Muscles:are bands or bundles of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that have the ability to contract, producing 6 Take me to the table of contents

movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body. - Cardiac tissue: A type of muscle tissue that is only found in the heart, where it performs involuntary coordinated contractions that allow the heart to pump blood through the circulatory system. - Smooth muscle: A smooth cell is composed of sheets or strands of smooth muscle cells. They also perform involuntary contractions. - Skeletal tissue: is a form of striated muscle tissue, which functions voluntarily. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. - Bones: pieces of hard whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates. - Cartilage: firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms including in the nose and ears. This provides structure and flexibility. - Tendons:a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. - Ligaments : a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. - Joints : The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body parts to move5. Diseases: - Tendonitis: inflammation of the tendons. - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A numbness and tingling in the hand and arm caused by a pinched nerve in the wrist6. - Osteoporosis: a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both7. 5 William C. Shiel Jr., M. (2018, December 12). Definition of Joint. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4074 6 Wheeler, T. (2019, November 25). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, and Prevention. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/carpal-tunnel/carpal-tunnel-syndrome 7 Osteoporosis. (2020, August 14). Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/osteoporosis.html 7 Take me to the table of contents

- Leukemia: a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia begins in a cell in the bone marrow. The cell undergoes a change and becomes a type of leukemia cell8 . Careers: - Physical Therapist: movement experts who improve quality of life through prescribed exercise, hands-on care, and patient education. - Orthopedic Surgeon: physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and surgical and nonsurgical treatment of skeletal- and musculoskeletal-related conditions and injuries. 8 Leukemia-Patient Version. (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia 8 Take me to the table of contents

Nervous System: Key Word: Nervous​: means pertaining or relating to neural or the brain. Definition and Function 9: The nervous system is the organ system that, along with the endocrine system, correlates the adjustments and reactions of an organism to internal and environmental conditions. It consists of neurons or nerve cells,the spinal cord and the brain. Important Vocabulary: - Brain: an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. - Spinal cord: A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the back. Spinal cord nerves carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body. 9 “Nervous.” The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nervous. 9 Take me to the table of contents

- Neurons : a nerve cell; conducts signals by electrical charge across its plasma membrane. - Cell Body: the part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles. - Dendrites: highly branched extensions of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons. - Axons: a typically long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells. - Sensory neurons: a nerve cell that receives information from the internal and external environment and transmits signals to the Central nervous system. - Interneurons: a nerve cell within the Central Nervous System that forms synapses with sensory and/or motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output. - Motor neurons: a nerve cell that transmits signal from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. - Central Nervous System: receives and processes information; initiates action; brain and spinal cord. - Peripheral Nervous System: transmits signals between the CNS and rest of body: motor neurons, sensory neurons, somatic NS, autonomic NS,sympathetic and parasympathetic division Diseases10: - ADHD: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or Hyper-kinetic Disorder as officially known in the UK (though ADHD is more commonly used), is generally considered to be a developmental disorder, largely neurological in nature, affecting about 5% of the world's population. - Dementia: The progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Although dementia is far more common in the geriatric population, it may occur in any stage of adulthood. - Microcephaly: A medical condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Microcephaly can be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. It is usually caused by genetic abnormalities. 10 Disabled World. “List of Neurological Disorders and Their Descriptions.” Disabled World, Disabled World, 1 Apr. 2020, www.disabled-world.com/health/neurology/disorders-list.php. 10 Take me to the table of contents

- Spinal Cord Tumors: Brain and spinal cord tumors are abnormal growths of tissue found inside the skull or the bony spinal column, which are the primary components of the central nervous system. Careers11: - Neurosurgeon: A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of the brain, spine, and nervous system through surgical and nonsurgical treatments based on the type of injury or illness. - Neurologist: a health professional who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of brain and nervous system conditions. 11 “Neurologist vs. Neurosurgeon: What You Should Know.” Dignity Health, www.dignityhealth.org/articles/neurologist-vs-neurosurgeon-what-you-should-know. 11 Take me to the table of contents

Special Senses: Key Word: Sensory:​ relating to sensation or the physical senses; transmitted or perceived by the senses. Definition and Function:​ The special senses are the senses that have specialized organs devoted to vision (the eye), hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system and vestibular system), smell (the nose), taste (the tongue) and the touch(skin). Important Vocabulary: - eye: each of a pair of globular organs in the head through which people and vertebrate animals see, the visible part typically appearing almond-shaped in animals with eyelids. - ear: the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates, especially the external part of this. 12 Take me to the table of contents

- nose:the part projecting above the mouth on the face of a person or animal, containing the nostrils and used for breathing and smelling. - tongue: The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. - skin: Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Diseases:​ - Conjunctivitis/pink eye : Inflammation or infection of the outer membrane of the eyeball and the inner eyelid. - Keratitis: Inflammation of the clear tissue on the front of the eye (cornea). - Deafness/ Hearing loss: Deafness is usually the result of inner ear or nerve damage. - Anosmia:Loss of smell can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include smoking, medication side effects, nasal obstruction, or mucus. Careers:​ - ENT Surgeon/ Otolaryngologist: are surgical specialists who diagnose, evaluate and manage a wide range of diseases of the head and neck, including the ear, nose and throat regions. - Ophthalmologist: a specialist in ophthalmology. The credentials include a degree in medicine, followed by additional four to five years of ophthalmology residency training. 13 Take me to the table of contents