body systems (1)

Body Systems By Hamsa Madhira Teacher : Ms Stubbfield Health Science 2A 1 Take me to the table of contents

Table of Contents Topic Pg no. 1. Integumentary System 3 2. Musculoskeletal 3. Nervous 6 4. Special Senses 5. Cardiovascular 6. Respiratory 7. Digestive 8. Urinary 9. Reproductive 2 Take me to the table of contents

Integumentary System Key Word: Integumentary​: means pertaining or relating to an e​ nveloping​ or external​ l​ ayer​ or covering. Definition and Function ​: The Integumentary System is a vital body system that consists of skin, hair, nails and exocrine glands. The system provides an external covering for the body structure and protects the human body from many foreign bodies and potentially harmful substances. Its many functions include to protect the human body, regulate body temperature, secrete waste products, and retain bodily fluids. Important Vocabulary: - Nails plate (corpus unguis) : the hard part of our nail is called the nail plate or the corpus unguis. It is translucent and rich in keratin protein. - Nail cuticle: The nail cuticle is a layer of clear skin located along the bottom edge of your finger or toe or the nail bed. Its function is to protect new nails from bacteria when they grow out from the nail root. - Hair (lanugal) : a thin strand of threadlike outgrowth that is rich in keratin. It grows throughout the body, however is mostly observed on the scalp. 3 Take me to the table of contents

- Hair Follicle: This is responsible for producing hair. As part of their hair-producing role, hair follicles retain stem cells, promote cell growth and tissue invasion. It also helps anchor the hair to the skin. - Skin: The skin is the outer covering of the body.It protects the body from differing atmospheres. While the layer of skin that we see on each other every day is called epidermis, there are actually two other layers. - Epidermis: It is the outermost layer of the skin that protects the skin from UV radiation, infection, and aids in getting rid of waste by-products. - Dermis: It is the middle layer of skin cells. It cushions the body from stress and strain, and provides elasticity to the skin. The dermis is the main layer of tissues that helps us develop a sense of touch. - Hypodermis: The hypodermis is the bottom most layer of the skin. It is constituted of adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the skin. - Epithelial: refers and relates to a thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface. - Exocrine glands: Glands that secrete substances to the epithelial surface by a duct. These often help us get rid of waste by-products including sweat, oils, saliva, and mucous1. - Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands ): These are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. - Oil glands ( Sebaceous glands ): They secrete a substance called sebum and other oils in the body. Diseases​: - Acne: It is one of the most common types of skin disorders. Acne is a skin condition that occurs when hair follicles plug with oil and dead skin cells2. - Psoriasis: A skin disorder that causes skin cells to multiply up to 10 times faster than normal3. 1 Freeman, S. (2019, May 14). Physiology, Exocrine Gland. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542322/ 2Acne | Blackheads | Pimple | Zits. (2019, October 23). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/acne.html 3 Jaliman, D. (2019, June 25). Psoriasis: Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/understanding-psoriasis-basics 4 Take me to the table of contents

- Head lice infestation: An infestation of head lice is a common integumentary infection that affects children the most. It usually results from the direct transfer of lice from the hair of one person to the hair of another. - Albinism: These are a group of rare genetic disorders that cause the skin, hair, or eyes to have little or no color. It is caused by the deficiency of melanin4. Careers:​ - Plastic surgeons: They perform operations that change the partial or complete appearance of a person. Unlike cosmetologists who only perform surgeries for those with a preference like a nose job pr face lift, plastic surgeons perform reconstructive surgeries of patients that have injuries in a severe accident or who have birth defects. - Anesthesiologists: Anesthesiologists look into the medical speciality concerned with the preoperative care, operative, post operative care of patients during a surgery. 4 Solan, R. (1980, July 09). Albinism: Causes, Types, and Symptoms. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/health/albinism 5 Take me to the table of contents

Musculoskeletal System: Key word: Musculoskeletal​: relating to or denoting the musculature and skeleton combined. Definition: The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, structure and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Important definitions: - Voluntary movement: This type of movement is intentional and consciously done. - Involuntary movement: This type of movement is unintentional and performed by the body even subconsciously. - Muscles:are bands or bundles of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that have the ability to contract, producing 6 Take me to the table of contents

movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body. - Cardiac tissue: A type of muscle tissue that is only found in the heart, where it performs involuntary coordinated contractions that allow the heart to pump blood through the circulatory system. - Smooth muscle: A smooth cell is composed of sheets or strands of smooth muscle cells. They also perform involuntary contractions. - Skeletal tissue: is a form of striated muscle tissue, which functions voluntarily. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. - Bones: pieces of hard whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates. - Cartilage: firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms including in the nose and ears. This provides structure and flexibility. - Tendons:a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. - Ligaments : a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. - Joints : The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body parts to move5. Diseases: - Tendonitis: inflammation of the tendons. - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A numbness and tingling in the hand and arm caused by a pinched nerve in the wrist6. - Osteoporosis: a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both7. 5 William C. Shiel Jr., M. (2018, December 12). Definition of Joint. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4074 6 Wheeler, T. (2019, November 25). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, and Prevention. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/carpal-tunnel/carpal-tunnel-syndrome 7 Osteoporosis. (2020, August 14). Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/osteoporosis.html 7 Take me to the table of contents

- Leukemia: a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia begins in a cell in the bone marrow. The cell undergoes a change and becomes a type of leukemia cell8 . Careers: - Physical Therapist: movement experts who improve quality of life through prescribed exercise, hands-on care, and patient education. - Orthopedic Surgeon: physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and surgical and nonsurgical treatment of skeletal- and musculoskeletal-related conditions and injuries. 8 Leukemia-Patient Version. (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia 8 Take me to the table of contents