Important Announcement
PubHTML5 Scheduled Server Maintenance on (GMT) Sunday, June 26th, 2:00 am - 8:00 am.
PubHTML5 site will be inoperative during the times indicated!

Home Explore ວັນນະຄະດີ_Literature_ ຄູ່ມື

ວັນນະຄະດີ_Literature_ ຄູ່ມື

Published by thongla4567, 2021-08-11 03:19:39

Description: ວັນນະຄະດີ_Literature_ ຄູ່ມື

Search

Read the Text Version

!? dvj og0QkI;j ,dkoxt8y;afmv’glup 37f;q’lk gIaf;Pdspa’L ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ @? gxaospa’ mv’glup 37f;q’lk 9b’j ,kg0QkI;j ,,nda[[aofkz6hoext8y;afL c]t wfh xtdv[l;j ospa’cfLj #? oE.9Iad-kf0v’mv’glup 37f;q’lk ltcf’vvdco;.fL { 7.6 soh da IPo8v[7e4k, { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 ojn 1.j6 osvh ’xtdv[7e7fy gsoa F { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 7e8v[.soh da IPo.ldj tfko[oa mdb gvkq D !? dvj og0kQ I;j ,dkoxt8;y fa mv’glpu 37f;’q lk gxoa lk]t;fa mtsko/kj pxt8dy ko 0;k9fa ;P’9oa D @? pvh ogsoa wf;h kj G r;dxt8ydko;P’9oa F 9da dtrfa vk]ydk[+,u7;k,gxoa meD rvh ,ooA gsoa ;kj G dko8l+ 0h6 v’zoh6 ext8;y fa c]t xt-k-oq ]k;c,oj dko8l+ mh6 4ju dn 8vh ’gxoa meF xtgmf]k;8hv’c,oj 7qo]k;gxaog9Qk0v’ ltoAoF dkog0QkI;j ,da[laf86c,oj zyf rkfF mv’glup 9’bj 8aflyo.9I;j ,,nda[z6hoeco;]k;Iad-kfcsd75dwxlg6j 0fmu\\j Ao 0v’dkoxt8y;affh;p7;k,xvfwrD #? oE.9Ida -kf0v’mv’glpu 37f;’q lk ltcf’vvd7n wfrh k[oa fkmkj ozoh6 ext8;y fa csd7d5 3rog7’a vvdwxlgj6 0fm\\uj oA 0v’dkoxt8y;fa wf1h kj ’xvfwrD @D dkolvo7;k,gxao,k0v’[qf[aombd <csd75d< { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 7g6 vkq 7e4k,.sch 8]j td,j5 wx7oQ 7;kh c]t loq mtokdoa 8k,g;]km7ju d6 eofq .s8h k,7e4k, f’aj ],j5 oUG !? r;dxt8dy ko;P’9oa ,kh ’grloa pk];,]k;.ox.u fL c,oj .zgxoa s;q |kh ]fa 4t[ko .og;]kooA L @? gxoa sp’a r;dlfa 896 ’bj 9[a d,5 zoh6 eco;]k;Ida -kfg0kQ 7d5 L #? r;dlfa 896 [a d,5 zoh6 eco;]k;Ida -kfF ltrk[1.j6 oot7vos;^ ’;P’9oa gxoa co;.fL $? 7;k,lts^kfs^adcs^,0v’z6hoext8y;afltcf’vvdco;.fL &? s^a’9kdzoh6 ecsd7d5 c];h F r;dxt8ydko;P’9oa gIfa co;.fL *? z6hoeg0Qk75d c]t 38o75d .o;ao gfnvo xu .fF L (? r;dlfa 896 [a d,5 zoh6 eco;]k;Ida -kfF ,mu ’a \\fq 9da mkj oL 7mn kj o.fcfLj 0’a w;1h .j6 lL )? lk]t;fa mtsko ,mu ’a \\fq 9da 7oq L mwju frh k[oa fkmkj ozoh6 ext8;y fa csd7d5 3rog7’a D _? phvolkpgsfvao.fF z6hoe9’bj lk,kfcsd75dwfhL 99

{ 76.shoadIPo8v[7e4k, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj 1.j6 osvh ’xtdv[7e7yfgsoa F { 76lts^5[7e8v[c8]j t0=h.shoadIPo[aombdgvqk.lxj B,D !? r;dxt8ydko;P’9ao ,hk’grlaopk];,]k;.oxu !_&){!_&_F c,oj z5p -tot ody vogxoa s;q |kh ]fa 4t[ko;P’9oa 3fp ,9u da dtrfa vkg,]dy kgxoa z|h6 o6 s’^a D @? r;dlaf869a[d5,z6hoeco;]k;Iad-kfg0Qk75dphvo;kj r;dlaf86s;a’fa[,vfdko xt8y;af]k;D #? r;dlaf869a[d5,z6hoeco;]k;Iad-kfF ltrk[16.j oot7vos^;’;P’9ao,udkozao cxwx7n ,udtcl2v’xt8y;af0BoD [aofkrtlq’F xaopk-qoF oadIPooadlbdlkF0hk]k -tdko8tsv^ fg4’y rc+ ,xj t-k-oq md5 7oq .og,vn ’;P’9oa ,7u ;k,7Pfc7oh o[a ,oN [a l’6 0oB D $? 7;k,lts^kfs^adcs^,0v’z6hoext8y;afltcf’vvd7n lk,kf0qo0;kpgvqklk ]t;afmtskoz6hg/Qkpk,75d9eo;o _ 7qocsd75d.o7+k7no0v’;aomu !$ gfnvo & xu !_*WD &? sa^’9kdz6hoecsd75dc]h;F r;dxt8ydko;P’9ao7n r;dvkg,]ydkF xt8ydko z5p -totoydvo c]t r6,u |+lts;ao la’j .shmtskoF 8es^;fvvdoe8yf8k,-vdsk 8k,gloA mk’md5 cs’j md5 soq D *? z6hoeg0Qk75d ;aomu @)}(}!_&_ c]t csd75d ;aomu @$}&}!_*WD (? r;dlfa 896 [a d,5 zoh6 eco;]k;Ida -kfF ,um’a \\fq !* mkj o 7n ]’5 lr5 ko;5 ’q F ]’5 |I6 da r,6 lts;oa F ]’5 r,6 u ;’q ;9u fy F ]’5 ro6 lxu tglfu F ]’5 lmu oq d,q ,tfeF ]’5 ,k w07ermy o6 F ]’5 |ojn l,q ;9y fy F ]’5 l-u tot llu koF ]’5 l’y dt3x l3u 7f9o5 ]t,k]Fu ]’5 7ezkp[[5 zkF ]5’grQk ry,,t9ao c]t z6hvnoj M c]t 75,0a’w;h167j 5d7hkp3rog7a’D )? lk]t;afmtsko ,uma’\\qf _ 7qo mwuj fhrk[aofkmkj oz6hoext8y;afcsd75d3rog7a’D _? phvo;kj 7;k,lk,kflts^kfs^adcs^, c]t ry[ws; 0v’z6hoext8y;afmulj k,kf 0oq 0;kpgvkq lk]t;fa mtsko zgh6 /kQ pk,7d5 0v’/kj pxt8ydko;P’9oa D 7l6 ts[^5 ];,G mv’glpu 37f;’q lk c,oj oda 0Poz,h6 9u fy .9Ida -kfIda zoh6 e c]t Ida co;mk’ dko8+lmh6 gju xoa me0v’co;]k;Ida -kfF c,oj 7oq ,lu kp8k,v’d;kh ’gsoa wd 9’jb 8fa loy .9wx8k, gloA mk’xt8;y fa m4ju dn 8vh ’0v’zoh6 eD [fq [oa mdb g]vjn ’<csd7d5 < 0v’mv’glpu F [r+ P’c8cj ,oj xkdfq dko.\\0j v’;oa ot7tfmu ,ju gu ovN .oIda -kfl’6 l’jq gmkjq ooA skdp’a gxoa x,B [oa mdb gsfdkoxts;fa lkf cs’j dko8+lxh6 t8y;fa vudf;h pD 100

#D dkolvo;yrkd[qf[aombdcsd75d X8vo7af? ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { dkolvo;aoot7tfu g;Qkltgrktc,oj [qfg]vnj ’ dkovkj ogxao[aoskle7aovkj o grnvj .sh g0kQ .9govN .oD -vdskgovN .o0v’8voF cotoe.soh da IPowxvkj og]vjn ’1[j6 kh odvj o-;jq 3,’ ;ry kdD { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 76gvqk7e4k,.shc8]j td5,j wx7Qo7;hk c]t lqomtokdao8k,g;]kmu7j 6deoqf.sh8k,7e 4k,f’aj ],j5 oUG !? [fq [oa mdb csd7d5 X8vo7fa ? c[’j vvdgxoa 9da 8voL c8]j t8vo c8.j lg4’y .lL govN .o 0v’c8]j t8vog;kQ g4y’sp’a L @? goNv.o];,0v’[qf[aombdcsd75d 8vo7af g;Qkg4y’spa’L { s’^a 9kdooA 7.6 soh da IPo8v[8k,7e4k,D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 ojn Mxtdv[7e7fy 7egsoa D { 76.sh7tcoocdoj adIPogxaod5,j s^n [5d7qo mu]j kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsaowfhfuD { 7-6 ,q g-pu s^n .s7h tcoocdoj da IPogxoa [k’d,j5 s^n [d5 7oq m]ju kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsoa wfhfuD { 7l6 ts^[5 7e8v[.soh da IPom4uj nd8vh ’f’ja oUG !? [qf[aombdcsd75d c[’j vvdgxao * 8voL c8]j t8vo7nG 8vomu !G c88j Qog4y’ <]k9kd3]doUwxl36j ]d.\\mj [uj +,u.zxk4t|k< ,ugoNv.og;Qkg4y’7;k, 3sfIkh plk,koF dkodtmem-ju ;jq -kh 0v’lfa 8m6 lju tcf’vvd.odkoxfy ]vh ,gIvn o0v’zo6h e c]t 9[a d,5 [oa fkmkj ozoh6 eg0kQ 7d5 1kj ’x;j ’[kh D 8vomu @G c8j <g,nvj laf86x;j ’[hk3l8kpgIaf7nco;oAo< g4y’ <r;d]k;0kp-kf< ,ugoNv.o g;kQ g4y’7;k,7Pfc7oh 0v’[oa fkde]’a Ida -kfF 7;k,l[a loq ;oh5 ;kp c]t7;k,3fffPj ;0v’ r;dxt8ydko c]t vkg,]ydkltcf’vvd[vj o;kj rtlq’F oadIPoF oadlbdlk c]t xt-k-qo 1;6j P’9ao wfh9af8A’3I,-5,o5,dkj ;xtok,3mfde0v’r;dg0qkF m;’.shxvj p[aofkz6hoeF .sh15f dkoxk[xk, c]t vonj MD r;dg0qkd=pa’,udko37oj ]Q,g-’yj dao c]t daoD ovd9kdoAoF dkodkj ; xtok,F dko39,8ur;dlaf860v’de]a’co;]k;Iad-kf grnjv-vdskglAomk’xqfxjvp-kf .srh oQ vvd9kddkodfq 00ju f6 Ifu 0v’9da dtrfa 8kj ’fkh ;D g,vjn ltrk[veo;p7;k,ltf;ddl= ;p 3vdkf0qo0;kpde]a’mujIad-kffh;pdkogzupc[7;k,-qj;Ihkp0v’9addtraf c]h;.shsao,k lt|[a lt|o6 dko8+l0h6 v’co;]k;Ida -kfD 101

8vomu #G c8j <gxaog;]k # gfnvod;kj oa[8A’c8zj 6hoegIqk4nd75,7a’16oj U<g4y’ <wx4kj p|adF ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 4kj pg[qkgmkqj oAo< ,ugoNv.og;Qkg4y’dko0qo0;kp0v’[aofkmkj oz6hoe1.6j o7d5 3rog7’a F dkog/kQ pk,0v’r;dmtskoxt8ydko;P’9ao1kj ’|kc|ho c]t g7’aj 7afmluj 5fD 8vomu $G c8j <,u,N|b’j mtskoovd,kg]qkj 0kj ;;kj < g4y’ <\\=g;Qkvvd\\qfcI’< ,ugoNv.o g;Qkg4y’7;k,1hkodq;0v’ z5p -totoydvo c]t r6,u |+lts;ao 8+da[z6hoem1uj .6j o75dF 1hko;kj 9t vvd,k0kh r;dg0kq D 8vomu &G c8j <rkps’a^ 9da dtrfa vkg,]dy k< g4’y <ltooA F [oa fkzoh6 e9’jb 8dq ]’q ]4= kh -;jq 7k;< ,gu ovN .og;kQ g4’y 9da dtrfa vkg,]dy k.-dh ,j5 xt8dy ko r,6 u |+lts;oa gIfa ]fa 4txtsko37oj ],hq d,j5 xt8dy ko zp5 -totody vo pvh opkfdoa doy 3f]k ooha leg]fa zoq c];h F r;dg0kq wfvh vdcI’fegoou dqov5[kpvao-qj;-hkxjkg4njvod;jkgdqjk3fpdkos;a’gvqk7tfu0v’[aofkz6hoegIqkly[sqdmjko .o7d5 3rog7’a 0ohb lkomtskol’6 lf5 F 8fa loy xtsko-;u fy D c8[j oa fkmkj ozoh6 egIkq wf,h 7u ;k,ltsk^ f sd^a cs^,F ,ury[ws;lk,kf0oq 0;kpgvkq mtskolk]t;fa mguj /kQ pk,7d5 oerkcsd7d5 vvddvj o wfhleg]afD 8vomu *G c8j <r;dgIkq v;kj p|kh g0kQ ;P’9oa < g4’y lf5 mkh p ,gu ovN .og;kQ g4’y dkocsd7d5 wfhc]h;mtskolk]t;af c]t [aofkmkj oz6hoevvdgfuomk’ zkj o[hkoxt-k-qoF mq’j ok c]t xkj fq’fh;p7;k,]e[kd c]t vyfg,nvj pF wfhrq[da[v5xtlads^kpxtdkogxao8Qo;kj r;dmtsko xt8dy ko;P’9oa 3 fpltgrktc,oj r;dvkg,]dy kF zp5 -totody vo c]t r,6 u |l+ ts;oa wflh ’ja .sh mtsko8es^;fvvdoe8yf8k,F ltdafF -vdskm5dsqom5dcs’j c8dj =[+rq[[aofkmkj oz6hoevvd wfh1kj ’xvfwrD @? goNv.o];,0v’[qf[aombdcsd75dg;Qkg4y’dkodkj ;xtok,8+dkodtme0v’laf86muwj fh xfy ]vh , c]t 9[a d,5 [oa fkzoh6 eco;]k;Ida -kfg0kQ 7d5 F 7;k,7Pfc7oh 0v’-k;g,vn ’;P’9oa 8+da[dkodtmefa’j dkj ; c]t g;Qkg4y’7;k,rtpkpk,0v’[aofkz6hoext8y;af.odko1bf\\Ao 7oa m’5 d-h6 kf8kh ovkg,]dy kF gIfa .sdh tcl2v’cs’j 7;k,7Pfc7oh 0v’[oa fkde]’a Ida -kfIda vyflts^trk[7n rtlq’F oadIPoF oadlbdlkF 0hk]k-tdko c]t xt-k-qomq;j wx16oj t7vos^;’ ;P’9aowfh2qfgfnvf0Bo l6]j tfa[l6’D ,udko9af8A’3I,-5,o5,dkj ;xtok,3mfde0v’r;dg0qkF m;’.shxvj p mkj oz6hoeF .sh15f8ydkoxk[xk, c]t vonj MD f’aj oAoF 7;k,;5ho;kp0v’r;dlaf86,u dko0fa cp’h g-’yj dao c]t daoF gdufdko8udaoF 0hkdao c]t phvo7;k,lts^kfs^adcs^, mluj k,kf 0oq 0;kpgvkq lk]t;fa mtskozgh6 /kQ pk,7d5 wfrh k[oa fkmkj ozoh6 ext8;y fa csd7d5 3rog7’a vvdwx lgj6 0fm\\uj oA 0v’dkoxt8y;fa wf1h kj ’xvfwrD 102

$D dkolvoly]txtdkoc8j’ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 7v6 tm[y kpl]y txtdkoxtffy c8’j .soh da IPo2’a F dPj ;d[a [fq [oa mdb csd7d5 F zch6 8’j [w+ f.h lj .9mk’fhkola[rklk;aoot7tfumujg]ydg-yj’7ng]njv’vnjoM rP’c8jc8j’wx8k,gsfdko xts;fa lkfm,ju 9u ’y F gxoa [fq [oa mdb ,o6 g-vNn ;]y tdexts;fa lkf0v’zoh6 ext8;y fa F c8dj g= xoa [qfmuvj kj og0Qk.9F 9a[.9F ,uI6[rk[D { .odkolvoly]txtdkoc8’j 7[6 =+9egxoa c[’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 d=wfDh { 768A’7e4k,fa’j oUG !? oda IPol’a gdfgsoa ;kj zch6 8’j .-Ih [6 c[[dkoc8’j co;.fL @? dko.-lh eo;orklkgxoa co;.fL { 76.shoadIPo !{# 7qo8v[D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa D { 76-q,g-up s^n .sh7tcoocdoj adIPoz6hmu8j v[7e4k,wfhfu c]t xtdv[7e gsaowfhfu8k, 7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 76vtmy[kply]txtdkoc8’j 8,nj vud grvnj .shoadIPog0Qk.9D dyf9tdeglu, { 9fa .s,h udko2’a xk4tdt4k g]kjq ,o6 g-NvdPj ;d[a dkocsd7d5 0v’zoh6 eD Xvu’8k,g’nvj ow08q;9y’? 8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf.oxB,c[[IPofaj’oUG !? 95frQogfaoj 0v’ltrk[xts;aflkfmulj tcf’vvd.o[qfcsd75d,u7n s^a’9kdlaf86 wf9h [a d,5 [oa fkzoh6 eco;]k;Ida -kf9eo;o !* mkj owx7,5 0’a m7ju d5 3rog7’a ltrk[ .oot7vos^;’;P’9ao,udkoxjPocx’wxgIaf.shdtcl2v’csj’7;k,7Pfc7ho 0v’[aofkde]a’Iad-kfIadvyflts^trk[7n rtlq’F oadIPoF oadlbdlkF xaopk-qoF 0kh ]k-tdko c]t xt-k-oq m;jq wx1oj6 t7vos^;’;P’9oa wf2h fq gfnvf0Bol]j6 tf[a l’6 D f;h p7;k,lts^kf c]t ,ury[ws;7vj ’c7;h 0v’[oa fkmkj ozoh6 ext8;y fa F co;mk’ voa 4dn 8vh ’ c]t gxoa me0v’dkoxt8;y fa D [oa fkmkj ozoh6 ewf0h oq 0;kpgvkq lk]t;fa mtskoz6hg/qhkpk,75doAo9eo;ogdQk7qocsd75dvvd.o7+k7no ;aomu @$ rbfltrk !_*W wfh1kj ’xvfwrD 103

@? z6hoeg0Qk75d ;aomu @)}(}!_&_ c]t 38o75d ;aomu @$}&}!_*WD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ #? phvo;kj 7;k,lk,kflts^kfs^adcs^, c]t ry[ws;0v’z6hoext8y;afmulj k,kf 0oq 0;kp gvkq lk]t;fa mtskozgh6 /kQ pk,7d5 0v’/kj pxt8ydko;P’9oa D $? goNv.o];,0v’[qf[aombdcsd75d8vo7afg;Qkg4y’dkodjk;xtok,8+dkodtme 0v’laf86mwuj fhxyf]hv, c]t9a[d5,[aofkz6hoe co;]k;Iad-kfg0Qk75dF 7;k,7Pf c7oh 0v’-k;g,vn ’;P’9oa 8d+ [a dkodtmef’ja dkj ; c]t g;kQ g4’y 7;k,rtpkpk, 0v’[aofkz6hoext8y;af.odko1bf\\Ao7aom5’d6h-kf8hkovkg,]ydkF gIaf.shdtcl 2v’csj’7;k,7Pfc7ho0v’[aofkde]a’Iad-kfIadvyflts^trk[7n rtlq’F oda IPoF oda ldb lkF 0kh ]k-tdko c]t xt-k-oq m;jq wx1oj6 t7vos^;’;P’9oa wf2h fq gfvn f0oB l]j6 tf[a l’6 D ,du ko9fa 8’A 3I,-,5 o,5 dkj ;xtok,3mfde0v’r;dg0kq F m;’ .sxh vj pmkj ozoh6 eF .s1h f5 8ydkoxk[xk, c]t vonj M f’ja ooA F 7;k,;oh5 ;kp0v’r;d lfa 8,6 du ko0fa cp’j g-’jy doa c]tdoa F gdfu dko8du oa c]t 0kh doa 0v’r;dmtskoF 8e s^;fF de,tdvo c]t vonj M c8pj hvo7;k,lts^kfs^adcs^,mluj k,kf0qo0;kpgvqk lk]t;afmtskoz6hg/Qkpk,75d 9eo;o _ 7qoF wfhrk[aofkmkj oz6hoext8y;afcsd 7d5 3rog7’a vvdwxlgj6 0fm|uj oA 0v’dkoxt8y;fa wf1h kj ’xvfwrD 76cotoe.shoadIPovjko[qfIPo.\\jgrnjvIPo[qf8+wx V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { dko[vdxts;afsp=h0v’mkj o mv’glup 37f;q’lkD { dkovtmy[kp7;k,gxoa ,k0v’[fq [oa mdb csd7d5 D { dkovtmy[kpgoNv.o7af8vo c]t lk,kfg]kqj 7nowfh1kj ’4nd8hv’D { dkod;fzqo’ko;yrkd[qf[aombdcsd75d X7af8vo?D { 7;k,g0Qk.9ly]txtdkoc8’j D 7;k,g0Qk.90v’oadIPo9kddko8v[7e4k,F la’gdfg[’yj [aopkdkf0v’dkoI+kIPoF dkovkj o0v’oda IPo,7u ;k,loq .9sk^ pF |vh prP’.fS l’a gdfzoq 0v’dkoloq mtokgxoa d,j5 c]t dkoxtdv[7e7fy 7egsoa 0v’oda IPogxoa co;.fD dkomqflv[ d;fdkxt9e[qf 3fpvu’.l7j e4k,168j k,xB,c[[IPo s^n 76vkf9tdeoqfgvqkgv’ d=wfhF c88j vh ’c,oj 1.j6 o0v[g0f0v’[fq oUD 104

rkdmu II ;aoot7tfu8jk’xtgmf [qfmu * ;aoot7tfus;Pfok, g;]kG ) -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvnj .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd[k’95fdPj ;da[xtgmfs;Pfok,wfhD { vtmy[kpltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ltrk[;aoot7tfu0v’s;Pfok,3fpsp=hwfhD { [vdxts;afsp=h c]t rk]tdyfdkoxtfyfc8’j 0v’mkj oxtmko3I9j u,yowfhD { vtmy[kpg’njvow0degouf c]t goNv.o0v’xB,xt,;o[qfdvo<[aombd.o75d<wfh { 8u]k7kgoNv.o7;k,\\kp0v’[qf <2a’lP’8eg0Qk<wfhD { [vdly]txtdkoc8’j wfhD { ;yrkd[qfdvowfhD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ II. goNv.o8Qo8= { [k’9f5 dPj ;d[a xtgmfs;Pfok,D { ltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ltrk[;aoot7tfus;Pfok,3fpsp=hD { xts;afsp=h c]t rk]tdyfdkoxtfyfc8’j 0v’xtmko3I9j u,yoD { g’njvow0dkoc8’j c]t goNv.o8Qo8=0v’xB,xt,;o[qfdvo <[aombd.o75d< III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76;y-k;aoot7tfu-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu luDj { x,B xt,;o[fq dvo <[oa mdb .o7d5 < cx3fp mkj o lD gf-k7er6 sn^ mkj omv’7e vvj o,tolu vo X4kh ,u? { I6[rk[dkog7njvows;0v’mkj oxtmko3I9j u,yo X4hk,u? 105

IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkooeg0kQ l[j6 fq IPo { 7l6 tg|uI[6 rk[[k’9f5 0v’xtgmfs;Pfok,c];h loq mtokd[a oda IPo { 786 ’Aa 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oUG !? oadIPog7upwfhwxxtgmfs;Pfok,[=L @? oadIPoI6hspa’cfdj Pj ;da[xtgmfs;Pfok,L { 76.shoadIPo @{# 7qo8v[7e4k, { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 noj Mxtdv[7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 76lts^5[7e7yf7egsao0v’oadIPoD !D dkolvo[k’95fdjP;da[xtgmfs;Pfok, { 7[6 oa pkp3fp.-Ih [6 rk[xtdv[Xrk[me,t-kfF ltrk[l’a 7,q F glf4tdfy c]t ;fa mt otme c]t vnjoM 4hk,ug’njvow0? { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oGU !? xtgmfs;Pfok,8A’16.j lL @? xtgmfs;Pfok,,ugoNvmujma’\\qfgmkqj .fL #? xtgmfs;Pfok,,uxt-kdvoma’\\qf9ad7qoL $? xtgmfs;Pfok,,u-kpcfo8yfda[xtgmf.fcfLj &? xtgmfs;Pfok,rafmtokxtgmf-kfwx8k,]t[v[la’7q,.fL { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko @{# 7qo8v[7e4k,8kj ’M0hk’gmy’D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 noj Mxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPof’aj oUG !? xtgmfs;Pfok,8’A 1cj6 s^,vyof96 uoD @? xtgmfs;Pfok,,ugoNvmumj a’\\qf ##$D##$ dy3]c,af,qomqoD #? xtgmfs;Pfok,,uxt-kdvoma’\\qf )*DWWWDWWW 7qo Xlt4y8yxu @WW)?D $? xtgmfs;Pfok,,u-kpcfo8yfda[s^kpxtgmf7nG myfg|nv8yfda[ lDx 9uoF myf8k g;oa vvd8fy d[a mtg]9ou .8h sn^ ,tsklt\\f5 xk-2u dy F mfy .88h fy d[a vkj ;wm Xltspk,? myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[ lDxDx ]k; c]t ]k-tvkok9addex6g9pD &? xtgmfs;Pfok,rafmtokxtgmf-kfwx8k,]t[v[la’7q,oypq,D 106

@D dkolvoltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ltrk[;aoot7tfu0v’s;Pfok,3fpsp=h ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 76cotoe.shoadIPovkj o[qfIPoxt,ko !W okmu c]h;769b’j 8A’7e4k,fa’j oUG !? s;Pfok,,u;y;afmtokdkod+lhk’]af c]t xqdxadIadlkxtgmf-kfgxaog;]k9adxu ,kc]h;L @? w--tot[AoIq[ 3I9j u,yoxts;aflkf,u0Bo.o;aomuF gfnvoF xu.fL #? ;aoot7tfuly]txtdes;Pfok,wfhdegouf c]t 0tspkp8q;oa[c8lj t8t;fa .fgxoa 8Qo,kL $? .olt8t;afmu XV xkdqf,uoadxtrao.fcfLj &? .o-5,xumu @W 0v’lt8t;afmu @W ;aoot7tfus;Pfok,xkdqf0Bo c]t 0tspkp8q; 7nco;.fL *? w]ptxu !_#W{!_$& ;aoot7tfus;Pfok,0tspkp8q;7nco;.fL (? w]ptxu !_$&{!_(& ;aoot7tfus;Pfok,0tspkp8q;7nco;.fL )? oa[c8xj u !_(* gxao8Qo,k;aoot7tfus;Pfok,0tspkp8q;7nco;.fL { 76.soh da IPo#{* 7qo8v[7e4k,8kj ’M0hk’gmy’D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7e7fy 7egsoa gr,ju g8,u D { 7l6 ts[5^ 7e8v[0v’oda IPo sn^ .s7h tcooskdz.h6 f8v[4dn grvnj gxoa dkol’jq gl,u .soh da IPo ,u7;k,skh ;soa .odkoxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa 8kj ’MD { Xvu’.lxj B,c[[IPogrvnj 8v[7e4k,?D #D dkolvoxts;af c]t rk]tdyfxtfyfc8j’0v’oaddt;u 3Ij9u,yo { 7g6 vkq I[6 mkj oxtmko3I9j u,yo .soh da IPog[’yj c];h 8’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’aj oUG !? mkj o 3I9j u,yo gdufg,njv;aomuF gfnvoF xu.fL c]t g4y’cd,j =]totde.o;aomuF gfnvoF xu.fL @? mkj oxtmko 3I9j u,yo gduf16[j hko g,nv’ c]t c0;’.fL #? mkj oxtmko 3I9j u,yo gxaoz6hoemu,j u7;k,gd’aj dhklk,kf7nco;.fL $? zqo’kovao.spsj ^;’ muj,u7;k,\\kpxts;aflkf 0v’mkj o 3I9j u,yo ,uspa’cfLj &? mkj o3I9j ,u oy ovd9kdgxoa oda dkog,vn ’ c]t gxoa oda xt8;y fa c];h mkj op’a gxoa zmh6 ,uj u -nlj P’fhko.fvudL { s^a’9kdoadIPolqomtokdaoc]h;F l5fmhkp76lts^5[dPj ;da[xts;afsp=h0v’mkj o3I9j u,yo c]t 8v[7e4k,.shoadIPo[aombdf’aj oUG 107

!? mkj o3I9j u,yo gdufg,njv;aomu !_}&}!)_WF gryoj g4y’cd,j =]totde.o;aomu @ daopk ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mujot7vos^;’Ikj 3ohpF ];,vkp5wfh (_ xuD @? mkj o 3I9j u,yo gduf16[j hkodu,]PoF g,nv’ok,fkj oF c0;’g’hvkoF rkddk’0v’ s;Pfok,D #? mkj o3I9j u,yogxaoz6hoemujgda’j dhklk,kf7nG xu!_!! gryoj 8aflyo.9gfuomk’wxxtgmf /i’ja -vdskgloA mk’grnvj d-h6 kfF mkj owfgh 7nvj ows;18j6 kj ’xtgmf8ts^vf #W xu c]t gfuomk’wxmq;j m5dmt;u[.o3]dD gryoj I6hsaoltrk[8q;9y’.om5dmt;u[ c]t [aofk xtgmfmmuj kj owfgh 7vnj ows;D vdu xtdko|’jb mkj owf8h fy 8k, c]t lt|[a lt|o6 0t[;o dkodv[dgh6 vdt]kf0v’xt-k-oq s;Pfok,1kj ’.d-h yf8ts^vfg;]kD $? zoq ’kovoa .spsj ^;’mu,j u7;k,\\kpxts;fa lkf0v’mkj o3I9j u,yo7nG groyj wflh kh ’7o5 ’k,7;k,fu.shcdjxt-k-qos;Pfok, c]t p5dltw\\F xu !__W 16coaflt3d XUNESCO) wf,h ,u t88y dq ]’q I[a Iv’gvkq xtgmko3I9j ,u oy gxoa oda ;]y t-oq xfq xvj p-kf c]t gxaooad;afmtotme0v’3]d.olt8t;afmu XXD &? mkj o3I9j uy,yoovd9kdgxaooaddkog,nv’c]h; groyj pa’gxaoz6hoext8y;afmugj 7qk]q[Iad 0v’xt-k-oq s;Pfok, c]t .o3]dD m’a gxoa oda xtroa F oda dt;Fu oda |’a lrn ,y vdu f;h pD { 768A’7e4k,lqomtokda[oadIPo djP;da[rk]tdyfdkoxtfyfc8j’0v’mjkoxtmko 3I9j ,u oy f’ja oGU !D 3I9j u,yog7up0Po[fq xtgrf.fcfLj @D .odko0Po[qfxtraoxtgrf7edvoF mkj o3I9j u,yo ,uxB,sq;.fwfhIa[dko8u]k7l6’ 9kdoad7Qo7;hks;Pfok, c]t .o3]dL { 76.shoadIPo @{# 7qo8v[7e4k,D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 noj Mxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 7l6 ts[5^ dPj ;d[a rk]tdfy dkoxtffy c8’j 0v’mkj oxtmko3I9j ,u oy 3fpv’u .lxj ,B c[[IPoD { grnvj gxoa dkolts^[5 D 786 ’A [oa skloq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oUG { oda IPo,0u lh= ’a gdf7cn o;.fdPj ;d[a -;u fy c]t rk]tdfy dkoxtffy c8’j 0v’mkj oxtmko 3I9j u,yoL { s^a’9kdoadIPo.shmafltotc]h;F 76lts^5[f’aj oUG { mkj o 3I9j u,yo m’a gxoa zoh6 ext8y;fa mupj ’yj .spFj m’a gxoa oda xtroa F oda dt;umu,j u-lnj P’vudf;h pD 108

$D dkolvogoNv.oxB,xt,;o[qfdvo <[aombd.o75d< ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 7[6 oa pkpdPj ;d[a w]ptdkoxtffy c8’j F g’vnj ow0dkoxtffy c8’j x,B xt,;o[fq dvo <[oa mdb .o 75d< lo6j adIPo2a’ c]t 9qfdkj pD s^a’9kdoAo76rkoadIPog0Qkld6j kow9hcpdgoNv.o8Qo8=0v’xB,D mk’fhkogoNv.o.shg]’aj .lj $ [aosk.spDj .oc8]j t[oa sk7v6 kf9t9fq s;q 0Fh= vtm[y kpgovnh .o c]t ;ry kd[fq dvogrvnj rly f6 7evtm[y kp s^n s^a’9kd9qf0=h7;k,c]h;rkoadIPo;yrkd[qfdvo3]fF l5fmhkp9y’j lts^5[d=wfhvu’8k,7;k, -eoko0v’7D6 ]kp]tvPfvkf9txt8y[aff’aj oUG $D! x,B xt,;o[fq dvo<[oa mdb .o7d5 <lvj ’cl’g4’y 9fy .9c0’dkh F vfq moq zkj ozkj 7;k,md5 m=]t,ko g-nvj \\Ao8+vtok7qf0v’mkj o 3I9j u,yoD { 76vkj o[qfdvo <lugj fnvoc]h;< l6oj adIPo2a’ ! gmnjvD { .shoadIPo @{# 7qovkj oD { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oUG !? dvo[fq oUc[’j vvdgxoa 9da 8voL c8]j t8vogoNv.og;kQ g4y’sp’a L @? goNv.oF 7;k,\\kpdvo[fq oUg;kQ g4y’sp’a L { lts^5[dPj ;da[goNv.o7;k,\\kp0v’[qfdvo c]t .shoadIPo9qfdkj pD { 76vtmy[kpgr,uj g8u, -u;yf1.6j o75d0v’mkj oxtmko 3I9j u,yo8hv’rq[da[7;k,]e[kdc8j mkj op’a ,7u ;k,8fa loy .9g-vnj \\oA 8v+ tok7fq D x,B xt,;o[fq dvo<[oa mdb .o7d5 < ,su k^ p[fq lvj ’cl’[oa skf’ja dkj ;D X7v6 kf9tgvkq [k’[fq dvo,kvkj o.soh da IPo2’a ?D $D@ x,B xt,;o[fq dvo<[oa mdb .o7d5 <lvj ’cl’g4y’7;k,gsoa .9F 7;k,dt]o5 kF 7;k,l’q lko0v’mkj o8+zmh6 d5 9oq F z8h6 dq .o3-d-k8kdevoa fP;doa D { 76vkj o[qf <7qo3mfdkortoao8kpc0’< .shoadIPo2a’ ! gmnjvD { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oUG !? [qfdvog;Qkg4y’spa’L @? 9’jq -vdsk;da mguj ;kQ g4’y 7;k,vfu l6 ’q lko0v’oda dt;8u +zmh6 ]uj ;j ’][a wx c]t vtm[y kp ;adf’aj dkj ;L { s’a^ 9kdoda IPoloq mtokdoa c];h F 7l6 ts[5^ dPj ;d[a govN .o7;k,\\kp0v’[fq dvo 3fp.sh gooA |da g4’y 9fy .90v’oda dt;8u +zmh6 8uj kpwxD 109

{ s’a^ 9kdooA 7v6 kfpdq [k’[fq mguj ;kQ g4’y govN .o0kh ’gm’y .soh da IPogsoa 7;k,gsoa .9F 7;k, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ vuf6lq’lko0v’mkj o 3I9j u,yo 8+z6hmu1j .6j o3-d-k8kdevaofP;daoD $D# xB,xt,;o[qfdvo <[aombd.o75d< dkj ;xtok,g9Qk|hkmuj 9P’w7g-ad { 76[aopkp.shoadIPog0Qk.9;kj G r;d9P’w7g-ad86sj k c]t dad8q;mkj o3I9j u,yo ,aogxao l’yj mu[j +p85 yme1cj6 ];h F g,nvj 4nd0’a r;dg0kq rfa gIfa l’yj muzj yfd[a ]t[P[sd^a dko];,.odko dda 0’a D { 76vkj o[qf <g’yo7kj g0Qk75d<.shoadIPo2a’ ! gmnjvD { .shoadIPovkj o @{# 7qoD c]h;8A’7e4k,lqomtokda[oadIPof’aj oUG !? [fq oUg;kQ g4y’sp’a L @? g’yo &W s^Pomuoj ad3mfc8]j t7qo8hv’glpoAoc,oj grnvj .shz6h.fL #? g0Qk75d8hv’glpg’yozkj oxt86,ao,u7;k,p58yme s^n [+L { s^’a 9kdoda IPo.s7h egsoa c];h lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 dPj ;d[a goNv.o8oQ 8=0v’[fq dvoD $D$ x,B xt,;o[fq dvo <[oa mdb .o7d5 < lvj ’cl’g4’y 9fy .9Ida me,t-kf0v’mkj o3I9j u,oy D { 7[6 oa pkpg4’y 7;k,c8d8kj ’mk’fkh o9fy .90v’7oq m;jq wxd[a mkj o3I9j ,u oy D g,vnj 4dn 0’a .o 7d5 F 8ou 4dn 7k|[u w;Fh gl]ru k[md5 1kj ’4dn 8fa 0kfF 7oq m;jq wxvkf9t,cu 87j ;k,3ldglkQ F [+7yfspa’g]upg4y’7;k,’k,0v’me,t-kf c8mj kj o 3I9j u,yopa’,u7;k,ltgmnvo.98+ 7;k,’k,0v’me,t-kfD { 76vkj o[qf <-q,cl’9ao< .shoadIPo2a’ ! gmnjvD { .shoadIPovkj o @{# 7qo XlP’vkj o-hkF vvj os;koF lt|yflt|q,? { oerkoda IPo;yrkd[fq f;h pdko8’A 7e4k,loq mtokf’ja oUG !? [qfoUg;Qkg4y’spa’ L @? I6[rk[7;k,lerao]ts;kj ’ oaddt;uda[cl’9ao.o[qfoUgxaoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPo @{# 7qo8v[7e4k,D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7e7fy 7egsoa gr,ju g8,u D { 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPo c]t vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,D &D dkolvoly]txtdkoc8j’ { 7[6 oa pkp.soh da IPogsoa ;kj x,B xt,;o[fq dvo <[oa mdb .o7d5 <c8’j gxoa rklkskj o Xrklk 9ou ? c]t c8’j 8k,c[[c8’j dvo,o6 g-vN 0v’9ou D 9f5 rgy lf0v’dvoxtgrfocU ,oj 9edfa 7eg;QkF phvoco;oAo8hv’wfhg]nvdla[mu-j afg9oF |adc|hoF ,;j oD [aofkoad7Qo7;hk XmuIj 6h rklkskj o? wfhpqdphv’;kj <[aombd.o75d< gxaoc[[1kj ’vaofugfoaj .odko.-hla[rklkD 110

{ ;kfc8’j ];,0v’[oa fk[fq dvo7kh p7n;kfc8’j dvoztspkrklyf0v’s;Pfok,D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 7l6 ts[5^ ];,G x,B xt,;o[fq dvo<[oa mdb .o7d5 <gxoa x,B m,uj 7u o5 7kj l’6 grkt;kj govN .od;kh ’ 0;k’g]ydg-’yj F ly]txtdkoc8’j d=fugfoja D *D dkolvo;yrkd[qf { 76vkj o[qf <2a’lP’8eg0Qk< .shoadIPo2a’ ! gmnjvD { .shoadIPovkj o #{$ 7qo X.-hlP’vkj o-hkF vvj os;ko ? { 7o6 erkoda IPo;yrkdf;h pdko.-7h e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’aj oUG !? lv’;admevyfg;Qkg4y’spa’L @? ]ts;kj ’7eroa ]tok.o[fq dvod[a g,fa g0kQ gxnvdmu4j nd8e.o8;q 9y’gxoa co;.fL 4ndda[7erao]tok s^n [+L #? lv’;da mkh pg;kQ g4y’sp’a L $? 9kdgovN .o0v’[fq dvof’ja dkj ;oda IPo,7u ;k,g0kQ .9co;.fL dPj ;d[a dkog/dy /oq s^+s^v,8oq gv’L &? zch6 8’j .-Ih [6 rk[sp’a L grnvj l,q mP[d[a dkog/yd/oq s^+s^v,8oq gv’0v’7oq gIkq L *? g,fa g0kQ gxnvddvj o9tgxoa g0kQ lkomu0j k;o;o8vh ’wfzh kj o0oA 8vo7nco;.fL { 7.6 soh da IPoloq mtokdoa c];h 8v[7e4k,D { s’a^ 9kdoda IPoloq mtokdoa c];h 7l6 ts[5^ f’ja oGU f;h pdko.-Ih [6 rk[g,fa g0kQ gxvn dzkj odko 8kj ;8e0fa lwu fdh kpgxoa g,fa g0kQ lkom0uj k;’k,F zch6 8’j 1kdl’ja lvor;dgIkq ;kj 1kdgxoa 7oq m,uj 7u ;k,IFh6 7;k,lk,kfF ,xu oa pkcs,^ 7,q 9t8vh ’zkj odkog/dy /oq ss+^ v^ ,8oq gv’ 1kj ’[+1f5 1’A D (D dkolvo[qfvjkogruj, [fq vkj ogr,uj ,uf’ja oUG <xv[.98oq gv’< <7no|k;< <gdufx;j p|da < <grvnj ooda 3mfgxkjq 0pj5 < <IPosoY^ \\kdId5 < < ,t3ork[vkj odvodk[<mPo1kmuy< 111

<vvd7d5 .\\gj /dy cv[gfou r<6 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ [aofk[qfvkj ogr,uj 0hk’gmy’oU g4y’;kj gxao[qfdvoloA M ,urP’[kffP; s^n lv’[kfgmkjq ooA c8[j oa fk[fq dvof’ja dkj ;];h oc8,j gu ovN .o7;k,\\kpvoa g]dy g-’jy F ,7u o5 7kj l’6 c]t g\\ktcddj ko lbdlkIej IPo grkt[qfdvofa’j dkj ;gxao[qfIPovao]E7kj .shcdrj ;dgIqk.odkog/yd/qos^+s^v, 8oq gv’F .odkofe]’q -;u fy .s,h 7u ;k,vfq moq zkj ozkj vx5 tlda okokxtdkoF grvnj zoq leg]fa .o;Pd ’ko c]t grvnj vtok7fq voa lfq .l ltooA F g;]k7l6 vo[oa fk[fq vkj ogr,ju 7l6 k,kfxt8[y fa dfy 9tde dkolvowflh v’;ymuf’ja oUG !? 76cotoe.shoadIPo.o-;qj 3,’IPo.oshv’7nG 76c[’j gxaod,5j c]t ,v[[qfdvo.shc8]j t d,j5 rvh ,m’a deofq g;]k.soh da IPoxt,ko !W sn^ !& okmu grvnj .soh da IPowfvh kj oF me7;k,g0kQ .9 c]t lqomtokdaoD { vkj o[fq dvo.s]h Pj ows^ { -vdgoNv.o];,0v’[qf8k,7;k,g0Qk.9 { goNv.oc8]j t;ad c8]j t8vo { 7.6 s8h k’|kh oda IPoc8]j td,j5 0oB ]kp’koD { 7[6 oa mdb dko]kp’ko0v’oda IPoc8]j td,j5 D { g,vnj oda IPoc8]j td,j5 ]kp’ko\\fq c]h ;F 706 oB l’a gdfdko]kp’ko0v’c8]j td,j5 ;kj ,9u f5 fu c]t 95fvvj oco;.f grnjvgxaodkomvf4vo[qfIPo.o[qf8+wxD { 4kh [+,gu ;]krP’rg= Ifa dfy 9tde.osvh ’IPoF 7v6 kfc[’j gxoa d,j5 c];h ,v[[fq dvo.sch 8j ]td,j5 grnvj gxoa ;Pd[kh oF .oooAa 786 vh ’deofq g;]kl’jq 0v’oda IPo]tvPfD @? s’a^ 9kdc8]j td,j5 l’jq [fq c];h F 7d6 o= egvkq [fq 0v’oda IPowxd;fg[’jy ;kj c8]j td,j5 xt8[y fa wfhco;.fF g0Qk.9s^kp|hvprP’.fD g,njv76d;fIP[Ihvpc]h;F dvj o769tlq’j [qf7no.shoadIPo76 7;ogvqk[qf0v’oadIPoc8]j td,5j ,kla’gdf1.6j o-;qj 3,’IPo;y-kf’aj dkj ; grnvj .shoad IPowfh2a’ c]t wfIh 9h6 f5 fFu 9f5 vvj o0v’8oq c];h oewxx[a x’5 F gr,ju g8,u .sfh du ;kj gdkjq D l’jy le7oa oda IPo9twfgh xoa [fq IPo.odko0Po[fq .o0oA 8+wxD { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko ${* 7qoxtdv[7e7yf7egsaoD { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 noj Mxtdv[7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 7l6 ts[5^ 9f5 f9u f5 vvj o.odko0Po[fq 0v’oda IPo sn^ 7l6 tg|[u fq ;ry kd8;q 1kj ’[fq dvo.f|’jb ]tvPf.shoadIPowfh2a’ c]t 9qfdkj pgrnvj gda[w;hgxao8q;1kj ’D 112

8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf.oxB,c[[IPo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D 3I9j u,yo ovd9kdgxaoz6hoext8y;afmujpy’j .spcj ]h; pa’gxaooadxtraovudfh;pD grkt;kj mkj oxtmko3I9j ,u oy g7pu 0Po[fq 0kj ;]’q .o|’a lrn ,y <zIh6 ;j ,md5 < mxuj tgmf/i’ja F 0Pog]vnj ’ lAoF ]t7vodhv, c]t [qf;y9kodkog,nv’D le]a[xtgrfdk[dvomkj o,uzqo’ko1kj ’ s^;’s^kpg-oja G xB,xt,;o[fq dvo <[oa mdb .o7d5 <F dvo0Pogxoa rklkskj o c]t rklk s;PfD @D xB,xt,;o[qfdvo <[aombd.o75d< mjkoxtmko3Ij9u,yo c8’j .ow]ptmujr;d9P’w7 g-ad9a[ c]t 0a’75d169j uoD #D goNv.o8Qo8=0vxt,;o[qfdvo <[aombd.o75d< ,u $ [aosk7nG !? g;Qkg4y’9yf.9c0’dhkF vqfmqozkj ozkj 7;k,m5dm=]t,koF g-njv\\Aovtok7qfvao.l c9h’0v’dkoxt8y;af0v’mkj oxtmko 3I9j u,yoD @? g;kQ g4’y 7;k,gsoa .9F 7;k,dt]o5 kF 7;k,l’q lko0v’mkj oxtmko 3I9j ,u oy 8z+ mh6 d5 9qo c]t z6h8qd.o3-d-t8kdevaofP;daoD #? dkj ;xtok,3fpd’q 8+g9kQ |kh mu9j P’w7g-da muwj I7h ;k,gxoa meD $? x,B xt,;o[fq dvo <[oa mdb .o7d5 < ,lu ]y txtdkoc8’j mfuj gu foja D grkt;kj [oa fk[fq dvo m0uj Po.ox,B [fq dvo <[oa mdb .o7d5 < 0Pogxoa rklkskj o Xrklk9ou ?F c8’j 8k,c[[ c8’j dvo,6og-Nv0v’9uoD dvoc[[oUrklks;Pfok,gvUo;kj G<8N8;Pf<,u7;k, \\kp;kj G $ 7eD dvoxtgrfo9U edfa 9eo;o7eg;kQ F pvh oco;ooA zch6 8’j 8vh ’Igh6 ]vn d 7ela[g]ydg-’yj F -afg9oF ,;j oD ;ymurao]tok8q;]t7voF rao]tokrk[gxao8Qoc,oj roa ]tokcl’9oa 7kh p7dn [a dkoroa ]tokdvoztspk c]t dvolr5 klfy s;Pfok,D 76cotoe.shoadIPovjko[qfIPo[qf8+wx V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { dko[vd[k’95fdPj ;da[xtgmfs;Pfok,D { vtmy[kpltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ltrk[;aoot7tfuxtgmfs;Pfok,D { [vdxts;afsp=h c]t rk]tdyfxtfyfc8’j 0v’xtmko3I9j u,yoD { dkovtmy[kpg’njvow0dkodegouf c]t goNv.o0v’xB,xt,;o[qfdvo <[aombd.o75d< { dko[vdly]txtdkoc8’j D { d;fzoq ’ko9kddko;yrkd[fq dvoD 113

[qfvjkogruj, <xk pvff5dgfnv< c8’j 3fpG 38sn; shksqd,Nvqfsy; gxao8t7y;g,nvj p,vh p ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ l[6 c81j kg]da ovh p rz= vj ovk],q dyooEvq,lv’vq, 7yfwxIvfcxf 7yfwx.ld=pa’;qopa’cs;f 1o6j eg]nvj ’su;3sp 1sj6 ;q ovo-Erfa cd’vvdvkp xkld5 g8,a 4;h p ,oa 3]fsv,s;j pM d;Q dojy xtlkodoa 7n;kj .-hde]a’ f6ffb’cmhM 0vh p1kdovo c8,j oa ovo[+s[^a 2’a lP’mvh ’,oa 9[a wdIj vh ’9vdM ,oa 3]f,uc8[j vd m’a cv;j ma’;vo dyoxkK 9’yj ovo dyolkK g-uoc-[K 8kpgIfa sp’a 8kpc[[ moq md5 m]= t,ko wfph yomvh ’;vo;ko 0vh psc6 f’|kh ,nf [vd;kj G .sh,b’,yf 1kj ;oq 1kj ;kp dp6 v,8kp fdu ;kj glpxP[ ,oa g]pu ’P[ g-kq g,nvj p,yfwx |vh p[+oko-Erfa d[a g7nvj ows; cv;j ;voln[8+ vkpg5 9kQ skd= -k;xou oU k -y8kpgIfa sp’a ;kj K p’a |,j5 p’a ovh p ,oa g;kQ cI’g;kQ 7vj p g;kQ Ikh pg;kQ fu c80j vh p8’A lt8y ovo2’a ]kh M g,vnj gsoa [+gxoa mkj ,oa g]pu xPj o;my u 7oa ;kj 1kddf= Ku gvqkK sk]t2kf c81j kj .sh.90kf rtpkpk,Ida lk grnvj .sh38,u-u;yf-u;k wxoe\\86j ts^vf .sh,aoIvf,N ,Nwfh w-3p 114

dyoxklkK 9da 38 cd’lv’lk,8vj o ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ,oa [+svj o ,.u zIgh6 soa dp= ’a 4;n kj gxoa z[h6 ,+ [u dq zvj ’ doy I[u doy K[8+ vh ’ ;8y dq d’a ;oq [+8vh ’Ivh o8vh ’Ioq 7fy -k7fy pkd 7oa ;kj 1kh og\\oa xkd p’ja ,Np’ja 7on doy oE.l9j da don ,oa dd= Ph ’rvh ,[kf gmvnj o0U vh p[+vkf xt8gy lf3fpd’q ,oa ,gu sf,zu oq vkh ’v’u 7[q 4;h o 7e,aog;Qkd=,;j o 7n;kj 4dn xk3m doy xklkfkh ,38 cd’lkfkh ,8vj o doy wxc];h d[= +svj o ,u.z]tc;’ ,aop’a g;kQ ltcf’ ;kj [g+ lpdPfpvh o 0vh p1f5 M1vj oM 1-j6 ;qj g;]k c,oj cmch ,oj ;kj 7da [+,.u zgsoa c8;j kj ,oa skdgxoa g]nvj ’gIfa [+wfh wfhdhk;gfuo8k,co; gloA mk’8l+ h6 0vh p,u8km’a 7j6 8kmy[myfltfu \\76j tot0hvp,u -;j pgsvn^ 3v[gvvN I;j ,doa 8+lgh6 rnvj zoq xt3spfl;j o];, I;,ma’7;k, gxoa 8kpmd5 1kj ’ [+gsou skj ’ vvd9kd4oa c4; [+,uco; -yf6ffb’0hvpwfh 7t8yme[+w-j c,oj 0v’-N0kp dPfl;j o8;q c,oj 0v’grnvj oltskp I;j ,dao8ts^vf 8vh ’Ida lkdPh ’xvf xkocd;h cdoj 8k c,oj -Iy vfg;]k \\fq ],q cs’h g]vn f d[= p+ v,glpdPf gsou skj ’;ywo ,uc88j fa lyo.9 [=]ylf5 8’A 8+ .s,h oa mPj ’9dh= h= [+rdu c;’j c= ’ 115

[+,u0vf,uc0 g7vn [c7’c/’]U 2’a 7;k,0vh pmvh ’g]up,yf9]ju uj 7n;kj I7h6 ;k,zyf xko;kj gvkq 0v’xfy /k,vn fa xkd ,oa [+sko[+]kd 7cn 8gj f,u mu lk]trk[3fpfu pv,]tK pv,c]h; 0vh ps;q .oddq c0;h s;q 1kj ’,uw- X7af9kdxB,<c8oj Ao< 0v’oaddt;u 38sn; shv’dkolbdlkl6odk’co;]k;Iad-kf xu !_(# cx3fpG lD gf-k? \\kpgsfG .oltw\\8+l6hd6h-kfF [aofkoadxt8y;af,us^kpI6[c[[8+l6hda[laf86F |b’j .o[aofk I6[c[[8+l6hfa’j dkj ;c,oj dkovqfvksko grnvj xtmh;’laf86D [qfdvo <xk pvff5dgfnvj < g;Qkg4y’ dko8l+ fh6 ;h pdkovfq vkskoF lfa 8r6 fa gvkq cd’xk.lpj vffd5 gfvn Xgxoa pvfzda -tofy |’jb mcju d’.lj xkdkpgxaovkskomujc-[? ,k]=h.shdyoF 4hkvqf[+ws;dyo]q’wx\\kp7;k,;kj xt]kw-.shlaf86D 9kdooA 9’jb gdfu dko8+lfh6 kh oco;7fy ;kj 9tdoy s^[n +doy D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 116

ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[xtmko3I9j u,yo 117

xtmko3I9j u,yo 16fj q’gd .o[AoIq[-kpcfo gfnvo _ xu !_&WDສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ltskps’;hPovkpd;ad.odv’xt-5,g,nv’8q;{dv’xt-5,rad7v,,6oyf/i’aj D 118

d,q dkog,vn ’;k’czo.o]tf|6 k; c]t ]tf[6 ko.\\.j oxu !_&#{!_&$ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ grvnj 8dq ]’q gxfu [oA I[q fPo[Po26 dv’xt-,5 zch6 mom;jq xtgmf7’A mu III 0v’rda gfvn o _ xu !_*W 119

ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ll5 koxtmko 3I9j ,u oy 120

ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ]’5 3Ij d[a gpkq ;t-oq [oa fkgzkjq 0v’s;Pfok, 121

ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ xtmko3I9j u,yo vkj o|a’lnry,xt-k-qo 122

[qfmu ( ;aoot7tfu/iaj’ g;]kG ) -;jq 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvnj .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd[k’95fdPj ;da[xtgmf/i’aj wfhD { vtmy[kpltrk[xts;fa lkf c]t ;oa ot7tfu/i’aj .omkh plt8t;fa mu XVIII 3fpsp=wh fDh { [vd-u;txts;af0v’ ;yd8= I5p3d c]t dugfu3,xaf-a’wfhD { g0Qk.9wfhg4y’[qf[kf c]t zqo’komk’fhko[qfxtrao0v’;yd8=I5p3d c]t dugfu3,xaf -a’ mu-j k;3]dI6h9adwfhD { vtm[y kpgovN .o8oQ 80= v’[fq xtroa <zmh6 d5 9oq <0v’;dy 8I= p5 3d c]t g]vnj ’<gvgh rf< 0v’du gfu3,xaf-a’wfhD { vtmy[kp c]t 8u]k7kgoNv.oF 7;k,\\kp0v’8vo <[aoskoEmugj ,nv’,q’c2dw,<wfhD { vtmy[kp7;k,\\kpg]nvj ’<gvgh rf<wfDh { ;yrkd[qf X8vo7af?<[aoskoEmujg,nv’,q’c2dw,< wfhD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ II. goNv.o8Qo8= { [k’95fdPj ;da[xtgmf/i’aj D { ltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ;aoot7tfu.omhkplt8t;afmu XVIIID { -u;txts;afsp=h c]t rk]tdyfdkoxtfyfc8j’0v’;yd8= I5p3d c]t 0v’dugfu3, xfa -’a D { goNv.osp=h0v’[qfxtrao <z6hm5d9qo<D { ;yrkd8vo <[aoskoEmujg,nv’,q’c2dw,< { dkovkj o c]t g]kqj g]njv’<gvhgrf< { dko;yrkd9f5 ryglf0v’8;q ]t7vo.og]nvj ’<gvgh rf< III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76;y-k;aoot7tfu-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu luDj { I6[rk[8kj ’MdPj ;da[xtgmf/ia’j c]t dkog7njvows;0v’;yd8= I5p3d X4hk,u? 123

{ I6[oadxtrao;yd8=I5p3d c]t oadxtraodugfu3,xaf-a’D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { xB,3I,g]njv’lAo0v’dugfu3,xaf-a’gs^A,! c]t gs^A, @ X4hk,u? IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo dkooeg0kQ l[j6 fq IPoD { 76ltg|u];,dPj ;da[xtgmf/ia’j F [k’oadxtrao c]t [k’[qfxtrao grnjvlqomtokda[ oda IPof’ja oDU !? oda IPog7pu wfwh xxtgmf/i’ja [L= @? oda IPoIoh6 da xtroa 0v’xtgmf/i’ja mkj o.f[=L #? oda IPog7pu vkj o[fq g]vnj ’0v’/i’ja g]vnj ’.f[L= { 76.shoadIPo8v[7e4k,8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,D { 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPo c]t vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,D !D dkolvo[k’95fdjP;da[xtgmf/iaj’ { 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo8k,7e4k,f’ja oGU !? xtgmf/i’ja ,u-gnj xoa mk’dko;kj co;.fL @? xtgmf/i’ja ,ugoNvmumj ’a \\fq gmkjq .fL #? xtgmf/i’aj ,uxt-kdvom’a \\qfgmkqj .fL $? xtgmf/ia’j 8A’16mj t;u[.f c]t ,u-kpcfo8yfda[xtgmf.fcfLj &? mk’fhkoxts;aflkfF ;afmtotme c]t ;aoot7tfu0v’xtgmf/ia’j gxaoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko ${& 7qo8v[7e4k,D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 76lts^5[7no7e8v[0v’oadIPo c]t vtmy[kpgru,j g8u, Xvu’8k,xB,c[[IPo? @D dkolvoltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ;aoot7tfu/iaj’.omhkplt8t;afmu XVIII { 768A’7e4k,dPj ;da[7;k,I6hIv[8q;0v’oadIPodvj oF c]h;.shoadIPolt\\ad8v[8k, 7;k,g0kQ .90v’oda IPoD !? dkoxt8;y fa .fmwuj fIh [a dkolt|[a lt|o6 1kj ’d;kh ’0;k’9kdxt-k-oq md5 -oA 7oq .o xtgmf/i’ja D @? dkoxt8y;afokpmboxu !()_ ,u]adltotco;.fL 124

#? w]ptdkoxt8y;afokpmboxu!()_ oUwfhl’qj zqoltmhvovao.f.shcdxj tgmf/i’aj L ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ $? ;aoot7tfuw]ptoUgduf,u9ad0t[;odkoxtfyfc8’j 7n0t[;o.fcfLj &? 95fxtlq’0v’c8]j t0t[;odkoxtfyfc8’j oAoc,oj grnjvspa’L *? ;dy 8= Ip5 3dgxoa zmh6 4uj 7n oa m’5 oe|kh .o0t[;odkoxtffy c8’j .fL { 76lts^5[7noF 8u]k7k7;k,7yfgsao c]t 7;k,g0Qk.90v’oadIPodPj ;da[xts;aflkf c]t ;aoot7tfu/i’aj .olt8t;afmu XVIIID Xvu’8k,xB,c[[IPo?D #D dkolvo-u;txts;af0v’oadxtrao;yd8=I5p3d c]t g]jnv’<z6hm5d9qo< #D! dkolvoxts;afoadxtrao;yd8=I5p3d { 7g6 vkq I[6 ;yd8=Ip5 3d .soh da IPog[’jy c];h 8’A 7e4k,.soh da IPo8v[7nG !? ;yd8= I5p3d gduf.oxu.fL @? -u;yf c]t rk]tdyfdkoc8’j 0v’mkj ogxao7nco;.fL #? ;yd8= I5p3d ,urvolts;ao.odkoxtfyfc8’j g,nvj vkp59adxuL $? ;yd8= I5p3d c,oj oadxtraog]njv’lAo sn^ ot;toypkpL &? ;yd8= I5p3d glp-u;yf.oxu.f ];,vkp5wfh9adxuL *? [qfxtraomujfugfoaj c]t lhk’-nlj P’.shcdmj kj o,u[qfxtraospa’cfj c8]j tg]njv’0Po .oxu.fL #D@ dkolvogoNv.o0v’[qfxtrao3fpsp=h { 76.shoadIPovjko8A’c8j8Qo8ts^vfxkpF .og;]kvjko.shme7;k,g0Qk.9da[goNv.o wxrvh ,Mdoa D { 786 ’A 7e4k,.soh da IPo8v[dPj ;d[a goNv.o 7;k,\\kp0v’g]nvj ’<zmh6 d5 9oq <D !? goNv.og]nvj ’ <zmh6 d5 9oq <g;kQ g4y’sp’a L @? 7;k,\\kple7oa 0v’g]nvj ’<zmh6 d5 9oq <,u7nco;.fL { 7.6 soh da IPoxt,ko #{$ 7oq xtdv[7e7fy 7egsoa dPj ;d[a govN .o c]t 7;k,\\kple7oa 0v’[fq xtroa <zmh6 d5 9oq < { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7e7fy 7egsoa gr,ju g8,u D { 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPo c]t vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,D { sn^ 7.6 -;h my vu ojn Mg-oja .soh da IPovkj ogovN .o0v’[fq xtroa 3fpspoh= cU ];h .soh da IPo0Pogxoa [qfltcf’7e7yf7egsao c]t 8u]k7kdPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qfxtraof’aj dkj ;D 125

{ 76.shoadIPo @{# 7qo0Bo]kp’koD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 ojn Mxtdv[7e7fy gsoa gr,ju g8,u D { s^’a 9kdooA 796 ’yj lts[^5 7nodPj ;d[a 7e7yfgsoa 0v’oda IPo8+d[a goNv.o c]t .97;k,0v’ [fq xtroa oDU #D# dkolvogoNv.o8vomju7af <[aoskoEmjug,nv’,q’c2dw,< { .shoadIPovkj oc88j Qo8ts^vfxkp xt,ko @{# gmnjv c]h;me7;k,g0Qk.9wxrhv,D { 786 ’A 7e4k,.soh da IPowf7h oQ 7yfdPj ;d[a goNv.o0v’8vomu7j fa g-oja G !? goNv.o0v’8vooUg;Qkg4y’spa’L @? goNv.o[vj o.fmulj vj ’cl’.sgh soa g4y’ltrk[l’a 7,q 0v’/i’ja .og;]kooA L #? ltrk[glf4tdyf0v’/i’aj .og;]koAogxaoco;.fL { 7.6 soh da IPoxtdv[7e7yfgsoa 8k,7;k,g0kQ .90v’g0kq g9kQ D { 7l6 ts^[5 goNv.o8oQ 8=0v’8vomu7j fa 0kh ’gmy’f’ja oUG 8vo7af<[aoskoEmujg,nv’,q’c2dw,< lvj ’cl’.shgsaog4y’7;k,m5dpkd]e[kd0v’3d c-fa F mu8j dq gxoa mkfI[a .-.h sch d7j v[7;q g8okdfugvm3uj sfIkh pD lv’z;q g,pg8okdfgu v[’a 7[a .sh 3dc-fa 8vh ’I[a .-mh d5 1kj ’F wI,h tof5 ltmeD dko7kh 0kps’kp,n0v’r;dg0kq c,oj [oq 7;k,md5 pkd]e[kd0v’7oq vnoj 3fpltgrktc,oj 3dc-fa D #D$ dkolvo;yrkd[qf X7af8vo? #D$D! dkoc[’j 8vo c]t goNv.oc8]j t8vo { 76vkj o8vomuj7af <[aoskoEmujg,nv’,q’c2dw,< .shoadIPo2a’D { 76.shoadIPo @{# 7qovkj oD { 7o6 erkoda IPo;yrkdf’ja oUG { 76c[’j 8vomuj7afvvdgxao @ 8voD 8vomu !G o[a c8j <,’q c2dw,gxoa g,vn ’|’bj < g4’y <7oq I’ja ,fu wu f<h 8voocU ,oj g;kQ g4’y ,’q c2d w,gxoa g,vn ’m,uj [u oa sk2fn g7vn ’dPj ;d[a oEf,jn F oE.-h c]t ltrk[dko8vh ’dko oE1kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p .o7v[7;q g8okdfgu vD 8vomu @G c8j <dkowxgvkq oE< g4y’lf5 mkh p 8vooUc,oj g;kQ g4y’dkolkh ’I’ja 7o6 ,u0v’lv’ zq;g,pg8okdfugv c]t dkowxgvqkoE1.6j o7v[7q;g8okdfugv c,oj rk]t0v’3dc-afc8rj P’ zfh6 P;D 126

#D$D@ dko;yrkdgoNv.oc8]j t8vo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 8vom!u G g;kQ g4’y ,’q c2dw,gxoa g,vn ’m,uj [u oa sk2fn g7vn ’dPj ;d[a oEf,jn F oE.-h c]t ltrk[ dko8vh ’dkooE1kj ’s^;’s^kp0v’7v[7;q g8okdfgu vD { 76.shoadIPovkj ogoNv.o8vomu ! 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,D { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oUG !? phvospa’g,nv’c2dw,9’bj /nfg7nv’dPj ;da[oEf,nj c]t oE.-hL @? gxoa sp’a 7v[7;q 0v’g8okdfgu v9’jy 8vh ’dko1kj ’s^;’s^kpL { 76.shoadIPo #{$ 7qo8v[7e4k,0hk’gmy’D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 noj Mxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPo c]t vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,D 8vomu @G g;kQ g4’y dkolkh ’I’ja 7o6 ,0u v’z;q g,pg8okdfgu v c,oj rk]t0v’3dc-fa c8rj P’ 7oq fP;D { 76.shoadIPovkj o[qfg]njv’8vomu @ 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,D { 786 ’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPof’ja oUG !? dkodtme0v’z;q g,pg8okdfugv8+3dc-fa ,u7nco;.fL @? -u;yf0v’3dc-fa 1.j6 o7v[7;q 0v’g8okdfugvgxoa co;.fL { 76.shoadIPo8v[7e4k,8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,D { 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPo c]t vtmy[kpgru,j g8u,D #D& dkolvoly]txtdkoc8j’ { 76lqomtokda[oadIPoF grnvj .shgsao95ffugfoaj fhkoly]txtdkoc8’j D { 768A’7e4k,fa’j oUG !? zch6 8’j .-Ih [6 rk[sp’a grnvj pdq .sgh soa g4y’7;k,md5 pkd]e[kd0v’3dc-fa L @? .-Ih [6 rk[sp’a pdq .sgh soa g4’y 7;k,3sfIkh pmk]o5 0v’7v[7;q g8okdfgu vL s^n vkf9tpqdgvqk7e4k,.o[qfxtrao3fpsp=hd=wfh g-y’j ,uma’8q;]t7vo -a’;ko-a’F 2a’8uo c]t z6hvnoj MvudD { 76.shoadIPo !{@ 7qo8v[7e4k,8k,7;k,g0Qk.90v’g0qkg9QkD { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 noj Mxtdv[7e7yfgsoa D 127

9kdooA 7v6 kflts[5^ ];,.ofkh ol]y txtmfuj gu foja g-’jy .ofkh ol]y txto7U g6 xoa z[h6 oa pkpgxoa 8oQ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 8g= -oja G 9kd[fq xtroa <zmh6 d5 9oq < .o8vom7uj fa <[oa skoEmguj ,vn ’,’q c2dw,<0v’;dy 8= Ip5 3d c,oj gxao[qfxtraomuj,u75o7kj l6’ grktgoNv.od;hk’0;k’F g]ydg-’jy c]t .s7h t8gy 8vn o.9cdsj k^ pM-oA 7oq .ol’a 7,q D .odko[oa pkpo.U s7h p6 dq gvkq dko.-Ih [6 rk[8kj ’M c]t 8;q ]t7voxtdv[8,jn 78n ;q 1kj ’.odko.-Ih [6 rk[mcuj lomd5 m]= t,ko0v’ 3dc-fa F I[6 rk[8kj ’M0v’-’a ;ko-’a F 2’a 8ou F g8 okdfgu v c]t vojn MD ;dy 8I= p5 3d.-lh ]y txtdkoc8’j c[[’kj pM c8,j gu ovN .o|da c|oh c]t g]dy g-’jy grvnj l’ja lvo7oq gIkq D gxoa 7t8gy 8vn o.9.odkofe]’q -;u fy .ol’a 7,q 0v’-k;/i’ja d7= n -k;3]dF gxoa 7t8y .sIh ;h6 kj 1kdgxoa 7oq f,u 7u ;k,ltsk^ fsda^ cs,^ 8vh ’wfzh kj odkovfq moq F zkj ozkj okokvx5 tlda msuj p’h5 pkd9’jb 9txtl[q 7;k,leg]fa D $D dkolvodjP;da[oadxtraodugfu3,xaf-a’ c]t g]jnv’<gvhgrf< $D! dkolvoxts;afoadxtraodugfu3,xaf-a’ { 76.shoadIPolqomtokdao8k,7e4k,faj’oUG !? dugfu3,xaf-a’gdufg,njv;aomuF gfnvoF xu.fL @? dugfu3,xaf-a’gduf1g6j ,nv’F c0;’ c]t rkd.f0v’xtgmf/ia’j L #? dugfu3,xaf-a’,urvolts;aomk’fhko;aoot7tfuc8gj ,nvj .fL $? dugfu3,xaf-a’glp-u;yfg,njv;aomuF gfnvoF xu.fL { 76.shoadIPo ${& 7qo8v[7e4k,0hk’gmy’D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7e7fy gsoa gr,ju g8,u D { 76lts^5[7no c]t 8u]k7k7e7yf7egsao0v’oadIPodPj ;da[oadxtrao c]t vtmy[kp [fq [kf c]t zoq ’ko0v’dgu f3u ,xfa -’a .soh da IPo[oa mdb f’ja oGU dgu f3u ,xfa -’a c,oj oda xtroa muj,uco;7yf[+mtgpumtpko .//j aoskly’j mujg|nv4kot0v’8qoF fa’j .o[qfg]njv’<gvhgrf< gxaog]jnv’mju1kd8adg8nvo c]t laj’lvo.sh7qoma’s^kpI6hdjP;da[7;k,mtgpumtpko 0v’7oq gIkq .ol’jy [4+ dn 8vh ’pvj ,wxl7j6 ;k,md5 m]= t,koD g,vnj vkj o[fq g]vnj ’<gvgh rf< c];h r;dgIkq 9tIlh6 db ;kj 8;q ]t7vo,ko8oy F ];q c-o gxoa 7oq m8uj dq md5 wfph kdF pvh odkodtme 9kdco;7yfmuvj ;fv’jq mto’q 8;q gduowxD $D@ dkolvovjko c]t -vdI6hgoNv.o0v’[qfg]jnv’ <gvhgrf< { 7v6 kj o[fq g]kjq g]vnj ’ <gvgh rf< .soh da IPo2’a sn^ .soh da IPovkj odw= fh c8.j sgh vkq .9.lvj kj o7e g;kQ 0v’c8]j t8;q ]t7vo.sch 8d8kj ’doa D 128

{ 7.6 soh da IPovkj o[fq g]nvj ’z]h6 t8vo8+Mdoa wx9oq 9[q D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 76 c]t oda IPoloq mtokdPj ;d[a govN .o0v’[fq g]vnj ’ c]t .soh da IPo4k,{8v[g-’jy doa c]t daoD { s’^a 9kdooA 7l6 ts[^5 7e8v[goNv.o0v’[fq g]nvj ’D $D# dkolvog]qjk7no[qfg]jnv’ { 76,v[\\kp.shoadIPo c8]j t7qodtdP, c]t g]qkj g]njv’c[[ltcf’8k,[qf[kf0v’ c8]j t8;q ]t7vo z]6h t ! 8vo 3fpgooA |da g4’y lP’g;kQ F dko.-7h eg;kQ l[a rklk.s,h ;j o c]t |hk9a[vqd9a[.9rhv,ma’.shI6h.-hmkj mu c]t 9a’s;txtdv[dkog]kqj g]nvj ’vudfh;pD { 76lts5^[ c]t 8u]k7kdkog]kqj g]njv’0v’c8]j t7qoD $D$ dkolvo;yrkd95fryglf0v’8q;]t7vo dko;yrkd8;q ]t7vo.s7h g6 vkq .9.l8j ;q ]t7vof’ja oUG { 95fryglf0v’8q;]t7vo ok’,ko8yoD { 95fryglf0v’8q;]t7vo]q;c-o { 9f5 ryglf0v’8;q ]t7vo32ggifa g9D { 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo3fp.-7h e4k,8kj ’Mf’ja oUG !? gxaospa’ok’,ko8yo9’yj 3ldglQk c]t v5dv’aj dvj omu9j t8aflyo.9wxI;j ,’ko]k8uL @? mkj o]q;c-owfhg;Qkco;.fgrnvj vvp.9g,pL #? .zgxaoz6hcotoe.shok’,ko8yo wx1n,g7nvj ’gvoh eok’ 32cifa g9L $? ok’32ciafg9 gxao7qoco;.fL &? .og,nvj ok’,ko8yogsoa g7nvj ’gvsh ^kp1kj ’c];h ,u7;k,Ilh6 db co;.fL *? zqol5fmhkp 7v[7q;0v’mkj o ]q;c-o c]t ok’,ko8yo wfh8qd16.j oltrk[7nco; .fL s^n 76oe.-h7e4k,vnjoMfa’j oUG !? ok’,ko8yo ,u7;k,I6hlbdco;.f8+I6[Ikj ’F zy;rao0v’8qoL @? gxoa sp’a ok’ ,ko8oy 9’jy mtgpmu tpko1kdwfgh 7vnj ’o’j5 ’k, c]t g7vnj ’xtf[a muj 9twx’ko]k8uL #? ]adltotoyfwl0v’mkj o ]q;c-o gxaoco;.fL $? ok’ 32ciafg9 .sh,ko8yo1n,spa’cfLj { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko &{* 7qo8v[7e4k,0hk’gmy’D { 7.6 soh da IPo9eo;o|’jb xtdv[7e7yf7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D { 76lts^5[7nodPj ;da[95fryglf0v’8q;]t7voD 129

&D dkolvovjkogruj, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ [fq vkj ogr,uj ,uf’ja oUG <7qovtok4k< 3fpG dugfu 3,xaf-a’ <glf4u.o7k[0v’7qom5d< 3fpG ;yd8= I5p3dD [fq g]vnj ’mduj kj ;,k0kh ’gm’y ooA ];h oc8gj xoa g]vnj ’m,uj gu ovN .o7;k,\\kp c]t ,7u o5 7kj cddj ko lbdlkIej IPoD grktg,njvvkj o[qfg]njv’c]h;9tgIaf.shr;dgIqkgsao;kj la’7q,/ia’j ltw\\oAogxao co;.fL 3fpltgrktc,oj dko9ecod-oq -oA ;oa ot c]t dko.-lh yfveokfvonj M mulj tcf’vvd zkj o8;q ]t7vo.og]vnj ’F g-’jy ,oa wflh vj ’cl’.srh ;dgIkq gsoa 7;k,wI,h tof5 ltmeF 7;k,3sfIkh p xkj g4vnj o0v’l’a 7,q /i’ja ltw\\ooA 7zn mh6 d5 9oq g;]k.fdg= xoa 0vh p0kh ,kh 8kj ’.srh ;dmIuj ’ja ,Du DD ltooA F 776 ;ocotoe sn^ rkoda IPovkj o[fq g]vnj ’ X4kh ,gu ;]krP’r?= sn^ 7v6 kf9tcotoeoda IPogxao;Pd[hko7nG .shoadIPovkj odvj o grkt[qfg]njv’0hvo0hk’pk;cfj c87j 67;o8A’7e4k, 3fpgooA g4’y G !? goNv.o];,0v’g]njv’ @? [vd-n8j q;]t7vomujm5d9qo c]t 8q;]t7vomujIa’j ,u s^n z6h,uveokfD #? gxoa sp’a oda xtroa 9’yj 0Pog]nvj ’mu,j ugoNv.of’ja dkj ;L $? g,njvoadIPowfhvkj o[qfg]njv’f’aj dkj ;c]h; ,u7;k,I6hlbdco;.fL { 76.shoadIPo9eo;o|’bj 8v[7e4k,D { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 onj Mxtdv[7egsoa gr,uj g8u,D s^’a 9kdooA 796 ’yj lts^[5 dkoxtdv[7e7yf7egsoa 0v’oda IPoD 8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf.oxB,c[[IPo !D ltrk[xts;fa lkf0v’/i’ja wflh ’jq zoq ltmvh o.s;h oa ot7tfu/i’ja gdfu ,lu v’0t[;odko xtffy c8’j 7Gn 0t[;odkogrou 9fy spmh= h= c]t grou 9fy dkh ;|kh D r;dgrou 9fy spmh= ch= ,oj r;d1kd2oN 26 ]t[v[lda foy km4uj dn 37oj ],Q wxooA .sdh [a 7on ,kvdu F l;j or;dgrou 9fy dkh ;|kh c,oj r;dm.uj //j oa sk vtok7qfmufj ud;kj gdkqj c]t 8hko7nodko4vp7nos^a’D @D .omhkplt8t;afmu XVIII c]t 8Qolt8t;afmu XIX ltrk[;aoot7tfu/iaj’,udko 0tspkp8;q cI’3fpltgrktc,oj ]fa mly fa 9tmfa ;9y ko c]t wflh ,q m[q d[a grou 9fy dkh ;|kh 8kh od[a grou 9fy spmh= Dh= 130

#D goNv.o0v’ot;toypkp <z6hm6d7qo< c,oj lvj ’cl’g4y’la’7q,/ia’j ltw\\oAo1kj ’d;hk’ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 0;k’ 3fpltgrktc,oj oE.9,tof5 ltmevoa l’6 l’jq 0v’zmh6 d5 9oq 3fpzkj o8;q ]t7vo-’a ;ko-’a F d’q doa 0kh ,g]vnj ’p’a dkj ;xtok,7;k,-;jq -kh vtme0v’r;dm,uj vu eokf3fpzkj o8;q ]t7vo-kc;D $D 8k[.fp’a ,u7;k,md5 9oq 1[j6 oq |kh 3]doUF ot;toypkp<zmh6 d5 9oq <p’a ,u7o5 7kj 1Fj6 ooA d=grkt ;kj ot;toypkp,u]adltotgruo9yfdhk;|hk c]t lvj ’cl’la’7q,/ia’j .oltw\\oAowfh1kj ’d;hk’ 0;k’ c]t g]ydg-y’j D &D goNv.o8vo7af <[aoskoEmjug,nv’,q’c2dw,< ljv’cl’.shgsaog4y’7;k,m5dpkd ]e[kd0v’3dc-fa m8uj dq gxoa mkfI[a .-.h sch d7j v[7;q g8okdfgu vm3uj sfIkh pF lv’z;q g,pp’a [’a 7[a .s3h dc-fa I[a .-mh d5 1kj ’ c]t wI,h tof5 ltmeF dko7kh 0kps’kp,0n v’r;dg0kq c,oj [oq 7;k, md5 pkd]e[kd0v’3dc-fa D *D dugfu3,xaf-a’gdufg,nvj ;aomu &})}!)&W .dhg,nv’fP[gxuF c0;’davd,a’fu1r6j kdg|nv0v’ xtgmf/ij’a D (D .og]vnj ’ <gvgh rf< oda xtroa 1kd8da g8vn o c]t l’ja lvo.s7h oq m’a sk^ pIdh6 Pj ;d[a 7;k,mtgpu mtpko0v’7qogIqk.ol’yj mu[j +4nd8hv’ pvj ,9toewxl76j ;k,m5dm=]t,koD )D .og]nvj ’<gvhgrf<8q;]t7vo]q;c-ogxao7qo8qdm5dwfhpkdphvodkodtme9kdco;7yfmuj v;fv’qj mto’q 8;q gduowxD 76cotoe.shoadIPovjko[qfIPo[qf8+wx V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { dko[vd[k’9f5 dPj ;d[a xtgmf/i’ja D { dkovtmy[kpltrk[xts;aflkf c]t ;aoot7tfu.omhkplt8t;afmu XVIII 3fpsp=h { dko[vdxts;fa c]t rk]tdfy dkoxtffy c8’j 0v’oda xtroa ;dy 8I= p5 3d c]t dgu f3u ,xfa -’a { dkovtmy[kp[fq [kf c]t zoq ’kodkoxtroa 0v’oda xtroa ;yd8=Ip5 3d c]t dugfu3,xfa -’a D { dkovtmy[kpgoNv.o8Qo8=0v’[qfxtrao <z6hm5d9qo< 0v’;yd8=I5p3dD { dkovtm[y kp c]t 8]u k7kgovN .oF 7;k,\\kp0v’8vo <[oa skoEmguj ,vn ’,’q c2dw,< { dkovtmy[kpgoNv.o0v’[qfg]njv’ <gvhgrf< 131

{ dkog]kqj g]nvj ’c[[ltcf’8k,[qf[kf0v’c8]j t8q;]t7voD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { dkovtmy[kp7;k,\\kp0v’[fq g]nvj ’D { dko;yrkd9f5 ryglf0v’8;q ]t7vo.og]nvj ’D { dkod;fzqo’kodko;yrkd8vo c]t ;yrkd95fryglf0v’8q;]t7voD [qfvjkogruj, 3dc-afda[-kpcxd|hk <ok’ovh pgvpu K g9kQ [8+ vh ’1kh ofvdK< -kpcxd|kh g;kQ vvd,k7vj pMF<7o5 |U da cmKh <D 3dc-fa g’pu |kh 0oB c];h 8v[;kj G <c,oj cmhK< <xt.s0h vh ps;Y -;j pwf[h L= <D -kpcxd|kh g;kQ 8D+ m’a lv’wfph kj ’IP’0kh ’doa wx c];h -kpcxd |kh d4= k,8D+ <75oU|advus^uK vkp5g9Qk9adxuc]h;L< <cxfxur=fuK<D <s^kodhk,kwdxkooUs;JkL< <gvu r;,,kc8[j +oEr5hoK<D <gvu s^ko,kfqoc]h;[=L<D <xt,koly[shkokmuoU]tK<D <s^ko[+,uc,[j =L<D <s^kod=[+I6h c]t g-nvj ;kj [+g7up,uc,gj ]upK<D -kpcxd|hkxq’75]q’fyo c]h;gvqk,nma’lv’xq’.l[j kj 0v’3dc-af c]h;4k,ok’.omkj , dk’7;k,,nf;kj G <s^ko-nsj pa’L<D <3dc-fa K<D 132

-kpcxd|kh leodb wfmh oa m3u ]f ]k;l’a gdfg[’jy |kh 3dc-fa 7da Mc];h d]= d5 0oB s;Y gvkq 7c5 ];h d= ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ rkdoa pkj ’8+wxvdu D <3dc-af fP;oUg9Qkrad1.6j lL< <1,6j q’c2dw,r5ho<D <gvuK r=fuwxrhv,daog]upK<D <wxd=wxK <D 3dc-af8v[D 7;k,,yf’P[wfhxkdqf0Bo-q;j w]pt|bj’ ]ts;kj ’3dc-af c]t -kpcxd|hkD <7ao-Aoc,oj .z.-h,kgvqkoE1o6j UL<D <pkc,j g8okdfugvK<D <gxoa sp’a ]k;9’yj [+,kgvkq gv’L<D <]k;gxoa g9kQ 0v’Ikh o ]k;gxoa g9kQ okps^koK<D <g9kQ 0v’Ikh o-oA s;kJ K r=fu]’5 -ywxrda 1s6j oA g]upK<D m’a lv’2kh ;pkj ’rvh ,doa F 3dc-fa [+1kh osp’a vdu c];h K 7;k,vfy g,vnj pdw= flh o6 skpwx c]t [k’7’A ok’wfgh ’pu |kh g[’jy -kpcxd|kh f;h p7;k,moj5 mPj ’D ok’7fy ;kj .o-;u fy opU ’a [g+ 7pu ,.u z[vd lvook’.sgh ’pu |kh c]t p,= on [q rtzgh6 xoa g9kQ 9da gmvnj .og;]kooU k’Ilh6 db l’a svo.97dn oa d[a wfIh [a rvo9kdrtzgh6 xoa g9kQ gxoa 7’A mevfy D <pkc,gj 8okdfugv[+,u7qo.-h[=L<D -kpcxd|kh 4k,0BoD <[+K [+,u<D <7oa -oA s^kogxoa 7oq .-[h =L<D <c,oj c]h;K<D 3dc-af,yfwx-;qj w]pt|’bj c]h;9’yj 8v[;kj G <c8pj ’a ,uvudlv’7oq <D <c,oj .zvudL<D gv3xooy d[a vkc-o,kK<D <c,oj .zL<D <]6dlk;0v’pkc,j g8okdfugvK<D <r;dg0qkgIafspa’L< <3mK r;dg0qks;JkK r;dg0qk,u85ddt8k’k,MF ,um5d1kj ’mujgxaog7njv’7e c]t ,u c8sj ^Yo,;j o-onj K<D 133

<r;dg0kq s^Yo\\fq ,N-oA [=L<D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ <gvuK c,oj co;oAocmhK [k’gmnvj pk,s^kogIaf;Pdc]h; pkc,dj =vto5pkf.shs^kos^Yo|hvp |’jb K<D <s^kos^Yoda[spa’L<D <dts^Yoc[[s^kooU]tK s^ko[+,ug7nvj ’s^Yos^kpfvdK r;dgv3xoyo d[a vkc-o,kd=[+1kd.sh s^kos^Yooe grktr;dg0qk,u85ddt8kK<D .omujl5fma’lv’d=pkj ’,kIvf.og,nv’,+Mda[Ihko0v’ vou kpg8okdfgu vF3dc-fa rk-kpcxd|kh pkj ’g]ktzkj oIkh og0kQ 9gju ]pu F 3dc-fa [9+ -jn E;kj 9t8vh ’ -Ng0Qk9ugj ,nvrhv,F 8vopkj ’dkp3[foAo -kpcxd|hkI6hlbdvuf68qolq’lko-u;yf0v’3dc-af c]t d=wf4h k,ok’dvj o9tIvfIkh oD <,NoU,uspa’le7aos;JkL<D <3vK ]5’gvupK c,oj [5o3ocvowfJK<D g,vnj pkj ’,kIvfIkh og8okdfgu vc];h 3dc-fa Ilh6 db 1kh od;q rvh ,m’a 9[a c0o0v’-kp7oq ooA c]t g;Qk;kj G <]5’K K<D <c,oj spa’L<D <oIU kh o0v’pkc,gj 8okdfgu vK<D <gvkq 7,5 k.ssh ^ko]’5 gvupK<D <gxaospa’L<D <7oa groju gsoa groju -8y su k^ oK<D -kpcxd|kh dg= vkq 7.5 sh 3dc-fa c]t [g+ mkjq .fokmmu ’a lv’dp= kj ’ ,kIvfxt8I6 kh oD X7af9kd xB,3dc-af leoadry, c]t 9e|kj pxB,cs’j ]af lDxDx ]k; ;P’9ao? cx c]t IP[IP’3fpG cl’9ao l50tgl, 134

ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I[6 ok’3dc-fa .og]vjn ’ Xzmh6 d5 9oq ? 135

rkdmu III myfltfu;aoot7tfu [qfmu ) [qfxtrao;aoot7tfu g;]kG ) -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG { g0Qk.97;k,I6hg[Nv’8Qo[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuwfhD { vtmy[kp7;k,leobd,6orkd8kj ’M muxtdv[gxao[qfxtrao;aoot7tfug-aoj G sq;g]nvj ’F dtm6hF co;7yfF 37’g]nvj ’ c]t37’xtdv[lhk’wfhD { g0Qk.9goNv.oF I6[dko c]t dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’goNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao ;aoot7tfuwfhD { lk,kfoegvqk8q;1kj ’xtdv[.loj ypk,8kj ’Mwfh1kj ’4nd8hv’D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ II. goNv.o8Qo8= { 7;k,I6hg[Nv’8QodPj ;da[[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD { ,6orkd8kj ’Mmxuj tdv[gxao[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD { 9ecodgoNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aootfuD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76;y-k;aoot7tfu-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu luj { xB,g]nvj ’F xB,[qfdvo Xgrvnj gvqkgxao8q;1kj ’? IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo dkooeg0kQ l[j6 fq IPo { 7o6 erkoda IPolkh ’[oa pkdkf c]t m;o7no[fq IPogdkjq dvj og0kQ l[j6 fq IPo8;q 9y’ { 76.shoadIPoltcf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsaodPj ;da[dkoIPomyfltfu;aoot7tfuF !{# 7qoD { 7c6 otoeoda IPodPj ;d[a dkoIPomyfltfu;oa ot7tfuc,oj IPodPj ;d[a sp’a L 136

{ 76ltg|u|hkmuj c]t 7;k,le7ao 0v’;y-kmyfltfu;aoot7tfu3fpsp=hfa’j ]5,j oUG ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ |hkmujG <myfltfu;aoot7tfu< c,oj ;y-k|’bj 0v’0tc|’7oQ 7;kh ;oa ot7tfuF ,u|kh mluj t|v’ [oa fk 7;k,I6hmu,j u]adltotmyfltfu];,dPj ;da[dqfgdocs’j dkodegoufF 0tspkp8q;0v’;aoot7tfu c]t 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD 7;k,le7ao 4kh skdr;dgIkq ,7u ;k,g0kQ .9dPj ;d[a mfy ltf;u oa ot7tf1u kj ’|da c|oh F ,oa 9t-;j p.sdh ko IPo;aoot7tfuwfhfuD phvoco;oAoF ;y-kmyfltfu;aoot7tfu9bj’gxao;y-k|bj’mujle7ao.o0tc|’ 7Qo7;hk;aoot7tfuD !D dkolvo7;k,I6hg[Nv’8QodjP;da[[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu dkolvo7;k,Idh6 Pj ;d[a [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tf7u 76 ;o7eo’b ltg\\;u kj grvjn .soh da IPo,7u ;k,Ih6 dPj ;d[a [fq xtrao;oa ot7tfuD { 7[6 oa pkpgoNv.o[fq IPo7;k,Igh6 [Nv’8oQ dPj ;d[a [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfuD { 76ltg|u oypk,[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD { 76pqd8q;1kj ’.shoadIPog0Qk.98n,j grnvj ltcf’.shgsao;kj G [k’gmnvj [qfdvolAoM[qf|b’j F c84j kh skd,oa gxoa s;q |;j pmluj ,q [o6 d=vkfgvUo;kj [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfuwfDh d’q doa 0kh ,[fq g]vjn ’pk;r,y vvdgxoa sk^ pgs,A^ F c84j kh skdgxoa s;q |;j pgvdtrk[voa fP;doa dg= voU ;kj [fq xtroa |’jb gmkjq ooA g-oja G g]vjn ’ <dv’roa mlu v’< m’a $ gs,A^ gvoU ;kj [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfgu ]vjn ’ |’jb D { 7l6 oq mtokd[a oda IPo8k,7e4k,f’ja oGU !? ;aoot7tfuc,oj spa’L @? [qfxtrao;aoo7tfuc,oj spa’L #? g]nvj ’<rtg;flaofvo< gvUo;kj [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuwfh[=L $? [qfg]nvj ’<’k,[hkogduf< 0v’ v5myo [5opk;q’ gvUo;kj [qfxtrao;aoot7tfu c,oj [=L &? [fq g]vnj ’ <7nol[j6 kh ook< 0v’xPj , 9o5 ]t,o5 8u gvUo;kj [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu c,oj [=L *? [fq ]t7vo <roa mts;q .9< 0v’ lD l,u d5 lts;oa gvoU ;kj [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu c,oj [L= (? [fq dvo <g,vn ’]k;l;p’k,I’ja ,u < 0v’ mkj o r,6 u ;’q ;9u fy gvoU ;kj [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu c,oj [=L 137

{ [fq g]vnj ’vonj Mm7ju I6 9h6 da fDu ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 76.shoadIPo8v[7e4k,D { 76.shoadIPoz6hvonj 1.6j osvh ’xtdv[7e7yfgsoa D { 76-q,g-up s^n .sh7tcoocdoj adIPoz6hmu8j v[7e4k,wfhfu c]t xtdv[7egsaowfhfu8k, 7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 7l6 ts^[5 7e8v[c8]j t0=.h soh da IPo[oa mdb gvkq D !? ;aoot7tfuc,oj |a’lnmruj k.shgduf7;k,I6h c]t 7;k,ltgmnvo.98+z6hvkj oD @? [fq [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu c,oj 7;k,leodb voa |’jb dPj ;d[a [fq g]kjq g]vjn ’F dk[dvo c]t [qf]t7vog-y’j vkf9tgxao[qflAo s^n pk;F c8gj 4y’9tlAo s^n pk; ,ao8hv’c,oj 37’ lhk’ly]txt[qf|’bj m,uj us^kprkdl;j o,kxtdv[,usq;g]vnj ’F dtm6hF co;7yfF 37’xt dv[lkh ’0v’[fq D #? g]nvj ’< rtg;flaofvo< gvUo;kj [qfxtra;aoot7tfuwfhD $? [qfg]nvj ’<’k,[hkogduf< 0v’ v5myo [5opk;q’ gvUo;kj [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD &? [qfg]nvj ’<7nol6[j hkook< 0v’ xPj , 95o]t,5o8u gvUo;kj [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuwfhD *? [qf]t7vo <raomtsq;.9< 0v’ lD lu,5dlts;aogvUo;kj [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuc,oj [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuxtgrf]t7voD (? [qfdvo <g,nv’]k;l;p’k,Ia’j ,u< 0v’ mkj o r6,u ;q’;u9yf gvUo;kj [qfxtrao;ao ot7tfuc,oj [qfxtrao;aoo7tfuxtgrfdk[dvoD @D dkolvodjP;da[,6orkd8jk’Mmujxtdv[gxao[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu @D! lvodjP;da[sq;g]njv’ { 76ltg|uoypk,sq;g]vnj ’ Xgvkq 8k,xB,c[[IPo?D { 76gvqk8q;1kj ’F ltg|usq;g]nvj ’0v’[qfg]nvj ’.f|’bj s^n [qfdvo.f|’bj mwuj fhIPo,kc]h;.sh oda IPo2’a sn^ vkf9tgvkq [fq dvo.f|’jb ,kvkj oloj6 da IPo2’a c];h loq mtok-vds;q g]vjn ’ 0v’[qff’aj dkj ;g-oaj ;kj G s;q g]vjn ’0v’g]vjn ’ <dv’roa mlu v’< 0v’ lD [[5 zko;5 ’q c,oj oE.98l+ vh6 oa r]y tvkfsko0v’ dv’ma[ c]t xt-k-qo]k; 8hko9addtraf8kj ’fhk; c]t r;d]6d,ngrnvj xqfxvj pxtgmf-kfD sq;g]nvj ’0v’[qfdvo <g,nv’]k;l;p’k,Ia’j ,u<0v’mkj o r6,u ;q’;u9yf c,oj lao]tgluo 7;k,l;p’k,F 7;k,vf5 ,q I’ja ,0u v’xtgmfgIkq D r;dgIkq 7oq ]k;md5 7oq 7;o4t|v,Ida c]t xdq xda Ida lkgvkq w;Dh 138

lyj’muj7;ogvqk.9.ljG 7;o9ecod]ts;kj ’7e;kj <sq;g]nvj ’< murj ;dgIqk.-h16j .omyfltfu ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ;aoot7tfu,ao c,oj 7;k,leobdvao|’bj dPj ;da[;aoot7tfuda[7e;kj <sq;g]nvj ’< mruj ;dgIqk.-h.o -u;yf8;q 9y’g-’yj gxoa s;q 0=0h v’[oa sk.f|’jb D { 76.shoadIPog]nvdgvqkg]nvj ’.f|’bj s^n [qfdvo.f|’bj muoj adIPowfhIPo s^n vkj o,kc]h;.sh oda IPo-vd8k,.9,da grvjn -vdsks;q g]vjn ’D { s’a^ 9kdooA 786 ’A 7e4k,.soh da IPo7oq vojn 8v[7egsoa ooA 4dn s[n^ L+ 4kh [4+ dn oda IPo,7u egsoa gr,ju { 7-6 ,q g-up s^n .s7h tcoocdoj da IPogxoa d,j5 s^n [d5 7oq m]uj kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsoa wffh uD { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 D @D@ dkolvodjP;da[dtm6h0v’[qfxtrao { 76ltg|u7eoypk,0v’dtm6h Xgvqk8k,xB,c[[IPo? { 7g6 vkq 8;q 1kj ’F [oa fk[fq xtroa mgju vkq ,kgxoa [fq 8;q 1kj ’.og;]klvos;q g]vjn ’mIju Po,kc];h da[dtm6hwf’h kj pg-oja ;kj G dtm6h0v’g]vnj ’<dv’raomulv’<0v’ lD [5[zko5;q’ c,oj dko8+l6h1kj ’vq’vkfdhkskoF vao lts^P;lts^kf0v’vhkpohv’dv’raomulv’ mluj k,kf8+l6hzkj ;q’xyf ]hv,0v’laf86vvdwxlg6j 0f xqfxvj p c]t gIaf|hkmxuj hv’dao[aofkmkj oz6hoemcuj sd 9kd75dwxlg6j 0fxqfxvj p1kj ’xvfwrD dtm0h6 v’[fq dvo <g,vn ’]k;l;p’k,I’ja ,<u 0v’mkj o r,6 u ;’q ;9u fy c,oj vf5 ,q l,q [o6 wxf;h p -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf c]t ;af45[6IkoF c87j qo]k;pa’m5d9qogrkt,u9addtraf8kj ’fhk;,k Id5 IkoD 7oq ]k;md5 7oq 8vh ’lk,da 7du oa xdq xda Ida lkxtgmf-kfFIda [kh ogdfu g,vn ’ovovoa cloIda 0v’8oq D { 7.6 soh da IPog]vn dgvkq g]vjn ’.f|’jb s^n [fq dvo.f|’jb mouj da IPowfIh Po s^n vkj o,k c];h .sh oda IPo-vd8k,.9,da grvjn -vdskdtmDh6 { 76.shoadIPolqomtoksq;g]vnj ’da[dtm6h ,u7;k,c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL { s^a’9kdoAo 768A’7e4k,.shoadIPo7qovonj 8v[7egsaooAo4nd s^n [+L 4hk[+4ndoadIPo,u7e gsoa gr,ju { 76-q,g-up s^n .sh7tcoocdoj adIPogxaod5,j s^n [5d7qo mu]j kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsao wfhfuD { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 D 139

@D# lvodjP;da[co;7yf0v’[qfxtrao ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { 76ltg|uoypk,co;7yf0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu Xvu’.lxj B,c[[IPo? { 7g6 vkq 8;q 1kj ’F [oa fk[fq xtroa mgju vkq ,kgxoa [fq 8;q 1kj ’.og;]klvos;q g]vjn ’F dtmmh6 Iju Po ,kc]h;F da[co;7yfwfh’kj pg-oaj ;kj G co;7yf0v’g]nvj ’<dv’raomulv’< 0v’ lD [5[zko5;q’ c,oj dkolt|a[lt|6o/kj pco; ]k;Iad-kfgxao8Qoc,oj vhkpohv’dv’raomulv’ mu,j u7;k,lts^P;lts^kf c]t ,u75olq,[affuF ,u]t[P[;ywofuF ,u7;k,dhkskoF dP,rhv,l6hIq[D c]t ,uco;7yf;y9ko7;k,[+gxaome0v’/kj p xt8ydko;P’9ao ,ads^Yodyo25,g2nvpF [+,u]t[P[;ywo c]t gxaomtskog];Ia[9hk’mu1j hkodq;8+ vx5 tlda D [aofk7;k,leobdF sq;g]njv’F dtm6h c]t co;7yf ,udkorq;raodao1jk’lt|yfc|hoF dkocpdvvd9kddoa F dkocpd7cn o;ooA dg= rvnj ltf;d.odko7oQ 7;kh I+kIPogmkjq ooA F.o[fq xt rao;aoot7tfu8q;9y’r;dgIqk[+lk,kfcpdvvd9kddaowfhF grkt;kj ,aovkwlg-y’j daoc]tdao grvjn pon p’q 7’q 8;q F dvj ovojn \\fq s;q g]vjn ’,du kor;q roa d[a dtmh6 c]t co;7fy 0v’[fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu .o[fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfsu ;q g]vjn ’d,= 7u ;k,\\kple7oa voa cooj voc8dj g= xoa rP’lvj ’cl’0v’[fq xtroa gmkjq ooA F [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tf|u ’jb M dkor;q roa ]ts;kj ’dtmh6 c]t co;7fy c,oj dkor;q roa c[[v’q 7tmkfF dtm6h c]tco;7yf]h;oc8dj egouf,k9kdmkj muco;7yf0v’oadxtrao ltoAoF sq;g]nvj ’F dtm6h c]t co;7yf0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu.f|bj’,udkorq;raooedao1kj ’lt|yfc|hosq;g]vnj ’ fP;daovkf9t,udtm6h c]t co;7yf8kj ’daoD { 7.6 soh da IPog]nvdgvkq g]vjn ’.f|’jb s^n [fq dvo.f|’jb mouj da IPowfIh Po s^n vkj o,k c];h .sh oda IPo-vd8k,.9,da grvjn -vdskdtmDh6 { s’^a 9kdooA 786 ’A 7e4k,.soh da IPo7oq vonj 8v[7egsoa ooA 4dn s^n [+L 4kh [+4dn oda IPo,7u e gsoa gr,ju { 7-6 ,q g-pu sn^ .s7h tcoocdoj da IPogxoa d,j5 sn^ [d5 7oq m]ju kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsoa wffh Du { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 D @D$ lvodjP;da[37’g]njv’ { 7c6 [’j oda oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D { 76ltg|uoypk,37’g]vnj ’0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu Xgvqk8k,xB,c[[IPo? 140

{ 76gxaoz6h8A’7e4k,.shoadIPowfhlqomtok c8]j td,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,D s^a’9kdoAo.sh ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ oda IPo8v[7e4k,f’ja ],j5 oGU !? 37’g]vnj ’c,oj sp’a L @? [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuxtgrfot;toypkp c]t g]nvj ’lAo,u37’g]nvj ’[=L #? [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfuxtgrfdk[dvo,u37’g]nvj ’[=L $? [qfxtrao;aootfuxtgrf]t7vo,u37’g]nvj ’[=L &? rkdl;j o8kj ’M0v’37’g]vnj ’,u9adrkdl;j oL c8]j trkdl;j o,u7nco;.fL *? rkd,h;omhkp,u9ad;ymuL c8]j t;ymu,u7nco;.fL { 7.6 soh da IPo8v[7e4k, { 7.6 soh da IPozvh6 ojn 1.j6 osvh ’xtdv[7e7fy gsoa F { 76.sh7tcoocdoj adIPogxaod,5j s^n [5d7qomu]j kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsaowfhfuD { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 7e4k,goNv.o7e4k,c8]j t0=.h soh da IPo[oa mdb gvkq .lxj B,D !? 37’g]nvj ’c,oj [aofkgsfdkovao]tvPfxtlq,dq,dP;daogxaolkp.pgdktdkj pdao c]t dkpgxoa govN .o0v’g]vjn ’ooA 3fpzkj o37’g]vn ’ogU v’F oda xtroa ltcf’.sgh soa dkor;q roa F dko8+l0h6 v’[oa fk8;q ]t7vo9kdooA dtmh6 c]t co;7yf9troQ gfoja 0Bo ,kD @? [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuxtgrfot;toypkp c]t g]vnj ’lAo,u37’g]nvj ’D #? [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfxu tgrfdk[dvo,Fu 4kh gxoa dvog]vjn ’9t,3u 7’g]vjn ’F 4kh gxoa dvo vk],q 9fy [+,3u 7’g]vjn ’D $? [qfxtrao;aoot7tfuxtgrf]t7vo,u37’g]vnj ’ &? rkdl;j o8kj ’M0v’37’g]nvj ’,u & rkdl;j o c8]j trkdl;j o,u7nG rkdltg|uG c,oj rkdltg|ultrk[la’7q,F ltrk[g[Nv’8Qo0v’8q;]t7vo.odkofe]q’ -u;yf4kot.ol’a 7,q DDD rkd0vf[aoskG c,oj rkdmluj tcf’.sgh soa ;kj 00=h fa cp’j g],ju gdfu 0oB D rkd0vf[oa sk9t[+ pk;[k’g]vjn ’gxoa rP’8voloA Mgmkjq ooA D c8rj fa ,7u ;k,\\kple7oa S grktrkdoFU gxoa rkdrk.sh gdfu 00h= fa cp’h 0oB ,kD rkd0tspkpG rkps’a^ rkd0vf[oa skloY lf5 dkh ;g0kQ lrj6 kd0tspkp c,oj dko0tspkp 0=h0afcph’D 37’g]njv’0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu.f|bj’F rkd0tspkpgxaorkdmujpk;d;jk\\6jD .orkdoU7o5 ]da ltot0v’8;q ]t7vo9t7vj pMxkdfq c9’h 0Bogmvnj ]tdkh ;D 141

95fl6’l5fG c,jo0=h0afcpj’0tspkp8q;l6j]tfa[l6’l5fF dkol6h1aodao]ts;jk’/jkp8jk’M ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 0tspkp8q;l6]j tfa[l6’l5f8hv’,u;ymucdhw0[aoskvaocooj vo Ivf95fl6’l5fF z6hvkj ogsaowfhc9h’ 7o5 ]da ltot0v’8;q ]t7voD rkd,h;omhkpG c,oj rkdcdh[aosk0vf16rj kdlv’F \\kp7;k,;kj g,nvj 0=h0afcph’dhk;l6j ]tfa[l6’F zqol5fmhkp0v’[aoskgxaowxco;.fF oadxtrao9tltg|u .orkd,h;omhkpoUgv’D *? rkd,h;omhkp ,u @ ;ymu,h;omhkp7nG { ;my ,u ;h omkh pc[[xfy c,oj 00h= fa cp’j loY lf5 3-d-k8kde0v’8;q ]t7vomd5 1kj ’9tc9’h D { ;ymu,;h omkh pc[[gxuf c,oj 3-d-k8kdeD 7o5 ]da ltot0v’8;q ]t7vo9tc9’h F c80j 0=h fa cp’j p’a ln[8+ gIfa .szh vh6 kj op’a ,uvoa loq .9D @D& lvodjP;da[37’xtdv[lhk’ { 7v6 tm[y kp.soh da IPogsoa ;kj md5 M[fq xtroa [;+ kj 9tovh p sn^ .sp]j ;h oc8,j 3u 7’xtdv[lkh ’D { 76ltg|uoypk,37’xtdv[lhk’ Xgvqk8k,xB,c[[IPo? { 76gvqk[qf.f|b’j .shoadIPolqomtok-vdsk37’xtdv[lhk’0v’[qffa’j dkj ; vkf9t.sh lqomtokgxao38t s^n gxaod,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,D { 76pqd8q;1kj ’F .shgsaog4y’dko9af8A’la[-hvo,6orkd8kj ’M grnvj .shgxao[qfxtraomugj vdt rk[doa g-oja ;kj G .og]vjn ’<dv’roa mlu v’< 0v’ lD [[5 zko;5 ’q F zch6 8’j wfgh Ifa .szh vh6 kj ogsoa 7;k,gxoa me0v’ /kj pco;]k;Ida -kfF gsoa 7;k,v’q vkfdkh skoF ltsP^ ;lt sk^ f0v’vkh povh ’dv’roa mlu v’F grnvj ltcf’ly’j fa’j dkj ;vvd,kF z6hc8’j wfhc[’j 8q; ]t7vovvdgxaolv’/kj p8kj ’dao7n /kj p]k -tvkok9ad,u 7el5dF vvj o9aoF cv 8+kDDD c]t /kj pxtgmf]k;,umkj o mhk;86hF mkj o 9eoPoF 7ecf’F 7e\\AoF 3lrkF lq,rvoDDD 8;q 1kj ’mduj kj ;,k0kh ’gmy’ooA c,oj dko9fa ;k’8;q ]t7vo.og]vnj ’ <dv’ roa mulv’<D 37’ xtdv[lhk’ c,jo,6orkdI6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu c8j,aoraf,u7;k,le7ao.odko ltcf’goNv.o0v’[fq xtroa D { 76.shoadIPog]nvdgvqkg]nvj ’.f|b’j s^n [qfdvo.f|b’j muoj adIPowfhIPo s^n vkj o,kc]h;D .svh tmy[kp37’xtdv[lkh ’0v’g]vnj ’f’ja dkj ; { s’^a 9kdooA 786 ’A 7e4k,.soh da IPo7oq vojn 8v[7egsoa ooA 4dn s^n [+L 4kh [+4dn oda IPo,7u e gsoa gr,ju D 142

{ 76-q,g-up s^n .sh7tcoocdoj adIPogxaod5,j s^n [5d7qo mu]j kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsao ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ wfhfuD { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 D #D lvodjP;da[goNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu { .odkolvo0oh= U 7r6 tpkpk,gIfa .soh da IPog0kQ .9 # [oa sk8oQ 8w= f7h ,n o6 rkdmxju tdv[gxoa goNv.o0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuF ,6orkdmxuj tdv[gxaoI6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu c]t lkprq;rao]ts;kj ’goNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD { 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 D { 7[6 oa pkp3fpvu’.lxj B,c[[IPoF 9ecod.soh da IPogsoa ,o6 rkd8kj ’M0v’goNv.o c]t I[6 dko0v’[fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfuD { 786 ’A 7e4k,.soh da IPowflh oq mtok c8]j td,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q D s’a^ 9kdooA .soh da IPo 8v[7e4k,f’aj ],5j oUG !? goNv.o0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuc,oj spa’L @? I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuc,oj spa’L #? ]ts;kj ’goNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu,udkorq;raodaoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPo8v[7e4k,D { 76.sh7tcoocdoj adIPogxaod5,j s^n [5d7qo mu]j kp’ko c]t xtdv[7egsaowfhfuD { lf5 mkh p7l6 ts^[5 7e4k,goNv.o7e4k,c8]j t0=.h soh da IPo[oa mdb gvkq D !? govN .o0v’[fq xtroa ;oa ot7tf.u f|’jb c,oj I[6 rk[m’a \\fq 0v’-;u fy 8;q 9’y moju da xtroa pdq 0Bo,kg;Qk.o[qfxtraof’aj dkj ;rhv,fh;p7;k,\\kpF co;7yfmxuj kdqf0Bo,k9kdI6[rk[8q;9y’D goNv.o,u[aofk,6orkd7n sq;[qfF dtm6hF co;7yf c]t 37’g]nvj ’0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD @? I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu c,oj v’q xtdv[lhk’vao|b’j mu,j us^kp,6orkdxtdv[ gxoa I[6 ovd0v’[fq xtroa F dko9fa 8’A F l[a -vh ogovN .o0v’[fq xtroa grvjn gIfa .srh kdl;j o8kj ’Mmju oda xtroa pdq 0oB ,kdkpgxoa s;q |;j pvoa |’jb mgju vdtrk[D [oa fk,o6 rkd7n 37’xtdv[D l[a rklkF 8q;]t7vo c]t [k’;ymudkomulj tcf’goNv.ovvd,kD #? goNv.o c]t I6[dko ltcf’vvd1kj ’g]ydg-y’j .ola[rklk c]t ,udkorq;raooedao 1kj ’lt|yfc|hoF [+lk,kf8afcpdvvd9kddaowfhD goNv.o.f|bj’8hv’4ndltcf’vvdfh;pI6[ dko.f|’jb mcju ooj vo c]t I[6 dko8vh ’c,oj I[6 dko0v’govN .o.f|’jb voa cooj voF ,oa [+,gu ovN .o c[[];,M s^n I6[dkoc[[];,MD 143

$D dkolvo[qfvjkogruj, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { [fq vkj ogr,ju < 7on l[j6 kh ook < 3fpG xPj , 9o5 ]t,o5 8Fu < ’k,[kh ogdfu < 3fpG vm5 oy [o5 pk;’q D f’ja mwju fph dq 0oB ,k.ox,B c[[IPoD [fq vkj ogr,ju ogU rvjn gxoa gvdtlkoxtdv[-vdsk,o6 rkd 8kj ’Mmxuj tdv[gxao[fq xtrao;oa ot7tfuD 8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf.oxB,c[[IPofaj’oU !? 0t|kf[fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu c,oj 7;k,leodb voa |’jb dPj ;d[a [fq g]kjq g]vjn ’F dk[dvo c]t [fq ]t7vog-’yj vkf9tgxoa [fq loA s^n pk;F c8gj 4y’9tloA s^n pk; ,oa 8vh ’c,oj 37’lkh ’ly]txt[fq |’bj mu,j us^kprkdl;j o,kxtdv[,usq;g]nvj ’F dtm6hF co; 7yfD 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’[qfD @? ,o6 rkd8kj ’M mxuj tdv[gxoa [fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu,u7n s;q g]vnj ’F dtmFh6 co;7yfF 37’g]vnj ’ c]t 37’xtdv[lhk’D #? 37’g]nvj ’ c]t 37’xtdv[lhk’,u7nG { 37’g]vjn ’c,oj [oa fkgsfdkovoa ]tvPfxtl,q d,q dP;doa dkpgxoa lkp.p gdktdkj pdoa c]t dkpgxaogoNv.o0v’g]nvj ’oAo 3fpzkj o37’g]nvj ’oUgv’F oadxtraoltcf’.shgsao dkorq;raoF dko8+l6h0v’[aofk8q;]t7vo9kdoAodtm6h c]t co;7yf9trQogfoaj 0Bo,kD { 37’xtdv[lkh ’0v’[fq xtroa ;oa ot7tfu c,oj ]t[[q dko9fa 8’A l[a -vh o0x=h udpvj p8kj ’M 0v’[aofk8q;]t7vo c,oj dko9af;k’rkdl;j o8kj ’M muxj tdv[gxao[qfxtrao;aoot 7tfuD 7Qo7;hk37’xtdv[lhk’c,oj 7Qo7;hkdko9af;k’ c]t dkola[-hvorkdl;j o 8kj ’M0v’[fq xtroa ooA gv’D $? 37’g]vnj ’0v’[qfg]vnj ’.f|’bj ,u & rkdl;j o7nG rkdltg|uG c,oj rkdltg|ultrk[la’7q,F ltrk[g[Nv’8Qo0v’8q;]t7vo.odkofe]q’ -u;yf4kot.ola’7q,DDD rkd0vf[aoskG c,oj rkdmulj tcf’.shgsao;kj 0=h0afcph’g]u,j gduf0Borkd0vf[aosk9t[+ pk;[k’g]vjn ’gxoa rP’8voloA Mgmkjq ooA D c8rj fa ,7u ;k,\\kple7oa S grktrkdoFU gxoa rkdrk.sh gdfu 00h= fa cp’j 0oB ,kD rkd0tspkpG rkps’a^ rkd0vf[oa skloY lf5 dkh ;g0kQ lrj6 kd0tspkp c,oj dko0tspkp 0=h0afcph’D 37’g]nvj ’0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu.f|b’j F rkd0tspkpgxaorkdmupj k;d;kj \\6Dj .o rkdoU7o5 ]da ltot0v’8;q ]t7vo9t7vj pM xkdfq c9’h 0Bogmvnj ]tdkh ;D 144

95fl6’l5fG c,oj 0=h0afcph’0tskp8q;l6]j tfa[l6’l5fF dkol6h1aodao]ts;kj ’/kj p8kj ’M0t ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ spkp8;q l]j6 tf[a l’6 lf5 8vh ’,;u my cu dwh 0[oa skvoa cooj voIvf9f5 l’6 lf5 F zvh6 kj ogsoa wfch 9’h 7o5 ]da ltot0v’8q;]t7voD rkd,h;omhkpG c,oj rkdcdh[aosk0vf16rj kdlv’F \\kp7;k,;kj g,nvj 0=h0afcph’dhk;l6j ]tf[a l6’F zoq l5fmhkp0v’[oa skgxaowxco;.fF oda xtrao9tltg|u.orkd,;h omhkpoUgv’D le]a[rkd,h;pmhkpoU ,ulv’;ymu,h;omhkp7n ;ymu,h;omhkpc[[xyf c]t ;ymu,h;omhkp c[[gxfu D ;ymu,;h omkh pc[[xyfc,oj 0=0h fa cpj’lYolf5 3-d-k8kde0v’8;q ]t7vomd5 1kj ’9tc9’h D ;my ,u ;h omkh pc[[gxfu c,oj 3-d-k8kdeD 7o5 ]da ltot0v’8;q ]t7vo9tc9’h F c80j 0h= fa cp’h pa’l[n 8+gIfa .szh vh6 kj op’a ,vu oa loq .9D &D goNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qfxtrao;aoot7tfu ,udkorq;raodao7n ]ts;kj ’goNv.o c]t I[6 dkoltcf’vvd1kj ’g]dy g-’jy .ol[a rklk c]t ,du kor;q roa oedoa 1kj ’lt|fy c|oh F [l+ k,kf 8fa cpdvvd9kddoa wfDh goNv.o.f|’jb 8vh ’4ndltcf’vvdf;h pI[6 dko.f|’jb mcuj ooj vo c]t I[6 dko8hv’c,oj I6[dko0v’goNv.o.f|b’j vaocooj voF ,ao[+,ugoNv.oc[[];,M s^n I6[dkoc[[ ];,MD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo l’a gdf9kdG { 7;k,g0Qk.97;k,I6hg[Nv’8Qo[qfxtrao;aoot7tfuD { dkovtmy[kp7;k,leobd,6orkd8kj ’M mxuj tdv[gxao[qfxtrao;aoot7tfug-oaj G sq;g]nvj ’F dtm6hF co;7yfF 37’g]nvj ’ c]t 37’xtdv[lhk’D { 7;k,g0Qk.9goNv.oF I6[dko c]t dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’goNv.o c]t I6[dko0v’[qf xtrao;aoot7tfuD { dkooegvqk8q;1kj ’xtdv[.loj ypk,8kj ’Mwfh1kj ’4nd8hv’D mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.90v’oadIPofh;pdkod;fdk vkf9t.shoadIPooypk, c]t pqd8q; 1kj ’xtdv[oypk,D 145

ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລຂິ ະສດິ


Like this book? You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes!
Create your own flipbook