10E| #* a ) \\ \\ r i r . r h c( o , , ,, r : r n r , , n ulror | c , rh p h r : s , u r i g t h Ls o r d . r r h r : r L kr -, ( l , c c li,n l , I n p146. b) a rough sca(smoorh:filn) a) a lighLcolour b) a ljglu nc.] (hcaw: dark) 5 a) a lxll buiL.lnlg (aggrcssirc,stronr) a) phn tood b) rn o1.lbuildng () oLLig: r{lcrn) b) a r.rll prrsor (sho : lowl b) a dry daI (\\!ctr srcer) Dd d Be.khxnr.ioorbalie,: Crprn. .i Erlirnd 20cC 2006. 3 a) i iu!nB r,'ttLc b) .rslrcng possibilir! (rerk: hnt) j it rct H!.r' r.a ire lal tiei! sh.wi arllid rya.an.ml Strr srtania: ..!.: lee t\".re ii{ :.neth ng 5De.a rb.!i h.r 5h. had b) Work in pairs.Takcruns to sayphrases r r f r r l p b r - g f g t . r n e h e r e: e . 1 n i r y k d sr h o h a r . i c r a I 8 in 9a).Yourpartler saysthe anton1,m. nrpp.,t lr.n -. prrenr5 ias -.y to ha,eihai rid ts..^/! !.k l\".,\"n*ii..\"', l,l),{ .lr r.r r nrir), gli rt i bLl em..rref he mr.l. nr. . t tie.irrj. ris p iy rg.!t ie iinl nsto 5roci :t goa andh. (;j a) Makea list of thingsothcr than language T::._gme.onro the br e naie .re <.k:i. .a !p . the.-r 00 lcarnnrgthat you hare cloDeor trted to do. t Tes anil ..nlro t ira ...iro i lri goi i ghi /\\.d !re. lhe. s.t ['tich haycvou achieved?Which havenr - r ?ht he nade rre Cc t :one mo . Y.! i.n | [now io( mporiant t h : l : 1 t i h e t r . . b . : a 1 . ' n j o ! . . ; . c c ' r c ! . c i b . r . : ki n a t h r i stopsnoking achieved Wcw ,ra: s. -.<\\ io helc ihai keepto a regulaftitnessprogranme- notachieved i.'r\" !.1.iL.1 m..1. n! ...rr';.t! ,,-er ,r-s Fennr5 ase 5!t b) Look at,vour list and aEtrcr thcsequestions. i h . f . i . r a r l : . n . r . l . \" r . l o b ; b l . o t a r r i r ! r s F l e n . f h a sh a . l r i d , ! h a ! . b . . a , r . n r . i b l r t ! i i . r . r ; r . i t E of e rr n . s h e 5s t l n r n g r Wli) do \\'ou thi|k lou Icrc succr:ssfualLscurc finrgsandnot others? b-r sf. a.cad' h;sa .!!r lea.f (hrr p .ben.:.ome lrth fi.re I a e ! . n r t r e l c - r i g . l e e! r . ! 8 . 1 r , , r e h e : : .o n r e s h o !c e s a . d 2 Di.l oiherteople helpor cncourlgc)oul 3 Wouldvou considef!oursclf to b. someol1c :''' Nho gencrall)nicl(sr.ith thirgs? f r,.-i t{, be p.rr. .I h.r € te.ilse shes:. -! r. i!.i : or .f . e , r l s .S r e ; . 1 - - i _t . r s . i ? i o . ' r r g eg c ' i r c l n i 1 _ . , . r o d _ i f r c . . r : a) \\\\brk in groupsof three.Takcttllns ro rell t.-\" l.'-rs,r:a n- Eid,,i. ire e lrcm !J.. an:r ! rg. eachother aboutthe things on yorr lisr. ?\\sk follow-upquestionsand tahenoteson rvhatrhc A.ipteC f!n th. ar.ri.r 0,1C1/07 other l\\vo studcDtssal fietpwm v0caDurary b) work in a di[crcDt groupof threc.Ta]k aboutthe oder t$o studrntsh your orignral a) Look at the phrases in blue iD Henrietta! scction group.Decidewhich pcrsonis the mosr of the articlc. \\\\'lat adjcctil-c could you use Eith each mun so the phrase has an opposite m€aning? c) ltll the classaboutrhepersonyour grotrp choseand $hy you choschin/her. b) Read Dalid Becldumi scc )n of thc article aganr. WethinkMiaisthemostdeterminebdecausiet Find the antonyns tor thc phnses in Llue in wonthavebeeneasyforherto ... Henriella\\ seclion of thc article. $'ere your answe$ in 8a)the same? 6) Checkh ,t) in p1,16.
lOC Go for it! Q U I C KR E V I E W. . . Makesentenceasboutpeopteyouknow/:trrouldnt beLongbefore...) Tonorrcwnight...will ...; Nextmonth...niqht... ;Nextweekend... wont ..., Laswt eek..w. ouldn'ht avehadtimeto ... .Workin paks. Taketurnsto sayyoursentences.AfsoklLow-uqpuestions. a) lnaginc ,vounre gn ing advice to a lr,tencv? begtnnerin Englishor another languagc.N{akeiotes on things that According to his publicity,Tany Remembering by association, helpedyou ti) progress$. hat would BLzan, whose narne s invarably as a child does, pefmeates , v o uh a v ed o n e d i l l e r e n t l y ? associatedwlth the words mind Buzan's ieanningtechniqLre. b) $brk in groups. ,q.greeon a list of guru', has rcvollrtonlsed the way Babies arc the best language p e o p l et h l n k a n d r e m e m b e r , n t h e eafnerc in the wonld, but they c) PreseDyt our vie$s to thc class.Is wonkplace,c assnoom and at d o n ' t l e a r n g m m m a n B u z a nt e s drereaDyadlicc that the whole class honre. At the heart of all h s m e F o f e x a m p l e ,a c h d w i l l b l r l d work arc m nd maps a way of on the wofd Daddy'withDaddy a) It is claimedthat La,ig cg€ graphicallyorganlsng and wofk' and Daddygo wofk and R|1olrrion.a lan$ageleaming developingthoughts. ' D a d d yg o c a f . A n d t h a t ' sa m i n d coursefor beginnersE, ill teachyou m a p n a b a b y ' sh e a d . holv (o lealn a languagein just eight M nd maps helpyou to weeks.Looh at the photo. What r e m e m b e r b y l i n k i n gw o r d s a n d Buzan cla ms that his rechniquedo you think the se es inrages in an intuitiveway. Fon techniq!es .efec! the wofkings of exarnpe, in his Latguag-\" the bfain, bLrtthe sc ence s b) Readthe r€vie$r ln what s at is this Revolution ltaliatl course Buzan mell d of learnnrga tcvolutn n'? encounages earnefs ro oraw a explained t n tenns of engaging rn nd map of wofds lhey can the parts of the bra n that make ) fernernbef assocated with a tr p us crcative in memory tasks, as to the bar. They arc nemembered we as the systematic parts of the not as a st but as one suggests bra n that traditiona y domlnate. the othen,with co ouns and BLt he prefers to talk to me aboLrt p ctures as prcmprc. natura eanningstyes. And what he says cefta nlytunes in with Buzan says this reflects the what ch ld developmentexperts o r g a n r ca n d f r € ef o w n g w a y t h e know about the mporl€nce of bra n works naturally,meaning we l e a r n i n gb y a s s o c i a t o f remember bettef by associal on Lists have no assoc atons, so a.e expertse s what makes his much ha.den work He developed appfoach so d ffenent. The.e is the ideaaf m nd maps as a lool nothing m raculous or conrpex for note-lakng when he w6s a a b o u t h i s t e c h n i q u e s ih i s g r e a t student and has s nce wftten 95 knack is to take things that we books and taught his pr nciplesto suspecr are ffLre rrom expenence everyonefrcm govefnment and incorporate them nto departments to the Bft sh e a f n r n gp f o g r a m m e s . Olympc mwing team. Adapteldmnrfte lr?es01lO3lOA
. . . 1OC Rea Word a) choosethe correcL*.ords @ a) Listenagainto Bnlcean.t answerthesequesftns @ 1 Buzanis iD farour ofmakingLists/cannectinidgeas. 1 what doesBfuce fca.Lin a foreign langlLager 2 He is irispircd bv thc r'^y sport\\peopLe/.hildrenleat\\. 2 ln \\ahal $a)s doeshc thDk readinghelpsl 3 Buzan\\ claims abont mfid nap. te .anvin.ing/uncLear. 3 Whar doeshe list€n to? a ChiLdreD are bcLicled to lea hest hy naking links/using a \\\\ihai doeshe savabout grammarl s \\\\hal rcchrique doeshe lule for learning\\ocabu1ary? s tsruaDsapproachis basaLol i linguisticthea.y/whaht e b) work in pairs. What do the words/phrases rll beLieveisself eident. bold meanl b) \\vork in groups. Discuss these questions. 1{oul.l jusrjot it down in ni} LiuLebookler. 1 what i]rerhodsdo )ou use to record vocabulary? 2 lrn a very grcgadous lcarrcr ... )ou kno$: jusr rr) z H.', ' ' '.. u.,J rrrr'l rrap. Du1\"u .Lrrr .1,1 and inreract$'irh ollter pcoplc. 3 ... anthing fronr lrashy nagazinesto crinre nolcLs. 3 \\\\buld )ou col)siderusing Lhisncthod ifyou vere ... lm siill a bir woolly rLbourthe grarnnar. le.rrning.r ne$ language?Wh) lA&y ror? 5 He used to srile in English aDdthen he switched a) work in pairs. $'lut do )-ou drink nakes learning c) $rorh in groups. Discuss these questions. English at an advancedlevel different from other levels? r What do bodr Maria and Bruce xgr.e onl \\\\4rat do you nced to do in order to be successtul? 2 Do you stronglt agree/disagreNe ith anvthilg eilher 3 Do vou tlink, like Becketl, that somc peopletale n1oretuccdomto expressrbensclvcs in a foreign language?Do \\.ou feel likc a different personrvhen you are speakingrnglishl @ ut tt\"r.. a li.r ol fic areJ{n $hicl,vou.rill nee.l ro irnpro\\eyourfnAli\\1,P. ul rl'cmin ordcrol rmponanc€ror yor'. b) l-isten to N{ana Pia,an advancedItalian b) Work jn groups and talk about hov you are going learn€r of bnglish. Does she agreewith what you said to continu€to improle your Englishoutsidethe ir 4a)?Arswer these questions. ctassroomG. iveadviceto odrerpeople. 1 wlat did Mafia Pir do tirsl al elementdrylcvel. betore Take evel' : Its a goodidea learninggra'n.rlrr? opponunlty to . Make sure,vou Thc niah thing ... 2 Whar doess}c sa) ale rhe adrantag* of rcacLing It\\ absolureLy ne$sfapers at i nroread\\anccd levcl? Tr) 10avoi.l ... c s s c D i u Lt o . . . What ltl do is ... 3 \\\\ihar dlsadlafrage does ft'adiru the classicslurc? Thukng back, I Whalerer )ou do. a \\\\tnL helps hcr 11)kccp Lrp'Lo{atc $ith DeN language? w o u L d n tl i a v c . . . s wlut hassircIound usctul rn order to unclcrstanil WritingExtension diltercrtl Llpesof pronurciatronl b \\ 1 , . r . . u r ' . u . l r .I ' a r 't u r . r r ' n l ' n g @ a) \\\\ rircdn .rcrion,plJl',,{ rhcncyrl. q Inonrhr. gi!,rngc\\rmple\\ ol lr,\\r )t'u Jrcgoingro, o||rinuf 7 WhaL.lor her, is thc bestwa) to pur into pra.tic. to improveyour English. Lhehnguagc you ve lcarnecl? b) Compareyour actionplan sift other studenls' c ) I i \\ r , n r o B n r c cr a l l . i | l ga b o u r h i \\ c \\ p c r i c n . c plans.Add any usefnlidca-sto vour plan. oflearning languages.According to Bluce, are the follorving staternentstme or false? 1 Hc has learned lour iarguages,all leri succcssluLll 2 He hasnelcr likcd leafning langurgcsin a classroom. 3 \\\\ihen )ou arc adunccd ir a l.rL1gu.rgyco. u nee.Lto be 4 Leaaring a lofeign lrngauge shouklnl tdk€ too loDg. s \\iru shouldnl wol) abouLniakng mistakeswiren
'lO Rgvi€W r.nsrrsesurnmarroy,pr4ti a) Tick thc correct sentences. a) work in pairs. Follolv the wbrk in groups of lbur. Th€n conect the mistakes. rnstxctrons. , 'i:,.:: Readthe mles. Then play Studcnt A \\\\'rite the oppositc of (he game! r Fating fish are good lor )'ou 2 Have the nril afriled yetl 2 plaintood Rules 3 The police are on their wa): a Onl)'a tew peoplehasaniled. z a lighl colour Younecd:One coulter lor s Th{:nes's toda) are veD'bad. Stud€nt B Wite tli€ opposile ol eachsttdent; one dice for 6 The pubLicare voring todar: eachgroup. 7 Anything ar€better than schoolL 3 The reaD \\ras slnning until How to play: Put Iour co niers on -STARTHERE. b) work in pairs. Conpare lahe rurns to throrv the drce.movelour counler work in pairs. Look at the modal 3 a dry loNel anclfollow rhe instructions verbs in bold and explain their on the square.fhe first meanings in context. 6 a strong possibiLiq sluclentto gerlo FlNlSH 7 a light meal is the winner. r a) He must hate thatjob. I b) Make sentences about yourself \\oulchr'I do it tor Lheworld. using five phrases lrom 3a). and lan surche hatesthatjob. c) Work in pairs. Take tuns to say ,,,:::,j:i : l,rr.;.squares:The your sentences.Ash followup first studentto land on a b) You must try ro be more Crammar or \\bcabulary p u n c r u a l ./ w a r t y o u f o b e squareanswersquestion L morcpunctual. The secondstudentto Lancl on th€ sane squereanswers 2 a) He won't have paid yel. .lucstion2. 11ihe other b) He might not hav€ pad )er. stud€ntsthilk your ans$.er is corr€ct.you can stayon 3 a) we should haY€boughr |er the square. If the ansr,r'eris lhat violin, but we couklft rvrong. mor.e back to the attord it lasrsquareyot rvereon. Youcan checkyour answers b) Shesho d be back soon. wifi ,vour reacher.lf a third Wh) dont lou wait? or-fourth studentlandson the sarnesquare,hdshe can a a) John will still be sleeping slay on ihe square\\\\'ithout no$: He getsup late. answennga queslon. b) Thel'll have eaienby no\\t lts $eep {alkaxqsquar€s:if you land on a KeepTalking s a ) They couldn't have lell a) Tick the ftings you cando square,ralk about the topic already in English. Ior 45 seconds.Another studentcancheckthe time. b) I couldn't ss'im until I $'as lcanrecoqnisdeevicefsormakinag Ifyou cenl ralk for 45 Lucy wouldn't lorget to complelexxlcoheslvaendcoherent. secor]dsn, ove back (o the He wouldn't often talk about last squareyou wereon. his experiencesin the war I canidentifayndusea rangeol Ifa secondor third student You may seene Later,il I can antonymasndtheircollocaolns. landson the sa e square, h€/she also talks ebout the @ I canusea rangeofmodaltsotak about sametopic for 45 secolds. levelos tcertainliynthepresenatfd pasl. I canfo owextendesdpeecohna completxoPic. cangivea cleawr ell-structurtaeldk0n mypansforthefuture b) what do you ne€d to study again? Glt !T
o_o @ Maie thesesentences I a l n ) o l dt e a t h eh u-r e -, HAVTA REST i'll,:ffi{,i1:il** FINISH 'i icre 2 a marblewhite loveLy 2 lhis is loadsberter t o I Thisisa tinybit cheaper Q\"*,*\",1,\",.n*\", of sayingthissentence? Changethe nounsinto I 1 lrrepeuonto whomI a d j e c t i v eisn t o v e r b s . I o, 2 .!lt!.e, sympathcyl,eaf Talkaboutways MOVEBA'K in t spokseuSgestePdtrone. you andyour friends @I rwa sQUAR's 2 RarcLdyolhaveiimeto 2 try to stayheatthy. Explaiithe meaningosf o tr I r Sheappeartso Likeme. +I t Shes 6ppearinognTV. I Nlakea wordwith each t coUocationslf?iot. 2 m nded-,wonhy-,able Tatkaboutthe successethsat people MCVFFORWAIID inyour familyhave rwo sQU,qRFS deeplyliunrating ,t d stirctlvremember ,- Her fitting newdoo6. I @t Are both verb forms Ol I t paiu and usethem in W h a td o e st h i s s a v i n ! @v ht 1 I d Pteletit lf yau net/ ft mean? Talkaboutplans 1 t a k et o r . . , ,s i c ka n d . neerrg me lf the cafd. 1 Well crossthatbridge 2 o i a n d . . ,o v e ra n d . . . whenwecomero it. M C V EB A C K that youve madeat 2 1 aIeged/is alleged thal 2 Nothingveftured, somepointin the rwo $quARES Pastb, ut whichyou d i d n ' t c a r r yo u t . o^ t I ^t I ^t @it Talkaboutthings @l r i , _ra.r.Ka.D-outhow that you havedone wordsmean.Whichhas Correctthe mistakes, MOVTBACK yourlifewouldbe overthe lastfew a Positiveconnotation? 1 Didyo! efjoy ar the 1 delermined,obstinate IWO sQUARES differentnowif certain 2 couGgeourse,ckles concentrateyou6elf, thingshador hadn't ^ tv wn cnprepos[onscan t @t I t we usewitheachof or 1 ave€gen, ecessittyo,u.h Coffecthe mistakes. @r I lw sh,youwent&ay Sayfourwords/phrases Talkaboutthe most Talkaboutthingsyou 2 Notonlyhegoesrorhe frighteningexperience areboundto do and gymeveryday,heruns areaboutto do in you'veeverhad. the nearfuture, t It I -t @ r @wr.ut,t,ItAre bothvtb rorms @ v tl, 'n\".*.2possibiLnethissentence? 1 | sa 'yeree, B Llth s Talkabouta person Explainthe euphemism_ 1 OnlyPeteeatsfish. Usethesephraseisn a or a placethat you Pereo.ty eatsfish. 1 getroundto sth,get 2 Havingeaten/Eatinga think is remarkabte. 2 tos metev€rybody, 2 a break-uap,setback b i 8 l u n c h ,d l d f t w a n t ev€nth€ QueenL. oads of ushavemet the @l @t @t @t START Tatkabouyt ourtop r) HAVEA.REST HERE HAVEA RSST If fourfavoufite inventions.
LittleWonderszc ozs SummeinrtheCity acpas p a) Matchverbs ]-s to deiinitions a)-e). @ Work ln groups.liscuss thesequestions. '| $tat clotou like/dislikeaboui th€ summer? i roll a) graduallydisappear 2 Do you like spendingsummeriD ihe ciry? 2 rwisl b) when liqui.l movesand \\\\rhy?A ry noi? 3 \\\\terc do ,vounrostlike to spendthe summer? 3 slide carri€sthings$ith it \\tu-hichis th€ bestsummeryou'veeverhad? a fall asay c) turn overand over d) bendand turn (somerhing) a) .iiiil!: Ltten to thesong.Chooseth€correct e) movesmoothlyovera surface wordVphrases. b) work in pails. Compar€answerc. Hortowrld€idr,summerin $e citt Backol ml 'zrecklreadg.uing dirtv andgrnlv a) Rcadthe song.Then filI in the gapswith one :5eerlree,down,isnl ir a piryl of th€sewordYphrases. Do€snlseemro b€'aryshad-\"/ashadownr dre cltl 6Atlal &r.to\"qu/nlvda,&Irte9oopnl.dloleoksiidnegs\\rhaalkL,dhJeoaLdte/srLthledsneaatDui rtatchh.ad -F3tt fallsaway feel heart remember shoutdertwists shine turns remain slide BuLaLnighrits a dillernr 'woldlpla.e turn washaway Co our andlind \"jone/urla gtl Conleon.comeon, we'll'darce/talal ll nisht L e r , r , r c L L n t s h rt,r ) , , r 1 , Despirerher0ro6e/heaiLtll be.ll righL DoD\\ yox kno* the h&len pe.t is ovtrl TAhDadtbthaebdead, )o5n\"iw_ov,ot uk/cnao,w'tibrsealillelpiLtyhhelhigahnGe in thcslmnrernr the.itl Ld y{nu .hrit) d.Iiie )ou ho\\r ir teels ln thesumme.n, r ihe.it) \\t wiil only lusrr rrorealcoor1o\\!n,Nr rU in ihc ciiv Dresnrg so line add looking i) )'prettyX\\etr On.lne are nraden, thesesmall hon4 CoolrsguylcaLrookilglor a kitry Gonnar5lootlwant.r e!er) .orncr ol dreciry These' ald' ol late Tnl I nr ''rradi\"9/wheezgt likea busnop Tnne6 . bur thest s,tull hou$ Rrnnnrg!r? thesrai.sg, onnrr\\eelneetyotr.n rbercofto! L.L four roublesfall irehindyou Lhrril)ou teelir all a,!!nd _vou b) Work in pairs. Cornpare answers. I t r r ! m e\\ \" u n r L l lu ' \" @ a) neadthe songagain.Find a woril thatl a)is Anerican Englishfor 'pavemenf. h! rhe\" rharr&ll) mLrers n Lh. end b)can nrcantashionabl€€, xcellentor slightly cold III ot ny regrerNilL' c)meansto hare difficulty breathing. LluLI crnnorto.gerdreNayI'r b) Work in pairs.Answer the questions. b) Work in pairs. Comp t What doesthe singerthinL arethe prosand consofbejng in a cit,vin the summer? c) ].:li,r.iiitListen to thc song. Check your amwers. 2 Which x.ords/phras€isn the songsupportyour @ r v l i ,n \" r r h c r i d e a * d . , , ) o u r h i n l b c * l ideas? surnrulnsc! tne mooctDl Ine songi It's one person telling another that: r iheir relationshipis in difficulty and hasto end 2 a1Ltheir troublesareover/co ing to an end. 3 ri'sOK no\\r but problemsareaboutto happen.
ChasinCgars 6C p63 YouGottaBe BCpAs @ \\'ort in g,oup..Di.(u\\\\ rhc.cqu(sron\\. @ a)Uatch rhew.rrdsrharrhune. r WhaLareyour farourite love songs? hot.ls 2 Which is moreimporialr h a goodlole song, thewods or the nusicl said )'ou @ a) Look at verses 1-8 in which lines are mixed up. Put the lines in order. unfokls 1 a) heNlhirg b) R€ad the song. Try to lill in the gaps wirh b) Welldo iL.lt 1 words from 1a). Ifl la_vhere.if l jusLla) here Lisrenastoxr drr ' qafold5 wnuld yo! lLewilh dc andjusr foryer$e woddl challengrevharthefulur.': h) 1doni quite know TrI andkecpyoru headup io rlE sky e)c,aouuse1_v.o..u.r. a j) Iher'rc tuL enorgh LoveN, rhey md) k) Aresaid Loomnch Go ihead releas l) Thosethrecwods Stand np and bc ouied. don l be \"shamed Locry tll la) hcre,lf I jLFr lay h.n \\lbukl lou lie vlrh nr and.itrsLlorgerrhe sorld? Yougolta b. bad,)ou gorlabe bold lrorgct*lui veh roldbelore w.8ei bo old Youtona be trise! )n! goru be h.d Showme d gardcnrlur\\ buBdrg inr{)lll nr gotia be Lough,)ou Sorrabd srong€r Yougorrabe.ool, Iou gorrabe.al 7 t A l l L h d tI c v e r F a s Yougdta srayrogeLhe, t l - 1 .\" r r : ' o f . i , . r , . . , r a \" . 1 , , . . \" AIL I kno$r all I knoq love will savc the day 3 v) h{ lnoir lheseLllirys will neler changcLorus rr all w) Q,ntus.d abou how aswell He.aL.Lwhat rour mod.. '5 x) I donr knowwhere Readni lhd books),!ur farher6 b) Work in pairs- Cornpare answers. Try ro solle fie puzzles n )ou o$rr s$ .ei ftn. c) -' .: : Listen and checkyour ansrvers. somemal hav. mor. cashrlnn 7 @ wortrln pclrr.Whatdovou rhink... 1 is the .elationshipberweenlhe p€ople? orhds take a dilTrrenl! ...... , nr_voh hIheh, her 2 is Lhcsnrger'sattitude ro orherp€ople? 3 he meansb) 'a gar.lenbursringinto lite'l TnneasLtno quesrioNi,r goeson wiLhorr, I t J \\ r n A ) o u h e h r n , t r l ) uLur n r s r J n r lh r \" TIE world kceps on spimnE Cant slopit, ifyou try rr Th{\\ r'har is darycrsra.ingyoutn rheI RtrN Lr\\Es1-5 or vtrRsEI CoI Io bcbol.l.gorro beba.l Corro bewire,no nelersad cor ro bel]ad, not roorooherd All I linosrlo\\d will saverheday c) ri:.t: :lListen and checkyour answcrs. Read the song agail Whar do you think the phrasesin bold mean? Work i[ pairs.Whar advicewoutd you give on how to be successfulin love and lili?
Pair and Group Work: StudenVGrouP A 1Cf,f ors 48@nm a) Readdeffnitions1-3. Makc sureyou understand a) work with another student ftoln Group A. Look thern and can say them fluently- at this list ofcities. $'hich country is eachcity inl ra\\r,/re,v/ aboutsomethirg1otalk veryenthusirstiodllt Berlln lslanbul London Mumbai Warsaw lbout $nerhing:Ja, ,ar?./ahaxtTatuh ros,e\\r Jilnt.) ar.nLtri* ge'nt b) These figures show the population growth per hour in the citi6 in a). Tr), to match the figures to @ t it ttr\" .oorto g\"r u\".y anEf lboul $nelhing: Itlr.r the cities. Jure sa\\ ho\\,n|rh Pet. had spenta, hish.\\r.ar +O +1 +6 +17 +42 O to.\" 1ou. lrotrt\"*rt\"o youno longerhaveth€coungcro dosomething:/'\"rrol,e ,unsctjuhlphI ?ldcehxt c) Work with a studentfrom Gro(p B. Giveyour I-lostnryhotl. atthela$ tnntuk. ans* ers ro a) and b). Youi partDer s ill c]tck your anssels.How manydid you getright? . d) Listento your panner! answersand chechthe nrformarion. Say hor.l'nrany yoru partner got right. b) \\\\url( in groL,f5ol rhftc.Youa,eEoingro gi\\c tlrreed€linitionsoleach idiom to Grcup B: the LosAngete(sUSAI+9 co ect definition and two false delinitions. work r ' . 1 a d (r si dP a i n ) + 8 together to inveDt two false definitions and three S 5 oP a u l o( B r a z i+l )2 5 examptesentelces{or eachidiom. shangh(dCl hln.+) 31 c) Decide \\r'ho is going to give the true definition and TokyoUap.n)+3 th€ fatsedefilitions for eachidiom. Then reh€arse exactly what you are going to say.Rememberyou are e) Did any ot the figur€ssurpnseyou? alt trying to convinceGroup B that your definitionis d) $/ork with three students from Group B and 7A follirw theseinstnctions. Your group starts. a) work wi(h anotherstudeDtfrom Grorp A. Youare Give your detuitions lor idion l Group B discusses in lavour of closedpnsolts.Youareconcernedabout which definition is corrcct. Repeatyour dellnitjons i1 thc increase in crime and feel that the courts should gi\\€ toughersentencesto deterc minals.Nlakea list Group B sa)'sshich delinition the,vthink is conect, of reasonswhy closedprisonsare the bestwa)' rvliich are falseand whr. The student in )our group forrlard. with lhe conect definilior then readsit oul Group B dren giles their d€finitioDsfor idiom a). b) Youareat a m€etingto discusshow bestto deal ContinLre$'ift rhe gaile unlil both groups ha\\. with c me. work in groups of lbur *'ith a pair from guessedLhreedelinitiolls. L , r o I l B . l a L ct u r n .t o g i \\ c\\ o u r I n , i n l o\\ l \\ i c $ . Decideon the bestway to dcalwith clime. e) which groupguessedthe most correctdefinitions? Therevnuldn't beasnuch cine on thestreetsif we hadn'tbeensosoftwithcrininalsin thefirstplace. c) Decidewhich is the bestway to dealwith cnme: openor closedprisons. d) Tell the classwhat yorrrgroup decided.
38@ pzo Pairand Group Work: Stud-ont/GroupA a) Readextractsl-3 from the article'crear wa)5 !o well, 48@ par being. Then answerthesequestiolrs. a) Whatis theadlicel Did ir narc} an) of yourpredicrions? b) Accordhgto Ihercsearclil.ios canrheadnceconrnDure to a personi $'ell-being? c) What facts or figures,it an1:support rhe research? E(]t mole culrg. onlyrecendhyaveexpertcsorne to appreciatheehealthbenefitosfeatingcurrieNso. t onlydocurriesprotecat gainstAlzheimers'st,ressafo depressiobnu, ttheycanalsohep youloseweight. apparendym, ealscontainlncghilliesburnup rnoTe caloriesth*anothemr eals. Get o hobbg. Havinga hobby can ease a) Work with another srrdenr from c.oup A. depressiolno,werleves ofstressi,mprovenoodand Look aL in1-entions I and 2. Then discuss tlcsE rmmunesystemsa* ndmayreducethe riskof high bloodpressureA.ccordintgo researcaht Maastricht 1 \\\\hat Ncrc rhcscinleniions supposedro do? Unlversitmy,enwhohavehobbteasre esslikelyto be 2 Why .1id(he inventors ihink rlicy $ould b. sickandabsenftromworkthanmenwhodont. 3 \\Vliar do vou rhink verc thc good anclbacl o aspectsof Ihe irrcnilonsl Drink mor€ coffee. Notuntitrecenflyhasthe 4 Do you think they {ould be popular in )ou. world'smostwidelyusedstimulanbt eenconsidered countrrl \\V[] l/Whv nol? goodforyou.lt canlowertheriskof diabetes*re, ax muscleasndimprovespeedof thoughtA. ccordintgo b) uorl wirh r rrudrnr l'orn uro t B and \" researcndoneat Harvarduniversityw, omenwho stud€nt lrom croup C. Take turns Lodescribe drinkcolieemayreducethe riskof havinga heart youl inventions. explaining whar rhey were attackbyupt0 30%T. heresearcwhascarriedoutof supposed to do. The other students should try 32,000womenoversixyearsD. finkingsixor more and draw what you havc described. cupsa dayaso reducetsheriskof diabetebsy54% formenand30%forwomen. Ihe persoiwho inventedthisobviousty tlhl oUuEgIhLtiWt wdal saguotirn|gatot !hl eelPppPeeoopPlellnerIari.nlyn y l 'calore = a unI for measuringthe amountof energythat i . c tm . r e s t w a !s l p p o s e dr o . . . 'lmmlre sysrem= systemby wh ch yourboclyprolecis -].\" --- ----* ) 'd€ibtseeiellas,g'daan,s.r'bdii:siie,7ais=easserous.liseasein wh c urere c) Compareyour drawingswirh rhe original s too muchsugd n yourblood picu,rcson pl12 arld pI14. Decidewhich you b) work wnh the othcr peoplein tour group.Tal€ tums rhrnl i. thc bc\\r Jrd thc wcirJd5li|\\enLion to tell eacbotheryour answersto the quesrions.
Dai'anclOroup Work: StLdenTGrouo A 5A@ n+a 4C@n+s a) Youarea personalassistanto a famous person.Youarepaid well, but thesearesom. a) Work in pairs with a student lrom Group A. You are things you would likc to changeabout your job. nelr's editors from a tabloid ne*'spaper. Looh at these Think of any otherideas. notes for trvo possible lead stories. Thtuh of photos and a dramaticheadlnrelbr eachstorl What extradetailscould You are expecledto be on dull'lrom 6 a.n1. th€ storiesincludeto havemaximumimpact? unlil midnight six dals a $eel. Your emplo,verphones lou on )'our da)' o11. 2ddd\"ivertsrappedir corsandcoacl^ors\"{66 i\" norlho{ You haveonl) one weeks holiday every)'ear. Englotrdlds+(9[+ becousoe{ h€au/strou0r^ago{es3.'\\oucray^e You hale nor done aDy of the orerseastravelling i^ veryfod., rc !]drtrihgS, ol!^o€ccupor{srmi*ed{or severol you lverepronrised. lours bdo\"ebeing'escu.ebdypolicet.'llanyrescued{ruu A66 The job advert askedIor an edu$red person to urer+eol.at^o {€orbyvillogeqs5. pehsio^e+/ds&!^tohot€l+o oBanise four employer! diarl Ho\\ever, your uJai{tor o bur. i,Iatryr^dloristsoravedonfoot,coll ondwst. job includes clearing up aJrerthe dog, washing Villagehl.lslpeaufth.efreshhenkd,rc.bd villogheollkad clothes and bablsilting Lhechildrcn. ^o sleepi^{gocilitiesP. o0&^owclosed b) Work with your partner.Complainaboutyour @ hours and the kind of q ork you have to do and discusshow your situationcould be improved. Aloryeorrld boylaasbeenl,oiledoso l..eroofter hetoud ks notl.er<ollapsaodnil,.efimr dhacalldyaidlkaqqq,{e |rastoo It'shumtatngfo.someonweth my {rig[+€^odto givekis tr0ri^bQa+JoshuaB/ek€s expldi^e+do+[. q!alif cationrto clearrp afterd dogl operalotr[ot ks wrumuywoald^\\udk ry. Polic€+racea+hlir ad/ressondporouae&ucset1 to tl* lousebu1oul&\\ 9drin, 58@ n+s soJoslur slmdono borod ld.tL\" ai^. ftisho*t€a lsobel, lllo suffe\"st\"oyra rarel'.eo,'ct o^di+io^u,nslqkh to hrspital, TheoWdcott wl*re sl* na& o{ull recovery. Berorea game, once l've put my kit on, I never b) Work h a group of thre€with studentslrom goups B forgetto sitwith my headdown and visualisemyself and C. Lislen to the t$'o reponers'presentationsoftheir scoring a goal. When you score goals, ii puts an stories.Decidewhich shouldbe the main story that day, absolutesmileon yo0rface. 78 (l ptt cc.l.aioil :t|r.l//orklrd,'irar.l Yr! /r'arlt! be !ett-.r e\\€ryday tnr'toee.. sinel. ngt on_-.reryl?n.g a) $brk Nith a stud€ntftom Group L. Readthese sessoi n tlreearrJr.la!Ds ac!se.l t.)asi nr. Hoi do ner'spaperheadlines.Choosetwo and add ertra information.e.g.why you think the measureshavebeen ! c !- t l rs. k /'o L.' 1 . 1 ?t ' r d a y ! f r a C r i d o i - . . . w e inrroduLc,d,,J shrr \"ill happcna. a re.ult. (-1 1 .l s.r.!ere.ljo.ttra !rr. )ib!.r:rn.e attheage. l il /r.irefa .oacir .ane t co sk s sess.is at m! s.lc. WARNINGTOSBEPUTONCOMPUTGERAMES a n dr o L L . l l n r . . r L i . ! t . l i t t , c , r l ! . e d A r s e r an r , t*2 \\Footbabllootsoutlawedasbeing'toodangerous' da.l.nd !e. n e renl.n d iLinrgth: r/-.el trrr.l t (-3 ) rea! t.rg' a5 !e 3ria!: bee' Ne./.c5e .. mji l3ri t lr. tudelt b: N\"!E rrtr iirny lrll nryn.nn BLInr Ca p.r3nts h.i'e ! ,./r'a!.tee. ther,.trr ne mer aosnbe achetosmonitosrafesunbathilnegvels trl nye-,6ref,..ra!etr.ole.lrsio! p.ked Tr .r; Ltrrittl] s.!:in lrJ. ltilLt r.f !a!-.rs.r)Dea'th b) work in pails with a studentfrom Group B and tell !t irs tpf €ailsnnt e.'n! aBa:lb!..rLt tCteI'ncgf.nptLarrti.taltrfet lean od your stoncs.w]1at do you think abouttheseissues? rta !. rtlr.r : /r! r! c) work in the samepairs.Think of any other similar ie.rs BLle,reri il:1 L.--f at:!fu. inuabtr,.L,.lnt storiesthat havehappenedor could happenin the tuture. tale [.::. .u: Gn/.g a:_,n .,.r..e :c ao l]at al llr:
Pair and Group Work: Student/Group B 1 G@ o r r Cl pao a) Readdefinitionsa) c). xlake sureyou understand a) Work qith atuther srudentfrom croup B. Look at themand cansaythemfluently this list ofcities. Which counrryis eachcitv irl be up for somcthingto $ait to d. or t.y somerling: LosAngelesMadrid Saopaulo ShanghaiTokyo l,l:e1?gaitiL:.luhhnttghiswe.k l,|rclo ap.brxl b) Thesc figures show the popularioD growri, pc. talk shop $hen collclgues t.lk rbollr \\ofk ryhenrhcv hour ir the citiesin a).Tr,vto marctrrhc figuresto cofld be.eld\\ing andh.lnrg lrn: Ereh !housh it vas the cities. d I.r,l.at:\\ part, Chrh dnLlBat rttt att nisht ttlkutg\\h0r +3 +8 +9 +25 +31 @ c) Work $ith a studenrftom croup A. Lisrenro your call it a daXlo decidcro sropworknrgor doiig a. partner! answersand checkrhe nrformarim. Say ,.,' .,.'bl'bc.u,e..\" \"' ',cdor\\uu .,. how manyyour parrnergot r.ight. donc enoughr/ - ,\"a//r rtltl. Leti.all it a du.r we.dh ljnish th..lednhg bnath,t. B e r l i n( c e r m a n y+)0 k t a n b u(tr u r k e y+)1 7 b) $ork in Aroup-ol rhrcc.\\o rft goinqr,' 8r\\c t o n d o n( U K )+ 6 threedefinntunsofeach ididn to Group A, the i\\,lunba(lndia)+42 co ectdelinitionand two f^lsed€finirions. Waraw (Poland+)1 Work Logetherto invem trvo fals€ definirions for d) Giveyour answersto a) and b).your partnerwitl c) Dccide $-lro is going to give the truc detinition check)-ouranswe$. tlo$ manydid you gerrighr? and the lalsedefinitionslor eachidiom. Then e) Did an,vofrhe liguressurpise you? rehearseexactlywhat you,rre goingro say. Remembeyr ou areall trying to conrincecroup A 7A@noe thal your deftrition is cor.ect. a) $brk with anorhersrudemlrom croup B. you are d) work wnh thr€estudentslrom croup A and in favourofopen prisons.Becauseof recenradvances folloi! theseinstructions.Group A starrs. in forensicscienceD, roreanesrsarebeingnade and r Listento GroupAsdclnirions for il:lion l Discuss thereis a dang€rof overcrosdnrein pris;ns. Nlakea list of reasonswhy rhereshouldbe rnoreopen which.leftririon)ou rhinkis corecr Ask croup A prisoDsfor all caregonesofotfenders. to rpear theirdeliniLionsifneccssarl. b) Youarc at a meetnrgro disc$s how bestto deal 2 TeilGroup.\\ $'hichdcfinitionvou rhirk is .orrecr. r,rith crime. WorL in groups oI lbur wirh a pair frotn Sa)shv,vou think rhcotherr\\4odclirituns are Group A. Taketurns to give),ourpoim o{vier$r taLscG. roupA thenrcadsout rhccorrcct.lellnitior DecideoD the besrway to dealsith clilne. Werevou correcll If prisonetascqunedskiLlisnpisan theywoutdbe less 3 Giveyonr d!-JlnitLonfosr idiom a). ConrDuewrln likelyto rc-offend whentheycone aut. thegaDreunril boLhg(rts }ale gu€ssedrlree c) D€cide$trich is the best\\r'ayro dcal.r'irh cnm€: openor ctosd pnsons- e) Which groupguessedthe most correcldefnritions? d) Tell thc classrvhatyour groupdectded.
ParranclGroup Work: Stuclent/Group B 48ff par 38S pzs \\- --a a) Read extracts '1-6 from the article, Gre^t {a,vs to sell- being. Then answer Lhesequestions. a) Whrl js lhc adlice? Did LLmalcl an)'of,lour predictidis? b) ,{ccofding ro thc rcsearch.ho$ cdn lhc adlice contibutc ro .r person\\ Nell b.Dgl c) Whal lacrsor figlucs, if.n). .upporl lhe researcli? Eot dqrk chocolote. Alihoughdarkchocolate a) \\Vork rith anotherstudentfrom Group B. wasofcethoughtto beunhealthwy,ithltshgh evels Looh at inventions3 and ,1. lhen discussthrsr of o, o\" llears t\\ row b6tavodo bpgood.O yOLir moderatlonw,ith researchshowngit canreduceblood r \\VLat\\!crclhesfinreilionssufposedlo dol pressuretand bad choesterolA. ccordinSto research z \\ \\ r r J. , l , l ' r . r ' o r ' r ' l. , l ' . . o , , U \\ at HarvardUniversityf,lavonoidsin dark chocolate reducethe rlskof dyngfromheartdiseaseby 20ol\". popularl 3 Whatdo )oLLrhink$crerhegoodandbacl G) rsprccol thejn\\enlionsl llrush goul. tcctll. Notonlydoesgooddental a Do )ou thl|l( rhe)wouldbepoplrlajrn )our hygienesavepainfLralnd expensivveisltst0 the dentisti,t mayalsopfevensttrokeso*r heartattacks. counLr.-\\lVh) lAih) rot? co umbjauniversitfyesearchbasedon around700 b ) \\ \\ o r k $ i r l r. r . r u d c nlrr , { I L , ' o u t \\ r d . peoplefoundthatthosewth gumdiseaswe eremore studentfron Group C. lakc tums to dcscnbe likeyto sufferfromnaTTowionfgllLoodvesseltshat ,vourinyentions,€xplaiming\\\\'hatthel serc caneadto heartattacks. supposedto do. lhe othcr studcntsshouldtry and drarvrvhat1.ouhaved,:scribed. G: i Thep€rsonwho nventedthis obvlolst l.(rugh o l()t. Laughinrgeducepsaifanddlabetes* ! thoughtit wolld hetpofficewo*e6. t was symptomasndaso irnprovetsfreimmunesystem*. Researchehrasvecacuatedthat aughtebr urnsup c)(,'Lpirr \\ourdri$ing\\$ irhrlh origind caloriesa* t the rateot 2.31a mnute Ar average pictureson pl09 and pr14. Dcciclewhich you tlirll' b tlc bc5t.uxl LhL$LirJ.lt invcndoD ody' drgre gpr\\ rd o al -h\" (do ie5il \" pepper0niprzza. 'bloodpressure= the forcewithwh clr bood travels 'a stfoke= whena bood vesse in the brainbecomes '/dmune sysiem= systernby wh ch yolr body protecis itsellagainstd seases 'd,abeiesnl.r. birirz, = a serous.liseasein wlrch lhere 'cailsotnoeo- m u c hs u g a ri n y o l r b o o d a unt for meas!rng tire amounloTenefgythat b) \\vork with the other peopl€in your group. Tal(e (urns to tell eachothcr your ansrvers
7 8@ o z t Pairand croup Work:Student/croup B a) $brk widr a studcDtlrol11croup B_Readrhese 5 B@ p r c ne\\spaper headlinesC. hoosctrvo and add errra intormation,e.g.s4ry,vouthink the measureshavebeen DizzeReascal inrro,h((drn.l shJr $ ill hrtt(n a. r r(.ulr I started witing lyrics when I was 14. The biggest - RFID tags soon to check how thing has been learning jusr ro 90 on doing ir - to much food we have in our fridge h e e p p r e s s i n go n . l l e e i a t o n e a r o t .A [ y o u . v e s o r i s yours€lf, so if you'rc not trying had enough or - Cameraisn safec|sto monilorresponsiblepe,ownership working yourbest, il,syou who hasto tivewith that. o- .LIONCCAAFSLIOEBFEPWOOTDERINKS]PIIANLLAJCUYABNYC' ELLED ..F. Li q.r !n..!.r !.! .af !!r Ir n.e ; ., th:r ! ! mrlr Jr a..!erL regrltif s.t.r:rt !1s.-r! !d. b ) \\ \\ o r k r n p r i ' . s r l h a . r u r l r r rt r o mL r , , L r |\\ a n crl c c a c t r tr!.rrr_: .!.1Ld.r rirs k.i..rl.|n -.t !.,.es ,.nrfy .ir. other your stories.Whar do )-ourhink abouttheseissues? s. !. (':. !,.r|i! I L!hrr.p. il,tlt!,rL.r.t.rii --r c) Work tu thc samepairs.Think ofany orhersimilar .L I e :l:! Lrr.rr-aa.n j!r_1r;!.it r! i.r i:tn: -rjr storicsthat havehrppcn€dor could happenin thc future. ,rkflt be3.: (err,r Lt ir--.on.. n! ti (tf.!1 i r nr.!! r.r t 1 rnin larl Jrr.r r(rr. tr!-- .f,e-i .i 4 C@ p a s Ol.'r .f,e/inrli .r.].r:.s. i .rx ,- rairri:tf,,,l a) $brk nr pairs $ith a studenr fi,om Group B. you are 1.1n.: lN. reir sr ! tfe n.l n.L€ :ir. r.':\\t, r:ierr reporte.s on a tabloid re.!r'spape..Re,rdrhis ourline ofa rri itr., !r .!.Lt r A .. .: !r-- - r i i---a:riflr:rrrEo possible lead story. lri .tire ,r..! . m! i.rr . .| L: .,, ,_.L.c ii r. -- t .t_ iirr (rr .l: ti. rtht lt ir h.pi j,itrr:irp :rils : , 200 &iv€rst/oppedih carso^dcod.leso^*66 r rc^'! o{Egld^d last^i9h1becarcoe+kdv} sio,,ra^a9aks.S^our 5A@ nao .arl^€itr ve/y {os+,@ oorNhg. Sorrcoccupontsuai*edtor several lows belbrebeingrescud by pDlicer.xahyrescrca{rc$ A66 a) Yotl are a lanous person. you knolv rhat your llrQrl€ok hto ^edrbyvilLaqelsS. peNio^ers.tote^+oho.tel{o €mplo)-eeis not entircly happy wirh his^er woit lor o bu-s.t41anynotorrsls ofiived otr+0o1c, oldohd urst. $orldng conditions. You dont want to lose Villog*sl€lp-'doitk refr€sluaedsd, .c.bd viltdgehatLkod hinfier becauseotheN.ise you would have ro pav rc sleepin{gacili+iesP.ood-rscu ctosed- for a housekeeper.bab).sirler and dog walker as well- Look ar the lisr ofsome thinss vou knolv b) $'rite a short first paraeraphand rhink of a dramatic he/she would like 1I)chanse. Think of rvavs phot{).Makea notc of$har else,vouimend ro include. which you are prepared to compromisc. Think of reasonswhy your story shouldnake rtre,splash, He/she LsaDno\\ed abol having ro work lcug c) Work in a grorp ofthree with studentstron groupsA liours in a sixday iveek and C. Taketurns to pr€s€nryour story ro thc ncws cditor He/Shehas li(le hoLida) rinie andsal why your storyis rhebcsr. He/Shewas c\\pccting nore adlrlinistr?tivc$.orr d) Listent(, dre ne$s cditols reasonsfor choosingonc of and lray.l. and l€ssdomcstic $,ork. b) $brk wilh your paflDcr Telt hnr,tef aboul the $d!. in shich \\ou drc trcparcd ro comL,romi.( r' or,iif.\"[ ',;\"v\",il\" t-;;- ] ! /g,etyo-!.6'e-t-f som- eLlnchfrcm now m. j
Pair and Group Work: Other activities 48 @ nrr 4C@ nns a) worh in pairs $ith a student from Group C. You are reporters on a tabloid newspaper. Readthis oudine ofa possible lead stor;r Alwryearoldboy hosben hoikAasa l'€roafie.ltr foundks u^othec\" ollapseodn+[e {oor andco[rly diolled qcc.|1!uJdtsoo{r,qhtehedto qivekis hoh^bea+Joshuo BroDkes€tpldircd to +[e op€ralor+ha+his r{an^u^y oalan\\ udk?ry. Policetdced+keirod/'essdd paromedicsuen*1o+Le!ous-' btr+oalatr\\ 9€1ih, so Jxhu stoodon o boxandl€t *l,.ellain. Hs M^o+L\"alsob€|, urhosuffers {rom q rqra teo,.t cohainotr,oqs tal.etr10 Itospi+al,u[ere shl uode a {inl recovery. b) $'rite a sho first paragraphand drnrk of a dmmaticphoto. Makea note ofnhat elseyou intend (o includ€ in the story Think of reasonsrvhy your story shoulclmakethe 'splash'that day. c) Work nr a groupof threewith studentsfrom groups A and B. Taketurns to presentyour story to the news editor and say1.l'h}'yourstory is the best. d ) L i - r c nr o r h cn c u . c d r t , ' r r c r r u n rl i ' , ( h , ' n . , n o8 , , ( a) \\\\brk $ith aDothef strdent from Group C. Look at inventions ; and 6. Then discussthese questions. 1 WliaL \\.re thcseinlcntions supposedlo dol z \\\\1,.l,l ,. in'.n r-r\\Il rh.\\qo. ll\" 3 WhaLdo )ou rhink lvcrc rhc good and bad aspects o l L h ci n ! e n l i o n s l a Do )ou lhinlt Ih.I ivoul.lbc populrrin your couDrryI \\\\4rI?Avh) notl b) wbrk \\'!ith a stdent from Grcup I aDd a student fron Group B. Take turns to descnbc youf inventions, explaining what thq' were suptosed to do. Thc oth€r strdents should try and draw r4rat 1,ouhave describcd. i Th€personwho lnventedthisobvouslythought t I i wat goingto helpcommut€6.t wat srPPos€dto .. I \"il:--:-' c) Conparc,vottr drarvings with the fictures on p109 and pl 12. Decide $hich you think is lhe best and th€ r'eirdcsl in\\ention.
38 @ pzs Pairand Group Work: Other activlles bae) iRnega. d'lehxetrnacatnssx7,-e9r from rhe article, .Grear {?ys ro $.ell, 58 @ p+s these qrestions. SophiCehristiansen a) What is thc adricel Di.l ir march any o{}our predicrions? b) Accorcljngto the resear.'h,ho$ can rh€ advice conrribute when I firsi took up ridingat ihe age of six, ir was just meantto makephysiolheEpyfun. twoutd have nr a person! {cll bcing? to do ten difierentexercisesjusr to toosenup tr,y muscles,becausethey get reattyright.Ridingrealy c) What lactsor figures.il any:suppon the research? C-.reira Das,,fas afejen a n! rLs, so rr Drink teo. Tea,bothbtackandgreenh, asbeen .c.'i.at.r .ll. r1 Dress.ge. a )oLrrrr_i i.,r!- associatewditha widerangeof healthbenefitsfr,om lr.!r,\\i gra.e .n.!sl.|L lrLrlltDfe .r t me!.r! helpintgo prevenhteardt iseasaendflu,to hairSrowth .r.or.l rntng f.a! re I .ri--r 10 .on.. .,r. 'r.rf-4 andweighliossA. King'Cs ollegsetudysaysthaimree t rn.iics)r. rT.. am.7rq or morecupsa dayreducethe riskof heartattack, and there is someevidencethat it can improve i r_ilsr)e.'..lrar! .rr mti'Jn ,/ fr:.:r ..npi1. lei :eat r ti,.e :id arlG r,,.nl, !n :ir.! it.re !.rji ,e rallaloprjorrnaTCa. r. D,i !! rTfrllal erre.: ! is !..'.r a .iq .)t tr.rs.s Ert.o.rp.i r!1lr;: r!-r.'.i rt I-.rD]'ri L,:en:. !e Get o pet. Laughtejsr tinkedto goodheatthand itr:e sn! arir se rorjt.r,s researchshowsthat dog ownefshavethe most giSgledsuringtheday.Petdogscanlowerhearr are ,r-!.,r\",a,!/es.i !.rt. ilcrernf!! rltti elIr.r:.rrJ!1]t andreducestressb, uthavinga catreducetsherisk r L r rr!. ! t r . ! : : ! . L r[ ! . 1 ] . . r i n : . I t . . . u ! ! c f . ! r ! of a childdevelopinegczema*and hay fever. ie ii! 1,.r..'r ii ! )ilT :ti Lei:.t1lrry iJ.! I,! : Researchearst RakunocakuenUniversitiyn lapan 9., !!: .'riin! rtr rr! rries 1 r r.ir]l f.rr.! calculattehat3o-minutwe alkswith a dogare87% L-rs. r Mr'..tir.n ! l.r i .!i.,, Iri_l...r' t)r iLo.rl moreeffectivefor heartheath thangoingforwaKs F73 (lhcw gtlm. Notonlyischewingumgoodrororal health,especiallsyugaFfregeum, but researchat a) work on your own. You are E nma. you arc GlasSoCwaledoniaUnniversistyhowsthatpeoplewho going to be inteniewed by a police ollicer. Read chew8umeatfewersnacksand10%fewercaones- fiis nrformarion and add your. own ideas. It's also good for face musclesand high blood .. Youwcre surpriscd{hen Mike iurned p. in.l lie pTessurea*nddiabetes*A.ndaccordintgo a report pLrblishebdytheUniversiotyf Nlichigacnh, ewingum secttredstrange (ln s.har $,a\\,?) maypreventtoothdecay. r: \\bu hadn't secnhin for a long iime beforeu r 'eczema= a skinconditonwhenthe skinbecomesreo da}l (Ho1Ylongl) -calore- a uniiior measurngthe amountol energythat 'i Mike se.Dledro bc donrg {eL1ar \\ork he $,as 'blaadprcssute= the lorcewlh whichbtoodtravers 'd€beles /d!,a bixiizr = a seriousdiseasein wh ch urere wearing De$'clorhcs?nd had a ne$,phone is loo nruchsugarin yourblood (\\\\'luL did you rhink?) : You ottcred ro make ,vouborh somc pasti bLrrhe b) work {ith the orhcr peoplein your group.Takerurns sec|nc.Lvery eagcrto go out and ger pizza (Whar to tell cachother your ans*'ersro the quesrions. clid Ior savro hiD?) i. Ilc wasa long Line gelring back- hc said rhered Deena .tucue Lorprzzas. ' I l e i n s i s t e do n s L a ) i n ga r ) o r r h o u s eu n t j l l a r c . You couldnl undersi.rndwh)i {:speciall,avs he obllously didnl {ani ro s'arch TV (\\\\rhyl Whar do you think hc lvantedt) b) Work with )'our parrner. Ans\\-cr the police c) $brk ir grotrps of follr. Have ),ou changed)-our mind aboutwherherMil€ is guilty or nor? Discussthe evidcnce
Par anclGroup Worki Other activities I 38S pzs 586 p+s a) Read extracts 10-12 from the articlc,'Grcat ways to lrisAndrews well-being'. Then ansrvcr these questions. a)Whar is the adlicc? Did it match an)'ol)'our predictions? What I do is nothingto do with b)According to the reseirch.hoN c.tn the advicecontribute talent. lt's a passion- | have been passionate and aware to a persorllswelLbel11ill and asked quesiionsaboul ihe c)wlral lactsor figurcs.il an), slTport the r€search? world for as long as I can Eot fish. veryrareydoyouhearanythinngegative abouteatirgfish.That'sbecausaeccordintg0 moTe rememberbui I only began to than10,000piecesof researchfi,shand ts ols can locus my energy on this sluff when I was 15. I protecyt oufromor tTealtustabouteverythinfSro, m managedto get supportfrcm some or my peercby bad backsto asthma*l.t can aso contributeto campaigning and holding assemblies and healthybraincels andgoodeyesiShAt.studyfrom Harvarldjniversitsyhowsthatwomenwhoeatplenty F:. r'.nr b.r! .:!itc;rl r.r,.! of sardinestu, naandsalmondurjngpregnancmyay ..o1. _arcsnrnr,rL: !.rer r r_/ ge.ei.lri .!.lrd havecleverecrhlldren. ! . r ! t L l - . l , 5at. . i r r : : r i 1 . - r . l : J : f . r 5g - ' n e . : t . . 5i . a Tqkc up singing. choralslngingincreases immunityr,educesdepresson,mpTovecsogntve . e : ! . . j i m . r - - . . n 5 . i r s ; . r ' f . n t r . r r e f a \\ i er . r . L r i functiona* ndmooda, ndincreasefseeingsof wel- .;ne r.n.1,rpei.e ..e !.fr, rrfi!,r beingW. orkcarriedoutat sydneyLJniversaitnydthe universitoyf Frankfufsthowssinglngheps people l. f! tf .rir. !s re :. i](1! lr..riliJ rcr5!..1 r. ! rr r copebetterwth chronlcpaln,lowersstTesslevels o{ Ie F.r r. rr. !.rrr.!t.:ruit r:: b.:r ls'rll andbooststhelmmunesystem*. !.lr ldrcl: , s.l r. Arlrr,lh n .Li!!r:i r(;!: :elret .:r..t lheir hr!.!.,:,er..l n,, .j,ri .r 1l! . !!er f .1 r:.'.rf s.'+tft t lirs 5 r.rir--le 'r--arr.: e'il !t:h. r.i.l ..ne.Te.'-ke n . .r.n.eie n: r.l thnl n ,t.ng t. let f. r ril .. :r,. r . rLl1r. if.t .1. inttrn: sE.r. (r rrrqi. r.-- r,,i.1rr. Jr,,, t t . ' . . l l e r er . r eA . t . r : ! . . r e L r r k . ! l @ Get morried. sedomdo peopleassociatbeeing marriedwih beingheathy.Howeveht avinga good marriagceanextendyourlife,reducetheriskot heart diseasea,nd catchingcolds,and can lowerblood pressureA study by the universityof Tampere, Fnlands,howsthatmafiiedrnerare70%moreI key to livelongetrhansinSlemen 'aslhma= illnessthat causesbreaihingdifiic! ties 'cogntrvefurctlon = abiliiyio ih nk lmmrre system= syslemby whichyolr body protects itsellagainstdiseases b) work with the othcr peoplein ,vourgroup. Take turns to tell eachother your answers
Language Summary 1 1f1j,C\"*o:.m$ municatinrag6rpo olt ofh:bil emerhing lox do ohen, wirhour dinking about it: MdrJ t dopl. s,roheout al habiLt..1thcrthan t makedyecontact when rwo peoplelook inro eacnoulcrs bc(dustthcl vdnt a tilorelLt. eyesai the sametime come into cdnta.t with be in comnrunicarion\\!irh peopl€ orJtofyour d€pth /depo/ $,uhout rhc knox.ledgr or skilts ro deal\\\\,irh somerhng: Withill hatJdtl hourol :rt( g6ssip talk abourother people! pnvateti,es ! r ' t o l t h , ' . \" . r : r r ' , ur \" , , 1 , d ,r , t . , , . u t , t l i , d . l t , butt in- inrerrupr someone$ho is taLkirg dtrhe:)r.\",rid.nLl\\r,:r u rortrcr,oot.Jn,,,\\inP o u t o f c o n t r 6 lr \" I n l rr ,, r , r l , o r r \\n r l]o \\,. ro wiihoul their knovledge someone:r.he c.onomj. sit uat ianis out of ro tnl aLthe Davea row lrau/ argue,especialiyloudh, witter r'wrl.1 dn ralk abour unimponani rhii.usror monenr. (opposire:in €ontr6L) a iong time grirmbleI's mbl/ complain abont sonebod)' or somerhing o u t o f f S s h i o nb I n B I n n o p u i f d . ! . , , t d r r , . chat L1lkro soDebodyiD a liier.ily infornul waI .rp..rJr\\ .tuth.- hr,r rtc. fur,rrt.l,d,p8,,n/.i,r bickerlbrk.r argueabour unimpo anr matrers n Jl n \\ h i o ni n r ( r n t ] f , r r r o p m e r L ej n f ; s h i ; n ) chat {sb)ip ralk ro so ebodyin a rvayrtut showsrhem thar you areseruall)'artacted ro rhem o u t o f n e c d s s i t/yn e s c s r t ibr e c a u s eo t a n e e c t : r r e a o c s n r vorh o aJnccessit|b, ut b..a,se he dnls tu. ':, .\\4,1 r'n .r ot nJU. uBe. ,r,J i i , r h , , r t r . . p . . ri o n , an.l try ro learn rliem as 'chunks,of rneaning :l::.i .In rhe t anguageSumma es we onh shoq, rhe nain {1ffi Sayingsrc@prz stfess(') D Nords rDd phl.ases. . \\\\'e cansometnnescombinea verbanda nolrn ru d(5uDe an Romewasn'tbuiltin a dey. saidto emphasisrenaryou actron,rhcl /rddd gdssiporer..,//€e.insreadot TJr.)gossir., i a n r a \\ p . o J J l l o r u t n r t si.n d - h o r .p f l . ^ Ju t i a r c Don'tmakea mountainout of a ln6tehitt.dont nake a . \\\\t.1o nor Lrscrud j,r h fonnal contexrs,e.g.in a mecting. slightdifliculr\\'seernlike a seiousproblem Oncebitten,twiceshi. said$,henLouareftishrened i . P r e p o s i t iaon dsp h r a s e sr B O p r l ,Io\\ od.ors, or meJroliirnngagIgrahincb1erc.aui rsIyeou hadanuipleasant Actionsspeaktouderthanw6rds.saidto cDrphasBrehar t on the samewivele.grh /'wervlcn€/ wirh snnjlar views/ \\vhatyou.lo is morcimpoftanrandsho$s\\'oir, opinions: I ftrnl Eorli wiih him, \\re.re silnptynat on the i.tentionsandfeelingsmorcclearly,tha*niar y,, say Oneman! mearisanorhermans po'isonv. io on prlrposen.,n i.,,rr,, I ,, b\\ J.. dcnl:\\,r/, dnj p,n,. emphasisteh:t peoplelike difteremthings r uD u rl f r . s r r r h c i r r n l f i t , r , f r r i t , \\ . Engagber.in beforemduth. rhnikabort something on goodtErms havea good retarionshipwirh one betoresayinganyihingaboulit anolher:J.\"_] dh!.rysri.s td srdl or goodtcrrs.,ritl Nothingventuredn,othinggJined.saictlo emphasrstenat d girryflcnls. (opposire:on badt6rms) you havero rakea dsk in orderro obmiDa banenr o n a r e g u l a rb j \\ ' s o ( r . r . h d o, . n i n q u r d o r n g o m , r r r t s Betterlatethann6ver santwhenvou rhinktharn ls beuerfor somebodyor somerhingrobelaterha! revcr ro arnveor ro happen oniverage.,i.al. Or,\\.rdg, ltnluil,, ,rrnuntl in ph:s€s/ ferzrzl for shorr, irregularperio.lsol linej L1 atnemb.t ol d {tnbut t on4,go in tldses. i n t h e t 6 n gr u n i l . r ' \\ . r , l e n q r h .p e ro J o t r j , ,L 4 ' r r , o r q1, rD . , r , , , . j . a , , . , , , . , r . . . , r r \\r a r / . , / o , , 8 r a f th. 30'€r,,n.,r ,dlir!.s Ne rlt! att btncfit in tdlch h communicarion(ivith): irn still i, rorrh wfuh nJ old s.JD\"ltr'ends. (oppostte,out oftduch) in cdmmon sliarnrginteresrs,experience.or orher .\"..rJ . r. ,. . r, \\ $itr.um.on. o r. . r nadni h 'n , ririo', n,lh n\\ .,.r,r .rrt-S l\\. r., ., brr ,,/ .lir' g,I .a i n c 6 n L a c t. o n , m ' , - i \" n ; I r h - u n . o n I r c ) , , .onrd.t i rh rn]/riends dbroddl, dxait. Romewasn'tbuilt in a day
Language Summary 1 i $;lllrtPasSt implaendPresenPterfect ;i:li:i:Tr:imeexpressionwsithPasSt impleandPresenPt edect I P r e v i elwt A O p 6 1 A@ p 7 PastSimple \\\\t can use thc Present Perfect $ith rnne expressionswiich meaD up to rnd nclu.ljng no$': I\\e bought 4uitua Je\\t s.lJ h.h boohsqlr we use rhc Past Simpl€: tJrrpdsrJa \"1onrhs.I\\e ruiA dbout 150pdgessojdr. Dr/irg tJl. ldsl a) tor a srnglecomtnetedaction iLrLhep.tstrHow @!pL4 1!r4l!s I\\s d.Iudli-v-l'\"or tryirg dut !,n. .t Cdirt.gi.:t srgg.srions.LIp unril \"or , I\\e n.ru r&l\\ had tnl contott \\tith tht ,l.l wer.lou Wl.n ),or t'dd-!otr lirst English gll} ill th. ti.h.r ori.e. l.ssor?[4tcn,.Ls lJr. l.ist ritn. ].u spofte EnglishoLilsid'c] ldss? We usclhe Past Simpl€ mth de{initctinc cxprssions in the past b) tor a repealedactidi or habil in ihe past ,\\,1 (lesrc,ddt.dJc1' Dr.[s as,, last-!.(r, ctc.): in ]9J7 dr. book\\ sonhd.l someIsssons. rhdl s.ftool. irndl,.r1,su...ss,n€a rl c tublishtrs had dillittlL! h.cpnlg1iprrrri c) tor a sraiein the past:Ildr dlwd-v.g.t,o.l di ldngldg.J. Sometjme expressnDscanbe usedwLthboLhlhe Present Pedec( Simpl€ and Past Simpl€. Cotnp.lteLhesesenlences: $'e alsouse thc Past Simple $ith expre$ions such asrhc/irit/l.1srrin.: Tlle last tine t botght ^ I tolaat bdstttn ptuplf.rlo lildlrorlilhis .cft d di.tiorldn ilds whfn I lras at sclool. 6 I\\e bll at bdst ttn ptopl. dlorl ir dr 1rorftlhis ech \\\\rc use the Prsent Pe{ect to talk aboul Lhing. SpeakerA usesd1ePast Simple becauschdshe considersrhe pedod lhal connecithe pastand the prcscnt. of tiDe (this \\'€ek) ,s linished. Speak{:rB uses rhe Pr€s€nl Perfiqct becansehJshe consi.lerslhe period ol nne (rhis week) as still \\Ve olien use LhePrcscnt P€rf€ct Simple: a) for €xpeficncesH: de ) or tvo read,t nor,:l tllLt a I ftadiL dujtg th( sum'r.f hoiidali e t w nad \" l-t \"l lnoh' n', nS r\" lJ \"/ \"ri vas rriil.rl ir EnSIisfi? b) lor staLesor aclivitiesthat saned in the past Speal€rA usesthe Past Sinple becausethe cvent (rcadDg the book) wascompletedai a definitefine in thc past (duiDg tlie and condnlrein the prcsenl I've had lhis sunmer holid:)s). SpeakerB usesthe Pres€nt Perf€ct bccauscLhe .li.tion.rD Jof ).4'r. I r . . f l o I r , l u1 - q| . . r n r l ' - r l l . u . r ' r u . r d . c) for compleleclactiorlsthat happenedrecendy A sli( ^rltr srggestealhis otu t\\t turl tl to ple aJhis orhcrrdohs. but $c don\\ savexactlv{her: Hdrs I or s€d B I1l] fcdd iols othis l,odl?sl]]4! 1'v. ree r.tnpiolfd. dny lilms in English rctcllLu? Speaker usesthe Past Simpl€ aftcr srr.c becauscrhe evenl (Anns d) aiLh superlarifesi:ii tlr edsi.sll.itrg&as.I't€ suggesrion)s?s compLctedat a deliniLeLine in LhepasL.SpeakerB usesrhe Pres€nt Pofect bccausethe cverL (being unemplo)ed) is e) Lotalk lbout chang€: Irry English has impr@ed contrnumgro happen. sir.. lhh .o&rr. rtro't.d. A A5soondi lfnislsd /.ddingiL,I ga\\c it to nt hrorll.|. . \\re olicn use the Prtsort PerLct Continnous: B A5 soonds he tnisle.l ,-.ddi,rg/r, Irrlgott8 rogilc it ro,nr iliothfli a) lor longer actioDsLhatsuned in fie past and Speaker,{us$ LhePast Simple becausethe eleni (readingthe conlinue jn thc presenLI:'!e hee sotlilg all book/magazine€, Lc) \\vascoLnpleledaI a dcfinite tjrnein the past. rhjs/or nlo hor/s. SpeakerB uses&e Presen( Perfect becaus{t:he eveni (readnrgdre b) lor longer actionsLhalhaverecent\\' finished, book) sta e.Lu the pastbut is continuing to happen After d5 soon bur hayea rcnrlLin the presentrl'n tikd as the Prcs€ntPcrlectrelerslo julure cvenis be?ust I'\\e beet ftiisiry Jar an daln c) lor actiorEthat happencdrepeatedlyin Lhepasr !i l,: . \\\\rc c l nplace ds soonds virh on../sh.n/dJt.r: l'll l.nl ir nr ror and still happenin lhe present:Ho'v lo,rglaw Jonbeen .oni g to tllis schaol? . \\\\t use.lifrng or i, + rhc lasl l.i! .i.0s/w..lts/Drontts/r'r.1,se.tc.: Dutin+/In nrc last coupLcoJtunths 1v. ,tad ill.c r,/ hcr ldo,?s. SI14PLOERCONiINUOUS? . \\\\t use p untii / unlil / till / rp rd + lloi': I\\. wriLtcnJout p,tgts lp ', We ofren use thc Present Pcrfbct Conliruous to . \\Ve usert\\ (nor) ih.Jirsl iinc wiLh the PresentPerleclto lalk about emphasise$c actioi we\\'e beerldoing ntller ftan dre ffrst jnsranceof soneLhLnghappening:If3 rhcJirit rin. I'f. rcdd rhe result:l'!e b?e redding this i,oo,?(.we doft abaoh Iitu this,rtdl\\. knov if thc book is linishcd or not) . \\\\r canalsosa) Tirisis (not)/ Thats (iot) th. first (setonl, thittl, Jowth, etL) Line ... Illis is rhc/o4rrft rinf 1'v. iliift.\" d taii.w 4 . $'e otreD ur LhePresent Perf€ct Simple to sa,v rhat soncihing is completed: I'ie reod Ll]|dLbooh (rhe book is linishednoN)
'. Cletst entencewsr:afanditclauseslB6ps Language Summary 1 Cleft senrencesclinclcI messageinto trro parls,nsing L!]ut or ,.,'.',.i',.,- ii clausesT. hel cen fo.us alleflidt on ne\\!:nore irnlortanl or contradictdl iDlomurion :l.li,:.'i'.1:r...-r..,' (l..rn gft d bit str!s..ir_! lorl.) W[al I dd 4] gft str.sJ.dis '.,. ExplainianngdparaphrasintgCOo J ldur rd ,rr ri.nls. orc'Nlnfornration) (l gfr on Dfil i1h,rr fdrants ) Horlo'.I it\\ l1r_/rlid.ls tl4t ,, \\Vhen we nce.l to clariJ),sLmplit\\,or.xplaiu sonlcthing I LaIhLail I h \\ t t tlroblcn. {conrrudiction). \\re |ave alr.d.l) sajd,Ne olren uscphras{:sxhich signal io the listenerthatwt arcgoing ro saythe samcrhing WHAICLAUSES againin a dillrrcnr iva\\r Whi.h simply/jast/basicatlmy eirns... Clclt sentenccs\\ith ]rirar are\\.erycommon in spokcn English A n dw h : t i v t h i s / r h : t m e : n s] s . . . Wh:t mdrnbyth;t is... ([:.'ll ird]. d rl1rl dn,l rdll dlt.rirards ) wtlar lr. i.riftrl,.rr By whth I me'an... isn't d\\p andnnnin+[ul thoryL. wh;t |m td ng to sayis ... whichisto s;y... The lfirdr clauscL(imncdiatcl) followed b)'Lno\\!n inlornratjo| \\Vc kuo\\ Lhatthcr talk becauscol lhe spedker! or to pilt it anbtherwiy, prevjoussentencc. :'::i . \\Ve can alsosrv i . ,a, ,1(= rirdi is) ourfdning Lo The ncN inlbnnalion. rl)aLLhci.conlersarionisni decpand Panphraser[? li 1n..1ll.r, i .. .ir rh. strtior. Hc said irf nreaningful,is in rhc underlinedpart of rhe sentr:rce. ' ' ^ , , / , b \" . , p r , ' l a . l ,\" , , , , , ' , . A r , - \\\\c join the l$o clauscsin tlis tlpc ot cLcfiscntencevi(h ]rc. 10 focuson an actlon$c can use ]r.it+ subjccr+ lo + ,c r+subrrr + rnl,rrirnccru<: To tocuson a rvholc scntencew, e can usc /rdt hdtrpfns+ b. + m Connectiwngordsa:ddition(@1fl . whcn $e usc l!lo. rvl}, hos.,wh.n. rrl.,.. erc.insrerd ,' \\Ve someLincsuse connccringrlrds toioiLr cL.uscsancl ol nftat, we usuallv usean expresslonsuch as a p.rsor, rl. scnrencesLhatadd irfbmrarron. rc.ren, erc.sith or Nidrout rhe rrfi- word: A pznon (n'Lo) I lcnd tr, .,,rli.l. Dris ,rr haird,\"ss.r.Th\" redsdr (whJ) r'. m..t rhc,\" is ,, \\\\t usu!l\\' useas,ell .rnd.&, .i rhe end 01a clausc: b..auj. tftf trt up r!ith dll our l|oisc. .Sh.t bc.,r , rnirrgtI. co,lpd,r_svil.. No!(.\"rr.,: Sirft Sor . Wc caDrevcrsctlie ord.r of the clausesnr 1r,rclefrscntences thtr( dliLlrtn kt loohafd, as ilsll/too. Cftirtcsclrod is $idour cliangiDgthc Dreening:rhcp.lsr,,r (rr,rd) I rs..l tu s.&nd f.rt tuisr_irl\\ .lrit..l.dp as ldllltoo. ,//ld ,r,sl urs nrr hdirdrssfr = It] l.rifdrcss.f nds lfi. t.r1.n 0 v , r o )l , s c d 1 . )s o r r l . , t n , r n o s r . * we can usealso xt thc begnrnnrgor D rhe nriddle ot . \\Ve can use11. il rgls,tndhins/aL1/dn\\,thingontthr1g.ttt. it1 a clausc:Thc hd,lrli.is r.rlil hcd1.ldt lJrisrin. ol ddr, placeof liirdr,fih.rfrf, ur clctt scnrencesT|ese phrascsare th( ,.aAs at( also trtftm.ril '(l sr,l)f .dr.JirllAlso especlall)coLnlnor in intornai spoken language:The thingl h tt rJr.ro.rit dre.Jr,\"r .l_l i.y sobc urtlul. is rn.rt.lrllirg ril: up -4,r!lirirg I .lo is ifrong, rrsclrms. s \\Vc usuall,!usenol oflry sirh bar: rh. 'ill(ll. ij trot o'4 /I CLAUSES rctno. btt tatallJ inatctssibl.ll rodd. In clelt scntcnccs\\ith an it clause,rhe speakerer\\rhlsiscs rlic d] \\Ve use*lai's nor. aLXlbesidesar ihe begindDgof a inlbrn tion in th. cl.use siih it sent€nce:lhar.'tl go1.rn)i.ftdngco,r rrc. lv,rar| norsl It'd probablt be nt\\ p4r!I1t w,roltl t.rlftto lrrsr Besi.les,)!r dlr.ftb orvf nr. rDn.] /l.omldsr rin.. Ir l{.lia'l u,rtii h. brui. rJr llilfi hisll:ltttad rhd n1 h a i r d r c s 5 os l d r l . dl d . d r l i . l r i r , r f . '1ii5l . \\Vc do nor usuallvusedls.).roo, or .li welt n negativcclauses.lDsteads'e usc pliras€ssuch as.,t,rfrl The lerb dra(lollows ir is bc. 1 narl]trt r.d.i lhc Hlllr) Portfl i,oo,?sor s..n th']lilns fidr.r. not I hc!.11 tdd l,-€H'r-r:i Peft.r ]rddrr.d' r rr.n r'1./ilns . ]n cleh scntenccsNidr an ir clause,rrlD can bc used iDstca.lof llrdt wheD referringio a person/people frffi$ Spellinhgo: mophone6s3pr5 . \\Vhcn dlcre is a plural noun in rhc ir clause$a' slill usea singulartorn ol lcrb b.: ids hisll i.rds rhdrI .dn? st.rrd.not Homophonesere u'orrlsthat sound dre s:mc. but have @1r}|!ir... dilcrcri spellingsand difcr€m meanings . \\ \\ , . . , . n o b . . I p r r r r u r .t r . , r i ' . h . . , j n r , . 9 , . . 1 , . d . t Ir\\ hi,n lldl\\ dh!.rysgrssifing. So'neconnon homophoLreasrc:rrrosd'lo!. thcrchhe.{nhheir,of/\\(, \\'ou\\'c/tour
Language Summary 2 ;1.,,,,i111',1!.:1t: gjT*i&Gradabalendnon-gradabaledjectives; ii.jt Adjectivweordotder 28O p21 advelbs Previe2w@ P r s \" $'hcn describiDg a noun. there is an order that a.ljectivcs i, \\Ve canmodjl) gradabLea.llcctiles \\rith adverbssuch as usually followi Notice ihat opinioDscoDc belorefacts,the !d,,! or d bit to sa)'that son.thing |as nore or iessol a qualiq: Il1!ds lery int.rsting. I Ddsd bil lired. general beforc the speci{ic. y-9!1ryIg..:a..:-:P:.-.........tc'\"d\"br\"\"dj\"\"iu\"' o;p;i\"nJion;ii,t::size :; aC-e colouriorigin I materiati noun ;;i\" i---- G;t.. G#;; G- ...--,'--,i,;!:-;,;l-lijroiilr-l-rir', --i :' - --1l-'tqc-',-1li;it5Il;:i;; Moreol a oualitv i Lessofa qualltv Sr \". ; o. . b- \" I rt\". . .'*\" .,g ..r*\" .pri- :r:\" ,;.. rJ, .g, .air ,tr ti,ea o'e o'l .., we do no( talk about non-gradableadiecrivessncli as i,rpdssil,leor pff..t in the sane r''rl i.e. r'e do not usualh sa,vthnrgsarc nofc or l€ssir possii,leor pqJe.t. We combinenon gra.lablerdjectives\\airh irnensiqnig rdverbssuch asdbvlui.b or corllpl.reb ro enpliasise iheir qualitl a Wt canoft€Dusc ,rdlry Io inlensifv noD gradllble adjecrivesI:ft.l..ler. ds rcally fas(indtil1. when speakingwe iry Doi io puLroo many adjectvesir ltunt -|-1eDllfi-c.9d\"-..9..t.!.:....r1y.9r*t9di9l-\",*i9!Il\"-11-.---.-,...*,$.o,ifttlhi ennnol,urntl. Nt xlo doing th is by addiLlgphrasesbegindng or ir addi$ relrtve clause:d sllrtrrtrg. absoLit-etLdvtcaollmy DlateN : f:sc iatine tdrified am:zed or \"nti'-ty l1n\"'Ly . i.p6siule sh;tter€d :wrul noddn bihtNith dn dlunini n,amea dagIs&L (nore i ;xcelLent hus€ sup&b t;dbLe +r1#i{:r*rJe*r-€l+1ll+i* ), d,r dfig/rmj sal.r.oldr frnrritlg (wiicl is) sigr.d drd ddl.d (noLdr+ qisi{d++d+€*1r1€F3i lii* Intensifyinagdverbs,2a6tpls ia€). A compouDdroun (e.g.d/essing-S.rwrb,lacftb.rdrdd. ddr.ss ,? \\Vecanusesomeadverbs\\vlthadjectiveosr verbsto boo[) cannorbc separrtedby other words:a l.dther dddlcss anplil)' or mt.nsil,vthcirneaning. booft not ad-add{€ss}ea{lrer#n. i: Sonenrknsjliingadve.bsgonaturallyrith pa icular SiimjAdiectivedse: scribinpqlaces 2cOp23 adjectiveosr verbs.Lookal rheseexamplesl 1 th&onghly/iallJ eni t\\ divirse/darv3rsl vaied or diferct1t:Thc dirttsc ftng. oJ 2 d;eptyhii/.ally Jntstli kd sportingJd.ilities .1th'd.lsihliU'seefer fs. . highlJ/dtrineb, 1n)l ihdJ cosmop6titanhrvmg peopleand $ings lrom man] dillemnr par|sot dr worl.l: Londonis Lrulf a costnopolitacnit|. + stiilg|1l/fimty btliev riieged/r^srd/ a mgged landscapeis \\\\lld:nd uneven: S ttrttefl)/detpr) 1t3]rl Thc s.olrjsh Highlandsare ertrrncly rugled 6 I'itteily/dt],'neu axappiint.rl quiint /l<wernt/aitractjvebecauseofbenlg unusuai and especiallyold-fashioned:I!'e stq,edin a quant Littl. cottag(. z conpl1telykntitely agi c g6Ldenthe colour ol gold: The goldensantlt beachtsoJthe I'iriah/distihclly r.,ltmbet Cdmry Isidndsdrc dlwdJsFoprl.r/ with aritish torrists. medievaL/med'rirvl/ rclatedto th€ Mi.Lll€ Ag€s.a p€riod in ir:r:i.i. \\\\t cdn uscquirein froDt ofmi-gradaNe acljectives Luropeanhistoryfrom c. 600 AD to c. 1500AD: lbrii or advcrbsto rneaDtrul): or'coDplcrel):: Hci .fails llinst.r is.onsi.l.r?d td l,t oneol LhtJinesLe:.a1npleasJ renathable. I sr:\\t him quite .learly. m.didal Gotht afthiLtctne i11Bltktin. . Wc usuall) Lrserhe adlerb r&irf in lronr of a gradable unspditt an ruspoilr placc is beautitul because11hasnot adjecLileor ady.rb kr n€an tairl) or talher'r ft\\ {rits bceDchangedor danaged b), people:rhis drcd nds n.1,.f benvry papular \\itll La&rjs.ss, o jr r€'ldirs &nspoill. . We usediferem strcssand inlonation $ith the di[IererL meinderingmi'endrrt/ monng sloqnyin no particular e's qiite rcndthahle. G truly renuLkable) dlectlon or lviIh no clearpurpose:Shcnade rr lorg tnean.leringsperchabaut th€ vd]&eo/ toxris'r. ItlJ quife \"rryersive. (= rafi€r expensne) uniquei.jurri:k/ bemg the onLyeisting one ofits q?e or, ' . \\ \\ , 1 o, , ' r \" q u , r..r rI n o l o r f r r i \\ . n,ore general\\ unusual or specialin sone nay: I h. uni4r. a.ljcctivesor adlerbs. lturead we usea i)itla lirtl./slig,rrry: g.ograph) oJCdtf roi'n ndJ..s it possirldro visit s.v.r.1l 1l.'|eiryis abit norc ptuctlrl th,!1t l]'d.d$tt.kA it tu bt. l,ot ,t(r] difJerent bea.h6 on ttu sam. dar n+€iiEi5{r*€+!'+\"eil€e@
Language Summary 2 : Relativeclauses Preview2 @pl5 NONE/BOfHIALLOI NE/NEITHERIMOSf... De{ininrgelativcelauses D.rennincrs (l)orh,dli. o .. n.itir.r, rnon. non., etc.) conrbinewirh d/1rli.h or o/ Defining r€lativ. clausesiell vou shich pcrsoD,thiDg,etc.dlc raiter or dun nr non delning rela!\\'e clauscs.Ihe) s|eakeris talkingabouL I irr strgfr DIo ],u ddnirc sonr.fi is giiinr d rclcr to sords4trrasesin rhe pLeuousclause: ..n..,1 ,.\\t rnonlJr. this is on. ol rn4trjllQilr, ln detinng rclati!e clalrse,we use: ht1\\t ),tt betn prolcA a ) r ' i o ( o r r / r d r )l o r p e o p l eT: h cs t r g e / h o l o r d d m t c s d m . h i s g i l i n s ln lonnal wntkn lnglish we can use: d .on.rrl rf.YiirlonlIl. b) whi.lr (of r,rdr)lof Lhings:ill lore to g.r dnd s.c thdLshorr*lricwthat a) l)orhoJrhon ]n relarilc clausesinsread ot Dlo bolJi:H. d15ohas.r brothcra tl d . l c f y o r . \\ l d l i , r gd b o r i l . sisl.f, bottr oJvhon alonglfirh irrd, c) flr.rc lor places Tlrdt\\ thccafauherc \\r( nrt t.tstnne. hnl1stll dft d.trtionalry .leat ... d) los. lor possessi!{:sH: avc_for nd rft. -onan l,hose daught:f b ) a r e l a [ v cc L a u ssci r h n l l o t $ h i . h i n s r e a d I'dblsjrslor rlsi ota normal clauscmth all: llc had $'e donl use connras$iih deftrnrg rclariveclauses sdrghl orl .n.).1opa.dias,dtldscs. $il c.rDlcale our rfto, rhdtor whi.fi $hen thesewords areDlthe subjcctof Ltltphoht dintu i6a d nemoris.il Ihe d{:linnrgrelative.lause:Thar ilds th. .dr (i!hi.h) I i!d5 teliingfou ai,our. the ,.II. ) He hdtl sought out lrnry.l.rpdcdi.r!l,ltldsfs. r.1epfot ne . $t can'tuse'll.1l in.leliDing relati\\'€clauses:r,r. wornantldt hdsjust dimLaties.all of vhich he mmofised. l4t rnrsi ll.^./o/gorcn hcf .odl. noL+];{.1'i'lrdl1.r}Hr*+Ji+.+l+fi+*i1-+a+ I . whcn we are speakingrnfonmLly ive Non-dienfingrelaliveclauses cannsero!1' ol tner', d/i o/t/rfnr. etc : llis i5 on. i,f nan} rhcofi.s- 'ro e oI then htlv b.(n Non detining rclaLiveclarLscasdd exra non $sental i omntion: l'n ,rf.tirg,\\1i.ld.lJo .s,nhoisJoiril]g.) rIlrn 'c,r sooi . ln non clelinnrgrellli\\,e clausesp. rtpositioial ' Ne donl uscthdl ir non-delinLngrelatile cl.tusesl. .li.ll? l ) his Lri.st phrases,e.g.at ilhi.h poitrt,irl riir./r ..rs., can boo[, ]'l,i.ir wds 1]rs.rildf nf noL+1]@i€€,H+*FR' be us.d to commenton i]re \\aholesiru.uion ir ttreprcvrrus clause:wlftr Kin ds d.lill, \\Ve crn\\ lcr!e out who.1rh,.h, whosr,erc in non defining relativeclauses: do.rorsdrlis., fuftinf lin itl an inttixrLiona, t His/ift bodli,ilhich I I'dr.nl l..d.i,js n.drll ld b. his bcn or,?.noL}+id }'hic[ potrn Jrispdr.nts toah hin hone insLcad !d6]i'++€1\"J1]+edd- and /,rfod .d irDntu boo,?s. \\Vc must usecouiras \\!ilh non-.lellning relariveclauses. . We can conbine other (Leterrnnrerssuchrs c.rh, pdrt, som..r.n littlclt . d nunbfl, and Relativcelausews ithprepositions2A(t 0r, superlaliles(th.I'igg.sr, lhc l,.sl. etc.)slth ol whi.h^fhon: rh.r rie,\",r.D0 grcdttlns in In more tornral,usuall)'\\1rirtenlnglish, $.e tend to put the preposirior 2AA8dnd 1 tholh tlrc b.st o[ Lheln\\,.tx EuraTln. betbrethc relaine pronoun: Hl. is loo,rrda/!er br' his latlrct Frat1,o,l shom ) There wd. m.tn) gtuit lilms Dr2008, tts besr l. rotuh dcp.,rds lrt Kinr lit otr hicft dn Os.drjfintri,rgrln ds oj whi.h I thrft )tde Futopedn. . We canconbine.ertaltr nouns Nith a In lesslornal, usualh spokenrnghsh. Dreposirionsar rhe end olrelarive prcpositun + x/ri.h, e.g.lh. ler'.Ld.gr.dsidgr clausesarc connnon:H. is Loohetal Jn:rb1 hisJather-ho lc torall_f (aL/to whi(h), ttu tffecI/aalivcrsd]ir(o/ hi.h): .lcpordso\" ir\\ Ki,r\\ lit ttat dn Os.dr winnins tiln was|ased on .. wt mustLcbbrdt the dis.ofcriroJDNH, trk I Iere arc sorne rules for traDstoming infonnal scnteDcesof $is q.pe to anlriversoi, oJ \\\\hi.h . . more lonnal. usuall,vwntteD EDglish: . In lbrnni s,rLtLenEnglisli,se can usc Llhos. a) \\t chaDgcthc relltivc pronouDtJrdt(i[ it rcfeE to a pcnon) or r/ro ro aftera prcLrosrLioirn rclatila clauses:i L!.r i spireAb he philosophuDdnt,, hosewofh b) we changethc reLativepronoun rh.1l(it ( rctrrs to a finlg) to lvhi.h rhisquordljdl]h.isbfcn ld,?.nron. ) I irds c) wc n)vc LheprcpositioDtrom the cnd ot |he senlenccto belore the inspitrdhJ tlrepod Danta,fl,n w'ose L orl this quotationh,.isb.o1 Lahe.n rclativeproDoun . we can use lrhe,t inslea.lofirldhrhi.ft in ^--.---.-.-.|.^ reladle clausesio lalk abouLlocation.\\Ve do not usepretosirionswith uh.r\": T/risis llc d,rOs.dr inning/11,t1ds,asrdQ4 ? Irl Kin\\ lilcQg) l.us. sftmlft rhich *c asbom. ond,11,r,u s/il,n r .r:bd!i.
Language Summary 2 , . ': Verb+ ,1aagndpastparticiples Wrrileyoi' ) giidr sil.nlb dlorlgi,r d .droc,Ior gcrlo s.c.r r.rulKr'?la. Preview2 O pls Glidit,.g silenLry alotrgilr d c,rros. tor gel l.r sc. d rur?i i(crdld. Parricipleclausesotien gile inlormalion abou( (he c.rusesr.csulls, asan adjectirc,w./orrd rhcprosp..r d g^ ing d conditionsor tinre ol thc evenrsdescnbed Ialll ratht, ftiAhtehi g. nr reducedrelatl\\'eclaLlsesP: .otl. wfio dr ... acting as a rit meatls oJ comm'r'nicatiotl hct\\r..r r(raorc |iildgcs lea|ing rarly sJrorlildo so reil' qri.i4r ) Pfoirlf and.rcw.icd toi!n'. (resuh) Isaling.(/h shoulddo so fer-! qrittll Glidirrg silfltly dlong nr d eroe)or g.t t.rs.. a nrdlK.rdid. (ftne) - t . r j - L . r n , . r t ' ' , ' c , , 1 ' ( n J J .l r ' r n r \" Canghtlo&llJ eraraat iti rhrals rinrd.dul4 ftsl (caus.) tu, rh. .drl t?sist spoiling ho grantLhiklrcn Poured vry slanly acrus yout forchead, tk oil Jrels li}e a roir . .fter LrrepositionsA:..o tding to ttt .],dn dl, LhaL li.,?in.q)0i (coDditioD) sviLchis fot opc.'li^g th. baot. Haeinghoa at 'Idulgdt tur.,r, I', iir in 11,r.rnru.ir Gime) \\t uscpaslpariiciples: rn rcdu.ed relatile clauses\\lhcfe rhc original . i . The subjecrofa paniciple clalrseis Lrslrall)thc same,s Lhe clrusc containsa passivcvcrb: Tlc.dsll.. Lrhj.h subjectof rhe main clalrse:I odlirlg t,ur ol th. xx or: v.fill,roii.c.i rh. ds b&ilr in tl.Idtl .cnl ,:\\,.is jrsl rcun.l rh. '',, '/. -,'j.'' u \".rc\"g.t rir'J'r, srr h. dl,lrosts.r. (the subjeclotborl clausesis \\trirl) not k6lil g-€s{ built in th. ttnth .tnt1t1t, ... . as!n a.ljcctivc:K.i,\",r ds soonLorcA oft 4 hd 4111e+il1.]€r +l1€3 . (This suggesls dr.rl tle sLrnis ,tittL br ttu guidcdLour. lookiDgour ol drewinclow:) 29@ pza . When s'e use nol in a fa iciple clause,]t usmlh comesbelorethc parliciple:Not $dnting nr sdit an] l,rr.q.,.h. l4t. (not'rcfers !o ivanling Sornepa iciplc clausesgile mor. inlornuti.D about a \\'€rb or ideair a senrenceT. he-\\a' re olt€n to wait arrylongcr'which neans thrt he didnt wanl to {ait an,vlonger.) usedto nulc r pieccolwritmg more \\.ariedan.l HorvercrtroI can aisofolloN th€ paniciple: P,alrnlnrg nrI to noli.. hini Becavsette al ri\\d latc, \\t( .oukbi'tJiul o tuo1n s/r. i!(h.d strdighrt(sr. ('noi reler! to rloticing hin. rvhich meansthat ) A#'i g ldl., 1f..ouldn't litvl d rcon. sh€preLcndedthat shehaddt noriccdhrtn) . Ihcrc e Lhcc q?es ofparticiple clauscs: . \\Ve uscr pertecLparticiple(,rd1ing+ pastpaniclple)insLeadol a preseDt PRESENPTARTICIPCLLEAU5E . a.tilg as a ihl m.rt'rs oJ connufietion pdnicipleifdre acLionin rhe nMilr clauseis the rcsult ofdre evenGh d1e ,.t'vfcn k'rolf 1,lll.rgcsard.rosd.d nNns. participlcclause:Hdring lostolll .f.dir .drds,rc hd.l to get sorn.morl.) Gliai g sil€lrLlj along i^ d.dnoe)or gfl lo sf. s.nr to rs. (\\\\'e had lo gel soue moncv sentto us bccausewe ha.l lost our nr tl Kerald credjr carcls).nol f-e!i+S €+fF€+dir €r]?5 . PASTPARTICIPCLLEAU5E . $rc can useprepositionssuch asdlI.r, 4, in. wfiii., r irh, sin.(.,etc Catght loullly aeu daJ, ir! dhld)'sw.\"d.4rli] \\rith a presentor perfectparticiple clauseto make the m.aning clearerl Poxrcd !\"ry slo b ll.mss ro./tr foreh.ad. ttu ail A t e , l i s i l i n s/ l d i i n g v i s i l e rsl c i o z l t e n T r l e sr v, r r t u , n . . 1 t o t I . l o t c l t .ls lili d.ou rsli.lin81or. tor a r.5t. a) n\"I .ath.q rclrveo nreals.s/renanagca Io rcarir Jkr tdr.ger PERFECPTARTIPCLECLAUSE w.ighL ha\\ing had a itrdulgent hnch, I d li. irr d 7\\ Pa iciplc cl.rusesc.tnrefla.e conncctingwo.ds s u c h . s s d , 1 ' h i l . , l , , : . a & sicl .,4 i . r , e t c .$ , l t r c n\\ e t.' uscparticiplesinste.tdolconnecting {ods, \\re usuall) lc.rrc out lhe subiectand son.tincs Lhe P r e t e n d i rnSo t t o n o l i ( eh m s h ew a l l e di l r a S h tp d i l auxiliar}lwe alsochangethe 'crb to thc present, pastor pertcctlbrns ofthe participLec. on1patt the tollo\\ing sentences:
Language Summary 2 . C o n n e c t iwn og r d s : t i m(e1 ) \"@p2' , djt.rnards/lhfr at thc bcitirmnrgol srntcnccsro lalk dbour . tfte nonfltllli soor dr.rt tlc begiDningofa.larlse lo s.r\\ an crcDt thlt haplens rftc. drc linie il.nrnDcd or laL$:] tltctptttl thcir itvttaLiar La\\uppcr Afue^nrds, l r(grctLedit. soDrerhnrgsill hafpcn i rIuediaLtLirltcr sorncn rg elsehrs Hf ,.gan dsftinglh. loss dl,oethis tl.irs. 1r'or ,r. r(.dlis., l/rf Distd[f h.d ndd. dnd.hang.d rh. srljc.r ./ui.lrl_v h a ppc n e dN h.n w e r el r ' 10 . rL r o i inLhcf rt Ne usualh ', .1, Prc\\ c n r\\ implc.' r 'r' ,rsdrwnil. at rhe bcginning o[a senr.nccto raLkabour.]n e\\erL LhathappensNhilc son.Lhing .lsc is haptcDnrg I sdl thana futurc fonn: The 'ro,rdt I gdt lo,r.. Iln ,going d'trio sh rrairing/or Lh. cLtllM. @nshil€,I trid n g(t on slkif ,ri t. ,..1 not +i€tt€x+€r+J lj.g!++l]]F... ,irfi sonc lror/r bur licll looID].9rr rh('.lo.h .: Past Simple alier,r. rnorncn/dssoo, .rs$hcn raiknrg \\Vc nscl1oaposlro|he (') abouf fic past nrc noment t httLhitl I dc.ir.d l. wasrhe ndnrlrds.qor,,qund'f s cr'€rsir.e Nrdle bc:jirlniDgofa clal]scro mcan contiNall) ]n font.rcLrd IomF oflc, hdrf and nrdal verb, aD.l slrcc tluL tLrrc: [!er sirr.. lr c, rc to tli sclool Jrrisbern bcnvern li rn.l 'f in conrracledlonns ivirh not: l]n, t,!., n d l l n r g} ! l l , a r b l f l'd (= I ndd or i i!orll), .lo11'r..li./n'r.sJr.eldn'r.rit,r,s. n li':rllorigi dlb aLLii. bcgirnrnrgofa.huse. in lrorr ot rhc n r l o n r o f a u ' s a d d e d t o a n o L r no r a f r d e t l l r l . l r Ln c u i nrjr rcrb or altcr the rcrb ,. ro talk lboL solnedrnlgasit e n d n r gi n ' s ' t o d u r a r e l a t i o n s h ropf p o s s e s s i o nSrd l i v , s Jti.na. ttlclricnts' rcl,.t0tsh4,. \\as i. the pdsL:llrf .,11d{t )t.Lrorigi'rallJ a posLalliL( but a D frcnt ofln s addcdro an irrcgularplural ro show a rchftDship ol posscssui: th. .hiklrc n'sJaLhd. rrrds.orl.frf.l.r lunlrr,\\'.db d,go nt do not usean apostroph.: n /'r.oon. r n rt hu er lnl vo ns i:nt cLeht hcr)t) et igmi ucn ingof a scDtencero me.rn Hoivcvcr,jron th.n on re lefsLo nrloNrarion nr a pre!joll5 selLcnccor clausc.Note rhat \\ve .en elsonsc cl.r si,r.. th.i1 irlstcadof'from thcn on: i ! in possessilcfronouns such as his, h.rs. drfs or rh.rirl boeghrd nclr corrprtcr idst rnortl Erom then on/Lttt sirt e t i n l h c p o s s c s s i rat . l i e c l i \\ ci t s :l l r . / l o ! s . l d s i t s r D n arftstr)I f. fi.id ltorn|rg l,Lrrrturllf i!it/r it. swilaDring porl. nor +Hoflie+6i+r €+'r+ iD*ixt'lr€1r+. r ftildas !r rhc bcgnnrnrgol claus.\\ Losdythatsonrcrhmg happcnsdunng lhe sanretirnclhrLsonetlirU els. happens:I .dr,qhrd,!jli,rtslroJ5r.\\c rhile I lrds ]nD irrg.lownrhlrsrr\".t The monent l get home,I m goingstraightto bed I satanxiouslywaitingforthe calLM. eanwhite,trried to get on with someworkbut keptLookingat the clock.
Language Summary 3 I m Positivceharacteardiectiveis3AOp26 t R6cklerscsrle dJ dangr.\"rr-rh ng.an.lJo rr\"r',r' aboutthe risksandthe possibl€resuls. Cour;geous/k.'ud3es/ peoplehaye the abilitv io conrol *Tightjistedpeopleareun\\ illing to spendn1onel their fearin a dangerousor difticult situation: Il wds rery *FinicLy/'ftn i/ peopleareditlicultto please. couragsorso/her io '\"sign viihortlnding dnorhcrjdb /ilst. *Extr:vaganpteoplespcndnoney in anuncontrott€d Det6rmin€d people\\rant to clo somethingvery much and donl ler anyoneor any ditficultiesstop them: flou r€ \\yaI lrr./r1ir1edto losexeight,]d t'ill. .cijLL;blepeopleare easilr deceivedand belleve Metiolous ne llj,''r' pr\"p,earc'eq cai ul a d 'a) ev\"enthingrhat other peoplesay grearaltention to e\\rry deiail: I .dnl b.lie1jelhis rlas writien *Obstinate/ Dbstrnct/peopLeare uueasonably bJ Paul- it\\ so in'r.(uratel He3rornalb neti.uiorls in d. (m, npdroJ. In/ c,rJn $.) dp.pir'ppr- J.i.n *lmpatuous/rm'petjo.s/ peopleact on a suddenidea Canerous/ djenaras/ peopleare wrlling to give money help, sithout considenngthe resulLso[ Lheiradions. erc..especiallymore than is usual or exp€cted:It wds 1rc!- *Timid peopleareshy or areeasilylrighrened. generousoJI ou ro pq Jor ainner Tristing p€ople a]'va,vsbelieve that ol\\er people are good or m Phrasalverbhse:alth, 38d)p2s honestaDd{ill nol harm or dec€ivethen: Tiis is lhc sc.dnd time sh. hdsnt paid m( bach. I shouldn't be sa trust:otg. ! get6versb/sthtscbr ,,,., . lr', anrllrr* rr l,, I L,arr, Thrifty / orrfti/ peopleare car€fulvllh the useofmoney aftersonething or somebodyhaslrade you unhappy €specially by avoiding $lsret He carns a lot ol noney these swettip whena parl ot ) our bodt becomelsa€er .LUsbut hesstill quircthilt. altdrounderthanusual,oflenbecausoelan illness c6nfident p€oplearecertaino[ fieir abilitjesor hale tust in people.pians or the furure: I thinkJour idra is brillidnt. pickip carchan illnessfromsomebod)'osr omerhing Yorrshoxldbe a bit morc .lrnfident. yboeubrloncokseed/.jsblfDillketdi/plntwhhseonnarpeathritnogtfhIoautpr rbeovdeln:ets.g. Spont;neous/spDn'teinies/peopledo things in a natu.al. antfiing gettingpasr often suddeD,r'ay rvitholrt anl tlanning or without being god6wnwith sth becomeill, usuallylvith a disease forced: S/ra:sahrals beena spantdneoussart Jl]itlg olf all InaI$ norverysenous o.'erthepla.t at d mamtnt\\ natic(. go aliund nhen a lot of peoplegetan illDss in the C.'utious/'krijes/ peopleact with grat careand atlendon, sametime peio.l beuus€ theiilDesspassestron peson especiallyto,rvoid takng risks: I wduldn'iend.lb,d€s.rib. 54n as d .drriolls driwrl He\\ h,.dthrce accklenLisn the putsb6nsth givesomebod)a' particulartypeot medicatlreatnenlor lood @ Connotatiopno:sitiveandnegativceharactel comed'utin sth \\hen spotsor a rashappearon adiectives'34@p28 #mEuphemisms3catp32 \" Conrdrdri.rflmeansa leelhg or idea t]ul is su&testedhI a p. icular word. SoDetini$ two chancter adiectivescan d, A euphemismjs a sord or phraseuse.l to a!.i.I sa)ing describesimilar rraits.but ot1ema) havea posinvecomDtattotl somelhingunpleasaDot r oftensile. at1done m:)'have a negaiiveconnolalion. I econ6micat/i:ke nDm*li with the truth not lel rne r Boft drrogd\"t and .o4i.l.ll reler ro someones'ho is very sure ofthemselves,but anogait neans lhe personalsothir*s tlie] truth; lie areberlerthan other pcople.Co,ti.lerf h.rsa positive a seniorcitiz€n an old person connotalion.Anog.rnl hrs i negalife connotation. behindthe times he old'fashbned seebetter drys be old and in bad condjtjon neeariveconnoLltior : oositiveconnotdt:on get 6n a bit get old d osd,r hardof he%ringnot able to hearweLl rP\\e\\\\- iord\",. be/feelunderthe w€ratherbe or feel ill r.8q..fnrod' i do8rcr a bit of a hSndfutdifiicult to look after especiall,v finickv* children and aninals ' rih/ ch;llenging very difficult !]iri89tr a bit on the chittyside cold 8lLllbe' i nretkuLols obr.dLe : - - :-8e-e,ol j tru+ ng ioqe rr\"a @'
Language Summary 3 :!r.i...I,n:.tloductoryrt 3A6p27 ',,,::r Subiecatndverbinversion Previe3w@p25 INIRODUCTOR/IYAS5UBIECT In sralencnLsthe verb usuall) lolloss the slrbjecr:i dd ? lnoif hrtl. , Il the subiecrol th{:lerb js a long !nd Someljmeswe nlvcrt the subiecland lerb so thar lhe lcrb comes grarnnaticallyconrplerstruclurt. Nc often put beforclhe subJect. it at the end ol the clause/senlencaend useii as thc subjectoftlt verb ar rhe beginningot Lhe \\\\t usenrversion: clause/sentenceC.omparetiese senrenccsT. hr subjecrof rhe lerb is underlmed: a) alier so treilhflrol:l n...idn €le lcst.5d do t. I didni knr rjr.r. rhd no ak ras lturt is in(r.dibl( wdssrgaf h lhis.No, n.itlvrhnr did I It:s in.r.dil,l.llrat no onsrrdshu|l We caLlusesever.lsfuctures $ itli introductory it b) h the phnses H./e.onrs/cone + noun and 1/rer. Sods/go+ noun: Hse .ones t1edocLor. a) + a.ljec6,e + (rll.1r):It's .lear that b) + 0ro.) + noun + (ildt):lts}j.ot an asprt .. c) in questiontags:Shcl d do.tur isn'r shel c) + adiecrile+ nrlinirivewrth lo: i.\\ diti.ulr ro ., \\\\t do rot put the vcrb betorcrhesnbiecr: dl I llr, L.L ir Iollor s tllnt hot \\|iMit9;, al $ten 1rc include a questior in aDotherquesljon.lsread, $'e use str.sijrl. Orherverbs\\aeuse$ift dlis a nornal word order ofsubjccr + !e$: wlc,r dre m) glaJses?-) structureinclude apfear. rrdnsptc. The l,l.lt Hflt yor an] idfd h('l.. rny glasses arc? clansecannotgo in initial posilion in Lhcsr sentences,e.g. not +l€F+ol +riJ}$ir€.rs b) wher $,c incLudea quesrionh anothersentence\\:,r:hdrthisdiel liftc?i I uonl.r ilhdt his diet's li/i.. ++r5*++t€11€r'5 .) $hen \\re ar€ usnig a qucstions,oi(Lro inroduce a rclftivc clause e) + oliect + inlinitive lvidr to + lh.x: il m phrasessuch asI d.nl hrcw 1f,r.rtluh.nerc or i 1'ord.r i'har/ suryrised hin to discol'errhd.... O$er ifh) etc.:I dorl ltnoi!,hat his p/obl\"rfl is. nor J #hx€*+Idr vcrbsNe caDusewirh this srrucrllreafe ii+*\"r€Hr#i. connectcd$ith Lehngs, e.g.dna:l], dnnot. llstr)nish,.on..rn. lrightcn, h&rr,s.dr'..sho.l. d) nr ndirecl speech.$t use i/ Nhen we reporra ].l/no quesrion. wt usuall) (but not aL{a}s) changerhc vcrb fomr in reporred INTRODUCTO/RI YASOBJECT sfeech:Areydll la,ringanr rird,rjns? ; H. dsftcdl11cy'I wds we ohen useit asihe obiecl ol a \\erb wherc it Idliins arrylildnirs. relersto a clauselarerin th{:senlence: t. \\, \\ t t !/!.Y) '-ira. | n \\ , 4 ' t ' t . 1 1 \" o ' n a \\ \\ . Lp p o t t t \\ l .'' . We cant useinrersion ivhen ve use pLonouns$rth ii.r\" .on.(s) ,rt Llele+ltr1++ff3*{+5€I*€.]J{.?r,iJ,ryp€+i}€. or Th.r. go(es):Hc,r .hcl,.onf, nor ++el+€€,lfr++ , \\re car usethesestructureswirh nnroductory it ,,,.,,,l,n' versiontB@p3o a) + nlor: ... Dr.ril ,'dtcit td w. ios.lO(her - InlersioD is a \\i?\\. ofadding eDphasisor drarnaliccltccr. \\ erbs$e usedlis structLrrelnth niclude: .ar'r , c d f , . d t l ? s i . m d . l i s l i , ? . . . r 9 o rl,i l e , i o r c An adverbiaiis an)'xord or phrase{hich func(ionsas an adlerb. pr* r. rt s|ttt, understanrl. \\\\rlen we bcgin a sentencewiLh .rlnniiiDg ad!{:rbial (c.g.scldon) or a negatireadverbial(e g ar.lef no .ir.urrjrdn..s), rhe subjecrand rhe b) + adjectile + tl1fnLln€sith lor ...frd it auriliary vcrb are inlt ed: t ah rarely dbL.to getorit ltlore se|en diI[icr']l Lo ape v iLh lositg. Ra'/'lJ nn I obk to getaxr bcJor.s.v.D ' :,1. \\Ve dont useinrrod cror! it it rhc subjecr : Look at rhe underline.lexamplesol iuversnD sirucures in rhcse ofthe verb js a nour. rh.irJcd,s ucfe .ollrf/.i.lj r\"rl\",...', i r'\"r l+r--+ryr- F \"-,! a) leopl. sellorr dssr.idte b(ing ndrriul rith bdry h(alth]l.) Seldolada peapledsso.iatcb ng marn l vith hc.inghcaltl!. . Conmor e\\prcssbns{itli introducroN if: Il3 flo goo.l gtxing tll ups.t dboutit. It's no usf asftinghc{ b) Drnrdlltgi.n. s.il.s fat{rl dnd.V.nsir. risits rorh. dc,rtisi.. t s/rfl bus) It's ,rd woDdzrIhdt he gatill. tt\\ no r o , o r h d o , r, , , 1 , , ,L, ,r - r g p . a , , p d t , J r t. .oificiderce LhaLtq afi\\td toj.thtr. .) Hc didtlt '1gttt to sLaterolnlg un.il ldstw..1. 9 Nol tl|ril lr^i i!.eft did l€ dgr\". to stops,noftirs d) Y,, r'€ri r.D.il hedrdr-.llhingn.tjdtilc abd&ifrtin.gtrsh -) Very rdrcly do N!-lt!a! ary Lhitry n\".8atNcabaut ed'Li g Jish e) Ert.rrs hdlr o l_vr...nLlf cant to atprc.iatc Lht hr.tlth hcnditsoJ utDlg.urr). ) Oln.Iyrecertl;, Aareapcrts conr to dTre(iat. .. il ltnr sfiorl.i not, rndcf dr] .n1u,1srdn.e5e, r.r.is. innetlia]{! dler .diirg a l.a!) rn.di -t Uder no circunsraacesslorll ]!l d.r.is. inn.diateb dJi.r &Liis.t h.a\\t neaL ' \\\\ihen usingnyerion xith PrcsenrSimpleand Prsr Simplc.the subjecLnust agree$ith rhe auxilirry not rhe main !erb: Nor onb does ]t. ,'ro' r.r \\-.*-'\"r1a€.l.'r-]q..r-i. (
Language Summary 3 .: u,1$ nod.rl lerbs, e.g.rill. sJ \"id, 1!oLrld, ffim Connectiwngordsc:ontras(1t )@p35 etc..r'e invcn lhe subjectrith Lhemodal: i,hd./ ro .irunsran..s wduld I dshhim to o dltlrc{gi to conuasl l\\ro clausesnr ihe sarnesentenceM: o still rnokei, dltl'o gl sJre,?nowsshesiouidtrl. (Mo stiLlsmokescontnsLswith Nlo ,. lnlersion canoccurdlteranolhercompletc knowing rhar she shouldn t smoke). Elor thougt' is sinilar in neannlg clrusebeginniDgwith tloi rnfjl. ont Dfien. to dlrholrghblrl it is nroreemphatjc:l n.!.r boll.r tu bchny a4 eva orb U.on! .rftd, Not &\"til shclcdns n) tlorgh I lino , I sho&ld$re can alsoput dlthorChand erent/rorg/rat the r ta. will things g I' b. r,r Otrb ntd ' beghdng of senlences:Altho\\ghlEld thotsh t ne'et bothd to lo.h mr g a rt . n 1 d i d \\ | ! \\ u r t g . r ' r ql n l { q r \" i l r . .drllino isho&ld. ,r \\\\re useiNeEion alier ncifh.r or nor vh€n it 6 dercds Lointroducea subodnralcclausexhich ).ouarecomparing$ith introducesa negrliye clausethat is relatedlo Nhlt _vouaresaling in rhe nanr clause:Th.-!lirll asleepshMs 1\\tds onementioDedLrreviousl)U': nJortuiatc lt, dBd,irlo/ ho ,r. \\\\t canalsoput uhercdsat the begiDningofseDteDces: Coiin didn'rlisl.n ld m'],cn.Lneitho did he wner\".6 r xds dralcjof houis,thel feli asleep. tlthe ttu tlacLots.thic(. s Losdo to conrrrst t$o senlencesw. e usu:ll)'pu( honc!.r at the 'ii, : . Although inlersion is usuallylounclin begiDnhg ota scrtenceand we pu( a connra (.) after lhc vord litemry .nd lbrmal texLs,1rc also Lrseit ln less iosev.r:l lil. ..ris Howeve/,iprlef dogs. fornaL spokenand $dtten EDglish$hen \\ae s?nr to add enrphasisor dra atic elfectiNo a brr to contrasrrwo clarE.sin the srne senLencesln. tbfful \\ariuen soJ shauldpeaplerlrirt to worft i/ .h.y.dn languagew, e do not usually usel) t aLrhe beglnningoLscnlences: fossil'lr Llalh. Ffdnl?is v.rJ atJrlfli., brf ,rislrolhcr isr?. nor @{rH€. . \\\\rc donl useiDvcrsion\\ihen se usc n,t &d +]5++d+As:5x+ eiLhert d.n't liht Iish atd I dont liir. .u,r-! cill€r. not --+ii]1€l...l}]:+d#e1+]J,. W Spellinogn: ewordt,wowordsorhyphenate(ddt;ri) . $'e carlfind inversionin hteraturcalter adverbialsot place:Iflto lhe n'om vllfudl.ntan. E!€rydal is aDadjective$,hich we usero describesonrethDg\\nich is normal an.l not excitingh any way: This jsrt dn eleryday orurrnc. I h e y . o u l dd i w i f hb en S( ab t l o o s € r l . t coltd havebeena bit hdtter I1'cry d.rJ is an adverbial. lf soDlethiDg happeis e!er) d-a)!tt h:ppcns 'd e5fo. bL;cki'rste'aidfi wereyoir. regularlveachda)'rCdrld\\ nothdnraftcs pdsldetery d.ry. Usingvagula€nguage we mustiltgit togithesr 6m!time. We useeuryone Io refer to alLthe people iD particular group: trro.1'one (rh€ycoukd6withb.iinsa) bit lo'oser t wassdrtorinteresntg n pirts wc uses!?ry on€ to elnphasisedrat sonrcthingis true about eachof fte stiakwasonihe to'uchside. the tliings or people)ou are talking about:Er€ty on€ ol hisjdcftetsis Not soundingiegative $r.r daflercolo!rssurryou oerrer. When we nukc an adj€ctivctrorn a number and unil oi mc:surenrenl Ive s€'€nbitte. perf6rmances. rve hlphenate rhe number xnd ils unit of measuremenat nd rve usethe sjngularforn of dr u1it otmejsureLnent:rh.Jdn.. ds rwo m.tl.s high QVulliteelhg6Yne9s*t;lyf-,'veeisile!t*r.b6, t_terperr6rmances. -t it ilds d tl,o'detn high/cn.e. $irh ages$'e h)\"henate the conrplete phnse: lire lrorsr wnsa h n edrdrs oH. ) It\\ ahndrcd-yeawld UnfdrtunateLyth, e ne'akwas.. we usennyoneto talk aboui peoplein general,or aboul eachpersonof a particularkindr Do.s an)orc hnowPek\\ nabile nuntber) we useanl ons to emphasise that )'ou are rcfe hg to only onc ot something:Ary on€ ofl?u .an lo this. thtft isn'tdry one pttson htr. lvho oppos.stft. pr\"posdi. W€ usc aal,r'ay when you are acldng a remark ,vou havejust thought of to sonething you havejusi said llsuall)'the remarkmakesthe preuous slalemenrseemlessimportant than it did: I .ant ash hin out. AnJvaJ. i rhirlt lre\\ sc.ing rhar/ficntl olla.hie\\ naw. we usedry way. usuallyin lhe phrasein dn] xdt, to mean in any respecto' r'by any method: ls th.'r .lr} a)' I .dn l.lp? nt use naJbe lo nidicatc fiat somethiLu is possiblc Marb. \\rc sll)uld olkr ta pi.k th.n up. We usemqy Io talk about possibility lt s a Diodll a Lsused $ lth fie inlinirivc lonr ofthe vertr.e.g.nay be Shtnay be corrirg rorigJrl. (= iltdlb. 5h€\\.oninr.)
Language Summary 4 iiiiiilr Newscollocati ons4 A @ p 3 6 -.,r: Futureverbforms Previe4wO p35 read Llietablo s\" / suetor libcl- $t usethe Presen(Snrpk for a fixed clcnr on a gloss) rnagazines hit t|e headtincs timetableor a calcndar:lk ne\\r airport tdx.ones nta makc rie lionrp.rge elletL on Monda] hold a pressconterence* issn. r pressreleaset r€ceivea lot ol colcrage\" \\\\re use thc Pr€scnt Con(inuous lor furure arl.ang€menrs: Wlo's rn?etirg}'or ar alt.ndiir ? ! Lautoia*rt.'o r',\\t ot pofuldrncs\\pap. .\\,,,' sniatl pages,r'liich hasrnanr picturcsan.l shoft sinple We usebe going ro for a persomLplan or ilrenrionr 1,n goingro .rrf ,.JJ;\"l rr\". r\\'p... ., .. Lr I.lig. *seekpubticity the acri'ity o[nraknrg cenain thal -o n boJ' \"r ', rrrlr.rr;ttrr' I o n tu 1i I) \\\\l: usebe goirg to for a pn:dictim rharis basedon 'pr;ss conferencea mectnlg at vhich a personor |rese.I eridencc:lrok dr rhc lin.. Wcte goir€ ro bc ldrf. organizationmrkes a public shtemen! and reporrers ', Wh Ne iil tor a prc.iictidr basedon opid)n rarherrhan evidenceiI tljnlt ihcv'll lrar. dn cd?ryclr.tion. -c6veragei 'k^vridj/ the reportirg ota pa icular ' W€ usethe FuaureContinuous for sonerhulg rhat\\lill be lnporllnl evenl or suojecL in progressat a cemin time in the future: Tfristinf trcrt *tibeL/ larb.l/ a pieceofvrlring or speech$.hich weh v.'ll be h.ti g talhsilitfi the Pfjnf }lrnrsr.r contairEbad and falsethings about a person \"priss releasea public staremenrgivcn ro the pressro Wr usc tlie lruture Conrinuous for sonrelhingrhar{i]l publish it dley wish happenin the normal courseo[ erenrs nor becanseyou planrledit: I'll Depdrsirg tht postolJi... so I .an pon that ij,,:iriNeasr ynonyms48O p4o \\!t usethe Fntur€ Perfect lor somcdinlgrhal $ ill be ': \\\\]e otten alorL rcpeating the sanr: $ords (particularl,r nou[s co)npleLcdbrtorc a ce{ain riine in rlic future: Bl, tl. cn.]ol atljcctira. rcrbs and a&erbs) so that $,har $,e sa) or srite thc J'.dr .!e'll ha\\e bfiIt 10,000nri! hon.s sourds LcssEpctitive and more inieresting:Th. ltl.fusinrl R.\\olurion bror.{/rtinportdnt (hangeto thc entirecau Lry.lhe 'j . $,e also usefie Pr6€nr Simple !i clausesbegin1tiltg ]dholcol BnLdinvdstnd ta dddr.ssfundamaltatq tsLions. w i t h r ] , r d r j r \" . , b . / o r \" . . 1 s o o nd s , . t i . f , I r t i l a n d x h . n : As soonas hc .lrrives, l ll r.ll)or. ,: Examplesotsynonynu from page 39 are: ::,r.r''Pl.h] raserseferrintgothefuture 4A@p37 ,', New3paperiournalistsofLeDusephrasessucli as llc rolsr:r ' \" , 1 , . ' ' r , n , r i l . ' ' , 34 r ' , . . ^ r . u . , , .I n h€a.UiDesS:ho.hingcnrir?nn.ntal dardsel td b. r.l.ascd. To nake a headli.einlo a seDtncewe mighr needto add countryfolk ruftliihabitants vilLagets other worts such asarticlcs or nrssnrg auxiliary !r,b, c s. ,c imprdemstr Nfn dirprrr'.grecn tal d&t to bt intoau(d ) Antv dirporL 'Et.en' t.L\\ is du. L,rbt introtle..a d sease Drjrirg dg. s.t t. rire ) Th\" drilnr.gagc is srt to risc f i',' . Nor all nears) non}ts are interehangcablein all salc ol l,lrggt,s d.vi.c' al,auLk) ga Lhnut:h roal ) The sab conlerls. Theserft' some rca$ru wi): ojllrggi,rg df!i..s ir ci,outta go thturyh the rool. al tornality: k/.i aud .lill hav€ tlie sane melning bu1 ,?idis \\?x TV ross on rh. v.r8e d .lfrng r\"(litJ TV shows) A,{rr'e nore jnjormal lhan .lil, b a fricnd re could sai eirher: nelr T-V'l,dssis on tft. lcrgc ojd.lnu /.dlrt.| Iyslo s. Ill]1farc lh. .h i/.i,fi/,?irr? However ni more fomal, $rilren Fnglish, we \\yould rot fiDd d1eword i?id:Thdtf d,\" Dry cl lnet\\ tolae klsuir o!.f pdil o/ hols.rs -) 1 . 1t i n i i l i o , r . h i l d f . ni 1 1 r l .t r K . A d t ' c l & n e r s i s t a f u . . a l a u s L r iot l c r a p d i r o t r r o ! l s . r 1 . . b) woids that go togethcr (collocatiol) €.9. \\\\'e can say \\\\'e use (be)d!. io / sc. r.)/ dho!.trc / ot1Ltu \\erye of (+ing) ,,1hrg../larg. r&,r )cl. Ho$ever, laigr docs not collocate or arlivdr. to ro talk about sonrelhingrharis redv lo vith pr.ti.n: A hrgc/r+fsep,\"blcm. happen,probably h the near lulure. c) grammatical agrc€ment e.g.\\Vc can saycrth€rI lil. / Wc use(,r.) lihlrh 10. nliirdb to. s&r\"lo,.crtnin to. hound io io savhor' .ertain we are thar somedringwill luppen. .njo] irar.llinS. Ilo$,ever,we also usc ii,?c+ nfimrive: we usea lerb+ing (or nouD) afteron rhcr.rgc of sJr.l otr the vtze oJ l.\"ri'la hu job . t liht/ejf|' to tr.1r(l d) connotation e.g.jl s.e clcscribesoneone'spe$oDalityas \\Ve usean niiDirile a{icr (be)du. to / setto / .tbotLtu | lilleb La/ s!ft tu / unl|iery k) / tcrttli,t ta / haundto / is to. d.tcmin..lr)bJtinnl., rheyhavcdilferenlconnolllriorul J,1..F;\".ttt o t\" r r o , , . n ,g .r r , . .
Language Summary 4 . dr. lo is olten used{hen se starer prrticular Ii.re. m Connectiwngordsc:ontras(2t ){'@t;_) Brikiirg rrorh is !i&cto stdr. in ,\\'1.1,1i. . \\\\t somelimesuse nol rlrrrl lo whcn we nrean nol $nlling to'l * Dlrt to nrooducesometliingrhich contraslsNidr what t'm not nboutta drcp t\\o rlirilg lrsr lo Sod\".i pi.k h.r 'pJro'r ,vouhaleiust said: I his.oai is so rlri, but iI\\ still n) . $k cansa,r,n rhcpornl4,rinl ol + lerb+ins (or noun) to reler Lo i aldrorgt/tfioxg[ ro ntroducc a subordimte cLausc rlings in thc near future. O[ rhc rrnl] \"/usuallv reters1o which nrDtios som€tliingthat contrastssith shxt sonrethingthat is brd. e{cirnrg or leD inponant xtld is usual\\' you arc sa,vingin the nritr cLNscrAlthorg[ rr i!(s uscd nr forDal English.^ largcbd,[ is on tir ]ri Jid/.olldpsc. Jrctzi\\g. th(y vtnLIor ( biht tidt. . \\\\r caDrrrter to specifictine atter on lirf 'cryc o/oil lhc brtlh of tl.i o,rrJrc1.rgc o/on ii.1,,t [ ,/ ,\"sigrlingr+€]F]+€e*. * despite/ i spite ol ro contrasrrwo clauscsin rhe saLre serLencewhen we art lall(ing aboul circunrsranccs , . Futu]einthepast 48@ pal $41ichsurprisingl):do nol pre!enl somethiLliltiom hapLreniLrogr bejng rnre Despik / tn spite o[ LlLldel Comparclhesc$ro sentcnc€s: r,rdi lr. r'ds rli, h. u.nr inLD\\tath. Despik / tn spiLeol t\\? Ji.l,rl hnoL!our tri.asr.ru go,rg lo b. sr.ft5sri. nll Lh.ir hd worh, Lh.!Jaild LD||,atu theaudline. IV. bcl.r. our ri.as .rr. soirg ro bc src.css/ul In rhe llrst sentenccwc kno$, ltre ft:sull (our ideaswere @ ^ele heless/tro'rcthelsss/honelsr Io add a conrnrenr successlul)l.rl the sccondsenrenceNe are predictingthc rcsuh \\lhlch conlrasls\\aidr (hat hasiusl bccn saidto nrean (our iclcasare goirlg to be successtul) 'despile\\har hasjusr beensaido. referrcdro' l'ou can usen.verfh.icss^os,l.fcrro intr.duce a simple clause l-ook er the diagraLnI.n rhc llrst sentencewe arc LrlkingaboLrl and wc put a cornme(.) atterthe word nererlhel|ss/ rle future secnlrom a ponrt in t]repast.]n thc secord sentence hollfvflr I'n not Fdrli.rliror_ hngrv. Nerorfteless/ se are talking dbour dre hiure seenIroD noN Iloweler, I will hd\\'. on. ofthosc rales. past a \\!t can aLsouse rdatl'eless/noreffteless aftcr lut kl crnphasiseth. contrast:H. onh got 509j in hrsrraDr, -eri| X bur ndurthzless, tlrt\\ lr.tt.r tlnn hstrdar: Wedidn't ourideas We ou. ideasar€ T:pgl . \\\\t do Dotusein stil. ofl.spil. .s a conjunctioD. Wc use.rllhorg rh.nigh:Alliorgih. rds 1 ., Lc slopprd Know weregorngro to lnr] sorr.lo .fs. nor ]]rspj1eil/];)e+i1€}+1}lt}]nt€.:. . Alier Jllspil. d/dcspirc\\\\'eusuall) usea noun or verb+ing: besuc.essful In spite o[/Despite Lh(\\r.ath(\\ t\\ t haa a grurt Littt.I'r spit( ofmespikbcinglaL(, thtJ allowcd&sll1rorh. .ftcdrrr 'tb trlk aboul ihe futurc sc€nfrom thc past.lvc use lhe past tcnsesof lhe verb fonns Ne soLrld usuallyLrseio talk about the m Punctuatiocna:pitalel ttelsandfullstops f u t u r e . C o n r p a r er h e s cs c n t c n c e s : @_) Thefutureseenfrom now Ihe fut!rc seenfromthe past Wc usecapitalleLterslor: an/is/are gainqto + lnlin | \\e was/weregainqto + infinitive ... aurirleasaregoing to be . . . o u ti d e a sw e r eg o i n gt o I mn1es:Sdn Bdlt.f succe$fu.t. , besu<esfut.. e slreetsand rcads:25 I i,r.5r ...theseyaunfganswittgoan . . . t h e s ey a u n gf a n s w o u t d g aa n Laspena. tospend... @ town an.l cities:Bradjord islaresupposedta + i.finitile was/ wercsDppasedta + i.firitile a poslcodes:BD5 8LM .. StatTtekk jun suppose<tro ... StatTrekwasjun suppose.tto {1 countries/nationalitievlaDguagte,r: K a[fet- offt, it tiilesrIh: Mrs. .Us.Dr Sir M.rddn, etc. anlis/arcabautta + i.llniri\\e w a l/ w e r e a b o l t t o+ i r { n t i v e * dals of the rveelcSurrlr)! Ilordl), ctc. ... thesebitsofcatdboaradndplani. ... thetebitsaf cardboardandplanic * mondrs of the I car:Jaru.rrl! F.lrftd,l. etc. e plrccs:Wdl.riod sl.ilior1,Ri!.r Tlldmes,eLc. belhgusetlon setareabout to beingusetlan setweteabout to @ thcpionoun'l: I n sorD I rr idtlr 6/a.ero + nfinitve :be: ...theyareto Jindout... wai / wereto + .iinitve 7lP5l . $'e sonrernnesusefull srols after abbreviared . . . t h e yw e r c t o f i h da u t . . . \\aorclssuch !s Dr.. .t.., l-i.S.A.This is a peroDal sr,vleand rs nor necessaryn nost conrexts. '.:. \\Ve oft{:nusethcsclor s when we arcreportins. . wt do not usea full stop at the cicl ot rbbreviated S h . s d i . ls h c$ d r g o f t 8 l o . o m . f d ' r y . words belorca qucstionmark: HdLf lol bfrl tu lh. l-r.SA?not ... r!)-+]+?-I8lJ . \\Vc olien need to changeriine elpressionswlien $c talL about thc future s..n lrom lhe past:Ih.r\" is td b. ( nrciirg dboutit tomofto||. ) Thtl.. ds to be4 tn..1hg ard l ii ih. [ollosbg aay.
Language Summary 5 irii,6}Wl ordbuilding(1):prefixeswith multiple $Jl4Everb+ infinitivewithfo,orvelb+irg(2) meanlnqs 5AC, p47 58Op50 . ! . . 1 . , i l - o $ . l r r c . .r . r s , ' J n \" L r d , l t r . , I !erb, ve can olien makc rrgu$s fron th.ir prellxes 'rJ Sone verbs have a differeilr oleaning whcn rhel arc fotto$,eclby verb+ir1gor lcrb + lnfinirile $idl io. pFrix, rmelnitc,... i !I9.pli_....,... a) /o8.r + verb+iig = looksback to niemoricsol r]1epas| Ill n rcr Ioryet getnngpi(hed lot Lht\\\\i'.la (:up sq1tudnt oitt j6 lnietr betweer(twothingsp, eopteetc.) I irter;cton b) /orgct + intimrive wirh ro = rclcrs ro now or in Lhchrture: i nc-ycr./oig.rt, sit $ith ,'D,hcd.ldown dnd rjs dlis. ,useu \" \" \" ' \" e \" ' f. : l-.o l\"d s.o,i,rgd godl. a) go on + verb+ing= corltinuean acrioD:Ihc ,)iggcsirlh.g hds .o\"\"\"i , \"\"p\" I:r\" \" . l o r r e D a0 1 c bc.i lrcnling iust to go on Aohryit. b) g, on + nrfiniliye wiLh tu = bcgin a ncw action:Vl.rkingbdars . \" . \" e \" c r i or o dL-- \"r'al wett on to becone m! lift a) nean + \\.erb+irg = invoh.e/necessiraL.e..: ir,rsdns ;\",\"-,\",.,: coorainating rcdlb we1. b) D<r + infinitne widl to = i end:Rnltrg ildsj&sr 'n€axr ro j eIJl:IltY. ...|.iYe!ln!l.,. n.the p,i|.'siathcrarIy n. a) r.g/.t + lr.b+ing = l'o1 sorry tor shar\\ ,lr€a.ly happcned,: ovetr I too much I overu6rked I will dlvars regrct losing Lhem. b) rrgr€r+ inlinitiye wirh lo is a formalxa] ot saying t m sorry I fromabove/ontop/across i overn&a aboutwhat l\\n jusr abour b s\\- : l rcget to s.ty thdt at schodlI was trourlc. semi- , partly isemi-f:nrols ,\" ;r i(e iiil . Verbsof the scD\\e<(slre,noli.f. erc.)canbe lolloNed b]': a) objecr + ,1g tonn Nhen describiry a rcpearecal crioMrction nr under I not enolgh I unnerpiid progrcss: IIe oticed ne pldJir8. b\"lo\\ trd\"to'ol pseld' o- not reat I ps€ldojrGndship b) an object + intinitive when clescribxlga singleacrioLlor a completedacrion:l saw him get ntu the .dt ${il\\ Verb+ infinitivewithfoorverb+irg(1) Sfit' Verb-nouconllocations5E@ p5l Prcuiew5 Op45 English '? When we usctlvo verbstogcdlq thc form ofrhc secondverb usuallydependi on d1€tirst verb. carry out-- risearch obtain* a degrei'/agood educirio'/ a placear unirinLty/good rcsils Ihe verbsin boH nr the lablc harc morc than or vcro take a course,/anex:m p l| r B.il'\\.1 t1I n.hd\\. h, -m. r I'i 3 gain wrirk expcrience har a desree/agood educarion/aplace I b . r r t , \" \" . h - r f . ' i r j r ,, ' d , r l l , r l \" - . ar umversrrt/an exan I b.grn rdi.fiin,g sodpsilhilc I wds ,il .ri hon.. be awarded\" a degrci ll .. \\' rrtJ r, ! rr'l-|,.r,J l.r. Lr ri S rhcn theyarcfollowrd by lerb+ing or inlinitive siih Io. achise good resils I rtnltnlbtt ttllns him abotulo,norrorral,-dirils sfssid, (= I told hin and nos l cani:nember fiat I did thrr.) I rulembtled LoLelLhim.LDorttomo,rcw! trdjrljng s.ss,orl.(= I rcn.mbered and then I told lim ) , The underlinedvcrbsarc ihose tested]n exercise2 p45 regret rcm€mb€r s€em start i.--- ! c a r r yo u Lo ^ o r ' o r n p l \" r.'n n , . r l , r r .A. o . ,r J t \\ - o n , r 1 r' B peEqaae arow eicolrage i+object+inilnitiv€ I r l L r, . J l u \\ , . , i d . ^ u $ u u J J o ^ r , h d\\ ru uh - \\ ph , . nr o . L asK convrnceexpecr rcrce ro do: Thes.i.n.e srrd.nrsctlried out an cxpttincnt. might shorLn wilL *enr6t /rnboy on put yoursellor someoneelseoDrothe olficlal iisl of membcrsota course:Ilc t o\\.d on apoLLery.aurse. *ob6ln get soDlethnrg(fortnal): H. abtdincda,lirsL das d(greein MdLlbtuti., .be afirded be given monqt a pfize or qualjl'lcalion:Th. oldest stud.nt itl Britain wds .t\\ranled her d.g,.eeaL thc .g. ol95!
Language Summary 5 rf ,.l::Reflexivepronouns(1) Previe5w@pas ii;.tr'r.'',,-.I-,Il,: \\\\t usereflerile p]onouns (m1scu,I'orrs(.l/.elc.) w]rcn rhe subiecrand dre obiecl reler to the sanrcpersor. g#3 Expressiocnosnnectetodwork 5CO p52 r h j n g ,e r c . : s h e ir . a . h n l gh s r c s u t o s r i , n ( s , r c 'lsl o r t.d.hillg arDl)o.l!cli. ro 5$iDrl ! u\".Lu.t 'n a rut ^r b. roo \\.o ri .n. pJ.rr,.. .r r)1' . 1 iob, actiliti! method: l\\,c heenstuth D1.t tuL atlorh lor There is a diflercnce trenveentftmselva and ach aw o tur dn.l it\\ tim. Jor d (htltgt. other $'e use .a.ir difi.r {'hel rvc are ralking about a dead-endj,6b aiob in wliich thereis no chanceofgettiDg .rctionsor feeLingtshat inroLrc two or morepeopLe a promodon: I dont sant to t !1rp in sor|.cdcdd- djoh rogeth.rin the same$a)': Il..,rildm aru dll.r!., ro rcad to ach otho brJon tJr.r' .goro l,&1.(Each chiL.1is take on too much w6rk accepLroo much rvork: I/re langer allowedto reada story to tlie othcr chiklrcn.) nc usc o/'vo,kt,g/or)orrssfis rd,?ingo,i roo nuch D,rl. tlrrnscheswhcn rrc talk aboutactiorr that involvenvo be snowedJnder hale so much Nork that you liave or nnr pcoplc but do not inolvc tlie pcoplc togcther: problemsdealingwith rt all: \\l'l. nefd son.,]orc stppofl '1k .hiLktn nt allovtd tr ftad Loth.mselrts b4oft b.Jor. w gt snoweaundcr tir.) U. to rfd. (Ihc childrcnareallorrcdto reacbl ooks taLksh6p txlk abolrl iouriob lvith tliose)ou work lvilh Ddindualha when not at $ork I,n banningJau dna SLeph.vttkon talLing sfiop}i1il. e re dt di t.r tLtgtrher We alsousercfiexivcpronounsLoeDiphasiseth.t we te'amplayer someonewlio is good rl working closel)'$nth do soDethl11ginsre.rdotsorneoocelscdoing lt lor us: other people:,^itn lds n.rd bctn tnnchoJa ted.npl.t)(r I Lhi\"hIIL rctccarik Lhtlrd'6crrys€lt .drl ge {allJ prcJers worhntg dlo11e. beself empl6yed DotNorking lor an ernploFr bui tinding $'e Lrscl,l hrys.f, _fou,s']f,eI(..Io nrcan alone: a;.ot $ork for,vourseuor haling your o\\ir busiress:l'n s.4' .n.nLLa Lh. ritlond br hinseu. a.|'llloJ&lsa t tad La\\aorh on sdt&rda] noDrings. a pittance/'pr1.ns/ a ver,vsmall amolult o[ nonql r Reflexivpelonoun(s2) 5AOpa8 esl)eciall)noncy reccivedas pa,vmentor incone: S/rf \\\\,orht sa hotulIor n.,JLcanpant ana sh(\\ poid o piLLan.t. \\\\i. canuscreflexl\\'. fronouns: a f6dune a largeamounr of moDe):goods.propen)l elc: 1 aftcr liftr, as wdi ds,.rs (f.,r), etc.lnsteadofobiecr Sdrd&1as d larLunetiothing to, a swissbdn,?. high-p6wereda \\ery importantjob or a rery successiul fronoms, alrhoughtheseare]rossible.This Ne ol person:lsn f_1ourh1]ticr d higlt po.tr.ftde\\ccutir( at a rhe reflexivecarlshoN politcness:Ddnicl,rhnl rralcs propk lilr youreflrdnl tu r. an .\\rra? run-of-the miLLordinat aDdnot specialor exciting in an-v 2 to emphasisca noun, pronolui or noru plirasc:l way: rv. illsr nceds.,n.ont Lodo run-ol-rtl?nitl ollic. lih. tht job itselJ,b ... : to make ir cLcartlut an objcct (attera prepositnD) w&k experiencea period of tine in which a stu.lent rcfers to thc samc pcrso tirurg as Lhcsubjcct of the r . m N r d , i l \\ $ . k - L \" n , t n p l c t , rn e J ' n \\ t ' , . \" verb:Sh. rdl .h. s.rurt to he6tlf.lsht tukt tht Lauf.n ildnrs td/ind sorneworh.tp.ri .. in tfu ntdid s.ript to l€r suggcstsslt rcrd iL to a ditter€Dtpebor) shadowsb tollowing someoneelsenhile rhe;,are aLruork \" ;\"\"ii;'\"\",\"\"i\",,pp|il.-l in order to learn abourthat person!1ob:I sladoled a ldD)dr .rl worftJor hro $eefts l9i:,s91,'r\"*:lv91.i a de\"adlinea tin)eblxhich sonicthing musl be donc: Th. AeadlintIor propasalsis nol rntii Norembcr againstthe cLdckllyou do sonething againslthe clock. you do u as last aspossibleand r'r to firish iI b€forea certaintnre: lV. worlzlrd lrofJiitlgdgdirst th..io.fr E we be up to your eyesin sth be fery bus,vdoing soDethitu: I r ul to n) ..|.s itr 1for,?aL tl]!. mon nt. take it e\"asyrlrx and rol useioo much eDeqy:I'n gditu lo spenddJ.v w.ffts dl ho,rd rdkftg ii ddsJd!c/ lh. srmner (ctimb)the care\"eirke n.i ladder dic seqLrencoeljob Iositions Lhrough$'hich a peron progftissesin an organisition: Rol)3b.en sieorli! (hnbing Lhec,trrcr ladd.r sin.. hejoineAthc rctnpanrdt w ]fdrs I'dcft.
Language Summary 5 Ifu is obviousttratrhc obje.r follo(ing a pfcirosrrionmust SiW Connectwinog.dsti:me(2)(S-tO reJer o dre subjcct.\\rc usean objecrpronoLrnI dh!.os tdft. ,r laptop viLhme not 1+!+edii+d*r 6+.4r ury5€lt \\\\'e do nol usuall) usercllcxivc pronounsNirh dreseycrbs: * instahtlJ , straightat4a]' or dr or.s ro mear nrmediateb : l\\'len i sd 1(r) dr drepdr6 th.rreinnl.f .an..ntratc. Jcel,ncd: rnlfss I tdlb .dn..nrrare nor - I nlsLairtly Jell fo, tur/Fll lat htr straight.rwtry. *nksrr?e{}+€xt't'ni]{ rh.rc.lr.ti,rfsLlh.rl_l,ori ,i .rt once aLsoto rnea. al lhc sanr timc: T,rc) .111 J..l id]] rir.d no( rirr,\" d/.€rtlx.r i'fi€r rdHf€itoHri€{rsr} srarr.d rdlhnrjldt otrce. +i*4. ftt d Sl\"dt ofporr|lt1itlto ricft dn,,rd!. a.Jrdr.nor +rait * Irr\"r'iorrljr' to mcanteforc thc |nnc rhir is rcLcreoro @ \\Ve do not usca tim. adverbial,fter p,cyiousll,: P(diouslt.I d n1o ltddd long l.rn i\"larn rslip. , . $'c caDalsouseverhs(.}.rr, pfrd. and o..up) lnrh rellc!\\'c irmnouns:Don'tevrt ].'ou.'I'elJlt,li u1gh.d\\) box.'. n bzjore to lalk .iboutan e!e.t eadierin rirnc $,e cdn w(pnAe o tselres on goal ssrt.. I @n orcury h)tseU ttith a usca ftne adlefbLal(]fn.,dal ldst l!f.[, erc.)or aDotherclause(l rn.1i.r, eic.) aher b4r,? ]f rhe rrnic . Sorncvcrbs,e.g..lr.:ss.shrlr. irdsA,ar. onl)'i:flelne iI lre is rloi cleal Betore tJris/ldnh.ch.lil onh .vo s.c\" jr.r lvani ro {:mphasiselhat son1cone.Loctshe adion rhcmsclves: Kdr..dn dr(xshc,sci/,'o1rDd r,ouf,.tr r,,si,dr.tourscl/. of go ,1.,,:;:C.:,o1n:versatiosntarlategies @ p s : 3 i medidt.ly io mean'$iihour wailing: I irtrrfl€didl€b \\tnt up b tut andinLlolutul,nlscu. inctudingsomeonein the conve6ation * subse{ \"nt to sdr nr lbnnal contexrsro dcscribc You'rv€aryquletUosh). somethhg happennrgalier anotherrime or anorher elenl: Srbsc{udrt ro oUf.o ifrsarior o/}csi.rrdr: !41\"!*.e*'.g te1E_!lg!T;11 r.,t.los. rhcn...$dry /;rms/.rrr,r, .n.luirr. $ aJasrro mern follosing:4fter t,rntdd] crlr/. insryardl)l.dli rhrorghthc su:|,\"tx Th( jcat aIter,,. hadrogo bd.ir1,..il.Sc 1r9::i!€.i9Ipr 9ltanP!9itl .. € later ro nern'ahcr rharrime:Ar,.dr lat€r I h a t 5e l a c t Lt!r h a t w a st r vn-pt o -p e ta t . r h a t sp r e c s ey r h a r m e i n . t .ventrclry Lomean iD ihe cnd. especiall)aftera long tine or a lor o1etlbrC:Eventuallt, ||t lutLd 1at Mrid hd!crosplilup. 6 dt tI. und io meau'ar thc lasrl)onlt':At t,re end, t\\ttan. dppl,tuAd. \"\"r;;;;;i\"s,\";;;\"\"t\" .o\"it;ue a ldl\"t to meant-eceDrl)::Ldt.b, in rh. Lrslr,.ndr or sd.D. h.rv.r.Sxn sc.trg .r.l orh.r dgdtr c:ry on,(tz) Youwer€s:ying? W h : i w e . e y o ua b o u t i 8 ; n 8 t os : y ( r c . e y l , \" /imlb to ncan af(era long rnm or so.re difticrLty: Thc\\'rt b(n ta:<. ErlDl olcr 15]rdrs lrl lJr.)fnalry justifyin8whatyou sdy gol ,rd,r i.d dt (lhrisr,nds. What m try .8 to 5ays .! up &alil to nean !p to rle titnednt': Up u iil .rnonrft a8o,rirorgh.1r. hddni sc.,rc.r.horlro lb, 20 \\..r^. gettingtheconversatiobnackon track d, /rior to sl, in fonnal conle\\rs b ncan bcloreN -lnoydwaoy,.(as.Jomi'n\"gyror aowint prom6ton)... , o r o - parricularlil11cor clenf: Prior td rr..tinS Balall,Id d.o., .eoDolp,o i.\\(r tnetdnrarc roll th( na h ol sptlin snyrnsyi!_!sr-e€w,rnsorneom - ffim# Spellingie:orei @ ns_s,\\ |m wrth(yo!)onrh;t I d goatongwirhth;t. when rhc leuers i ancl e occur Logerhcnr r Nords dle] ar somelnlcs speLlcdie and sdncLnl.s s])ellcdt'i. cisagieei\"pgotitity I[ the sounclol the t$.oleuers rogcrhcriD a s.ord is /ir/. o h , d o ' n tk n ; w : b o l t ( t h ; d ,\\.t!aLtyIm n6tsirreyouca. s;y (rhad $'eerir. 'c: ,\"lie'f,/ieid, fi€... (e!!!pr alrcr.. toncit.Ll ,r.eir. kcei\\e.) The erccprio$ to this nrLc askingsomeoreto $ymore abouta,-topic Bi (pr6visiof)yo!m.ian..? inclu.tern.irho sei:.. st..ies. ilcird what doyou mein rvhenyor s;y (provlsion)r llrlr.-.rrd. r J q r , lI , r . , .r : ! . .. .'l. u ll ,, ,.o.ei h tt.ei a(4r1,u,. . excepdonsto rhis rule inclL crjrirnd, pdrien.f.
Language Summary 6 ffi.lf,Awotdpairs 68@p5e. i;li.1,:'.;;r;l.' take it or Ldaveit said about nnn€thiDgthat you quiie lihe but thatyou do not loye or needbadly:I {rile lili€ ffffi Wordwsithditferenbtutrelatemd eanings (olke, but I cantatu it ot Ltdvt it. on and 6ff h-rppeningsomelimes:shl]bbe€n iorking on 6AG! p5s and olJJor .n 'iJ'ctLisl'].g corls lrd'1cl',hrr hds rd1,ef had a regvlat positionNiLhthtm. ,i Sonetnnesonc \\roid can havecompletelyditterent hit and miss it son1e|hingis hii and missyou cannot Lncaningse..g I con|mut.ottfu trai to 11orlev.D.la)r dependor il to be of good qualitl on !ime, accurate, she $dnts lo fail ro h d psr.hologisr. .tc O r rccenLmarheting.a]|npaignsha\\€ h.tn d bit hit * Sornetnnesore lvord can hale dilerenl nteaningsbut the pick and€ho'oserakenhat you {ant fron a group of nreaDiDgsrfe related, e.g. l ht .r eLttlrcsr Jine todq. I'ln thiirgs or people:Ther''resu.h a goodnnpdnJ thdt Lht! .dn pi.i? andcloossjors ds rhe) wish. o odd gcnera)lymeanshDusual or peculiar'and cat1 makeor br€lakmake sonething a successor a lailure: specificrllymean: Thisjoi, '5 solrig it .orld,rdhc ar brc.* ttu campan'. a) 'not nalchinC i.e.not having the samecolour or pattern eachand Every cvery thing or personin a group or assonrethiDgels€:shc t'd'lted to put on od.l so.lis cl.rl caregory:Ear/r ard evrry stuAed musLregisteJt or the b) 'srange or ttrxpectefl': k t't,J'osdd thdt fu didnL phorc. part and p;rcel of (sth) be a necessaryleatue ot a i sseel describesp€ople.animalsor fmd and generauvnrcans parLicularexperience:A qrolitJ \\rebsiteis part ,.id par-ei o/most srcccssJabl usinessensowadals. pleasant.lt can speciticallymear: sickandtired of (sth/sb) thoroughly cliscouragedor a) 'channing.attractye: His daught.r is /€dlll 51te?t. bored:Thcchain onan sd]5shr\\ si.n dndtirs.l dt b) 'sugarl::Ddr[ .]rocolaf( isnl eeet cnoushlor tn.. /f,,,'Jgjfrr;,.d' ad\\., ;.i',!,fJ h\"ar'sJn^rh'\"f d top can genenlly nean tlie liighesL poinl or Part in distance dilfuent. or qualiq' and canspecificallynean: over andover again happeDtugor dore man) dmes:l'1,. a) rhe liighestpara:fte-! hopptd ouLoJ th( toP oi htt vatched this dtlvert overantLoftr dgdin. but I still donL b) rhe Dosl successful:H.\\ dhvdJslop o/ th. .ins5. in leaps/Lrps/ and bciunds/baundz/ changingor (! The Senenl mearing olthe $'otdsin bold belo$'isl progrssing very quicklyOnlitlc nai hetingh.rsconc o'1 in l.aps .o](lbaundso\\er Lheldsr l0l,edrs. a) a division or subdi\\.isiono[ somelling b) hodzorull) level wrthout vxriation .) iDtermpl the rcgularity unilornill or arrangemenl ot sonething i) r'iihouL paltern or irlterestingLeatlrres e) a grert anrount or weight ol somedrjng salLyfeelsftat. Tomhada bEk for coffee. ,/ \\: B ghterBankhasbran.hes in BathS, wanseaandBristol. fl rs.\\ r-ni Boj oct 1i:_.t\"r, : I . .. #.!.+16-?Fi T h i sl e m o n a d ei s f t a t . BioLogky a branch
'^uD,rsesnqruapueqiu )ooqs Pue dn ldeal e\\'uoor ;q1 o:luj P:)NN\\ \\ ui\\N se sere.u .r.qMl!e lou se,' selleq1o! aue5.rll wn!! Illard auet.rll r|nu 1 ! ' ( u r le aruari,jrp neus e .)r,,.r{.lrPflrxls ro;q t :Irr.rPuror surrol srsLqd lxuLrolu'lt'ros oslP]'L'Lrtlf r\\|.rrd!u)tr .it lr)ur t ll. r]itrl\\\\ 'tvW!olNl 6tP! e0 ^tNeritiLrS6 it D ! r)lltrLlrD llllus . ro rl !Llrp:q tlluulrrPn suuol 'i|Prrduror lr tut 9t sJBIrduo r\\'rl rLir rrrPJrLitlHitrl srsr'rqdfrr sPro\\\\ I{1 'tvh!ol reddvSe bulreduoclo s/lellllreulolul puelPullol ilno Brq irrP or prrj I rJrrl s.ln../orlr r,ltl.lo'ls ,ql u . i . j r ' 1 r I l r . r l uor Pn d l or urq Srqr ot puq i rrt ol lura\\ lou of Ir |{.ll.r'j s' rsrl .rl] tDl,! :srsrrqdLuP.rt! or sD sl' qr'$ ,str!JsnnPr q\\ i.qr rl\\sruLc,s o3 .roJuros .ituL tup r l D J n o i r i o u , l ] r { - J o qr t u i r 0 u r ' r r l t ] t o d ruo rtqr .p.rssrqry idr rrqS, ,qr 1,rn,3 rqr !d1 r'/r J.riflq r1|t :rrqxr 'rF uo sPurdrf:rqr uPr q\\ :.(Br jrBmr rrmb ! m iurqr.urcs rPs ssrq .irs oDrouiprlrDruduroJ + JP i ,' ,rou/J^gErPdror + 'tr r )i! tnr;ln! ?r.li L){,,)r]\\ )rl, rII :irrr'4r Jllr ur p,rl J' rrlilr irr lrl)roH s;u'ql p . r . i D r s , n (l r r u nr l . l o r . ls , o u r r l r r i rl l D o.\\\\] rLrdtr(r or (sr) sr, + trrJ sr!'|r rrcri'w, \"'!ltp)l'u rsn rDr 'l\\\\ ,)rou r.u|rpI :\\$ql:r rrroi rpLr\\.nroruLos u d r , ) r P { l q , r ' l L r o , q o , p e n o /s ' h r u u r , r r r : t qsncl{llurrclsi liFu)B rlroiuLos i.Jrrrr:)i )rId fr, ,{rrg Lrr)g 'qrri)rlr r'l-i'li,lrlnr o'{r ''ll ro Srrnpruos qsnd /slvtrr a;Pnu i))oah/or .rrr{ \"q, \" urrvr.rulpur riloP srruuJurosi'{ pr*lLuo':uIJq uu,iy'.,,,-,.r,\"nou t{lb )ttt lrJna s, ;.1. p.,\"r.rf\". i. J,,o !.Pr rirtlrr' ur slnic{'rrriuuNdu()tr P urq'\\ ' f,erols rr/s !.i,onloLl srrt,ndq, P'rnl r i - r r r u . r ) ' l { o ! ) r l ] s ! r J { i r r u i J | Jr ) L: n ) s ' q l r ' \\ s r \\ r ] ) i l p ! i q l ' . \\ \\ ' .).ii s, u.ot !v :{rnur:rLr nor srtroqs il:u'rnnqirSLtllruorisrir\\lo|,rr:lrrDPdl'(rrroldr t'srindr-rs,\\s\\''l/trJ'll' Irqr 1r.r r u':rud t rllil lno urols itqDI.iPrs'rori rq fJno ?rrr,rddDsrppll, rl4rr rt| !t4 rlroqd r].o1-ir.irl .ril ,fu pr,lgrrB rH :llqSnoi lrx iL'LrlPns ruoruos ro Eurllt.ruosto florl r)Llrl qPrn (.^s!.dxiaou){!e }ou (r.3uoDo! nllrrrrerrellr!r Putrl 11/rriddls fu, iln r.l)rt i{ rrooi r'| l)ruriarll,Jr ( t n l d t a ' t ) sl sPn f i &.!.1\\ ^F.pP'rs dn PuPls on oeel \\ira^.p)sealrnDrou 3 r / r r & L 1 u o! irr f , r s r i ! ( t r y 1 n e . qs)P^ | e a ! ) q , n 43 ! r o 8. r u r . ] l 1 l , l r r l r r& l ' l i , ] J 1 1 , 1 1 ( l i r l ! P ) s Pl s o u l e lnflnoqs i :srsrurc'rd(JstNtsluurtuos) (3! lt ^\\ ssal/.roLl^r)llLllF puE )LlrirNrsE.rld.{q op ol ntr.\\ lon nl:u irqr iuqlrMx oP ol.uo.ntros ( 8 , ! ) s e{ r e . ! 1 0 ! ,e (PrPqs)eatrL^\\r rppnsr.d orut (qs)loelf,cli aplPr (tuers)serPe! aL]Mou 'r:rn3r.t urntr.t () u.r)iodosl t).11.}rrxuErPPu or Prsrr.rr sqr:.\\.rtros (r.nP'!t rel .ruararlP Blqe {r41.q)^lqerapsuotr [er]{3 39 Sqle^ 3lleuB.lo :: r,.i (tntssa'ns.rou) te.pP!r8 e qqddpgA46!nerdoull€dtuoclo sieM 9 Aleulrtns o6en6ue'l
Language Summary 6 i,...;..'tAdverbs Preview6 @ p55 Ihe averageAmericanf,or examplei,s exposedto around 3,000messageesvery day ' \\t usually acld i) to adjcctives ro make adverbs: ,{drerbials of delinite frcquocy dcscribe hou otten s!ryrisi,rg) suryrisi,gry. somed'inghappcns:Ihe dwtuse AmcnL,j.nJ,at exanpte,k . When an adjectiveendsin ] th€ \\: changesto i betore .,{pds.dro dro&ndJ,000 ,ressagrserery day. addingl-v: uhdpl,} -) unftdflry Therc aresone excepioDs,c.g.s,ry+ shyb. P o s i t i oonf a d v e r b i a l s .. \\\\4ren an adjectile endsin l,le. the'c changesto t: FRONTPOSIOT N suerislngly'Suryrisingty,lt inodible ) i|ercaihU comment worked. \\\\4ren an adjccriveendsin '., $e add 4ll]: s.iellLiJic) L\"*loi*rtainty maybep, erhaps,urely l',1aybteh€ s.i.nriji.dlry c.mpalgnwlLL succe€d. with someadiectiycs\\.e ddfl nral<eth€ advefbwith l): latt ) latc,harat haftl.high (= tail) -t high.goo.li w'r11, In front posirion.nc put d1eadlerb beforethe subject. 'roDg ) r''rmng..arlJ ) cdflf . Someadlerbs have t'!o lorms and there is a.liference u ' . ,{dverbials ol tim€, deffnite fl€quency, and adverbials neaning belveeD thenl: of ind€ffni(e frequcncy ar also very common in lront position. a) ldlc means.Doton lme and ldt.b means'recently:H. lD this posirion,rhe adverbialsemphasisetheir ntaniDg in dr-fircdiatc.1 A.rv€,rlscenhnn lrt.b. conrasl wilh jnfomuiion pftviously gjven:Ih. dgsn.] g\"ra bl 89i LNrrcar:NerJzdr lvf wdnl to iit l0%. b) idrd is the opposlteot so[t'and iardll,ararell nean rety . Someadverbials.c.g.rdlrfdlir.., .lrdf,y',t.rD,?l), Jroneslb. little: Si. iir irim lard t'\\'t lnrdlt/barclJ spoh.nto vu s.f'.,llsiv can bc uscd aserlher adverbiaLsof comment or m a n n e r n d h - r r s 'p o . I o r d , p d t t . ; . t l r c . tn , a ' t . p c) hgl neans'a long va)'up and highb rneans1C)a Latge clegree: The.dl .l'nr..i ligl trlo thdr.es He htula rcalll Sedously,I don'tr.li.vf )or. (coilnent) highlJ pai.l iob but left to LoahaJterhis chiklrat t a seriotsly thinhing aJ ledrhg. 0nanner) . when wc put so e negariveadlerbials o[ ti]ne iD lroDt d) tn. nicans sood or {ell andjin.b neans'rn snlall pieces: positidr. r'c inlen Lhesubjcctand verb: Not on.e h.rv. I I'n letlingJint Chapthe onionlintu. ashetyLouJor noney. Alicr \\'{:rbssucll asldsle,smeli,soaad,serntand appeat,we uscan adjectivcrrLherthanan adverb:I/rat smrllsgood not M I DP O S I T I O N .shes aLw€ysrlght. Fe Ltdefinitelywln. ,:, :rP, ositioonfadverbials68Op6r indefinit: frequercI i a!)ryays l€velofcedainty probablyd,efinitely ,{dre ills of pla(:e describe\\vhere something hapPenv hrppened:All.rlren.lf irDoldril€ and vitt) crdnple oJIhis ' ln ni.l posilionwe put ihe a.lverbialb€t$eenthe subjectand dperim.akLtarl wasdt n rcccntwhdlihg .otlet.ac., trh.r. a dr verb or inmediarel,vaftereitherld or an auxillar) !erb. Cenndn tnimol.ttwrc SroryJitt&L capsul(s it'side the i . Adverbialsot d€gr€exlso usuall) go in mid posiion, e.g. Aclverbialsoftime clescibcNhen son.'thing hapPcls/ happeDcdT: les. d,O,sitl .luircnomdl ta rcqarA Il Jat]msoJ t |nast,hardry,Iuitu.r ther: I.rJnosl rcsigr€d.Sornead\\.erbials tll.ifft.Iing iril Jrl.rdrhitrg. ol de$ee cango in nid or cnd posirion.e.g..oinpict.b. enomoAry, .ntir.iJ, slighll_1I.inlit\"b agr.. = I dgre(entit?l). .,, Adlerbials of manner descibe holv somethingis done: bJ ltuping aut dt .onsumcrsunannaun.dlt 1gt dbbitlS . Ady.rbi.ls ofmanner, place and timc canalsogo in m position. This enphasisesrhem more than any otlier position theirdttdLianW Jorce. aDdis niosr common jn fornralnritten texls and nesspaper Adverbials of indefinire frequency dcscribe how oLren repo iDg:Pdrr?lu.rantb admittedrleJtut.the Pnnc MtnisLer somethinghappens:Hort\\c\\ iJ owusd at doncb.1dlJi,t jestq.lay rcpeaLedth.'t the..onon) irds n.rbl.. son?tin.r 4nldgonisrspeopl€. A.lvcrbials describiDg level of c€ltainty sry ho\\a likel,v ]t is rhxrsomerhinghappens:Beingintrusilc is pmbdbb J a u , r d b t.e. . \\ . \\ - , ' r . . 1 c o m m e n l r . | . . 1r r r p r , * P i ! . . n . t ' r ' i J r l oLr$nrat$e ale sa)ing: lntoesti,gly, lhis timc itt no l.Dgrr n hdr brandss.rr rhdl is .hdnging.
Language Summary 6 ENDPOSITION hard Ihey workhard. ffiffi Connectwinogrdsp:urpos@e 6t) pla.e time at theoffke shesat the office. 50 AslN oRDER(FoRsoMETH|NG+) tNFtNtTtvwEtTH Io s \\\\t crn uscso dslir o,drr (Iol soretlirg) - definitefrequency a y€araeo lhe advedcameolt a yeara8o. inllnilne wirh ro to ialk abourrhepuryoseor an i n o \" t i n i t \"t . \" q * n l y aclion.$t put tliesephrascsar rhe bcginningof €veryday try to exercis,\" ! clause:Tlre.olorrs ns.d tob( boLkt so as to/ everyday. it o'dtt Lo mlnhethe tl$i+n ttand aut.tn oriler fot the cdmpdignto be a s&..ess,rlc nb-i in.r4sc \" .\"\".r'\"' '\" llorl dloneevery o&rbrdg.r to time,everysooften so often. e ln spokenand lessionnaL\\irftren Fnglish {e ofren In endposiion, lve put $e adlerb imncdiately alter the verb or ar simpiifv th{:sctwo structuresro an i.liniLive wiih rol the end ol dre clause:W. s\\\\int e\\ety.lay at orr 1o&lpool.we s\"in Weidvr don. ?rs.d/.h to see -hi(h a.l\\.rts drc th. at out local poalerety.laj. IN ORDERfHATI 50 THATIsO i I . Where thereare seleral adverbialsar rhe end of the clause, the Nual orde. is Danner, place,tnne: she sdngbeartifuIly in the ,t Ul: useir ordo-tlat, so tlat andso ro rxlk abour ihe purposeolan action.\\Vepu( thesephr.scs ar . Wc usuaLl)put ad'erbialsin en.l position in senrenceswherc rhere tlie beginningol a clausc:So rhar xc.dn nf.r ou is a verb inuicdiately tolloivedby an object:lve .rplod theiLka deatllin.s,\\c'd apprctiaLt)ow i.leasry\\ 'oi|to:\"ra\\|t.'ll b/i\"Jb not r+A&-lte7+J+|i4jl.+Aei.l€.1 Howe\\q if ihe obiecr is long, serlloa sonr,p: ossiblcslogdnsiI order thAt.tou then Lheadverbialcango ln other posilions:We.ryLoroibn4l:t thc id.a oJ sLa ing theprcje.Lin the sutnnu. F So (tldt) is lessfonnal and nore comrnor trLan i order that: I d liLe Lodo .r .optsriring .drrsc FOCUSINACDVERBIALs so trrdt I .dn go i to ddr.rtising. Focusnrgadverbirlscone betorcthe worcfphrasewe \\!!nI to stress. Tillsl .11we usea presentverb lbrn h the clauseNilh tu drdcrthdt/so tlat, q.eusual\\'use a pr€smt yerb Tlle posirioriol Iocrlsx1g,dvcrbialscan affecttlie meanmgofrhe torm or nrodalverb in tl1emanr clause.Thc presenr . , r l .f , 1 | o - I n ol . ' l. . b h J t r ! . . r l l | r , n ,\" . i r g 1 Jdn .'ndl only \\torlltd ol] ih. Voll$ds.n ll.]'.rl (,nb nr mid r . ,. . , J .' I ' d .r l . . , d a f \" , d , i s L , r , . . , . . L , n u s r j \" . , . ^ , posnionnodilies rhe!e$ to mean&.r]an and l worked on tle orr rrdg.r. (= so rhe canpaigDwill be a successr \\blkN\"gcn adlen bur we dnhl work c,n anythiDg else) lfwc usea past verb lorm in the main clalrse.rvc usuallyusea past verb lom or rnodallerb in the 2 O,1'IJr atl llnaI \\rorh l on rh. Vol,?sw.rgc.nrrr |l t. (onll ni ftont clauseiviih in orddrrhdlsd tllat. Iliis pasrlerb Lorn or posiiion noclitieslhe subjectto meanLhatJrnand L and trtorialverb haspastneaning: i rrdnedlo&, irr o1d./ nobodi else.worked on the Vollcwager adlert) LhaL, ou would^'t h. disappoinkd.(= so )ou werenl 1 Joct /'c€trclcryrhdr. lict €aellbc.n ro Torgd.(elcn iD Did WW Punctuatioconlionasndsemicolons posidon moclificsthc v{:rbro nean rhar.loc! becn ro longa in addition io e\\.ery1\\'her{e:lsehe-sbeen) @ 2 t]{arcananor( prcple ha!. bcenlo ftrgd. Iv€fl Joc\\ be.n thcre. to introduce lisc or to lndicaLea subdivisionofa (r\\'€nin $ont posidonnrodiffcsrhesubjccLro meantb,rtyou ropic:Ilerc dre ti,\"e sol liorsj w. .ould gct dn rnjghrnot expectJoero havebeenIo Tongabur he has) ov.l rdJt,s(ll the (o|apanl rr .los. it .lo1!n. Joe'sbeeneverywhereH. e'sevenbeento Tonga whcn the sccondclausee\\plains LhetirsrrIhc tneding\\riT bt hdd in tht libtdtr: ttu Boa,d Roonl is I'cingd..o,zr.d. r,lJJarhcf,rdsgon. into irospir.r: hebirdring a \"rinor ot.rdriorl \\Ve can usesenicolons nrsicacol l lull sropsand nnc.ru.,pr ' $.n In.l -. r1,.1,.r. connecledin neaDingrI b.gdn ro gel d l)ii n.^{tris; to cdln rystLI.lawn l ma4. nJsell a dtink. t Lls.ttto lilc it1| r.tne; 1111nov ba\\ed in TohJo. rlpl . we rend Io usefull stopsanclconmas insrcadof scrricolo.s m nrodernwritLenEnglish.
Language Summary 7 m Metapho.r.s7c(t172, ffiffiffi*ru a A mekphor is a s.ay of dscdbing somethingby referringro it assomerhingelsewhich lus sil11ilaql ualilies.Nlelaphorsusea Phraseswith gef t 7AOp67 : nonijteral meaDingot $'ords.Conpare: I g\"t 1myy. our.ou.,tt'eir.etc.Jownback(onsb) purFrr Thepolicegrilled himfor houls. lgrilledthe meatfor fiveminutes. somebodybecauseih€y did somethilg unpleasanLro yol AJLerher husband haa bli h.t: ttrc \\'otnan got her grill 1 (nonliteral) to ask somebod,va lot of queslionsolten o\\9nbachb Aenrattng hisJalourits sli/ts. over a long dme: rhr polic. grilltd li'l/,Ior ho rs aborLttl1,tt get awiywith sth do wrong and not be punished: he'ddonethat night 2 (literal) cooL somelhingby direcr The robhe5 got al,at with theiewtl thcJLbecauserh.t hea{,often in an oven: I 98illkld ttu ncdLIot Ji,,crr.inutes. was not enoughcvidenceto convi.t tlem. warm 1 (non literal) friendlr and aftecdonale:W€got a g€t ro'undsth aloid a problem: rhe gdrel.llnenl is *arn nelcameJrom my comir. 2 having a comforlably high t n i h g t r { , t u u n dt h \" p ' o b l r n r t o ,e q t o w d , dt ' * o q ' remperature.althorgh not hol Th. pi::d dsnt warm bJ relusing soru prisoners earry. mough soI fut it in the micrcnaft get ro'undto sth fird th€ tin1e 1o do something: I lon storm 1 (Don-literal)aruck: Thdpoli.e storned tfi. building mJ .rtdiL cara a fe|| days ,go but I harenl got roxtld and rescuedtltt host tgcs.2 (litenl) an extreme a eather condition Rift sLrongwinds. hea\\] rain and often thuncler get thKirughto sb nake somebody undeEtand and ligltirg: Thejorecfft udrns a 5e!.r nom is ot1its 1'd),. somethingi Ml worl tlvdh,es t'ling lo gdi tht-olrghlo fLoodf1^d/ 1 (non-literal) fill or enter a placein large roung aJ|tndersvho Lhink that crime is thtit onbt option. nunbefs or amounts:Th. marhetisJlao.Iedvith cheap, g6t at sb criticiserepeatedly7: r wdmdnS.oll.dg €5 pldsli. gddds.2 (lireral) causeto becomecovered\\dft kqt-getting at her so shcrepafted them b her manager warer:IJ it rdins dnl norc, ttu toadsnilL saonbefloaded. get into sth becone nlterestedin: M) son hasr€alb bright 1 (non literal) cleverand quick 1olearn: Irc3 a rcllill got i^to timt: nottts recentry. bngtu lad-I can'tb.lie\\t tu'd ltr,1td.rin.. 2 (hteral) tull oflighti li dssr.h a b/ighl dq,l n€.ded,D, sungldsses. mm Phrasanlouns, 78@p6e' dawn/d.rwn/ 1 (nonliteral) begjn to be undeistood by somebody:It sudd.nry.tal ed on the inspe.toruho th. Phrasalnouis arc conpouncl nouns fonned from verbsand .rinitul nighr be.2 (lireral) the tirst ljghl of daybreak: a paticle (a prepositionor adve$). I hare to get p at il6il to d/ire to orft. freeze 1 (nonfteral) stop mogng and becomecompletely break+upiabreakup se!+ back + a se(back still: when I sd1'fhc bxrgla\\ I Jnze anAoukhl't ma!e. 2 (llreral) lower lhe temperature of sol11etliry below 0'C out + cry t an oulcry on + set t an onsel causingir 1l)becomevery cold and ofter hatd: Il wds so cold tldl the lahc Jroze. 'llF:;l . When phrasalnouns begrlrritli a pardclc,Lheyhave fly 1 (non-titeral)passvery qdckly: Tl€ .rim. noldl was so.j(ciring, thr tin.lev. 2 (LLeral)travel drrough rhe air no b\"hen (ourlool. .]oi'rpo&r, nli,&t,dns.r, ott.D). $rhen by plane, erc.:&b parentsr4fl! ld Bfdlil last Llceh. pllasal nouns begin rvith a verb. lhey nu)- or n1aynol have crack 1 (noD litenl) becomevery stressedbecauseoflvork pressureetc.: vi.,ry is d good.hoicelor thejob becdus(she a h)\"hen, e.g.fticl, .,/t b,tahao\\\\n, gettosethtl. daesn'ct tu h ndtt prcssure2. (hteral) a very narrox'space betq'eenparts o[som€thing: I suddenrynoti.ed th. ldl9. . No1,ll phusal \\'erbsc.rnb€ madenlto phasal nouns: Th.J- pulled da||n two ho1is.s.not Tl€'r-+e!d fsild€#x-, . Sone phrasalnouns are madeup of the same$ords as phrasal\\'€rhsbut havediferent Deanirgs: Th. inldfte (= enrolment)dtrthc corrs. r'ds owf 100. lI€ spo[. sojdst I .dtldnl tafte it in (= understandand remember) Tl. td hcr&se causerIl public orlcry (= protesr). when rh. .1.r9 bit him, he .ned ont G shour becauseot being alraiclor itl prin). rhe lruss .dr1o,rh de14 tir drrset(= srart) otth. dis€aseTi. gd,g sel on (= attack) i'm llith l,aserdlll,ats a Sornephrasil nouns are ru.le up of the satne wor.is as a phrasal verb bur reverse the ordcr of the ve$ and Lhe particle:s.l on ? ons.t, .r.| o1rl-t out.D. * SornephLasalnou[s are counhble an.l the plual is nade bv addrng's ro the verb or panicleat the end of the phasal noun: ,,rc41up t br€ah-upt,outcry ) aukri.s. tetbd.k ? s€ttacfts. not €+5ers. 6 Not aI phrasalnouns canbe madeinto Phrasalletbs, e g upldt., &pshoto, ieririll. dd tlrine.
Language Summary z 'r,,,..1 preview7 Op6s a) Thefnturewrrhgoingto isusednBtcadof ttc prescnro Conditionalsb: asic forms ,.. , , . ,\".,,.rg r , o nJ t , L zeroconditional - :l .t 't \"\" ' .,,\"'\"1 l r . rr.r.g o in sr o ..i , r , ,. u, t oL, .o.,J \" t, , 1 , , -, \" u , , r, \\. \" The zerocondirionalralksabouLan elenL/situationrhai is t t a general truthfacr: i/r a( da narc th.ln5Ahm/hdlong lrlis /dr.i, voll g.r .dught 1,)spc..i.rDr.rds. b) A confiNous fom is usedinsrcad oI a stnple form b rmpnasNcan acrbn ]n progressO: ncb rgtdr drt.t l(v..qot \\\\i: mak€ rhc zcro condirioDal\\airh: i/+ subj€cr+ prescnr .rir.o ritjl ir .{rl1rlt.rel_f1h,c hddnt been,w€dring. (.ariation Simplc,subj!cr + PrescnrSimple. of thnd$ndirional) I/ Iwd€ (],jnniuing aburgla\\.It be D.ItcroJli!.arj'rg glof.s. (lzrialion ofsccondconditioDal) , . I/ and 1r,rorh.rrc rhc samcme.rnin{ iI rhe zero con.litloral: 4/\\rtcn I la,h aJierplanrs,thcy dit. 'l \\modalr,r.,, n.rJ.l\" ' r... In , g...s.\\,.J,1\\i... r r r r , , . i J , . n l i a r t r r l , , 1 \\ t f , , { t . a ., . ; . n :. s h o u l l Firsct onditional /Lrsrslid. tirrorlgh.l sirldow. (variationot zero coD.liriomt) The llrsLcorldirion.rltaiks aboura possiblc of lik€ly ,' . \\\\t.a. nDke variarionsofaI ot four ,basi..corcliiional lonrs with thescfulrlre, continuousand nrodd ronns. for ' the il.lause talksabourrhnrgsrhararepossiblebur nor . n , i n r f , ' \\ . t a n \\ d . ,p ^ . , t . t . p . . 1 , , \\ n t l 4 Il I n goin-ga.tk Iatt. Lat',d''s ring i,mc (future used ' ' * l\"l ,n . u - .., Ir mslt'rd ot tire prescnras a lariarion ofa zero condrrrcnal) r . n n . t . F . . . r ' .. b) 4}'orn std_vjrghfr. in rhe s&nrncl,I ll t.d!. d tr.l, to our what s.e rhink rhe resuk$ill be nl drissiruation:lou,ll lc ir,!s. rritil yor. (conrulnouslomr used iDsreacol i rtrc present bdnt(L Jrcn dt1\\inl sinple rs rzriarion of rhc first coDd ioDal) $re make the [iEr condirionalnirh: i/+ subicct+ presenr Mixedconditionals Silnpie.subjecr+ L!ilyrdlr + lllinirive In mixcd condirionatsd, ie main clauscaDdrhc q cr.rr6e , \\Ve crr use njghl insi{:adof ilt in fic nain clause1lr sometnnesreferro a clillcre.rtun€ period.Tht !()sr commor nrean \\nll perhaps'. cornbnxrdonsaresecondand rhLrdconditionals Conparel 1 ]f th( hi.lnappcthodntliched thc'tcn\\dape,he*outdnt Seconcdonditional be in pt ison nov. 0ri\\ed condirional) We uscthe secondcondrrionalro talk abouran unlikely or 2 4 thc hi.lnappethad,lt li.hed thdt cnrdapq he uoutdnt imagtuary siruarionsin the prcsent or futur€. \\Ve otrcn usert ro talk abourrle oppositeoi \\yhat is lrue or relll:It hoe gorc to ptisan (rhird cot lriolr:rl) _ronldsr)orlr li..n.r. lori'd ptohabl\\ tat(laur.job (bnr yolr haven'tlosrrcur liccnce). h borh corditbnals se aftrfeleflirlg ro imaginarysirualons. 1 Tlie llrsr senrenceis a ,Inj_\\edcor.litional becausethc i/ \\!'e make the secondconditunat \\i,nh: il+ subj€ci+ past Snnplc.subiecr+ I (= xorlr)/yo&idnt + i.fLriti\\.e . t r , , -r , t , r .o J - | | | r . r i . h . - . J . . 1I n , r u n . t . , u \\ . 1 . , . r \". , n n J r u r i , r ' . . , . c n . i , , - . nI r i ! n l u q , $t can use.oxli nsteadot ortd in llle maiDchuse ro In the i/ chuse.$e usca shnd:rd consrudjon for ihe Lllk about abiliq or possibilir):4 r r!d, rt. touo),, r coukl rhi condiiional an.i nr lhe main clausewe userhe constntcrionol dre second.o.dLrionat (world + n njrive) , \\'e can usenishr iLrstcadol1'orld in rhe Drainclausero 2 iD th€ secord senlence,rhe fclause and dtc rnaD crause nean \\vcn d perhps'. reler to rhe pastlhe lict<edrhe cnvclrpc and n,eDro prEonl an.l we usea stand.rd construcrionfor a dird Thirdconditional 1 If thq vetm,t \\u.h gaadacLors,tttosLof thm toutd h.||e \\\\i ,F^ rlr'rl'ird urr i. r-. L/|.rbJ,, imaginar) beenfowd ott tnudt drti.r orjxed condirLonal) situariorx in rhe past. Thcv areofrcn rhe opposiLeofr14ul reall,vhappcnedrUtord hddrl go .ll,org[ rhdt rcd tjg]1t, z 4 ttur hadn't been tu(Jr.goo.di .ro,r, ,rosf o/ t/r.n rDul.t t/r.toli.. rkrldttt ir.rr sr,rfp.d)ou (you did go unougu h^'e bed foma o mu.h ..i,ti.L 0hird condrrronat) that re.l lighr so rhe policestoppedvou). In borh condjrlon.rls$e arc refermg ro imaginarys. ituarions \\ \\ m r ' I . .. \\ . g r o . o n J r ] - , , n r ' 'r\\t , ., , , J r b F . , r J J / . r , , , sflel:frtrlseerns(toenacsciisruaa.rmioinreind,rchoerpdrretisoermul(hbeccyaauLseegthocofti . l . . l ! . 1 ' _, , , r 1 . )i . r n r t - t , , . . , o \" n | - . n i , f t . . 1 llie clau ,r We can also us€.o&ld and rniglt in the main clausero mean\\oul.l perliapt. acio$) .rndrhe mah claus€reJeEro a condirim in the ii:].:.'Cir onditionalsn:on-basicf0rms 7A(tp68 past.In Lliei/ clause,\\re usea srandardconsrrucuonror rhe secoftl condr[oral (PasrSnnple)and in the main . \\Vecanusc a varietyol lerb tonns n condirioul sentcncesn, ol onLylhoseusedin rhe four ,b.rsic, clausewe usethe consrrucrionof rhe rhird condirional (lMrld + Iai. + pastpa|ticipte).
Language Summary 7 2 In rhe secondsentencerhe d clauseand the : 1.,:P:,assiveforms Previe7$@r p65 nain clauserel€r to a siluafion]n lhe past (the,vNer good actors and ihe,v$ eren't tound $'e usuall,vusethe passile$ten ne are n)rc inrcrcstcdin lvhat happens out and se usea sranclardconstrclioD for a lhan in $ho or what doestlie a.tiun. tlird condifurnal. $'e often se the paisivc shen m clonLknorv rvho or whrt docs dle action. . . ln condilionalsthat rclef to unrea]silualions, wc can useolher cornbniafionsofverb lbrms iflhe kesenSi m?le am/are/is pastparticiple tltne in Lhet clauseis not the sime as tle tinrc ]n the m;in clausel-or eumple: ,:!i at) II I hadfi bst n) bdg, I'd be li'ariLg tomorro||. am/,are/ibseing (y' cl:use refersto LhepasLand lhe main clausc rel'rs to the lutur) CurSt rpf\" b) II hc didrlt ,'d!e to go ,a.h n.xl i!..1, I worLl hb-e iwitzd hi:||,Lo ca||.e.(i/ clluse rcle$ to the . )1iitw!re!src. :t@!rlgld.... liture and the tn;in clauserelersto thc pastl has/havbeeen c) IJwc h.Ne to pay Lhem,!e:lDrc[, wd]ould needta gctttu manef naw (ifclause refeLsto begoingto :m/ar€/68oingto be announced rhe futur€ ard the main clauserefersto the .oa.l o,d, o' c,\" . po rpo'rr pd d) ]J ttu '-anest him no\\\\ the\\ \\|@Ll lronen) roadl 'd d o .c o' c. - d.c-b.c (haryt ht||, br tomorra\\t. (i/ clausc rcters Lothe presentand rhe rnain cLauser€fcrsto $€ luture) :' ::'lrlmpersonrael porst tructures78{tp7l Formalconditionals \\\\t useimpersoDalreport strucrureswhen \\e \\vaLlLLodisLanceoursclres wc usesho ld nrlhcitclauscin thefust from infonnation shich |, ltot necess.rrilyour oplnion. The) are cornmolly lound in reporLsand newspaperaflicles. con.lirional if we $.ant to sugg€sl thrl somethrng is vel} ul1likel): \\Ve can use happen to h a REPORTINWCITHTHEPASSIVE snniLar\\vayor combinetlien Gho ld hdppento): To make im|ersoml repo structruis $e cltt1use: 1 . t | u , h o p p e n sr o , , - n ' u . . , , b o d \\ . strorld drD,otlor r lin.n ds bc LhinkingoJ a) ir + passive+ rhdt claus.:lt ls.Iainedthtt t|tn )a t lindn(ial rccoftLs connlitttnga nurd.r can be accesse/o. ther ve$s $hich arc connnod) rLsedwLlh this \\\\je can usenrversioniD unreal condilional stmclure are:d...pli agl....ril€9., b.liclc, .ons,der..Ip..l, /cfi, ,?now, serLcnccslvhen fie {irct verb in rhe 4 ciausers pr..li.t. sd]',srgg.st,llirl. nd€lsldnd. w.||, hdd or sfiori.l. h Lhcsesenlencesx,e can Lc.veoLrlitand we put the verb al the slart of b) subject + pa$ivr + iDlinitve wiLh l.r: CCry .,unerus arc hrc1,'r to opdate in motl: dndmorcbtildrlgs. Olher lerbs lvhich areconnnonh a) werc thel to frnd oxt rhlr .ruth, w. iloukl ,. usedwith this sLrucrureare:}.1i.1,.. .orsi.ler,Jin.l, sat. lhink. in s.rior6 troull. (= i/ lhct rt.rc roJind ort l i e r r l l . . .) cJ tl.r + passiye + lntinitile wilh ro: I]le.r€ d'? o! altitna']'al to be nlon mobiLtpllonts Lhirnpeopleitl rr4nl .o&nrri.s Other verbs\\ahich are b) HaA shenor deA Losciltltc car ther iroata comDionlyusedwith tlisslrucllrre arc:dil.8e. l,.lic!c,.l.rin, crrj]e.t, n(w hd\\..dughL her.G If shr ftd.int tri..l Jin.l,t nar. sa]',Lhink. losclllft..ar...) ' . $'e use a \\.a ett of infinitive fonns \\dth inpcrsonal report structures: c) Sl'oxld)'or seerhc ,ndn agdin,pl.rs..all us Sh. is i?flonnto havespentl!.l.ars n lndid.H. is nmowttl to be rcigning inn.di.rtil): (= I/i'o!l sho a st. th. man a . q a i r.,. . ) REPORTINWGITH5EEMANDAPPEAR persondoesnt wantto teaveforensicevidence, . The verbsse.m and apear can alsobe uscd to distanceyourselffroni they shouldjuststidethrougha window elenls )olr arc re])orting:seen ancldpp.dr are not use.tin thc passive. Ir see''ls tfrat rh..l $ill soonbrone the nom ... . Opinion awedts to b. dftided. Tlvre also appear to b€ nrrr-! fiospit.llsusirg tl.n. We .an usea thdt clanscaftcr lt s..rnsll .rppc.rrsi:l s.cnrsahrlt o one h^ee about tlrcpnblem $re canusean iDfinirivc\\r(h lo ,fier sc.,/.rpp.dr: Thcgolefnm.nl dp\\drs to be obsessd \\'tLll Lhei.leaol \\r,tt llirg p€apb. ' . We can alsota ( aboul an apparentlacr using eirher ii + s..r /dpp.df + rhdrclausc It appedrcathatp.ople $crc undilare thq $erc bei g 'vdl.hcd. or subjecl le.g. people) + seor/appedr+ nrlinitive ivith ro: L rllc trldjn,pcoplcscd'l ro supportthe useaJCa t)'.
Language Summary 7 ffi\"--*1 sofffqiGueFstuionnc,[email protected] n m connectinwgordsc:onditio6np;i) j: lntonation patternsin Englisharc ! We can usei.dess ]n conditiomls to mean r_fnotr Unless .r,pfisoncrs .rr. giv.n tl(lp, L]|.erare lilltlJ Lorc-olfn.] .ric.l Jnd.,nph.JL..l. H;\"d.,. i \\\\t can use in .dre ro ralk abouLsonelllng we do in order to be ready lor posslble tk foLloxlng guidelin€s tnay be luturc silltations. lf the clauserelers to Lhefuture. in ..1sdis fo]los.ed bv a verb torm ir the present: Taftea sdnd\\ricll in c.LseJougtt tu].n{ry loter. he$ur. we canuseotleruis€ s'hen w€ talk about an undesirablcsituations'hich would happenifsomething els€did not happen.We usuallyput othenvii. at the beginning \\\\,t oft€naskquestioni to lind out ofa clause:u/d nun act no$t,othemis. the prisanpopuldtionwill rlouble. ne{ iDtoriuLion (N) or check11 our r ormalon is correcr(C). We oti€n useprclid€dlpmliding, dr Iory,lJ and .rssrrnn g ins€id ot {in conditionals: Er pnsoarrr s/rouldbe helpdinanciall\\, os lo'l.g as tt1crcis .rorgh 'nonq,. \\\\,lxii ,:loes(?N) Pl1riAed/proih^g^ndas lorg as muD only if (this happens): A.isondrs..llr lsnt this abort the time G.sorg€ becamercspansibLct iLi2ctlsp,mvidirg n s .dlow rh.n to. usualLvgoestiut? (C) llds niuch? (C) \\re can usewheiher as ,n altenative lor if iD conditionals $'hen you are ncnrionirg two or more ahern-ativeWs. e putwrr.tiah ftoDt of the flrst ahernadveandor in )o ))ou NcDron y.ur 4\" n I' .or'o y. o\"x . lronl of rhe secondalternalve:Wlet,r€r tft. gdv.rnor is right ot I rang, thercatt (c H-' .,i;\"? (N) tmagi^e ^nd supposdsuprysing have the san1emeaDing (= fonn a picure in your nin.l about whar something could be like): IDagin\"/Supposdsuppositrg lhe r a {alling tone lrhen asldng pritonersaren'twcII enoughto .'r'orh,\\thaLh,ppftls Lhen? qu$tiorls to lind out ne$, \\\\'e can nse indgine and sq?orelsuu'osing as an ahernarvc tor fiD questions: Imagine/srypM/stppming th€/€ was no .rilnc. hdi irind oJyorid uoeld i!. livc itll 2 a ristug toft when checking q$m$Punctuatiocno:mma@s irJornation we $ink is righl s aft€rirlEoductory clausesbeginningmth dter. ahlorgh, ds,l,...irse, i/. sinr€, wh'r4 3 a falliry Lonein questionrags al1drvhiiethat cone beforethe nuin clause:ij)ou harl] intf&d€ls i, lft. irdus.,it\\ $hen $,e expectrhe lislenerio bettetnot to thollen* th.m. conlirm thal \\re arerighl e 1lrseparate$ree or nore u'orcls.phrces. or clauseswiften in a series.We do not i \\\\'e sorn€{imeshale different usuallyusea conna bcforedie final and':Aloid hec?irg.rpsnsile .dnp!t.rs, reasonslor askjngquesdons,other irdndbdgsdnd wdll.ts on r ieu not ... €€#j9\"tffJ, I€*d,ff5, dr+Mkls+r++is. Lhanrequesting'ne$: or checking 'old inlomatlon. Somedrnesno d aiter inroduclory words such as srrpdsingry, irowe!€r:Srrpristlgir, shedgrufdto repl) is expected and a faling marryhim. rIo1,,te\\)eJro, u sho&liiako be rftll irsarel. intonationis used for exaDple: 3 eithersicleofclauses,phnses and words Lhatare not essentialto the rncaningoffte a) aiiung instructions:Could we sentencee, .g.non-definingrelaliveclausesD: oo/ .hdins dn.l sp] ftol.J, Dhichlorf jusr go overthis on. tu)r. iin.l landlord will probablJfit, help ro r€d!.. ./trlr. Howevcr,we do not usecomnras eiiher sideofessentialcl:uses,phrasesand $,ords.e.g.in.lefiDhg relarivcclauses: b) Ag|ressive/.letansiye respo$e to rhat\\ th( lman'/ho I sa\\t shapliliing. a quesdon:HorvsirouldI Jrn01'? s alter the lerb and beforethe openlrg quotationmarks Lt1dircct speech:Tlc .) Mlking a sarcasticcomncnt: pali.t,nan said, r'o&shoxldset up .r \\'.ighbourhoodWdt.h s.,l.n..\" Isn'tthat a .oin.iden.e? B before the eDd quotation marks in djrect speechwhen rhe quorc is follorved b,vrhe i) A rhetoricalqucstion (cxpectng speak€r:\"Y,u s,Drid sdl rp d N€i.gliroufioodu/dr.h schen€,' sdid tl. foli.endn. aglrement):H. tr.vff sl.rls ir1or1 .Ltritlot trtnrng, doesht? s to sepante t$o or nor€ adjectivesthat are ofthe samet}?e in describirUx noun: Ht\\ a dilJi':ult, obstinatep.rson. (.lfJi.rk and ol,nhdrc areborh adjecLiveost I i n ! ' . \\ \\ t u s ea r i s i n gr o n ei n opinion. We can Lhe.eforerercrsethe onler otthe adlectives:IIc! dn obstindt., dilr.rl' persorl).Ho\\ever. it the a.ljectivesareDor ofrhe sane type,rueclo not use questionlagswhen $'e arelinding out a co ftr (and we cainot reversethc order of the adjective)rit x'as d,r .tp€nsiv. bld.,? dllct. not l-.*rs-rtt+-e,E €*ti+c, H#ir *d{{zr. ne$ inlormation: .1 TIPSi. \\\\'e alsouse comnas in: sJrf'll b.I'dcli ldter!lforrt 5hc? . geographicanl arnes:Cd,t rtdse,Mdssd.luscllsgdt iLs dmtJtum Camhri.LgtE, ngland . d a t e s : S h ef d 5 b o r no n 2 i 5 t A u g u n ,2 0 0 2 . . We can use a faling tone \\rhen ile . addrersesr2aorv.rRodd,Rdinhdm,Kflt combinea positne questiontagwith a positile verb fonn. to askrhetorical questionsor in confuonktbnal ; i situatjons:50,]ou r. inno.cnt, at J lou?
Language Summary 8 i?l;lsPrfihrasewsithtime 8 @p76 . rtrfi'.h.veris oftenfolLowedbv of wt'i.,rderot)or is lasr otLot Jthehaust,bch tht tlaor havetime to kill havenofinig to.lo ton particular . \\\\'e caDusc irir.ial.r. wird.lcr. hoi!.'cr. irhat.v.r, rh.n.v.r period ot rine: f}oL\\f.qol linf lo h,ll,ldll .oultl .lo and xhi.h.Lf/ 1oshow surpriseor to emphasisrsoncthing: a) W'Jrdlllirf l]r.xl.rl ()ou look sad) in plentyoftime carlicrfian an arr:ngedtirneor deadlinc: b) Wh.rlereablhf ndft.rJ (edphasises(ire questioD.Ior Il I Ltrhethe tnotdvaj. rrt'lL dn irc o1plcntJ ol tqne. take (mylyour/etc.)time sajd Io nreanthat someonecan exaqrle becausedre p€6on is c,-aing) . l ' n d . - . i . , ' l , r . r n . . r l r e rr r . d ' n o \" r g . . r r \" t L r q There\\no huftt lor thc ,\"port. Tdft€-louriinr. a) iI. llrallrsLrh.r I arrilc. havetime to sp:re havean excesso[ ftne to do :n b) ill]llrar.s rrheae'er I aDi\\c (emphasisesdral he leaves actiyity:lve drrivcd dr lle nitrrt lrilh iilnc lo spdr. so w did .t biLaJshoppinsbeJaft.h{hing in. ev{:ra !!r!! I ann e) for th€ time being said to describea silualion drat $1ll be . \\\\re canuseilhcrcwr, ilhofifr, Jrow.v.r^fhat.lc/erc in likr d1aLfor a limited period of time bul ma,vchange lnlbmral conve$atid asar aDs\\lerro a question.to indicate larer:For rh. rine being,i'n gotlg to sldi it1London. that rvereallycLrnl mincl. Wirt.!.r is thc nbst common of its ontya matteroftime usedlo sa),somethingis certaiD thesccxpressions:al\\rJrl.lo]ru lr.rnt td catl B \\\\ h.rt.!.,: ro happenbut you do mt knorv when: Itt onb n ndtter dJ l-his useot ivh,tevei can aLsosuggcstthat the speakerdoesnt ti||.c beforc\\k ||ill txp.l'it:t1c( 4n enrironmntal .at.lsttupht . carcaDdtheretor( c.lt1secn rudc. there'sno time likethe pr6sent saiclto encoungcsomeone ro Lrkeactior innnedi,rlelynrscad ofwaitng: ['/Jr-]donl , . : :Wordbuildin(g2)s: utfixessBOpsl '.r..rllliq, os,' tn,t,. nnt w tih, h pr,\\a, have(got) no time for sb/sth disapproveof NOUNS sonrbody/sonethnrg and not $ant to be iLlvohed$1th tlien: l're gor r1otine/or popk nodt1i11dgllaut the i Somenou6 and verbslurc thc samcfom. snoh,ngba,r. e.g.a wnurd/rund, a clrargc/t hangt, chalknst/ chtllbnst. find time .trrangetiDc to do sonething, seesonr{:bodl erc : l.dnt s..m tu/ir, ti,1e lo dlgdnisetle lt.)ciinS. a pktn/plan.t ttstlttst. sivesb a hardtime mrke fiiDgs difiicull for someoDe: Ml' rif. gir.s r,. d ldfd rimedboutbuyi,rybattldl vdtcr ;, We can nakc nouDs by addng thcsc suttixcs Loverbs: an.., ), .r. sioii,d|. mdL, utt. i:i:.i!i:wnerevewr,hoevewr,hateveer,tc. 88tr}p7e dsLurb t disrurbance surlive , . wlieD \\rc a.l.l .'!o to questionivo(ls (whcrrrcf, rl'oc1cr, recoter t recorery e\\c(c -t w l e n c v . r 'x. h d l d . r , $ h i . , r . i . r . h o w f l c , ) r Lu s u a l h| a s o n e re i ridex larl -) or lnescnernnrgs: divide t dilision 1 lt does|r mlrter $'h.r.. ir,ro.nlcn. etc.:jl canbc an,v pLrce,an)on':. anl ttmc. ctc.: ,, nt car tnakenounsb) addingdresesulll\\csto adjectives: Wlmerer s4x rh. plotos ir.nlrr.d ll. sdnc enlolions.{it ,r.ss, 'jrl. ll anadjccrileendsin t. $'eusuallychangerhe'y' doesnl nratters.h) sa1' the photos) Iyhe/erer iftis .\\p.iinrdri lids cdfl i.d our,th. t\"erlts w.rd to an i'belorc.rddingdresuftlx. t,r. sdnre (it doesntnuttcr $here thc expenrn.ntwas happl -) happiness possible+ possibility W } c r n r r r , ' , r 't l , ' . 1 ' . , , / r d . ' n r r . . l \\ahcn,vo .lo tliis) VERBSA,DIECTVEASD, VERBS 2 ln unknowr pLacep, erson,Iinre,crc. whoever s.riJilmr is r'rcng (l dont hoiv x ho dlc periott . To rnakeadjec.ivesu,r b,-1.1,rs,'dl, :: :,. I . Wh.nfj/f r can alsomean cvcry Linc : Whefld1ers/rc -ic, 'cd: coxadl.o L!ad, b, noo./noodJ, .o&rdgr/.o0ascour, .ills, l, o l. (= Evcry nne shecalls,Im oLrt.) . W,ro.vff, l!lichclcr rordrr,].{.}|| canbe Lhesubjector the .rlr&r./.ultrral, sf nparh)/st mpathc|jc,talrntlt'7lcited objcct oJthr yerb: wftodo sll} r,o\" ..., (vbj..t) Who€!€rlou ,, To makeadvclbs trom adjectivesive canus. il: rc( ntJrcccntlr, canfidcntl( onfi.1(ntly. I inaUfinallJ ; To rnake adj€ctives lron v€rbs Ne can rse iv., .ntl dnt, dhlr/ ihle.( t.ate/.ttdtire..kpaull tLcptntlat ranarhl txnarhable i, ro nake vdbs trom adj€ctivs {c canuse is.. .,, rt): ratianalhdtionalise, vitLt/vitlen, cktr/tkiifi ',r:r. . SoneLmeswe chrnge rhe spellingof the $ord bclore sr ddd a slllix: .l.df ? .lari!f,.rc'1Lt ) &aLL\\,t . Sonernnesver-bsand adjeclivesh!!e dre sanrcform, c.g.drJ, wllrr.. c'11ft:Caln dotrit I Ic\\ .llwafs qrirc .aln . \\Ve can make abslracrnoNrs b,! adding rhesesultl\\es io concrerenours: loo.l, j,iip, e.g..hilalool, lri.ndilif. . The Arnericanspcllirlg ol isr is it.r .riti.i:., rali:r. etc
Language Summary I '.:ll:lil.,Wish,lf only Preview8@ p75 ,i The verbsin bluc are either PasLSinple or PastCdllinuous . we ofterluseI wish .. or y d'lly ... io talk aboutimaginary verblirns. Nhcn ii! iilnc. vould soonfr,iloukl rdt,rr and sillrations.thc) arc often uscd 1ot.rlkabout the opposileof rorld pr..t r it it areiolowed by a subiect+ yerb rveusea \\Ve us€wisUIJ only + PaslSlmpleto niake $ ishcsabour f'rr . We can alsosa,vtut drout tin. or iil high ltn. + sEresof acrivitiesin the pnscntr Itonb I ltfl€ son.ond snbtect+ past!crb fonn ro suggestsonelhing is urgenl: ft\\ wlo.\"ul.l fielp.I wisl ftm r'asAroe fi|lt hig,rtiDrf w. r..dlised)!..dn'l lr..p using&p rhcedrtlt -: \\t uselrist/tonb + PastContiDuousro make wislics . \\Vhen we talh about pastsilurlioLls wilh lao&ldsoonerl about rcli rs nr progrcss:I ui5h it asril#er€nt ranli\"g ndtli falhcr + subject+ verb. $,e usethe PasrPerlict or Pasr Pcrlicl Conftruous: l'ri f.rnw tou'd told meh,'Jort. :, W€ sclrist/rJ o'ry + PastPerlectto mate $ishs about p.sr ev{:nrss, tat€s,elc. These{ishcs areus.d to evrcss . When the prcfcrcrlccis also ir the past,rvc can usc rorll rcgrer.rndare oftcLlthe opposite()1$hat hapPencd:4o,rl-r ftdlc p,\"t,r.J it 4 wc o Aharc trj.rrcd it iJ ta1lh.td I haakno'a lau voe coDtins.(buLI drcl,rlkDow) 4onl-! ,ameil usat ttu ttm(. we'a been tary,ht l.ulguag.s .rt s.hool. (but ve wcr€n t) : \\Ye userisft/lJ('rly + .otld + inlinitive Io nakc wisLles aboul abiLiticsor possibilitics:I wish I could li]. hflc r, \\\\re usewisfi/yonly + w,ukl + infinitiY. to tul(e wishes mfn$&Connectiwngordsc:ommenatdverbials rbout things dher peopLeo. rgdnisalionsc, tc. do lhal we @ED \\\\ould like Lochange.lhis is olien useclto show annolarce E ,r\"i*rr,r' , ', r '*',. \" or impatienceabout thiDgsLhatare oulsidc our conlroL: obrio&sb shcwasgrilt)'. I xish Drore-v..ount.gdirlc would foi.. (buLLheyteluseto.lo so) lfonly Nancr rorld gcr h.r hdir .rl. (But sherelusesto Alter co.iLruclions wirhrish. ve otten add a clausewith f6rtunateLyhappeningbtause of good,&adluck b r t + s u b l e c+l a u x i l i a r v! c r b : I x i s l I . o L l l i l c h . r . , b x t I (opposite:unfortuMtely): PortunatclJh, ( $tasn'thurt. can'i. ($e situationnow is (hat I canl lire here).I $isJrl quite h6nestly/tobe h6nest in a completelyhoDest haan'tbrch up )rith hm bxl I did. (thc silunlion is that manner Qrit. l onesit/lb ]]eftoncJf,Itritrl ltl l/ong. i brokc up wirh hin in Lhepast. I sish I $'asnr Soirg to the si'rety used to expresssurprisethat sonething has dentisLLolr]orro$r, l I4ttr. (the siiuation is lhat l1n going happenc.lor is golng to happen:Sur.ry,)a)&.d\"ld ledr.. to tlic d€nlistnr fic tuture) in fa\"ctusedro inlroduce somethingthat contadicts or reinlolces ,t previous staternent: H. ddcsr'l t'of]i. h ta.t, :r'l . \\Ve cansavI llish l^.Air./it lrds ... or I rish l/hcl rhll n.,\" .. r I 'visi i .Ls/sereno,\" oBdnis.l c l e ' a r tuy- J r o - h o $ t l r r ty r u t h ' n 1 ' . o tr . r h t t , g ' . . \\\\'. do not olter sa) i ish] lvollld ... . e.g I wishi.lidnl oblious or certain:Cle.rrryh, c aidnL]t/.derstarul s'roir.. not r**]l.]]a'€t1]#+\"sk€. amlzingLyusedto introduce somethingextrenely 'r::L::i.P! asvt erbformswithplesenot rfutulemeaning sur?risins:Andltrgi! lbtn tcsigncd. frinklyu\" lshrngr',ngdn ^n(.rn, di,-,up,n,on. 8A @ p77 Franhb, I thinh Em\\ tigllt. r PasLverb lonns do nol alsals rcler to pasl lirne appSrenttyused ro sa,vyou haveread or been told sonething although you arenot c€rtaii ir is true: ,. None ol thescsenLenccrscfcr to pasl lime lNiead, Lheyall ApF,.Dtb, s],\\ gor .ngagcd. lell Lrsrhat thc speakerNould like to happen. acc6rdingto usedto nlroduce sonething saidb)' r ll's tlne 10a..e|t lhe fact that elenone canrnakea soDleoneelse:,A..odin.gtoJo, P,ln\\ i|l. dillerencc.? lL\\ tnnew€ all rc!.tr.Ll the facttktt eleryone car makea dilerence. mm Spellincgo:mmonmlyisspellwedords@pe5) r I d soonerdo onc of the jobs. 2 I'clsooDersomeone cls€ $rs .|,!Dtsone of tlrejobs. Theselvordsareconnnonlymisspelledn:iassalr, arqrririnr. 1 I d prct r b gct directlyirnolved 2 l'.l pieler il if a lot recdiprr,o'ucnn\",t, s,rcr'cda, ddrissh, isinessa. crdmmodalc. rnorep€ople gor dnecdy invoh,ed l|'iaicini,cxilagot1tua. rl$ired,ct5liengrc 1 l d mrllcr l(Dk at the snall thnrgsI coLllddo. 2 I d rather people lo,rl<cLalt the small drings tlic] cottld .1o i. Thc ve.bsin pltL .rc all inftritiv€ fotns (\\\\'idr or snthout to). when it3 tin. and lloald prcler aLelollowed bv a rerb ve nsc .rninliniti!€ \\iLh ro when irorld soon.r aDdBdell tuthfr rre lollowc.l b! a ferb. {e usean inlinitive
Language Summary 9 ili.t\"BWoldbuildin(g3):productivseuffixes ,'il:.'.,f,''.:,1,;:.,i' 9BO p8e Sffi* Priceandcost eAO p86 Sufixes usuall)'changethe classola word e g govrrn ('erb), Pri.. and.ost havesimilar meaningslrnclate usednr d gov.rnalat (urun). Hoivcver productivesrtfixes: 1.d. ntindetl,Jrtt, 'vorrh], dbl., ptnot isft. r,'s.i.trs. rcl.rl.d Pri.e (noun) neans the anrountol momt lor whrch haveneaning and canbc usedto crate ncw rvords. sonething is sol.l: Thcpri.€ o/oil hdsris.n sJu?t P/i.. (verb) is often usedm the passiveto saywhat thc price C)l i -lcd wtth nouns and nationalities ro torm adjecrivcs$hich sonierling is: Th€r.lo-ision wdj pncel d L1,440 nern'contro e.l by', e.g..omnrLrnii-vj.ddcscribrssom€Lliing con mettlrsthe anrountot moDeymecledto buy do or that is conLrolledb) a colllmlrnir): Th.f. .,\" rn.rrl nul(c somelhrrg: is rhe.ost 4 atntll tttdhtnL high? connu,iflt.l rcinpdigns.rtlc rc.a,l-brcaking \\ralh vill bt 6oun) Ho1!mr.h do.s tiis.ostl (!erb) attcnlpLc,bl r an Fnglish-ledLedn. We canusepri.. and.osl to nake 'vordvphras{:ssuch as: ., -ntud€d$.irhadjcctivcs.nouns or advcrbs ro lonn rdjecrnes reasonabLpydced' $ h i L J , - . 1 1 -t.. t l s , r l , \" t ' r ' f l , J l .dhr d r d . r ' - or-' r , r , \" e g. Dl(rnqy-nind€ddescribessonreone(ho is nrteresrecLin g nroneyissues:Ih€ rwo ,l'rn, ho nel.lll pddi.&ldfb rnorl.r' reasonablyi.i:znebli/ priced not expensile:Do l,ou |aind.d, aryway, srt oll tinh basi( camnoditits dtt rc.lsonalll) priced? haLfprice halt tlie usual price: The big depdrtment \". Jiee$rth nouu to forn acljectilesand meansirithout,c g sror€shals.dl got sdl.s on dnd aeDlhftS is haltfi.e. stress-fee d€scribc\\sonething that hasno strcss:Il.ir priceLessdescribesan objecl llhich hassuch a high 8.000 nii. Bdl[ ..r tdiDlr rvasnt.Dtircl n6s Jr.. Ih.flig/rt economicor s.ntimental value.the price ol it cannot be calculated:Do_!o&idlc aril'tftingthatlou worrd 'vasio,trsti. .o,,it.t.ry nr.ssta.. pricetag a pieceof paperwith a pdce on ''hich is . wdrih] $idl Dorns to torm adj€ctives\\rhich saysoDledlnig {ixrd io a prodlrc. wh.n ),ot shoplar tlathcsdo vu is nritablc or dcsrrving to rccenc r pa icular thiDg: .1n.1itls ali'.i)s checkrhcpri.f tag b.Jorelau bu! Lhen? notewol'thythaLdprlrLtxrr .r\"ssi g thr EnglishCfirnn.l rnd overpri:ed costnrgtoo nuch: Hdv.1,oil lro ghl L k A L I a n Lbi Ly l 1 o d L . D o n l n d l . r l o r l l . d l i n g l o n r t r l d . J ? aryLhing ret:entb that yu thotght was ovr-pri!:d? up. Hc\\.o,rplrlcry tt1'sh!odrr.),. Cost . '.r'lc slth verbs ro lorm adiecrlcs wltch nrcan'caLlbe: ls LhdLjackeL\\vLsl'lj}lel Tlt.lt tountq \\,ds kiklllt pft.lictable. I cost-eff€ctiveIf an activitv is cost eftcctive,iL is good ,, 'pruol wilh nouns ro lornr acljecrivews hich Nern resisranl vxlLretor rhe anroun! of moDeypaid: Tld'.llirg bl, lrdin Io, e.g.lr.derprooJnreanssomerhingcan resis(\\aateriron) tu Btiktin is not tast (lle.tivt. passingrlnolrgh it: Il n'as rdirirlg, l)rl lh.l didrl'l hdr. cost of tiving rhearnountofnorcy drata peFonneedsto wdrc?rod clorhing. liveon:llds tle.ost oJliri gism ucharcr th( ltLtt]'ut? cost a f6rtune be yery expensire:Hdr. I o!1crcr lorght r isl wiih adiectives (o form acljecrilcsNhich mean ro sonre sondthtrg tldt.osi d/orlane atld thenrcgretteait? degreeor pafilv. e.g reddish = quite red.siris} = aboul F . r l . . f r / . . \\ . t j , ? l t r | t . , . a r . - r . 1 , . , r . r. r. . \\ a . . , , r , r q l!:l . When$e ask :: .ons.ious$ith nouns to fonn adjcctileswlich rnean r n ! . h d o c st , r i s . o J r l 'thinkiDgabout or rery coDccncd about soDetliinil e.g. not ++c+{4{€]l i5 t ir health'corscious describessomonc rho is pa icularll f+i€rd?. Ho\\rcver, \\re canfuLabouttheir healthand what thcv eat:I h9 r'en rcrl r , / \" 1r , , - . , ' r . , r J , , l ' r ' . ' , s , r , , \" , / , J . I a .l . We crn rlso use . -isl with nouns ro lo1.madjecrileswhich dcscribc\\vhrt somer]riLrgor sonebod) is like. c.g..hild'sh dcsffibes an aduh $,ho behar,eslike a chilcl or sonredrrrgihat is lvpical ofa child: r b l 1 ) ci c i n g s o . h i i d i s hd b o u rr h i s I t t r d . a , l o o n s t o o . h i l d i s h . . r.ldrcd with nouns to loDr edjecrnesthat sa\\'one thing is connectedwith anoth.r, e.g.str.js ,\"ldl.rl des.ribessomerhiDg connectedwith stress:H.\\ ,/Jror,?t)r strcls k ldt..l r\"asont . S.f.ons.iors ncans \\nconfortabLy or unnaturally ar.arc of yourselt and your actions':S,rr! 'cr 1 sri/ .ons.idis rl'orl ir.r
Language Summary 9 $ti${Newasndeconomics i,:: 1,iS. implev continuous PrevieIw(P p85 9c@ pe2 , nt rEuall) uscsimple verb forms ro ralk rbouL Lliingsthlr are h:pealed.penanent or compieted. E .---rtr \"-. ,.\"*\"t- \". Prcs€nt Simple: i .lon't ,I.n neet.qr rilh old s.hodlti.nds an.l iD largemmbers, otien using machinesin a (repeared) nol +ln ro* oi€x #€efi factory: 1firsedaysalnost dll.ftildrcnl lols d,r nass frodr..l ft .duntrifr liJt. Cinld. Plcsent Pcrltct Simple: Iv. rrdd sir othis l,do,?sLrifh. overseasjid the hclp, mostl) ecoDorric.''hich (completed reccntly) rot ila+@{ resding si]r4+is}€i)l*+e{dl is provnlcd to countri€sabroad:l.rst w..[ tJr. P rrf Minisr.f prulris..l ld in.r.ds. dvdrs..rsdil Past Simpler ll. died or 2A lylatLh,1997 (.onplercd) rct H€ 4 L|.sbillion. *di4ixg c€€+tdff*+q47. I liled rh.r. /or sL1lcdfs. developingco\"untriescounries lvilh a ftrlalive\\ (coDpLered) not ]:r{gs+iling l}setFi+ff6€; I llds ]1ln lo\\a levelofincone pcr personand ]ill]e industri?lisarion:W. rc rutrllingd s.hme lo l.a\\ ing Nl]|\"n lin tnn]\"d p. tconpleted) nor h,ai tir.* k*+ixg don.ttcbaohsto ptoplc in devcloping.o&nrri.s. renewable/,J nju:rbl/ inergy a fonn of energl: *1,\"x+#l€+!l4rn€rrp. e.g.solar or nind energ! which can be produ.ecl as quickl) asir is used:Pdkrtonloring \\Vc usuall) usecontinuous rerb lorms to descnlrca processard vdtt\\ ar hydtupo\\to,is tlt ldtgestsaut.( aJ to Lrlk about things rharare h pLogfessr.cnipouw or unlinishcd. ho\"usingmarket describingthe sLrpplyand Presert Cortiruous: I rl inh I n becotaingl.ss nnttidlisLic. demandolprcpen! in a town. regionor countD': (a process):\\\\ hdr a,.r'ou doing?In loohi gJor tn,\\'rcntactlns. Tllc holtshg ma leLlrnAsto slor do1'nwn., (ln progrcss)r1n tiling i\" ,cnkd a(ommotl tion dt th( morunL. ftenrporarybut we can alsos!)'I live ir ft,1d .r..onnloaation tlt €conomic/i:ke nomrki siperpower a countr) $hich hasv{:rygre?teconomicpo$,er:N.ury Past Condnuousr 1wds 16I leali'E ri.rJrl llrn..l !p (nl .lis.o1cf.ddilJidlds tr Bfa:il .orl.t so.rnn1.i,?l. prog,tss) 'nro fl c..ononr.5up.4rorr.,: recordl6vels higher leyelsthan eler lchiclcd Presen.Pcrfect Coltitrnous: ]'!€ l,€cr li flg /rri\"/or a l.,rg before:Irr tle .dri) 1980ssane tains had r.ord rine. (unlnrishcd) L(\\.ls 4 un.nrylo\\ment 4 o\\'.r 25\"i . economicgrdMh AD increaseiD a country.s A C T I V I TAYN D S T A TVEE R B S capacityto pro.luce goodsaDdsenices oyer a pe.iod of tiner Gor.nnrfnts tun @ntrcl Verbsrhat desc.ibestares.feehrgsor opiniorn are Doi Dormall)' f.ondDri.g/dlih l)l r.risi,g or ldr.ring irr.rdn used in rhe continuousfonn lbeli€|ejor. nor llx !4i+Ht tr€t{. Eramplesol sLatc!€rbs include: hdr., p,\"/cf, lrlr.ichran.1r,?noif. economicdecline A clecrcasein a counuyl t..og'ris.. 1idri. srftos., dgr.., rr.dnj s.cDr..orltdinj.rDsiJr, capacir!ro produc€goodsand servicesoler a b.l0ng, o1,,r periodof time: Ollf.onpanl,lds l,.dl.n lh. gt letal cconomi.d(clire to grow L) l0,l riis_1.dr: \\trbs t}.rl describcactivitiescan be usedm borh the snpLc and eadh's resdurces/rir z.:srs/ the useful or fonlinuolrs lor111I .lils irr a.,nrall = f'fl lhi4g i Cornlvdll. valuablepossesslonsor quahticsof rhe cardr, Ixanrples ol actilitv verbsinclftler worft pldn. pl.iJ, lo. {aU?, e.g.oil, minerals,s?rer A n.w f.?ort sqs rhaa iisten.sird_vr..d.lh. r.r,?cg. irf tft..arrh\\ rc5orr..s dr'( v.rnishinSat a ldsrrr rdt. 'r , , Simplev continuouvse: rbswithdiffelenmt eanings nuctea./ njurklai p6wer a q?c ofpowrr thar is produred b .livi.ling the mrcleusofan at<ur: 9 Ag p 8 7 Nu.ledrpdwrf A.rslong b..n ihe nosr to ttoftrsial tjtLhod al t1L\\.ptxdrLttiondk to Sone vefbscan descibe acriliries and nalesbuLLhcirmcanings Lhedd,ng.t [ LhemoLeri.s in'abu1. change.Look.u tlle tablcs(hl'1. = stare.pirili = rcriiry). g e n d edr i s c r i m i n ai ot n , r . k r r m rn c r ) n J . l l , r , . . . rreannenlofpeople bec.ruserhet are either naLc verbusedto describestate/actlvity or lelllaie:Thr co,nparllhasI'ee'ld.cllsrd o/ g.nder dis.ri,rirldriorl/o, paftug its ndlc dnd h s Gst offslt me perfectty bethecorectsz€ Jenatc stafl on dilf(rcnt s?les l h e y r - ot i t t i n gn e wb r a k e s put ir pLace I c t p . . t h el L s e lt . belevewilt happ€i wa r fof n o wl e ew h y . . . 'm 5eelngmy frl€ndloe tonighi ihi.t helikeshisco!rs€. he5th nt ngofseLtinhgisftashsporiscar
Language Summary 9 Pa ron'b'i'\"\\\\ meaningofverb desc bingstate/activity . a/anu oneilev a fev quitea few po \" 9B @ pgl Hes ira!.9 secondthoughts experience A/dn and on. both relir to one thnrgand canbe usccl abortthe fLynglessons pq or- with singnlarcountablenonns. I tow.ler Ne usually nseon. il wt {aDt to emphasisethe nunber. Comp?re t . oDd. ro bd rd d hdD a) tt tdhesjust a tenth4 .r s..:on.ilo corrplft. non L-.DD.i8r.Dld -V. or b) It trrft.sJrston.Iolh ,/ a stcontlto ompttn: most lrans.r.iions.(= not two or thrcc tenths) I o 6 p.r\\ 80 ro dp a) wher we afe thinldry ofo!! particularday (h the F4 ooL o d o ac^ ..r .odc. sens€the textureor temperaturoet tuture or the paso. but we doni sayeucLly shich somethngwhen t comesintocont.ct A^t-:Wt pdid thaLbtl o e.l.D l.lsl ,llonli. not .. ThlsmaterialteeLvserynice, wlthyorr skir d da1Jtlstlltr;.*k. \\lt .d, sectht bd h r'a,nlgllr one ddl n.xl ncch. nol ....1l]cl1f+€*1+'e€]i S h e5 f e e L n 8 rb e t t e . exp€riencseomethng physicaVemotionaL b) in phraseslvnh one... othcndnotLtlthc ne\\t: NI.mr She.cme5 hom London o rg n a r e d &sn'ofc l,\"n ons ncdrs oJpavnolt Loanoth/r' ... nol }a€+lj€l+5+€+e]r€-l€+r Sher5com ng from Londor c) ln resNnse ro the qucstion HaveI ou gor a t!.- havea permanenctharacterstlc pomd notc I caaldbond\\'? s.c sayrsorn: Ird onb Bot.rte^-poundiote (Th!r:sthc onlv note I ha!e). tempoarlLyueiwe ir a pancularway So,rf',Ive otrb gor onsfle-round iot. and l nc(A ir (l haventgot an) nroreljve pound notesto lend afi.e shereallylikescanada. beliewsomdhingispfobablynue Thefes .obodythere.Yorue thirk sorneth.geiistsaLtholghln fact maginngthingsl My cas€(e gh51s kitos have€ heavinesof a.ertaln amounl T h € yE w e l g h i .agL L t h e meas!r€the heavne$ of an object handl!ggage. . \\Vc can useborh the sinpLc or continuous lofln ol the r$b t fi to ncan experiencesomething pliysLcryemolional: $.J.ck/\\ , . alan,theot no article Previevs'@, p85 . \\ \\ ' u . J . . r l . - r' t s . r1' u u r . t r Lr'r r n exclarurtions,c.g.\\t'hal .r ,ig nisla,rcl \\\\rhai d lo'.ry dll) 1 4 lo ulk abouta pcrsonor thing lor the li5l Innc: .. hdfc a FEW,AFEW,QUIIEAFEW tt thod fo, .hethin'j ttu idtnLiLy aJa \\IP guest glii. d/.lv neans a considcrabicmrnbcr': Hos.v.r! b) nhen $.edont kDo\\, or iLisnl lmportant,Nhich onerIh.' s.nd a entry p(.s ... ryite afd Ameri.anbanft.rsdr optinristi.. c) $,irhjolrs: I his is s.dnncLlbl a doornan. : AJ|w n.ans'sone, but r snnll nunbcf: 4f,on.nrs Jot d ft\\| callLts,d tt,in Lichdad t ltwstldpd rt a) to ralk abourthe sanc perconor thing for tlie secoDdthird founh, €rc Lirnc:dbar.od( to the wP\\ liobilephont. Dr.J.J.c}cli\".I.i-!'''' b) lvllen th€re is only one (or onh oN ni a paticuld place):Ar .1 F.rv meansi)ot rnan) or not erough (noLas man.,\"as (.dt nighLaLme Mil.islry oJ Soundin Landoi ... 'rou sould e\\pecD: rel'/j nancialc\\petLs.$ould c) vith counrfiesthal lre groupsof islan.lsorsules:Cl l)si, dispuLettu IacL LhdLst)meal thtsc meLhodsal prl),ntnL the USA ... n i l l s o d , lb . . o m . d l h i n go / r h cp d s l . d) Nith superlatlvess: orn. oJtr'e tdtt€st nighl.hbs : : . lie is olien us{:din morc lbnnal silualiofs 5i. hdsJ.lf /iicnds (fornral) sh. docsri havenary lriolds. We dont usean atl].le: (informal). a) lor inost tovns, cities,counrricsand cononenls:,1l d rc..ni nrslrt . li/t1. / d littl.ris usedlvith urcoturtablenouns in the dr Th. Nfi,isrr] oJSo! l in London sane wzr asJdi! / d/.,r is usedrvith countablenouns. b) ro ulk about peopleor thLrlgsin genel\"l: . studettsw ( off.re.l H. sp.D.lslittle tirn. xitl lis rhildro = (not much. Dot cDough)H. st.nls .l little liDl. rirh ,ris.Jriklt\"n = dis.outrrs i/ tlr.f b.d Dobile photr€l to bul ele.tt o ic ti.he6. (some Lrme,bLrt.r snall amount) d lol.sonrepublic placesG.h.rol,hospiral,&tr'f.,siry .o11.,s.,, . we can nakc cornparalileswith/.1'.f aildtl) \\\\'r usc prison.etc ) ivhcn ivc ullt aboul $'hal lhcf areuseclor in /.rr.f wirh countablenouns: Tl.,t d'\"/evdr '\".rso s genera|I n.nt lr.ollege in Iondon tl€s. ddls to .dn] .dsh tharl.r.f b./orc.Wt uselcss with uncounlablenouns: Pcopie.drn l.ss cdrh rhdn . . $1cuse rfi. \\rilh public placeswhen rvc talk about the building: tlu di,l in tle past. I r.nr t0 rft..olleg\" dr hrt.htin.. @
Language Summary 9 6i;*E Presentiinngformatio,.necat pe3: ffiE Connectiwngordsr:easoanndresuf(iAFi ; \\\\re usually use thesephra-sestorvards rhe beginiDg ofa e -Wt.eheuysgeobast.athrse€blbeeg.aim6eingoofiloa gile rhc rcason for sonerhing lalk to tell our audience ivhar ve rill be speakiDgabo t clauseofreason. and 1(]give them an ideaofthe stmcturc o[lhe ral]r. I n gaingtt).liriit ttu talh into (tfir.e sc.rions) I ltit MatJ mJ rarkcL be.a\\se hersMs brchen Firn o/ dll, (lrox rcanatni.sis r.latcd to real tiJe). Il]!:nIll go on Lo(tfu inttll..trdl.fidil.ng.) l-=-- ^r1!l/indlt I ll (dts.uss/Itu,\" .are€rt 3 B€caur€ o/rs tolloved b' a noun phrasel to makethe fiBt po'nt 1 Because of poot lisibiliE, Lheft \\rerc sevent tuat1 ii;;;l;ri:---- ac.idenls. nor &€d{5€ €l+*i}il +d L d is s t ; r iw r h / b y . . . 2 B e $ u s ? o [ t e f t i b l \" I l o o d r .r t r n t \" , r u r r ' r c r . , u f n . r A sr * i d b e f 6 r e. . a3axl€4]11ft\"-i**+#i# - Toretirnto s6m€thlngmintionede\"arlier 6 Wt useaslsincero meaDb..d&s.: Since/As]ou don?w.int !9stcll3rJ1.P9i11......-.... to help.I'll da it mtsclJ. N d wI L l t : L ka b o ' ! t . . . , \\re use so, zls .l rcs lt. t&aeJorc and corrs€qadrry (o rits m6vednto .. intoduce the resulro[a srruation.We usuallyuseds d ics ir. Le\"avitnhSit asidefora m6m€rt... Lhereloftand consequenLa\\ t the beginningofa senience. As d /psllt, t,r€reloreand.ons.qlenrb are mainly usedin to summariswe hat'sbeensaidsofar s5to slm iip . Mj SpdnrsJirs r.alry ,,dd.As a resv.lt,hc d.idnLun.le]standmt. Jiistio rlcap... MarJa rd(heLwasblohen.so I lent her minc !e..:ifl_4!_1r1h!e9ttl!sc.1E_!:1\\!9a-.\"j!, Iher( \\tcrc tertiblt fuoas. Thereforc, thq last all Lhft aops Visiriliry Llaspoor Correqusrtly, LhtrcNet( serenr road L:stbutn6tle'ast... c We usedus io and owing ro at tle beginnhg ot a phraseto htroduce lhe result of a situation.l[ rn evenris dae rd something.ii happensas a result olir. Thse phrasesare tollo\\Yed b\\. a noun phrase. nDoute^tuoe/Otw.ri/tOg $itorgbraoalldw.]lnvheeartl]reesrtrnlelasj}a I did 't go (limbitlg. d1e ILI lormal, miuen English, s'e donl usuailv use@ing to atrer the verb bs. Tlre ,odd d..iddts wc.reilue to bad \\|&th naL +ft€-r€#*r1!€#f't+r1}frr ing +€ ,ed t|\\:d+A€* TIPS!. \\\\t use'cos /kJz/ in inlornul speechro nean 'because. . lfve pur a lerb after phnses like ds d r.n t oJ,du. rd or bd.ars. o/, we usea vdb+ing afterrhe subjed. Tlis r)pe of stucture ]s nror-ecomDlonin fornralcorretrs: ,4sa fesrlr oJnl Spanintbei\\g rcalU bad,he aidnt undetst ndnc. BecLltrsotl the yisibilitJ beitg poat, Llttrt tyetc several roatl accitlents. mEl Spelling-i:bleo-rabte@6\\ The acljectivesulixes ibie and ,ablc rre often confused. a) -irle if ihe root (= the word to wnich |he sutfix is added) G trot a complereword, e.g.td + ibb = e.libk.isibl. desttltctibl., i^cralible. Exceptionsinclude|.o,renprillc, di.].nibl., Jlexibl(, r€sponsil,l.s, cnsil,l. b) -dbl\" if the roor ]s a complete!ord. e.g.lnd.rsrdnd + dl,le = ufitlcrstan.labl., .la + abb = aoable: lloricedble. helierdbk. TiP'.lfa roor word endsm -e, we usualit replacerhe | $ith the sufl:ix,e g I'eli.y. ) ir.lie1.al,i..Holrever. rhereare ma , ' \\ i , l i n n \\ l o i h l \\ 1 . 1 . . 1 . \" .r r . , , d r , rr.. t ; , , ) n . j , . a l , t t .
Language Summary 10 ii;.li-iAi3ntonyms1oBOOplor sLy ,' r . \\\\rhen the subjecris t\\!o or nroh: nolrns lnncd by dr. o/, we use.r flural tornr:/r tetr.r r Adjectiles nust collocarcr'1th the rouLls thef ar{:describiDg.the alld a palrel $erc fo'-waded to our neq.lddress. oppositeola.l\"ar ided is a rorgh idea, bur dre oppositeold.lsar . ln clauscssith whdt essrbtect, if the folLoiug noun is pluraL.the lerb is enher plLrraL(in mor. '! +neans'is lhc oppositeoL' a cLeagrb$ +an opaquegliiss formal contexts)or singulaL(iI norc DtoLnial a ) a c t e a fd e a - a v a g u e / B U T e a s y j i tj e \" a n s + s l mi t j d b n s contexrt whdt surprisfl itu was/'9elethe sheet nuhDers oJpi.q.,nsrs.J n rjr. ndr. erc!81.d.* a s w e edt r i n k +a s o u rd rn k . lD conpl€x sentenccsr.he !e$ agfeeswlth Lh. naiD noun: Dring rh./o1i1-manthsitg.,morc -i tlw a nilliok letters nere deli,ta'ul b the r Orhercomnon .tnlon)rnsincLu.le: . \\\\t Lrsea sin$rlar lcrb Nirh the nunb.r o/ (but a plural ferb \\aillr d nrnret or: The nunha ol b) arcusshlrr,ac+easmoorshiirfa.e 9,9!Cl:ii . . ...a_i-.,91!.!a... dpplicd,lsahfdl,senr€€di Ihr nlnb.r .t tld..s. arshrc6louj+adark1610lr. iJrehlTdg!.. --a!9!y.ty+! .. i: ,. Modalverb(1s)f:unctions aaag!t.ae.!lnLLpr!bhltrusiiignld.d+++inaaag)slort9rwc!Ibnqs'piwt!d!i'n,9nd! 8BUr?a\"stna!9!lq!L1qp9!?t;irr'd:c9iotugn..,-a.+9.na$!ml,1!€odgie,t\"f!OfbJsliitpydi€ifng8! i Preview10@ p95 elv.yjre ...1i.sweewl !!:\" i..!ry9i! -ery\"I!:y ... pLafion'od + ri.hfdon .. i pL?:i!fti'! + apltrernesdhi't.., ' \\Ve ralk abolrtabiliryusing.atr and .oul.l: t.Ir4ortunrdr.rsyhcc.rn'r tou(11tJp.. )I\\, btuxhtr a strongcdttee+ a weakc6ffee a strcnspos5ibiLt*y a faintposslbilty .o&ld srrj uhcn h(' Llas.ight :. -.'Subjecvveargbreemen1t 0A@pe7 Wt askor gile pennissxDusing.dn. rna) and euld:1'ou can as( q than.. Mdy I us. )u, A rerb usual\\\"agrees $ nh iIs subiect (i.e.a singularsubjeci hasa singular phanelCoatd I lca\\( &,ry totlal, plust? yerb and a phrni subjecrhasa ph,ral veLb)r Wh.ll I rds )oug, i .ould orlr' w.rt.,rI V rt Horres. roo,tnrr por.rf.i rh. in/on,dtion sry.liigh qlor rhoutanrls $'c ralk aboutobLigatn using nust.Dd hllv. Flifthcr north, hdil t.rs l,citrSd€lii.,rd td lirr iq .or rrer:o/ rhe rtr ld (got) Iort.n la.1an O. t.st dndh.t gol to l,l furslifs. rr:nr glassesY. ir hxst grl ror | ,rdft.s /i.rcd. $t usea singular !erb: rh.l )a /ang.tuus a) if tlie subjecLol Ih{:\\rrb is a cl,use:Hd'rrng.drs is n.}' d thtrg oJl,r. pdsl. b) $ith nouLrs\\r'hichenclin s buLarenol Phml: N.Lrs.on€s lid .rr.rrl rhesc r \\\\t giveadviceusng s,rorl.l rnd oLrghro: Yru sr'ould rchr,, lhis .rsil do.snl l'of,?.Hc oughl .) ivith exprcssionsofquanliL.\",measurenrente,tc :2,000 ilcs is d io,rs d! to .ft.rtrgrftrs(..r nidrr d) afterwords such as.L.rydrc, dnfdring, etc.: thc nlarttlaL.)n tl]'.'te\\(Jon( ' \\\\t talkaboul repeaLe.yL)picbael haviourusing .is sddnriourry $aiting /o': 'riil and world we olien useahfaJsor drcn N$ 1'ollLl:sh.'ll.one honc ard llanc.iidreb \\c usea plural !erb: I 'n dl]lh.T\\illcddl aJsstoflor iun.hdt a) for nouns which don'Lcnd in -s but vhicli arenot singul.rr:rle poii.. sere \\Ve reluseusDrg\"ont and w.rldn't l ron't l.t e s r n ga p i g . . , s . B i . . . l.f llsc ml .dr slc worrdn't.gii€ n. d lijt b) ,lier n'ordssuch ds l,oth ol. all oJ.pknt.\\ aJ,d nunb.r ol, a oupt.: Onryd ldn n'ghr. caulle szre rtcnnLed. We criaciscpeopl.lspasrbeha\\iour using SornecollectireDollnsand namescan takc eiLhera sing ar or a plual torm: orghr ro har./shoul.lhar. + pastpa icipLe: a) Wherl focusingon countneslvhich are a gntP ol sratesa, DistituLior or Thcj orrght to have told ) or. Shc should have gone ftr&nrvfrsr.r organisatbnas a $'lole. tlie rcrb is usuall) singularr rir. t,'SAndsl4il srdr.srI hc B/ilish drrr) rar lllsl) dcp.nd.,raorrfig.ont the t&n w.ts a \\ve LlLkabout prohibition using.dnl: YoLci dr'l lindn.itll tlilurc. snrolt on anl pullic trarspor-l. b) \\\\rh.r focusingon a collectbn ot Lndiliduals.rhe verb is usual\\' plural Ift. tubli. wer€/;s.inat.d b lJrfPdn1[xpl..ss. SEMJ-MODALS beallowectlo ' \\Ve use be alio ed to io sal q'e have permissionIo do somedring:W. ,oe all@ed to ltcdr lfharcffl rc irantfd at s.hool
Language Summary 10 nanaget0 3 hng \\:11,Jat ddmpk. ).u jLt{ hno\\t iL.trotl'tharc b@n cdsrldf hh .rsd li,l (past we useftd,r.igcro to savlhar \\aesucceedin doing sonrcrhilg, olicn alicr sornccli{llcult): i losl ,o h.} bur I 4 h 6'r'L be cds\\ irdlirg Mnrlin a5Joufpd,rrcr (prcsent) managedto .linh in thro!.qhrlc tr'indo\"l 5 ,\\,1f/.rtJr.rsd_fsir3 obiou: that I.a Ill,/te$a te.liL beableto badh .noagh (pan) \\\\'euse,r.arl. rororalkabouar biliqor possibilir\\)Vrcalso 6 Cktrl\\. h. must enjoJ '1hat lr loes; rlry clsc Lrouldjrr ue: .dn ro talk about lbiliry and possibilit,!but cd,ronh, has f,t in so ,'arv hdrrs?(prcscDr) s . . r n . r , ' . ' , , 1,,j r l h , r , l n . i , - r , i r ' r r , L n . ahlc to: I night b. ahlc tu .onl1. nor +rn€ldi.?ft1+'1e. 7 tu must ha!. ileiot al i|.ost .)[ his chiklhoad to prcctising. . II $e saysomeonewas alrle to do somerhing,thcn Ne usrully mcan thcr haclthe ability to.lo somerhnrgaltdthel 3 L 1 ) /, d t h . r s d _ !isI \\ o l v ' o u sr h d ti . d D l l a ! . s a n r c di r b d d b di.l it. wc cannotusc .orld lor this mcannig.tt we are fDorgft or i ouldnt I'ale gil?ll up. (pasr) taikug about r sngle rchicvcnientnthcr than a geDeral abilitv iD ihc past,$c usuallvuseb. rbl. n/nand.g.d ro \\ r ' n \" r d , \\ . n u . r L r n r--\" n , | | p i . l r o b . , b l . iBtead ol.orur i was dbld .o nd.t lnn lart Irild!. nor l@Cd H+€l-]ri#]r15|++i.kr-!. Holrrlca {e can use .orllint Peopllrdfc jrsl sl,lliDg tu n\"Ii.c his 1!o/Ji,so ii sfiouldnt lre Lotxlk.bouL a specilicsitu.uior in the past:l tri.ri t,) stdrt lotrgl,.Jo,\" Jrfgds l,r. r\".ognition hc d.s.,1.s. (fuiure) lfi. .rf l)ril I .orldrl. \\Vr can use.orld lvith v€,usstrcnas s.f, h..rr./.f]. etc. ro ralk abouLspccilic situationsNhcn we . , n d ) , n i g h l . . o r l l ] w k n x c t h i n k s o n r e r h i l g i sp o s s i b l e : were able to do sonerhing: I.d&ld s.f .i ..1/ i, rI. listror... 1 I nnr ful'e hod somt ndlurzl tai.trr, 1!ho kndDs.(pasr) neealn'tldonn'teedto 2 H( miplrtbc c'trlthtgtl ndr anirndliotr.hdfd.t.f... {pLrenr) $'e uscl.f, id to rrlk ,bout thirgs duL arc ncccssaryfor us 3 . at h( couldbe \\vol{ing or,ris n.rr shodl,hr1.(prcseDt) Lodo. In positLlescnLence$sc uscrfc.l + iDlinitile wirh ro: l,f.d tdhr) soD.stdnrps. , WheD nbdal verbsreter ro drc pnscnr we ofrenuse:nodal verb + hlinitiv. or modal ve$ + 1,.+ verb+ing:IIc nr.sl In negrLncsenleuces$e c.rl sr! boLhrotrl nf.r ro.Dd enioy rhtlt tu ao.s i. is sdllitld) rig,rlan.l llnsurehcllbt nc..ll? wirh no clunge ir meal 1Ig.I dorl rr.d iolnf.Jn't ||ofiing. It.an'tbe c,sl hdl rrg lt(rtir .ri )oer fdrtnci: go]... . Whcn nmtal verbsi.fcr to drc Jururcrvc oftcrl usc:nrodal alidn'tneedtolneedn'ht avedone lerlr + iDfinitile. ... shou.ldtt'Lbe lotlg btJor. h. gers rhlr rt.dgnirion /r. drrru.s u(\\ e tnin ht'll find t huJ(, ... . In negr6,c scntcnccst1rlerriugto LhcprsL$€ cansa_dr i.]ni rf., rolrc..inl l.r'f don.. , When nodal lcrbs refer ro pasrcenainr.,$- c use:modal verb + lrirf + prn partici e: Iang l'l|n,/of.adrrplf, youjun ftno Ho\\yclct thcsc1\\!o suLrcrurcshrvc a dificfticc in ncanng: iLtton't haw bot easyJor hif as a hkl Ht nwt h.rr. dewted I dL.lltttlccdto ch,.tngp( lan.s, tl.rr lrds d.lir.tr4igiri. rnott ol his chiklhao.l to tra.tising I nay ha\\e ha.l son. (= it wasnor necessanlor ne ro clinge plancsso I didr't) ndrrrdlrdifrt. r]U ltn,i!s. ,vry/arhcfsals l\\ ohurs that I L'd..l\" r har. .hd,'Scdpi.ines;thercwds.t dte.L llighL. .$ttt l&\\e wonkA it bo.Ll) .noulh or I $oxlhft hav giren np. (lr wasnor nccessarfl rne ro changeplancs,but I d .) . (ruqhtto ougi'lntrttn l,r' rl, . r. | . r,rngd. ,ri.,,M: odavl erbs(2):levets0l certaintaybouthe slorl.Usfiouldnl.blrt il car souDdnDre fornul: -sheshoril.ln't pastp, resenatndfuture 1oB6,pee /r. trD Dtrr.ftlotrgcr 5h. dught naLLob. t@ mu(h lonP.r. . \\\\t dont use.an to i.rlk aboLrrlclels o[ cerLlinty We use ModrLverbsa.€auxilidriess,hich.xpr$s our attitr c to. or m.ry,rtrigfit. .orld nrsieadrlic c.ul.l b. .ll ]ronr.no$ no( l+ assessmcnLol, an o cnt or siLuation and rcnglil dnide inti) . u \" 3 r . p . . I i n . . r r . u , l r . r \" b . g , ' . r \" r r . a . 'pr ir . . . { l . \\\\'e use .oxl.lrl or cdnt hare + pasr pafticiplc ro Drean prohibrLione, Lcb. ) lclcls oI cerLaiml certainl) ,bout ihc past:II .oxldtrt/canl h.r'f r..n cdsy. LEVELOSFCERTAINTY . \\Vi' dorl use.a, or mrstnl $'hen we speculare\\.!e use . rr'll, llon1. ..rn1.nrLrsln, oald(rl) irhcit rc thDk somcthing is delinile: ctr'r'L.,olal.l, nigh| nay <nn{s. Hr .dtri hdrc hrorvnllbdlr ir 1 I n surche'Il be $orLing. (presenL) no( g€ m{J+nlr Jftr{.1rrc+x slr€{++. He @u1.1ha].. tud at home 2 II(\\ c tdi'l hc'Iljitd abutc| lorhis .|.].LanrnaLionJiln. (luturc) 4l lh4t tin.. not He'rii+*rp\"+eex }3*€ iilr. ! ! : '3t It.an't be easylivingwith him.
Recording Scripts ANN Yerh.lut dral!n!c. tlnrgh. isnlnl l drerr k n o r l t r h aIrs r r N . r i g ox n I l u n h ! f r o si r \\ o f n. nnrrlst b m) hai .cssor$Ic\\.go1rscl AMYSo.Ann, rvht did )ou su8gc{ thislookl nostp.oplcrvtrlkafuund Nilh r s..\\'l on th.n ddr. I srp|os..\\\\t sil dorn rndh.s Io.nsnrgon.oDnryhair,and{. har a qurclr ANN \\\\i.ll, !vc loughl qnitea f.{scll6tlp fac. So,rhtrrrhdnsonFon.actulltdocssnrilc \"hov ar ]on I a.d |. r.Lls.r !cil' h n'f\\r ard booksovcrthepasrl$r,notrh! rnd I r|t. Llsunchonr,, onb wLrt lvc sot t, ttrll sussdst.dddson.lor rhc b..L.ltLb becrusc al rou. n ierlly nalt.s an inrpr.ssron ahouLlr $asgici(. brl il irsnt untilh. Ltuke nybroth.r! b.cn rcllingne ro r.adit tor rs.s !p \\!itl hisSnhicndthatnlhandr.ss.r Appar.nrl)lir\\ s.ld ol.i 16mrlhon()Pits idd AMY ll do.slYou knorv hc suggc$ed smling trt strt.d to corld. n in., nh,.h tallrch:rg.d n\\ n,llsrtling $.I, snr.b nnprisrd n'. th.4limi. or olr n:Larorshipsurl.[nl]lhc bcu$d il! preqbasi. nulf. rcxlv I De.n. .verfone ton.o.rc d...nir.t$illl for a bccr.rcrhn prGonrhr h:d nrldsrndwhr )or ltnotr,ndlc ar p.oplc llut\\ a bit rlnrrd t, unburlenhins.Uonl. nr I m.an.il obviousi,sr\\ rrl Or, dtrte th. odu Fcrson rr.ck arl not Nhatl[ppeN Nell.I did ind n !,nilt r dr 1adth,t heg,vem. sucha leclnnpo,ranrThrl\\ prenyobvionst.tu Bul gofd nairrat,l d d.fi.n.ll nrnrkabonrin.lnrB asm,vbrtnh.rsiid, it vhat Ca,ncai€lstr\\ing is ir ftall! d.es mik. r diflirence. r-i1.,lv. be.r r|]tsell.vnkrt. dr.. \\'lt d.n'Lp.opl. do itr ALEXI mainlt lalk ro D) Girndi un'ill) oi NIs\\ aoidg o fte sam. ranr sEfon td,vraE a.d .r b) r.rt, L.ous.lh.yr. mt rg. grou! and sY 1irh,l a8r.eqiG )orrhrcdrd drc,t.,\\n,l OK. trp util nov, l!c n.!cr retr!lyhr.l rny.ono.t 6.rtc t]lenost int.rning p.opl. to ralkro, .vcniis.mcolthd poinrshcnlakcsin'hc hdol r*1 N. trlk xbouta lor, hk! whar! raflrc..d s.cnrhasic,Inean,I stjll findit lastinaling. {ith the gn, D lhr r,!Ler o[i.e.lhcr d]an, ars.hool.andrhc hrcn spoasrsuLt\\. andl /\\lhal\\ I drinh p.oplc arese( ing led up liil 'Rcrum h Ri.hmon.l. pl.rs. so. i stancd lor olrhins\\ Likcrhrr lf rhcr. !!s r toblem. mc ulltirg aboutnr l\\. nnd{hln t.n pcoll. I J hlk b d) Iriendsl.ouse dqd b. nor. ,Loutitrtmrk rha \\eedltTobehon.sr.it! rhc \\ h hnn \\br tdo{ a smile .nd.lit ol.tc Lilt.l\\ b und.rskndwharI {as goingrlNug|. Ii6t rinrcl\\c dd r booklitc this,andcven or ma)l. m! sistcrl..ausc shc.ialsoIoung rhouglrI hrvddrquit. linishcdn )tt In.an, ..no.trnd it{asanaznrgl Hc! hccn rcal\\ rndshad Lrov lpro|rbL)la)uldnl Lrlk!, mt l\\c.l\\d r.rd r|out 150pagcsqliar I tohlry paknrs,berausemr mud !otLld g.t id n nap. agtu.{ith$tar he\\srying 1m.D. thebir .lD(v ever snrce.llucb riccrra! b {ad the trndI dDnrddnl th.yd reallrud.rsund wher it saF asarul. re dentgood|nrcns$.' I n.an,lhal! ni lru..I ncan{.tc lsuaL\\lust darrAnd,cincmb.r drc bit uhctu cam.gi. , rr.\".1\"- rii.'''.l'\"r.si\" r,L&D,\".,i. srnns b spelk.ltsoD.onc\\ talking,boul somcfiing thatt Inptenins u rhen, or sa$. cvm it yon donl leel lih. smihrg, lnR zr'.\". i..t.',,'\"* -' :.,;t,,t\"irt.E:n,o hapFtr d to th..r. rhcnm.sl pe.pleat iust * 1 , r .r , . ' . t \" ^ . ; r r t , l , , o u , l o u t aa i L , . r i L e *.itilrg tobutin,aFnt |het rith,Iou knosl _rou6cllto. ..s nnilingadually Lni.gs on i .rit*,\"d.li* b pi',' art! rin rho\\ th. \"5.n. drnrgh.ppenedtone, arrdoll rhcrgo. ni.. teeling llill,l\\. b.cn rfnrg o do rhrl Ion k.o$:$iueringonabourrhcnrsrlve.1 r.it t\"\"'.n8tri sri \" ri\"., r.'in\",rr, m.an, I lhink camegrc! righr whrn ne srys that ANN \\tat, n\\ adifi.,tnt mindsel. isdl itl And l ifydu rantpeopl. ro hke)dt, v.tr1€8orto 5perJir,\\A,tsfn 6$hr rtiti!rJf r.l iearn to mlll pal xnendonto Nhat dretr. Lolrd tlrar quorc rI!1. the chinesc proyerb, sqjng.Yeh.I mdn ictulN oroncg. rhe _I rnan widoutrsnihg ctALJDA \\\\tll. mf Jxrourr. saling E ld! o!5s oth.rncEonb Lnkaboutth.nrschcsb, trtking lacemnn not ote. rh bridg. Nh.n rL..o.re nr r\" lri f,obrb\\ qu.ntuns.In.an, slD\\ing thaty.tift nor rerr c\\crrnrg in B,irsh prop[. but fd dc nncr.std nt rL.nr lnlarl Ive be.nt{1Dgto bhopl l knotrr l knor a ic{shop rssinrnc as r non narivr spukdr l lholghlil ers R,l\\i ber moreat.nrir hstcnerrnd lot ntmlr, rcall\\ ni.e.ll b,si.ally n.rs dut Iotr.anr butir.I tcllpu. ii hL.s sonerlf dnoPlnre.l who could l.anr lronr llral, cspruU! .l\\{ys plan rh.rd and rou.anr.onnol ca. Soonasyou t. Iinisl.d readmgiL,I cverytinrg. \\\\.ll, r. tlr r si.r r y.u carl ,n.an, l\\n gong b giy. n ro nry bnnh.r becaus. '':;.:, lralL-rqon):bou1 Lh,ngsLhaLm $r\\ b the hc! gol uosociasl lilG {haLnrverlI meani,G lutrk Thc ftsr dtu I herd ir 16lron nr' rrcL \\\\'iDt abonr-von,D.rn. Did yotr lik. tl DAvt ld. go.urandse. hiendson a lanlr thdnborfri.nd. B.n. and nodrnrg has regrld lrsis. lti usualltbas.darrnd sqursh innu.n..d m,ylite nor dran tlut satng D E A N1 i a h ,l d i l , r n d b b . L o n . s t . l l : s n i or pl.yingsportso, somclhnrsa. ndwdll odrl a.drlll wtll. Rcn an{l I :r. n,^v.mrri.d. \\. I .xpc.nngn, LiLeS)iI agrc wrlh I Llr.I\\eh!l up $ith a drnnra.d hLk iltrR,dt. \\lh.l.ve r.ko. n v.rk.d otrr aLriAhl n sq:.like lh. bit abourhowinPdrhDrit is to talk aboutnnl .lccptrndm.lnirgful, though rcmtdhr peopl.! na,ncsNdverdronghr.bont fa, n..r nl lti Gual\\ ,lour.unenr allairs, catus \\.11fav.urirr cxprcrsnt, is br tr,v GarL.Iorc,bur a lncn.l olninc.John, he! pcrnu6. y.u A.Lmonl€fs which lnrd ol biillianta har And il worlc, es!.cialL)rvh.n n,nrclhinglilt. tlut, rlld it usuall,dcse.errrc' bxsi.xllJ runs t|rt dr.l.ss nioncltou FxI heschartrngtrpgnk. Fornrstan.cl.a51.ighl inlo r lisl ol livc bestcaF,o, old Jihnso, f drc {oEc dr. s.Nrc..lr\\ ar.apr.ssnnr L!f N. $tnr nrtr pi:za.I\\r.n o rht loo I ludni $lntever I ttink dr. rvholc,ssudollriendship al{a)3mnr.{l o tcLi.r-v b.s5 ]rulftvcr rcallv hccngon.l.r nor thananrinuld.butby thc be$v..n,nenisrl, !,n.t basedrioud dre hadrhc.on,rgct, rlo tlrt timeI gotbacl to rhr rrble,led ituroduc.d cmoionalbi'. il! nu.h moreto do $idl linEcllto rheLlnccAnkxr thc tabl. ncxrn, connnonnieresG,andthetactthatsom.or. is cDrRE one oI mr ti\\ouril. sryirgs is llyonIt ouEand lurnt thcirnanr.s Jherc|t trs. nn oI inio som.dringtiatlou are I lhink 'Iil nith lhe.rows vor'll g.r shot rith rh..ro{t' sa)irgstrfI lil€ So.Cl.,t, hoNrrc rou {as sonerlinSscnouss, omcthing.los.rn.l l.an rencmb.r nrtgraranxrrcr 5rlingiL !i cni$ing Lordof? Youc.ull teeclare$?s .notionallontl rrnd b so wilh rnd kik ro mc rrhcn I ra5 grtnvD8 up LnSc.llan.l Aid. t h i r & n r gw h a ra n i r c g r y . A r l I n s u F n olderfricnds peoplerlurtou s.r. at colleg. rvhr! l muns is thrl ilrou hrngiliou( $ilh rv.sjust be.ausched.rlled ltr bt hcr firtt rvnh.s.de.ne dut Fu rninhvou.onLd the nrong.ro$d, rnd rhxt sh. \\'as srtnrg to nam. lctrnll): sin.eAn! sus!.srcdth,sonc unloirlerer]drnrgon to rh. probnrnwrh m. is. rts.Iool. tirt il pcopl.{ho bc. brh3rl ltc rcll r.oupl. ol hs orh.rbooks nrn is thrt thcldon\\ do lhrL qhrtunLrll) ir.dlyyoullgcr pn.nh.n rnh th.n. $n I happcnsr sc 5.,1ofb.rllo lliqs up. rnd rou {.r (xcEr'rl Ntu.s l'vr nor hci tho aNN Yerh.Ibonghror. olhn otherboots do.t lsc licd.ls !s \\rell aswon.n do. .\\prcssnr ur )_c8. hul rctent\\ I \\e h.rid i| HEtrNwrll. itsonedrnrgn{or happcn.n,ir qune trld h th. ners,nd poliri.,l cont.tts AMYw.ll. du nrsIh. lN .oupleol v..ks Lne $odld probablyl. nrtparenF fd ralkt, fi.sl r.nr.lly b..n rDing.ut somcotCa..e$3s dF) d bethehr{ l]e.llc n) knor But.1d. IYNN l\\i]ll. Dy hlfute saynrgjs som.dri.g l.l suSgc{n,ns,N*cll, ),ouLno$1liketheone .onld. nr my fnen,lsr l(n on a n!r_u d.) pich.dup riln mvrnum rn,l |lic I b.uur vhc,t hegoeson abourhow p{Nertul a smiL is. bas,s\\\\e ren,lb mdt,botrlon.e a wc.k lm nor a !.r-af,rcrr(lpcHm Thcsrvmgir andft rvcnder h r..le. \\\\'e al\\x)s nr.r in |hr s.ne pllce.actual\\iandrlrcreas.i vc decl ftere is dratdr.Iput !prdlr rll our noise$t rrl t. s.archaboulhrlftrn h.r. but rhar!vlrtrt wc sxy Lrt iluiuuy goeson. $'c j$L rcltrxnndgiggl.andI ahats..d ur sNingnu.h noie thanl'd i cnd.d ro So, ).ih. hiendsarca )aall) bigtan.Iml lilc add rhel lravcro pur upridr a Ld tion 'n.. }ur I hopelm rbLcti gile th.m a litle bitback,bur mo$ inrrodantly*e do nrMgc to larc a rdallygo.d latrgLabourrhings aNDREOA K,.p.Eon {ho Lrc.l ro c.nlidehis ny naidr.ss.r.tunn,lycnoushI Lhnndi re rdson LconfiJc ii hnn is precbelvbe.ans. I {lo.'rwnnrti unbunl.n,I ntrvo.ics onml lamil} so lh. hairdnscr! rsa ncntal sr.und iI voulile. wh.E I .a. tusrs, ard klk,dd I
Recording scripts ''\\\\'tt hrv.rdogandhrrk )on.sclF\"Andtlns PRESENIIWR alkinSrnro',lbmnt lvlcHngh\\ sehi ..iltrinly hadr.nponllobe elilept andat bxsical\\\"neas th.ret no needto boLh.r dding dee.hed homc,ronlc orc$ieln d b! a lns olgreltcrealr* output.h. uoLonl_\\, son.thingdilliculril soneonearoundtou.an comncopiaol shap. and.dlo!r: &.t rher you Fintedbut roull Nrnc constantl\\\\lehi(his 'lo it bctt.. rbar )ou. 5o.Inr exanpleny boytiiend!a iantastic ook,andpeopl.sat ro Iook on clrry$all rnd.eiling t6ereis a Tondy do.sir, too nF DDyo!..otl' l.an say Wh_\\h' avca dog massot absftcr desBns,aninals rnd lac6 P Flahcnt sdong\\ beli.rds thlr drc nrmased x harkFurs.l0 becruseb, e.rus. lher\\ t ddl hehn histos oD\\ si\\yoErgo rcallt no rced lor ne to bother Tonnnfwasr Livdrp.olbu,ld.r*irL x bit ot! .rertivc oltlrur nrat bepan\\ becauserbc bnin ptrt weLl, I Brcv !p nr a ho$t lanily and rcngh p6r s r nreet lighkr, and no appmcnt is be.oningles5sellcnticala, nl srGsesllut dveqlJn.in my fxnrill ro{lelro6es.ex.eprlor i.rcRt rn afr. No{a.hjs ihough.he\\ a man mativiry is n.l necc$anlt a guaranL.e.f qualDi ne. Anrlasa resuhol lhaL.Iti.ldrl np qnftc: lvith a passtun lirll of cnotion, dri\\€n Lo lldced, McHuglt elny printings ar mthing rd lc{ expressionsinvolving h.rses. one oI n} cr.rte.Hd describeLsF.rind asa volcino siirc hom. aboutb. ut sone.thE recertwoik tavourn.sn \"Ho6.s li)rcourscs-B. asi.rll dplodnlg wilh btrbblcs.eachol s hich contairE noRthathc! hadsonepn.ri.e. Grordeful - different horscsarei.volred m dillermt khds a nrillior o&d lubbl.s hLllol rnttopFbl. ir p.ni.ultr his nonc carings. And even oIa.es, rnd th. ho.sesarc5uitcdro,is thougL ther. js n. wa_\\o,l knoving ho$ nlch patu.drr.ourse. So,in reil lifc cverypeFon cRaii! idcasHe spendlsis.Lls andmosrol lorger Tonmy $ill survive.he! not in the lea{ is suitedto a paiiculrrjob, everyh^.hine u i hisnights larnting,scuiptnragtd.anins bit dep($cd aq nor. ilis lil hasbecomc.n laniculdlob and HoEestor conrses ToMMYWhenyourralkinto ny honse]..ouwilh rdlentur, ard hc lo\\ts .veryninuteol n b6icall'slms up rhalcomcctionbeeveenrhe into my brain l'vr go harnNcl gonrgon in thinglnd rhejoh ir sh.uL{dl o rnc bnnr. I have LoLeril all dur o t o(rloads. t1!:,,)r ',,1:. sRuctOneolthe pla.esI remenbermostlre rhe coMPERO[ K, P.tcr $ill ton pleaseiel] us lhd dcli.ilon ot rheAustraliarexprcsior'Shell P The ra.slornatioDnr Tonmylus bc.n quilc 3 Thisgrolp olisLandsabont600mile! our t on PEIERLovelyexpressi.ni,snt it, she'Lbl caulesl tmirkrble So,whathappenedsix !.ris ag. P lr. hcardol then. yds or shouldI srt she'Lbl ..ppleir $'ell, vhal to bring ir.bdull Thc extraordinaraybwer is B Ycah,lantastpich... \\\\t Nentroscesone thisbasi.altrneaN is soneoneis goingr. be reallt pleasedo.r snrpriscdo, f rallt rhrill.d a bnin hrenorhag. Onedxl 1ommtsrs nl lriends D Ecuadorand lhed ih.r organiscdthjs wnh tumelhing For cxampl.,i{ vo! slrN ne bort dp nr u5\\rnrh Ustedabouta rvcc| a presentrhatlou !e borghl nr your morhc. thebatlrrcon,$ien lle renenrbersonretnnrg P Ard $.re rlFy ex.ic, sun-kGs.dr,opi.rl ard I sat \"shelLbeappies.'- inis sinplr ''ponpinSinhn hea d. Btrlhe ti'ndhe reached nlandsasthebro.nureswolld navelou mcansI drnrk shell lore n lbspntrl,hir eycslad tunedbnght r.d andhe s Not rtall, actlalh:Thet qercqu e E.q; tjust c Naoni,tour dclnnion is? r.nenb.r grernesss,on oltolcani. rt,ck,bit NAoMrPdc.i pronu.ciabonisvcrygood,butof ivasin agonisidgpa,n frvo anedesin hjs kd ofvcgetariotrv.c.y coLdl.o.biddingseradda lor ol.I'eaha lot ol.ldud Ercn drough$e .oursethar\\not the.caLdclnito. ol Shcllb. rcrc le.trnrgblood.anda delicarelirc salnrg sc.r in August,iL*at qnitecloud]'. apples.L.t me erFhin thdrdll nd,nins i{r ]\"ou.As yonlno{i.ppl.s areni... the},'ie op.ration lbllo$rd Tonn)\\ d wile des.nbes F oh. dd rou g.r to see, lor oI aninals ald birdsl $vcd, 'hetr Bood so jl a persoDis lrighGned B oh lerh. n! bnllranrbf thai.Absolurclt orsoiiie'l abort soDethrngd, renAustralians whai hap.n.d rcxr. t), to rombn ihat pcrsonb saling.\"Air, brillilnr y.u linon:| $rs r..lll er.iGd rhet shelberppl€s' Idorhure.nls.deNari.g! IAN A tew .lays later he e6 s.rt hon. wilh a havethesegi.nllind tnroEcs,lotr kno* lhe goingto b. ftre so.dont $'orD she'llb. rppls la'no!siortoisesT. hey'vegoralbarrosses. bagfnll oI tablets I didnt kno\\L $lut to do whichareurilue to th. islind, nrariic RA|PHAcrnallyD, eitlcr ofrhosed.Iinirionsis i$!ms. bluelootcdboobies. lrnc Shcllhcappl.i basicalllnreaNfon ne .ouldnl walk..r fecdhinrsclfo, rdo think s.n.onc is perfccrnx a parl,cula.job 3 Oh, thet fteyte grar I he,ytesor. oI ralher iI aranintervi.rrldt! srx thspch,n am\\in8 anlhnrg real\\r sonelimds he didn t cv.n knov supid loohing,.lunn bndsridr blu.le.t Ior the posnion jr hntrstically well-qurlilied rnd l{rngn.cl$ anddrrte ab.u h. sizcolr andtheb.st applicart.rher )ou d s,t shell b. e her. hc was Ir $as rlvlul. l]e $as Lotall_\\' g.osei.d do ralllsrang.. fllppy da.c.s. applesOr to pul it anorher\\rat:Ionharex ld.l..nfidenre in drcpe6on kustEted,angryandnr p r so,h.t$kirolr B Yeaha, ll th..ninals aEabsolutelthme. You canvalk ght up b thcnr.,roucan{dk c OK,Shirlet! L.am\\\\4irh d. rotr rhinkis lhe on ne be.auieIvrs rh. onltone there.\\\\,e thoush rhen thel drq .lonl run Natatall, tu. dclinirionof sltU b. rppl.r? Doesn therte absolurelfvanunic ncan sorneoneis going to be rcrlly plersed. Dr didn t ha!. any rfterea.c s hasocrr sn.pnsedo, r is n a F?I oI sa)ingdonr {orry p lan rvasdesperat1e0nnd anrrhingrlut nrighr .:),:,,:,1r:1 ererrth,ngqilL bcIi.e', oi doest n.an $n..ne is p.rt€.ltd r panicularlobr giveherhusbandan outl.t. shed rlw1t5 MtuissAr.r not surerre bld yo! aboutnl rip ..-' Finlcd.s a hobbi soshelDnd.dhinr pcn SRINDANo,no,)ru bavenl. rnd a !i.ce of paler and sugg.stedhe ried M No,w.il lhir wasld summ.r t havenlsrcn CoMPEROEK,Shirlel! tcan. whi.h do yon thint dnwing.\\\\'len shetumedba.k trom.oohng is nr. m. d.linftion ol She'llbeapptcs? )ou Inr a ylile \\\\\"c \\ecrcexp.cring, so{ oIlw. rheteaonlya mimte or rvo larerh, .d filled s(.ks on sadx }uudhrl, san{ltb.aches sHrRtrY\\vru. rheytcrll conli..ins Burq! thirk & ph! deliddon G rue We.rn iniagineafter dr rvholepxg.silh riny L.es nll d,rle,nt M . . . l n d * e { e r c c x p . c r n r g d r e l u s hg,. c e .h i U s ajob im.rvielv, dr. inten icwerc .lbotidg ollreland.I near, I'nrAnericansoyor knoq soneoncsating.He'l or 'SheLlb. apples. Not sulr,isinshJaD$asun.N.d. bur rhis all rnc cli.h.s oI kelanl al]Pi)t,o meand.we nr.aningnr.ill bc drc bcstpeson tor thcjo}. alLlor. togo rher..Anyr'r), rvcser. wat only thebegnnnngolir all.Assoonashc exrrechnag b.audtullodgerhat,drarrr. d c Ard dr tne definnionisl remed lron so.r. fti.nds ol lriends. Aftc, sr NAoMI ft nex$ donl $orry ererytling will be ras Iit en.!gh, T,,.nnt s6t.d on rhewalls gotther..th.re*assor of 13hous hvelline i. drjsdiving. p.undi.s rain- wenopp.d c 50 Pcterlsrcanrir in rhc lead$ih h'o loinrs andalsobeganro neh.a.dl6 lo scult] heads ofi, our firststop.wh.n $r sotncarro the houseq, ?s ro bul th. rongheswr xrerprool oi rux. At rhissraee].t didnl cnior hn.rani. ged thrl r'c could lind crcativ,qa' ndrnotc cris lor helpb ddc|oF raJun.lrhcuorld.lvlostigDorcdhin bul 1r1r letes hil homc,includingoneto ih.lnisl luadonKalnm. *horccog s.d m Lnn an extene yersionot whd d^q anistslcel. M^RioNr roldhnnl couldnlsropthehubblcs exnlodingnrlns head,buil di.l linor r ld oI Fople wh.lclr likcrhar lt! calledbeilg P This{asa iuning loinl ftJrNlcHugh r gare hi.r anc$ Danernda nervid.n y andhc bcs3nt. enjolhisvorh. TLeotherld(dr nernwhil.. hadEacbcdAliceFlah.nli r ncurol.gistlron 'hd LjS,vho hasa spe.iai tuensi h this li.ld. rlah.ny hascontsponded eidr NlcHughlorsev.raltearslnd rcccnllv ranreto rh. UK to neet hin. Cas.ssr.l $ his.shcsaysa. reEre, bur Dorunkrowtr. AtlcETomny! mni. rreahf) is exrcnely lik.ly ro bedorn lo.hangesir Lis rcnrponl lobe.thepan olthc brain r.sp.nribLefo und$nandnrg rncannrg.\\'an coglr rln.sl
Recording Scrlpts M $I.liren lrilcd '!rv Lak,alnight11$. honse q?i.al tharched.otrag$andol$n6c rhr un ovr,lont rhd. brr I d. ffcl,r i.sie whichnms onr ro bc not i be.milul lodgcbur ftdnionxlcounlrypubi lvbnderltrpl h.c u go r Add.d )ou htrr. ir whrn rou wcft r Luch.n rvcr-rsElk'nodtln I And,oI..usc,Inghnd irsl..p.di! irisloryl v Yes,I drnrhln dr so( ol pe$.n. doenil R Yetrh iG hi{orr you re aiter, dren agxnr B No nNic channnr.n yonrcspoil br choic..Tt.r. ar.106 ot natd enrt I do,llL al{aF k.l I dont linown hi{oic ro$rrsorh.r rhanLondonForcxample, :ll. ara lNillbc. )ru kno\\ som.bodvsgoirS M is.m.re dr.n rusricI tln,nr rhelvor.l rhc.c rhcre!York,dafirs hackb beftft Ronan tnncs r or a r r h . n :o u i o n cl a I A dr. thingrh.r N. d& cd t).1.1|. nert A \\ral[d.i1],.ftr]...bbl.d ste.c, a deligltr I Rirhral. hn.lyou hlxrd olrlrt krnr'inrlnsrc, dat rvasg.t !t andcitllk rur ntronndiils reilh Ard dr.n,Yort Min{erisa lhe exrmpl. ln{.ad .la !rnd} b.!.I lnut Ne hrd ras x ofgodricarhite.tnrc h L.t, r! Fr,!p.! RCHARDNo.I ladn1,not nnril lou .xplain.d il verr rhinskip olgr.vel sc.ondlaEesrsorhiccalhcLl,aALn,l ilrou happcnb hc dtrc on a sundrl wcll y.ule I AnJ )ou.lo Lhink!onrc p.rs.nrlL_h\\'ad M And dr. ow!.r bxdforgorr.nb tcll 6 tut th. renllrin lor a lFa1b.crus.dr. nugnitic. bells Lerchvas a.llalr hallt hour.sailawrl ir r rnlg out all overfte citl I rncan,irilantastjc R \\Url, no I dodl \\'rnl ro sotrndaiiogrnrbur. bur irsnor so.r.drnrgI r.cognise. B which is $ntd lg thatrou don\\ vanr r. be KAt Lfruie i.lo.ishrliIc, or il),ou'icslht we d.inBh }ad lr.arhcr crlla rultuft vulure'tlFn*.11,lnydllhe.ities I lnd rvlar in fa.t do,vondo ror a hlnrgl r.llly Liverpoot,vanchener, Lecds.Ther.s a R l'nrr ca.rc.rrnar I vor| in rcL.vision M Nol r.rtv nr tlr..hoppr scr! thrl wer'.r. { calrhol nNc rtnu.s, .lubs.muscu,.s, I So.ro! l[v. rll llresedn.clo^ annprtrducss surrcund.dbi 50,I havd10s.t it e'rsnr our gall.ncst,hca!6 I m.an,rhen:ar rt:rLly.rany, rnrnr vihmntciti6 in Englandrnn allollhen.l erpe.lingrxdr.r$ond. nl im.geshon you rNrtRVtrwECRrtrtou tllus h.\\' mrny .vcfrotrs ..u^e fd rerl \\er) ..sm.ponun -rstslre a.d in ger.raltru li.lquit. sel|xs{red lh.l visitorsconrcro lngltrndcr.h y.rrl Iood,!.lualr l\\re get a lot ol stich lor orr arvtul you crn Sivc!bcrnrh: hct nc.dl FnglisLlood.bur rally rl.afng outn oneol R \\lcll.1'n n.l sr],ingI nr prfcd, bur I, Jrhi.k r(ArEOh a or On Nertrgerell ov.r 27nillior a vou pl.a$rRs,rh.n (.N nnag,nabLnctle ol l\\n goodenorghtl[t ftrsroflh. hnt rehenI t.I Lan )ctrr174 millior o'.6.as 'sr.rs cu,sincF rvxnnblei.lnsland Nr ldnseiat wc nak. x nistake,oriy I realiseIve nrde.n. lamoadd(h.t.tun. riom al ovo r|r ro.ld therounky oI IisI andchipsl nean.drenosr I I s.e.And.ir th. nedia nr gen.nl do you .onnnonioddw. ur rLs. dalsis.unl: AsI rhi.k dr.rc,rhcr.ar. Fcopl.ourthcr.who r crD r.n gif ns somcsrrh\\Li.i.l the srid.a counq ot er.atdnerstr hrrc thissorrof.aggns n:Lldoubrl br.akdorvnol rarr)naliti.rr R N..I donl lhint so Thc tuc.lirn fronsl) linl ANswtRs2 shoul.ler3 rdn.mber 4$isc olprobabl,.or.rly s.lt-.onlidenrp.opl. No. K \\v.Ll.lnkri.rns bp tk lin Thelrtcstiar istics 5 tuns 6 Llls.n,j 7 rermin 3 slide e shnre nobodt:nolodl likcso sho{ antdotrbrin th. l!c sn nrlharsho$ tharaboutd, rclirlrg r0tum rr hart r2wrshr$al r3lc.l ar()urlf.r aboutl5 niliion ol rh.27 rnilLn)n I Vnanlla.hadfou hcJi ol nnpono,syn{l)o.r' rhtrrliasklkingabout /\\n! rh.n thefun.h NrtRVrEwlRHr!. tou hcr,.l ol imprdor ard Ccma6 .onrcn.\\1.rbout2 nillion j],n.Ift,h.'l No. G dotson.on. rNitrgto sle.l MIRANo*AdL w.ll. t hadntanddrenIltiNl.Ipur orc$.as ristoF cach Sp.in. I 7 milli.n and )our idendf Its dr. naggnrglcelingdrarc!.n Iral\\ I I Dillion Sofios.are thenon helu.nt (hongh,to.verton. els.Fu ar. nrF.m.ll dr. id.a ol inpostof and slndbm. an l ,Dd, vLitos n.\\. hadnr rec.nrt.ar. a.FaI snc..ssfuland.alr) e. Dtr?illy y.u rrc And$her..lo thel h.adro wrcn Lhcrgrt hcftl conrrnccdrhrr )on arctun bluffing]'ourw^r andrhcnlra{laboutn a.d rhonghrrtll, r h n n L s h a ntnh i t r l t r n ) n o n r n t n o n ' y o u l l I . x o!.$\\']l.l ng\\i rh.ysl, b Lond.n It! br hr Lun.l out.Sorndlrmilirrl I nteNieNed a.lurui I na,1ali!le bir Lilcan,mDonorb.causc ournosrlopnlrr dcnnrrtnn Lr{)ear. th.rc pcopleabourthelarcnsFdrcmc to hn tlt r'.r. ovc, li miltun ov.rs.rsvisirorsro psv.hiatr6ts.on.h lve becnincrcdiblylucl(r,I\\L hadrn mo,m.us l.ndon AndiG ^ nurr reill] b..ansemany rc.tle dotrlrntur. vcN lar:trat lronrLhc TNTERVEWv,EleRri. hadFu hexrdol hpostor anorntolgood loilnnein. in. hL.inggivd. lhir .apnd Btrtlou knotrilnshnd hasdn.lr nu.hnor ro off.r It ]rrr gr.!1dilersnt:t.Llli VALER\\ItEs,Ilad a.tual\\n! rnteRnnrgos)on prnilege ot, ol b.nrg. ol havnE . plac. at ftis (ad a lc{ ii ofbi, brsmphics.fhn ur rNrtRvtrwtR50.\\lhercwon d tou snglfsr p()tl. p()plcrnd rhq ski, ald oIlhen allsht rvonderruul.rostt a.d a nn\\ tu.d.d PhD. go 10lird this drrernrl ultinglhrut n. buLl didnt..tnU purthos. so iro it.burI und.FtrndNhat,rviart! about rvhi.LisnoLonL)full],fundcdfor.Llmllecs, KAT€\\veu, n dcFnds rvhal perPlowir r.rl): \\\\i rnd I lccldrat,penraprsama bn oia nrfero like ro rhnrkrvc'vcg,nsom.tlirg lor everyloq: but I m tnn,beingplid b ta\\ cl thc\\vorld n, eo yon ovd\\u' visiuG prolablreouldnt Ihrnkor I ]\\nd Ionr proicss,oniil andcolle.tm! drla.so,ho$_.oul.llhislhpprnl EnsLrndstir.bviousplacelnra b.:ch holida],, v I am a ga en.lcsi8ncrBut lle .ome lxl. t) bul illou di aboutt v. ar rr islardrn.l Ho{ couid dris happenro Der And wh.n I go t]tr m hurdredsol rni[s of ..isl suggcrn]8ly thal,I nsedu b. r teach.rAndl dri i having berutiful.oasrLnnA:nd f{trLdrili.s,I snppose ..ne l.t. to soncthingyonl.gin, )ou rc hrd xnd sccml supcmsor I li..! thi hg thrt he! Ion canrdo betrc.tlur comwr!,m1ll in dre ol le.l abit mort olan nnp.sror r.rausctonir. Sou$nrstDllngl. . bu.ar g.r su,hns.Llns liveds. lorg rs a lca.her Vr Gnl posrib\\'be Fonrs!r e-\\,, l'nnnD Mnnndabul acnnl\\: of rdtr slfns- rallt goo{lin fanriLhr .lidrys. a rcxlsr !n dcsignd.Be.aN. I d i{ th. Lhtrrn r'6 Jll r ki.k. il rttrlly \\vasnl Nhrr _l,on rs.r th. Norfolrtlr)x.ls.whirh ish rir. rr{ ot noie ).u leam,b.m sonedrnrgt.hemore,rou Erghnd You..uld hirdabo.l m.Dder thFngh Inow ihatyou doft knor: sootcou6., tou lhdughlil *as and$.\\e io r dd ourlharfou arl ,no( rhxn125nilos oI$xtrsavs pr$mgrh. hnov,tour contid.n.cb.gi.s.,vonicsol or not wirorou saryou Ie ' nrxr p.r.en'I .ountrysid..And,l)outc inro Beftrgr\\rt hom talland clnnlnrsrml hilting. I So.do,v.u thinL rharvodr.lidmslre Boing1.. I &.trgo rodr lake l)istLrt ThtrGrpl...oI son oI rudLl. to thelad rlrr. rou sensethis N A o M \\r\\ h I d o l . u d o r | c n l t a c r a crLo, . h c e r bnadnalnrssc.ner]I:fl.r's inr. qn,tuyilages andFl,ns c.urt'sid., '{u r r.allv+r.ilr lor v \\\\'ell,l dont drnnrrheydob.caus.l trnrk RACHAE*'L.ll \\']tn l n le.lingrealhd.\\r abour .h.rd Go toNothumbenando, rhccdsroL.G r$rs ol lcachingh:vr rrnghrmc thrt you,l thnrgsand nalbe L.lilg a liule bn ].ne\\ or You.D rallt es.apcthc,na$(!and d lhcsadt a$'rbnrgsp..iallt rvh.n)'our.lL6t moyedto rim. s.. &nrasn(r It pi.trrcsqu. villig.s \\tith a nrN tlx.., l'rc gor.L'v.kcnrallrh.lercE rhar P3oplchrvr senrnt.vcr rhr rcarsand ph.rogrrphsx .tL&.dd looseFh.ugtuphs rDdti.k.6 nomllavs and,.orcets dur Irc b.crto, n los ol shocboxes)nardk$ith th. yr rhcn I lid rhoscrhingsr.nd so.rnncs l'll open.nc .f ll,oscmd B. thnush rhinssandir lind ol r.mirds nr $x1.lh. fric.dsthnlI vc had.andrhcgoodtun.s Ive had.rnd tlul drer. N \\-allblbr r. slsoovm. l.vnLrohrrctt'osi a.oaml Lc-. r n r c . N $I.Ll to lic lron.sl. s.m.tinrs I do Gtrr 6 r'cll I hrrc son.lo(l!$otos ol{hen lee ta$ll..l. Andn! lovcll ro looka h.n.but thcnn r|}.als makcsm. rhnrkI h:vc.l s.enrh.sc
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