water pollution

WATER POLLUTION GREAT DANGER TO LIFE 2021 APRİL ISSUE 1 WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION? HOW IS WATER TREATMENT MADE? PUBLISHED BY: STEM BASED NATURE

CONTENTS From The Ed tor Global change n PROJECT PARTNER ERUTAN DESAB METS :YB DEHSILBUP freshwater SCHOOLS resources Yenişehir Mersin Anatolian High School, What s water Turkey pollut on? Torre Vicens School. Lleida, Spain Character st cs of wastewater Nişantaşı Nuri Akın Anatolian High School, Turkey Hard water and treatment Ordu Korgan Anatolian High School, methods Turkey Ordu Kumru Erçallar Anatolian High School Turkey Şehit Murat Kocatürk AİHL, Turkey Esenyurt Science and Art Center, Turkey Water d ct onary PREPARED BY: NİŞANTAŞI NURI AKIN ANATOLIAN HIGH SCHOOL STEM BASED NATURE

FROM THE EDITOR LİFE'S İNDİSPENSABLE: WATER WRİTTEN BY ÖZDEN YILDIZ Most of the world s surrounded by water. So Wh le the world populat on s ncreas ng day by why are water resources becom ng more day, l m ted water resources pose a great threat to mportant every day? Why s water, an all l v ng th ngs. It s very mportant to use water nd spensable element of l fe, so mportant? resources eff c ently and to pur fy the water Water s an essent al ngred ent for all l v ng resources used n every f eld. As Stem Based th ngs. It cons sts of a comb nat on of two Nature e-tw n ng project, what s water pollut on hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. 75% of n th s ssue? We w ll look for answers to the the world s covered by water. However, quest on. We w ll talk about our research on potable water resources are very l m ted. water treatment methods. Good read ng.... Page 2

GLOBAL CHANGE İN FRESHWATER RESOURCES Wr tten by rem kayra dv. NNAAL The land water cycle has five components: groundwater, moisture in the soil, surface water, snow and glaciers. With global climate change, this rate is not fixed. Keeping track of changes in Changes in the terrestrial water freshwater resources important cycle are grouped under three main for public health. Agricultural production, energy production headings: global climate change, and many other things are closely human activities and natural related to access to adequate fresh water. It is difficult to processes. Changes observed in monitor and manage groundwater some regions are only can be sources. Because they are not seen directly. But approximately explained by someone. In some half of the world's population regions, more than one factor causes meets their domestic water needs from fresh water. In addition, 38% this. of the water used in irrigation in agriculture is groundwater. page 3

Spherical surface mass anomalies https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/data/grace-fo-data/ (for the moon shown on the map) observed by GRACE-FO satellites. An animation showing “sea level On land, the red colors indicate fingerprints,” or patterns of rising and below-average terrestrial water quantities, while blue indicates falling sea levels across the globe in above-average water quantities response to changes in Earth’s (including ice, snow, soil moisture, and groundwater. On the oceans, gravitational and rotational fields. Major the red colors indicate below- changes in water mass can cause average ocean bottom pressure, while blue indicates the bottom localized bumps and dips in gravity, pressure of the average ocean. The sometimes with counterintuitive effects. changes are associated with large- scale ocean flow variations, as well Melting glaciers, for example, actually as general sea level changes from cause nearby sea level to drop; as they ocean mass changes lose mass, their gravitational pull https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/27/c slackens, and sea water migrates away. In umulative-sea-level-change-2002-2015/ this animation, computed from data gathered by the twin GRACE satellites between April 2002 and March 2015, sea level is dropping around rapidly melting Greenland (orange, yellow). But near coastlines at a sufficient distance, the added water causes sea levels to rise (blue). The computational method is described in Adhikari et al. (2016, Geoscientific Model Development). And, these solutions are presented in Adhikari and Ivins (2016, Science Advances). https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/86/grace-fo- 3d-model/ Page 4

What s water pollut on? Wr tten by El f Erk. This pollution generally occurs when harmful Water pollution has become an urgent issue with the rapid substances such as chemicals, increase in the world microorganisms, plastic population, the proliferation of urban settlements and the wastes pollute water bodies decrease in drinking water. such as rivers, lakes and There is no need to oceans, reducing the quality mention the importance of these waters and becoming of water for the life of all living things. Water, harmful to both the the source of life, is in environment and human greater danger than ever before. beings. As water pollution spreads, There are many human life is also endangered. water pollution 80% of the world's wastewater causes that cause is discharged into rivers, lakes and oceans. This means that heavy toxic drinking water is getting less substances such as and less. The number of arsenic, copper and people who lost their lives due to unhealthy water use has lead to be found already exceeded the number even in drinking of people who lost their lives water, as well as in the war. So what is water measures taken. pollution? When examining the causes of water pollution, it is necessary to consider several different categories. Toxic substances from cities, towns and factories contaminate many water resources, from both groundwater to ocean waters. Page 5

Groundwater, which is basically formed The pollution of ocean and sea waters originates from as a result of rain water reaching the the land. Chemicals, food waste, heavy metals, toxic depths of the earth, is one of the most substances released from farms and factories are important sources of drinking water. Due thrown into the seas and oceans via rivers. Light to soil pollution, toxic substances are plastics such as plastic bags and plastic bottles in mixed into these waters. Sources with particular reach the oceans through wastes or wind, contaminants, such as pesticides, unless they are sent for recycling. fertilizers, and waste leaking from septic tanks, can become unusable for tens or How Can Water Pollut on Be Prevented? even thousands of years. Groundwater can cause pollution to spread as they To reduce water pollution; combine with various water sources. Reduce the use of A large part of surface water plastic. is in danger of becoming unusable. More than a third Do not use products of rivers, streams and lakes that cannot be lost in are contaminated and unsuitable for drinking, nature. swimming or fishing. When disposing of Industrial wastes, non- chemical cleaners recyclable plastic wastes, agricultural chemicals, the containers, make vitality of these waters sure they do not decrease and this does not affect human life negatively. contain toxic substances. Protect your vehicle against oil and antifreeze leakage. . Page 6

CHARACTERİSTİCS OF WASTEWATER Wr tten by Begüm Çlk. What s Wastewater? In general, it is the wastewater originating Wastewater is water from service sectors such as schools, hospitals that is polluted or whose properties are and hotels where people carry out their daily partially or completely life activities in residential areas. Domestic changed as a result of domestic, industrial, waters are evaluated in two streams as gray water and black water. agricultural and other Generally, the rest of uses. Apart from the toilet water, except for the contaminated water shower, bath, as a result of washbasin, washing domestic, industrial, machine and agricultural and other uses, water from dishwashers, is mines and mineral processing facilities, defined as black and all of the water coming from built-up water. It includes all wastewater paved and uncoated city areas as a result other than toilet water, it is of rainfall from streets, parking lots the wastewater that is at the and similar areas are defined as lowest level in terms of wastewater. pollution among the wastewater types and contains the least pollutants. The main sources of this water are kitchen wastewater, bathroom, sink and various washing water. Page 7

With a 75% share, the gray water, Cooling Water which constitutes the largest These waters are generally clean. percentage of domestic wastewater by volume, is unlikely The most important effect they to contain pathogens, and it is not create is that they increase the very rich in nutrients. Nitrogen pollution effect, which also takes water temperature. In case of place in wastewater, is the most changing the water temperature serious and the material that can be cleaned from drinking water is of the environment where they the most difficult. 90% of nitrogen are given more than 1-2, in waste water comes from black water and gray water contains measures such as cooling, much less nitrogen than black prolonging the discharge and water. Therefore, gray water giving it deeper are taken. With separates more easily than black the increase in temperature, two water and is cleaned in a shorter problems may arise: The solubility of oxygen in water decreases and the biological activity accelerates and oxygen decreases in the wastewater. time. Wastewater Generated in Cleaning Industrial Wastewater Operations It is the wastewater discharged from 10% comes from floor washing and taps, areas where any commercial or industrial 90% from bathrooms and toilets. The activity is carried out, other than amount of this type of water should be domestic wastewater and rainwater. taken into account while sizing the sewer. Industrial wastewater mainly consists of 3 groups. Page 8

Hard water and treatment methods Devices may malfunction due to lime deposits in devices where hard water Wr tten by rem kayra dv. is used. For this reason, it is important to eliminate the hardness of the water NNAAL used in industry. In cases where the Although the degree of source of calcium and magnesium ions hardness of water has no known effect on human health, dissolved in water is calcium it is important to determine the bicarbonate and magnesium hardness and, if necessary, bicarbonate, it can be ensured that remove it, as it causes the calcium and magnesium precipitate equipment used in the industry into carbonate compounds by boiling to deteriorate. the water. After the sediments are filtered, when the remaining water What determines the hardness cools down, its hardness is removed. of the water is the polyvalent Therefore, the hardness of water cation it contains, ie the containing bicarbonate is \"temporary amount of +2 or more valuable hardness\". In cases where the source ions. Hardness is expressed by of calcium and magnesium ions are expressing the total sulphate compounds, the hardness of concentration of +2-valued Ca the water cannot be removed by and Mg ions contained in the boiling, since boiling will not result in water in millimol / lt. Water the formation of precipitate. The with a total concentration of hardness of such waters is called less than 0.6 mmol / L is soft, \"permanent hardness\". However, waters between 0.6 mmol / L despite the nomenclature, the and 1.2 mmol / L are partially hardness of these waters can be hard, waters between 1.2 mmol removed by other chemical processes. / L and 1.8 mmol / L Hard water, more than 1.8 mmol / lt is classified as very hard. Page 9

WATER DICTIONARY Wr tten by rem kayra dv. - El f Erk.- Begüm Clk. NNAAL Heavy metals - Metals such as cadmium, chrome, lead, mercury, nickel, and arsenic. They are used in the production of various products, some of them are in the structure of industrial, urban and rural wastes. They tend to accumulate in the food chain. It has toxic effects on plants and animals. Heavy water - Deuterium Oxide (D2 O). It is used as a moderator in some nuclear reactors. The atomic weight of hydrogen is higher than 1 or the atomic weight of oxygen is higher than 16. It is formed by the bonding of a hydrogen isotope with atomic weight of 2 to the normal oxygen atom. Akua - Water, an aqueous solution. It is used as a prefix in terms related to water. Alkaline water - Water with a pH higher than 7.4. Artesian well water - A well drilled down to a deep, underground water layer containing pressurized water. It takes its name from the Artois region of France, which has the oldest well opened in Europe in 1126. When this water is first reached by opening the well, water gushes out with the effect of pressure. Subsequently, the flow of water at the ground level may or may not continue. Acid rain or acid precipitation - Water droplets containing sulfuric acid and / or nitric acid, Diameter of 3-30 microns. Its pH is less than 5.6. It consists of the mixing of sulfur and nitrogen oxides with water in the atmosphere, which are released from volcanic activity or from burning fossil fuels. It harms buildings, forests, crops, aquatic creatures and nature. Acid rain or acid precipitation - Water droplets containing sulfuric acid and / or nitric acid, Diameter of 3-30 microns. Its pH is less than 5.6. It consists of the mixing of sulfur and nitrogen oxides with water in the atmosphere, which are released from volcanic activity or from burning fossil fuels. It harms buildings, forests, crops, aquatic creatures and nature. Page 10