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Photo 21 Photo 22 50 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Photo 23 Photo 24 51 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Photo 25 Photo 26 52 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Photo 27 Photo 28 53 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Photo 29 Photo 30 54 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Photo 31 Photo 32 55 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

More photos are given in an electronic version as attachment to this development. 4. IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES AT LOCAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL FOR PREVENTION AND RAPID RESPONSE. • CREATING AND MAINTAINING A DATABASE OF PAST FLOODS In the framework of this study, it is found that reliable data on past floods is missing. In many cases, the information is incomplete, partial, contradictory, and inconvenient. Probably this is the reason why the municipality of Chiprovtsi is not covered by Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (PFRA) 2016-2021 for the Danube Region BD. This information is crucial to the process of assessing the risk of flooding and creates a realistic picture of the dynamics of these processes. In this regard, Annex 2 provides a standard Questionnaire to be completed for each flood on the territory of the municipalities concerned. Map and graphic material (if possible) should be applied to these maps to illustrate the level of water and the extent of the affected land. These maps should be properly maintained in the municipality and used for updating PFRA on the territory of the Danube Region. • CONSTRUCTION OF STATIONS FOR MEASURING WATER QUANTITIES AND LEVELS It is essential to place water-checking strips within the settlements (most often at bridge facilities) on calibrated river profiles. The water levels and quantities, when passing high waves, can be directly reported. In this way, immediate information is provided about the type, volume and dynamics of high wave transition, which are essential for the subsequent calibration of predictive computing models. 56 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Figure 11 gives an example of similar measurement profiles in European practice. Figure 11. An example of deploying a water-checking strip with marking water levels for past flooding • CONSTRUCTION OF A METEOROLOGICAL STATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE MUNICIPALITY There are no meteorological stations in the municipalities concerned. This is a disadvantage that significantly hampers the gathering of information about climate elements and the possibility of their forecasting. There is currently a wide choice of automatic stations for stationary installation, for continuous and non-stop work to measure, archive and analyze a set of meteorological data. An example of similar stations is given on Figure 12. 57 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Figure 12. General view of automatic weather station The minimum technical characteristics that this station should have are: Date and time: Radio-controlled clock (Frankfurt antenna / DCF-77 Signal) Manual setting of date and time 12 or 24 hour display Time zone +/- 12 hours Display day / date / month on display Temperature: External and internal temperature in ° C or ° F 58 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Internal temperature range: -9.9 ° C to + 59.9 ° C Outdoor temperature range: from -29.9 ° C to + 69.9 ° C Resolution for indoor and outdoor temperature: 0.1 ° C Measuring the internal temperature every 15 seconds Humidity: Indoor and outdoor humidity unit: % relative humidity Humidity range of 1% to 99% Resolution: 1% Accuracy: +/- 3% Internal humidity measurement in 30 seconds Display of the dew point Save the maximum and minimum values of all measured parameters with their date and time Atmospheric pressure: Barometer with display icon Pressure trend Pressure in hPa or mmHg Pressure measuring range from 300 hPa to 1099 hPa Pressure brought to sea level (from 920 hPa to 1080 hPa) Wind: Units of measurement of the wind speed: km / h, m / s, knots, mph or Beaufort Wind speed measuring range: 0 to 180 km / h (or 1 to 49.9 m / s) Show 360 ° compass for wind direction Show Windchill / temperature taking into account the wind / Amount of rainfall: 59 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Displaying the amount of precipitation, about 1 hour, 24 hours or total amount Units for the amount of rainfall: mm or inch Measuring range of precipitation: 0 to 999.9 mm (1 or 24 hours), and from 0 to 2,499 mm (of the total amount of rainfall) Accuracy: 0.5 mm Sensitivity threshold to measure initial rainfall: 0.5mm Self-draining rain sensor Alarms: 21 types of alarms (high and low): Hour Storm (audible alarm option) Internal temperature (upper and lower threshold) Outdoor temperature (upper and lower threshold) Internal relative humidity (upper and lower threshold) External relative humidity (upper and lower threshold) Windchill (upper and lower threshold) Dew Point (Upper and Lower Threshold) Amount of precipitation for 24 hours and 1 hour Bended atmospheric pressure (upper and lower threshold) Wind speed (top and bottom threshold) Wind direction PC connection: Computer connection Included in the CD-ROM (in English, French and German) and a PC2 / RS232 cable - 2 meters 60 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Ability to process / graphics, export to text and excel files / and visualization of data from the station on the Internet Buffer memory for 175 time data recordings 433 MHz transmission frequency of the external T / X sensor If the wind speed is above 10 m / s, the transmission is every 32 seconds If the wind speed is below 10 m / s, the transmission is every 128 seconds Or every 10 minutes, if the station has lost the external sensor after 5 attempts to intercept the T / X sensor (all external data will be replaced with the display \"---\" except for the amount of rainfall) If the transduction between the external T / X sensor and the station screen is cabled, the data is updated every 8 seconds. For a wired connection and the use of the Weather Display software, the station measures the speed of the gusts in addition to the average wind speed. Wireless transmission range of the external T / X sensor - 100 meters outdoors 10-meter cable included in the wiring kit The connection cables between the individual sensors and the main console of the station can be extended by up to 10 meters (10-meter connecting cables included) Adjust the contrast of the LCD display in steps from +1 to +8 61 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Figure 13. General view of automatic weather station It is advisable to build similar stations in several locations on the territory of the municipality in order to achieve a complete picture and accurate account of climatic factors. The exact type, location, construction and supply of such stations should be specified in a project to be realized within 1 year. • EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS As part of the flood protection measures, the design and construction of a notification system to monitor the water level in the rivers in the settlements and under the \"Martinovo\", \"Varbovets\" dam and the Goliam Bukovets tailing pond and in the presence of inflated values sends a GSM alert to the Operator, the On-call the District Office \"Fire Safety and Protection of the Population\" and the Head of Crisis Headquarters according to the current flood emergency plan. Figure 14 provides a general architecture of the notification system. 62 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

The site selection for the points should be clarified in the EWS project. Each point will be equipped with an identical alert system. The system will be implemented via a programmable controller that has 8 digital inputs, 4 analogue inputs and 4 digital outputs. A wireless wireless antenna for GSM (2G), UMTS (4G) and LTE (4G) will be connected to it. The measurement itself will be performed by the intended ultrasonic level meter or analogue sensor. The Announcement and Measurement System aims to monitor the water level at the relevant point. Upon reaching the set \"upper level\" the level meter will signal the controller to send a message to the assigned numbers. In the absence of an existing power supply, the water system will be provided autonomously. For this purpose, a dimensioned photovoltaic panel, a charging inverter and a rechargeable battery will be used to ensure continuous operation of the system. 63 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Figure 14. Notification System Architecture All the necessary equipment, except the ultrasonic level meter, will be mounted in a single dashboard. 64 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

The photovoltaic panel, the level meter and the dashboard will be mounted on a pole up to 7 meters above the ground level. Provision should be made to protect the system from direct lightning, by means of a lightning protection system. To protect against lightning will use 1 number of lightning rod 4 meters long, which will strengthen for the new pole by means of remote holders. The lightning arrester will connect to the grounding unit through a disconnectable clutch - control terminal. The leakage from the lightning arrester to the control terminal will be executed by an AlMgSi wire laid open to the holders. The necessary earthing installation is provided to prevent dangerous contact voltages. The grounding is subject to: the metal housing and the protective shield of the electrical board and all the conductive parts of the technological and other electrical equipment that are not normally under voltage but can fall under such emergency situations. The protective grounding will be made with a 40 / 4mm stainless steel earthing bar, connected to a re-earther, made of galvanized angular steel ground 63/63 / 6mm 1.5 m long, spaced 3 m apart and connected electrically to each other with a 40/4 mm rail of galvanized steel. The maintenance of the system should be checked annually and, if necessary, repaired and adjusted according to the specific conditions in the river. 65 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Figure 15. Base scheme of a water level measuring station 66 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

• MUNICIPAL PLAN FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT (MPFRA) AND IDENTIFICATION OF RISK AREAS. The assessment and management of flood risks for the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria is subject to the European Directive on Floods, which is in force on 26.11.2007 and has been transposed into national law by the amendment to the Water Act in August 2010 The Directive requires Member States to implement a long-term flood risk reduction approach in three stages: • PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK • MAPS OF THE THREAT AND THE RISK OF FLOODING • PLANS FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD RISKS Each of the stages has been developed at national level, but due to the small size of Chiprovtsi Municipality these plans have not adequately evaluated the risks associated with floods. For this reason, with a view to clarifying and assessing the level of flood risk in the individual bays on the territory of the municipality, such plans should be developed at municipal level. The MPFRA's task is to assess the potential future flood risk in the area of Chiprovtsi Municipality on the basis of the available information regarding human health, economic activity, the environment and the cultural and historical heritage. The ultimate goal is to identify, on the basis of the MPFRA, areas for which there is a significant potential flood risk or probability of such a risk. Major steps to perform MPFRA according to the methodology include: 1. Gathering information about past floods. 2. Assessment of the significance of the consequences of past floods 3. Identification of areas for risk assessment of future floods 67 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

4. Determination of the potential threat of flooding 5. Determination of potential adverse consequences of future floods. Collecting information on past flooding is key to making MPFRA. Currently there is no flood register in Chiprovtsi Municipality, which makes it difficult to work at this stage. In addition, point 2 of this report reviews the existing literature sources and available information at the Basin Directorate for Water Management in the Danube Region (BDWMDE). The assessment of the significance of the consequences of past floods should be done for any populated area where floods are recorded. Floods should be grouped into general events according to the cause and time of occurrence (high wave along the bay or torrential rain), with all the affected areas being identified as associated with this event. Identification of the sections for the study of the future threat and flood risk is made on the basis of an analysis of: • Information on past floods and their consequences. • Physico-geographic features (topography, relief, hydrography) • Demographic characteristics (location of settlements, demographic and infrastructure development) • Existence of risk categories (business sites, potential pollutants, protected areas, cultural monuments). Annex 2 and Annex 3 give respectively the \"Survey of past floods on the territory of the municipality\" and \"The short algorithm for Methodological guidelines for preliminary flood risk assessment. These appendices detail the steps for preparing a preliminary flood risk assessment. 68 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

• TOPOGRAPHIC DATA In order to ensure the qualitative determination of the flooded areas in the different scenarios and for the needs of the hydraulic calculations, it is necessary to accurately capture the river beds, shores and engineering facilities. Topographic data can be divided into two groups:  Data obtained from geodetic activities, which include: - taking the cross-sections required for the hydraulic simulations; - surveying engineering facilities along the river;  Digital model of the terrain. In principle, it is recommended that DMT to be be used for dikes and coasts, and geodetic measurements to be used for river beds and facilities. Topographical data may also include land cover information. Information needed to determine characteristics and parameters for hydraulic modeling. Geodetic activities - Capturing of cross profiles and engineering structures along the river for hydraulic modeling The engineer who will perform the hydraulic calculations and the surveyor who will perform the transverse profiles will determine the number and location of the cross profiles. Transverse profiles are obtained by direct geodetic capture, which determines the spatial coordinates of the detail points in the profile. Transverse profiles are traced perpendicular to the river. 69 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

They cover the whole river bed, river embankments, dykes (where available) and a portion of the river bank (about 10 m). The distance between cross sections must be selected so as to ensure that all changes in the direction of the flow and any significant changes in the geometry of the trough are taken. The distance should not be more than 200 m (it is recommended that the distance be 100 - 150 m in average). For bends along the river, this distance is less (25-50 m) to better describe the river flow. In addition to the flow of the river, transverse profiles should be taken at all characteristic points of change of the river bed's conductivity - thresholds, dams, bridges, slope change, roughness change, etc. Where facilities are built, usually three profiles are taken - one about 10 meters before the facility, one through the facility itself and one about 10 meters beyond the facility. In the case of bridges it is necessary to photograph the holes and give the elevation points of the lowest structural elements. In case of tributary inflowing, the cross sections of the main river are captured before and after the inflow. It is captured and at least one transverse profile upstream of the tributary. The length of the cross profiles and the number of points taken depends on the terrain and the presence of dikes. In the presence of dikes, it is necessary to capture the characteristic points of the dyke - fifth, middle dry swath, dyke width. In the presence of a sufficiently precise CMR, usually only the river bed and up to 5-10 m from the neighboring area are captured geodetically. Dikes are added to the cross-section of the DTM. 70 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

The distance between the points of a cross section must be chosen in such a way that the river bed geometry is represented as accurately as possible. It is recommended to be taken at the lowest point located on the riverbed. To determine the slope of the water surface, it is necessary to capture the water surface elevations of each transverse profile. Transverse profiles must be presented in AutoCAD format and text format. The measured points need to be imported into a GIS database. Coordinate system should be WGS 84 or ETRS 89 and the Baltic altitude system and the newly adopted EVRF European Heights Reference System. Information on the new altitude system as well as all newly adopted normative documents (laws, ordinances, etc.) related to these issues - coordinate and altitude system, coordinate transformations can be found on the site of the Agency for geodesy, cartography and cadastre –www.cadastre.bg. Accuracy of measurements should be sufficient for hydraulic modeling. It is recommended that the horizontal accuracy be at least 30 cm and vertical at least 10 cm. Geodetic capture can be done using a traditional method - GPS receiver and digital level or differential GPS. The choice of method depends on the visibility of the profile location and the topography. For very wide and deep currents, a boat can be used to measure points on the river bed profile and the measurement can be performed with an echolocation. It is necessary to make at least one photograph of each cross section. The photo should be taken from a convenient position and be in the direction of the current (Figure 16). More details on the performance of geodetic activities should be specified in geodetic specifications. 71 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Figure 16. An example of a cross section of a river Digital terrain model The digital terrain model (DTM) is one of the most important elements for mapping flood risk areas. DTM is a series of numbers that represent the spatial distribution of terrain heights above a reference plane. When determining the flood zones for different scenarios and their analysis, it is necessary to have a digital model of the terrain with high precision. Appropriate choice 72 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

of horizontal and vertical accuracy of DTM has a significant impact on the reliability and accuracy of the final product. The accuracy of DTM is usually represented by spatial resolution and height accuracy. The accuracy of DTM depends on many factors including the degree of detail, the density and distribution of output data, the interpolation algorithm, and the DTM resolution. In general, the more accurate and greater density is of the output data, the more accurate is created DTM. There are different methods and techniques for creating DTMs such as using stereo aero images, LIDAR laser scanning information, or using topographic maps. The most commonly used method of creating DTM is the use of digitized vector height data derived from contour maps on different scales. As an example it can be stated that for maps in scale 1: 25000 the horizontal accuracy is 10 m and the vertical 5 m. A problem with the use of digitized information from contour maps is to obtain information in very flat parts where the horizons are over 1 m (1: 5000) and are very distant from each other. Another problem is that in some maps the printing is not very good and there is a shifting of the layers. Maps have a different year of issue and in some there is a difference in height systems. One of the biggest problems with using maps is their georeference. The results, and more precisely the DTM obtained using digitized maps, can be improved using additional geodetic measurements. This activity requires a lot of field work, time and adds cost to the finished product. 73 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

In the DTM methods considered with precision, which is recommended for determining the flood hazard areas and the risk assessment, it is recommended to use DTM obtained from laser scanning on the Earth's surface. Airborne Laserscanning, also called LIDAR, an abbreviation of LIght Detection And Ranging, is an impulse laser beam (beam, cloud) technology sent by a transmitter located on a flying platform, an airplane, a helicopter, a balloon, satellite, etc., reflected from an object (land surface) and registered by a receiver located on the same platform. The distance between the LIDAR device (combining the transmitter and the receiver) and the reflecting surface is calculated based on the speed of light and the time between the beam sending and the recording of the reflected signal. Along with this, a space guidance system is used. In fact, the coordinate of points on the imaging surface, along with other information (intensity) for the laser beam, is basically determined and recruited. Scanning systems are used to form a two-dimensional or three-dimensional picture of the still image. Figure 17. Aerial laser scanning An airplane or a helicopter is most commonly used on airborne scanning, a scanner camera (a scanner camera, most often a photogrammetric camera), a 74 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

differential GPS / GNSS, and an inertial system. They are used to determine the position of the helicopter in the space, respectively, relative to the geodetic coordinate system (global WGS, state or local). LIDAR systems are used to measure high-precision airborne distances and a set of topographical data. Aerial laser scanning is a relatively new technique for measuring Earth's topography (including the generation of Numerical Terrain Models), which has only been possible with the availability of lasers with unique properties, especially the Global Positioning System (GPS / GNSS). LIDAR is a revolutionary, intensely developed, efficient technology for aerial and space shooting. It allows the collection of data on large areas of land (agricultural land, forests, urbanized areas, industrial zones, etc.). It is fast, with high accuracy, completeness and cost effective. Allows Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Surface Model (Digital Surface Model – DSM), including three-dimensional. Numeric terrain models can be obtained with high resolution and provide significant detail. The accuracy in determining the position of the points is 2-4 cm. The resulting DTM has a vertical accuracy of <12 cm and a horizontal accuracy <50 cm. Land cover The roughness of the earth's surface affects the movement of water. Information on roughness can be obtained from land cover data. Data can be obtained from CORINE http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/corine-land-cover-2006. In the areas of river slopes it is necessary to have photos for additional information and for more accurate determination of the roughness. Under some more specific conditions, it is also necessary to make a view. It is also recommended to use the Conveyance Estimation System http://www.river-conveyance.net/ces/index.html. It is a tool designed to help 75 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

determine the water levels, water quantities, speeds, and the spread of a flood. Contains a large database to determine the roughness. Other data In general, the protective hydro-technical facilities (HTF) include the dam walls and adjoining relief facilities, the corrections of rivers in and out of settlements, protective dikes, etc. Protective gear is an important element and is mainly focused on the protection of human health and safety as well as the protection of important objects, goods and property. It should be borne in mind that never a facility can be absolutely safe. There is always a potential risk of failure or destruction of a protective device. According to the current state of the HTF, it is possible to judge the security of the protective devices themselves. Based on the technical and operational status of the relevant HTF, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive assessment of potentially hazardous sites and of critical infrastructure in terms of floods. To assess the impact of dams and hydroelectric power stations as a measure and in view of the potential hazard, a system can be used to assess and categorize dams as potentially hazardous facilities. The system may include different criteria and expert assessments, such as dam type, overflow design, compliance of the actual overflow conductivity with the design safety requirements, according to the classes, etc. Dam installations • If the drainage basins of the dam facilities are roughly calculated, even in the case of large floods, the release of high water is not expected to occur, the water section beneath the dams can be considered safe and protected from flooding.  Dam installation provides flood safety 76 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

• Most dam facilities overflow in very large floods. If the dam facilities in terms of security complies with the general technical requirements, the demolition of the dam facilities can be ruled out. Still, the actual retaining capability of the backbone of the dam facilities should be disregarded in the framework of a preliminary flood risk assessment with a view to security.  The effect of dam facilities is neglected (in principle). • If in case of overload there is a probability of a dike being broken, the risk of flooding for the areas may further increase.  Dam facilities lead to an intensification of the flood situation. Expansion of water basins • Expansion of water basins (spreading, straightening river beds, etc.) leads to an increase in the potential that can hardly be quantified without the corresponding hydraulic calculations. In the event that no more detailed information is known, the effect of water basin expansion should be disregarded in the framework of a preliminary flood risk assessment with a view to security. Protective dikes or walls against floods: • If the effect and the sufficiently high protection of the protective dikes or walls can be clearly demonstrated through past floods, then the area behind the wall or dike can be considered safe and protected from floods.  A protective dike or wall contributes to flood security. • In many cases (for example, older protective dikes that have not been maintained for a long time), the protective effect of the dyke or wall can not be 77 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

fully secured. There is also often no information to assess the effect of protection. In these cases, the effect of dikes and walls protection should be disregarded in the framework of the preliminary flood risk assessment with regard to security.  The action of protective dikes or walls is neglected (in principle). In case of hesitation, protective equipment should be considered as a sign of significant flood risk. • HYDRAULIC MODELING - SELECTION, ADAPTATION, SOFTWARE, DATA Models which are used for hydraulic calculations may be differentiated depending on whether they are 1D / 2D or for stationary / non-stationary flow. Depending on the conditions, for example in high and low mountain areas, 1D steady-flow is more appropriate, whereas in large valleys with small slopes and river mouths, with meanders or dykes with varying speeds, stationary / non-stationary flow 2D models would give better results. For settlements, and especially when a flood flows into the main river that runs through the settlement, a 2D model is recommended. In this case, there must be a very accurate DTM with a high-resolution. 1D models require less time for simulations, they are faster. 2D models can be used to determine critical areas and serve to determine the location of protective devices. The most commonly used stationary mode is based on the interactive solution of the one-dimensional equation of energy (the Bernoulli equation) using the standard step method. The main accepted hypotheses are: - Steady stream: no changes in depths and speeds in a given section over time. 78 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

- Slightly changing current: pressure distribution is assumed by hydrostatic law. - One-dimensional motion: the only component of the speed is directed downstream. - The flow is with hard indestructible borders, which does not allow erosion or deposition of sediment in the river bed (changes in the cross sections). In the above hypotheses, the equation of energy between two sections S1 and S2 of a one one-dimensional flow is the type: z1 + y1 + α1 V12 = z2 + y2 +α2 V22 + he (1) 2g 2g for sections 1 and 2 were used, respectively, the following indications: z – excess of the bottom of the cross section relative to a selected plane of the comparison; y – depth of water across the cross section; α – ratio of energy that takes into account the uneven distribution of the velocities in the cross-section; V – average flow velocity in the cross-section; g – acceleration of gravity; he – energy losses between sections 1 and 2. Energy losses he, shall be determined by the expression: he =L.Sf + C. α1 V12 +α2 V22 (2) 2g 2g where: 79 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

L – length of the section. Sf – tilt friction in the section. C – ratio of losses from expansion and contraction of the section. Losses of friction pressure in one section of the flow are the same as these that would be obtained in uniform motion at a speed and a hydraulic radius corresponding to that section. This assumption allows applying the Manning (Shezy) equation for smooth movement in determining the friction of the friction from which it is obtained: Q = 1/ 2 (3) K.Sf where: Q – water quantity. K – transmission characteristic: K = 1 .A.R 2/3 (4) n h where: n – roughness coefficient by Manning. A – cross-sectional area. Rh – hydraulic radius. The basic input data for the construction, calibration, validation and application of the mathematical model (1D / 2D) can be divided into topographical, hydrological and calibration data. The main topographical data required for the one-dimensional model are data describing the shape of the river bed (bathymetry) and the adjacent floodplains. This information is represented by captured cross profiles, along with information about 80 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

their location along the river. Additionally, for the better description of the modeled river stretch, information is needed on the location of existing hydrotechnical facilities along the river and data on their geometry. In the length of the river stretches, different types of facilities are usually located, the most common among them being bridges, bottom and hydraulic thresholds, water intake and discharge facilities, intersections of gas pipelines and oil pipelines, etc. These facilities are introduced into the sections between the respective cross sections, their position being defined by the distance from the measured profiles. When modeling the most common equipment – the bridge, it is necessary to introduce geometric data for the top structure, supports and foundations. The top structure is defined by setting the elevation and the location of characteristic points from its upper and lower edges along the length of the facility. Supports are defined by the position of the axis in the transverse direction and setting their width, which can be altered randomly in height. Stresses are defined by elevation and position in characteristic points of the element. In two adjacent bridge sections it is necessary to introduce restrictions on the cross-sectional area for the passage of water quantities in order to ensure a smooth transition between the existing watercourse and the section of the bridge. Hydrological data is required for the initial and boundary conditions of the model. These data represent ranges of values of water quantities and water levels in hydrometric stations. Hydrological data is used for calibration and validation of rainfall-runoff models that assess the additional runoff in the main hydraulic model. The hydraulic model enables calculation of a number of hydraulic parameters of flow, the depth of the stream (the elevation of the free water surface), the width of the 81 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

glass mirror, the elevation of the energy line, slope, friction, the flow speed, the critical depth (elevation of the line of the critical depths), the volume of water under the calculated profile, and the hydraulic regime in which the water flow is moved in each section. For the calibration of the hydraulic model, a maximum number of high waves (floods) are used, with relevant key curves during the respective wave, as well as the relevant features and conditions under which the flood has occurred - if there is a dike break in a flood must be reflected in the model. After model calibration for all high waves and expert judgment, a model is chosen that best describes reality. If a large number of waves can not be handled, the available high wave with its local and boundary conditions is used and the calibration is done with it. Calibration data is used to calibrate the elaborated mathematical model. Calibration is a process in which model parameters are defined as values by which the modeled values are closest to the measured values. Creating the hydraulic model contains the following steps: - definition of geometric and hydraulic characteristics in the studied area; - defining the geometrical and hydraulic characteristics of the facilities; - setting boundary conditions and water quantities; - conducting the calculations; - presentation of the results obtained. • Geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the river bed. The shape of the riverbed is defined by suitably selected cross profiles. Detailed topographic data is required to determine the position and elevation of the cross- section points and the distances between the individual profiles. The distance between the individual profiles depends on the purpose of the investigations, for example in the 82 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

design of work projects, the distance between the profiles is recommended 20-25,0 m, whereas in the study of long stretches of river rivers, in a relatively constant shape of the riverbed, the distance between profiles can reach several hundred meters. The distance between the profiles may also depend substantially on the morphological parameters of the river flow, the presence of longitudinal shore and transverse shore structures, sharp changes in the shape of the cross section and the surface cover of the river bed, such as the presence of vegetation, the form of the lining, etc. Within each section are defined three zones with different values of the coefficient of roughness in Manning (Shtrikler) and define the coefficients of local resistance - shrinkage (contraction) and extension (expansion) needed to calculate the hydraulic head losses. The selection of the coefficient values is done after a spot check and comparison with the tables with recommended speeds in Bulgarian and foreign literature. • Geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the facilities. In the length of the river stretches, different types of facilities are usually located, the most common among them being bridges, bottom and hydraulic thresholds, water intake and discharge facilities, intersections of gas pipelines and oil pipelines, etc. The equipment is introduced into the sections between the respective cross profiles, their position being defined by the distance from the above-mentioned profile. When modeling a bridge it is necessary to introduce geometric data superstructure, supports and foundations. The top structure is defined by setting the elevation and position of characteristic points from its upper and lower edges along the length of the facility. Supports are modeled by positioning the axis in the transverse direction and setting their width, which can be altered randomly in height. Pillars are 83 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

defined by the height and position in the characteristic points of the element. In two adjacent bridge sections it is necessary to introduce restrictions on the cross-sectional area for the passage of water quantities in order to ensure a smooth transition between the existing watercourse and the section of the bridge. There is an opportunity to model \"side overflows\", which is particularly useful in spillage of water in riparian floodplains of \"accumulative zones\". These facilities can control the amount of water coming from and to them in raising and lowering water levels. This option can also be used when demolition of the side dikes during their overflow. The introduction of the \"accumulation zones\" is done by determining their curves of the flooded areas or the flooded volumes that give the variation of these parameters as a function of the water levels. It is very important to design the location of the \"links\" between the main river bed and the \"accumulation zones\" in order to adequately model their interaction. • Protective hydrotechnical facilities (HTF) In general, the protective hydro-technical facilities include the dam walls and adjoining relief facilities, the corrections of rivers in and out of settlements, protective dikes, etc. Protective facilities are an important element and are mainly aimed at protecting human health and safety as well as protecting important objects, goods and property. It should be borne in mind that never a facility can be absolutely safe. There is always a potential risk of failure or destruction of a protective facility. When modeling of flooding in areas with protective facility can be applied three approaches: 84 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

• modeling and floodplains are defined taking into account existing protective facilities; • modeling and floodplains are defined without taking into account the existence of protective facilities; • modeling and floodplains are determined with the assumption of destruction of the protective facilities. In this case, two approaches can be applied: - modeling when choosing destroyed protective facility, which could lead to the worst case scenarios; - modeling, which includes parameters of destruction and complete analysis of destruction as input data. According to the actual state of the hydrotechnical facility it is possible to judge the safety of the protective facilities themselves. Based on the technical and operational status of the facilities concerned, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive assessment of the potentially hazardous sites and of the critical infrastructure in terms of floods. To assess the impact of dams as a measure and in view of the potential hazard, a system can be used to assess and categorize dams as potentially hazardous facilities. The system may include different criteria and expert assessments, such as dam type, overflow design, compliance of the actual overflow conductivity with the design safety requirements, according to the classes, etc. • Setting of water quantities and boundary conditions Assign the calculated water quantities and boundary conditions. There is a possibility to set water quantities on each of the tributaries as well as in each model profile. 85 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Boundary conditions are set at the bottom and upper boundaries of the model. These are: water quantities and key curves - dependence between water quantities and water stands. There are also possibilities to set a side flow in the individual computational sections of the model. • Presentation of the results obtained Once the model has been calibrated, it starts for water quantities with a repetition period of 20, 100 and 1000 years. There are 2 approaches when constructing boundary conditions for water quantities with different provision (QT) - hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. The difference between them is that a theoretical wave with a maximum corresponding to QT should be constructed in the hydrodynamic one, whereas a hydrostatic approach uses a QT value as a boundary condition. The results of the hydrostatic approach are slightly higher in water levels. Expected accuracy of the cross-section calculations is +/- 15 cm if the model is successfully calibrated. The results of the hydraulic simulations are the water levels in each cross section. The resulting water levels are used to produce the water surface and to create flood maps. Hydraulic modeling employs commonly used in literature and practice methods and models. The most used hydraulic modeling products in Bulgaria are HEC-RAS and MIKE11. The HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center) was developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/. This software is free. 86 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

MIKE11 model was developed by the institute \"DHI Water & Environment\" and is a software package for the simulation of flow, water quality and sediment transport in estuaries, rivers, canals and other water bodies (http://www.dhigroup.com/). Like HEC-RAS, MIKE11 is a 1D model. The advantage of the model is that the computational scheme is much more robust than that of the rest. In addition to the 1D MIKE11 model, DHI has also developed a 2D MIKE21 model. Another widely used model for hydraulic modeling is the SOBEK model - developed at DELFT Hydraulics - The Netherlands http://www.deltaressystems.com/hydro. One of the developed modules is SOBEK SUITE - for runoff simulation, water quality, etc. This model integrates the one- dimensional model with a two-dimensional one and this allows it to be used to accurately determine water levels in floodplains in case of floods. Overall, the SOBEK platform is cheaper than MIKE and is expected to become even free (like HEC-RAS) in the future. Another advantage of the SOBEK platform is that it calculates more stable than MIKE. Another advantage of the Dutch 2D model in front of the MIKE platform is that no additional GIS data is required in the model - it has its own GIS interface to input the necessary data and subsequently visualize the results through maps, animation, ASCII files, and so on. It should be borne in mind that the use of one or other software still depends on many factors. For example - the goals of the tasks assigned; the contractor's experience with one or other software. Last but not least, the choice depends on what technique is available (licenses, hardware capacity, etc.). 87 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

• MEASURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NATIONAL CATALOG The National Catalog of Measures developed in relation to the Flood Risk Management Plans provides a number of measures from which to select the appropriate ones for each particular case. Below are a small part of these measures which can be adopted by the municipalities of Chiprovtsi and Bolevac. • Afforestation of the banks and flooded terraces with appropriate tree species. Afforestation of banks and flooded terraces with trees helps prevent coastal erosion and water retention in the soil during floods. • Creation of manageable polders and small buffer pools in floodplains of rivers. The creation of retention basins in river floodplains helps to keep part of the volume of the high wave out of the river bed and reduces the scale of floods and consequently the possible damage from them. • Artificially shaping river beds to delay drainage. Artificial shaping of the riverbeds slows down the rate of water distribution and creates an increased resistance to the river bed and shores by shaping an artificial relief. This reduces the scale of the floods. • Controlled temporary flooding of agricultural areas for unloading of excess quantities of water. Temporary flooding of predetermined adjacent lower terrains reduces the volume of water in the riverbed and consequently reduces the scale of the floods and consequently the possible damage from them. For this purpose, the floodgate is placed on the dyke or a channel is created, which leads to the flooded terrain. • Establishment of early warning systems specifically addressed to torrential floods due to intense rainfall with a small spatial and temporal range. 88 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

It refers to river basins in relatively high terrain that should be covered with high-resolution weather radars and equipped with automatic rainfall sensors along with drain-modeling systems. They cover specific medium or small catchments with a high risk of similar floods occurring. The risk of such floods is exacerbated by climate change. • Cleaning of river stretches and gullies to ensure high wave transition. The cleaning of river beds and gullies of trees and shrubs, falling trees, trunks, household and construction waste and other deposits aims to remove obstacles and free passage of water during a high wave. This prevents blockage of narrow plots, which can lead to water splashing and spillage of rivers. • Permanent monitoring of the construction near the floodplains. This measure aims at regulating the activities of local authorities for limiting the construction, incl. illegal, in and near floodplains, by comparing satellite images, geodetic surveys, annual site inspections and other activities. • Prohibition of construction in areas with flood risk. The statutory ban on new construction in high-risk flood risk areas allows one to provide a way for high-water passage and drainage and, on the other hand, to avoid the direct risk to people and their property. • Removal of illegal buildings, obstructing facilities, fences, storaged materials and others located within river beds or gullies. Removing all obstructing constructions and facilities located in the riverbeds and disrupting their conductivity; aims to free the riverbanks to smoothly cross the high water and reduce the risk of floods, but also helps to create an intolerance environment for illegally constructed such objects. 89 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

• Improvement of the existing hydrological information system to obtain real-time data for the whole pool. Improving the existing hydrological information system to obtain real-time data for the whole pool is critical to obtaining data to be used to feed hydrological models during floods, and thus to help timely response and action by the responsible authorities and institutions. This system, when proven necessary, will be opticized and modernized with telemetric automatic devices. • Planning and construction of protective and regulating facilities for water retention of high waters and sediments - located outside or in to settlements. Construction of facilities for retention of high waters and sediments is usually provided before the settlements; with their main task being to dump the high wave tip. • Flood protection design and construction of buildings. This measure involves different technical measures to ensure the proper design and construction of buildings to reduce the effects of floods. This includes: application of base sealing, use of waterproof materials, higher levels of ground floor rooms, restrictions on the storage of highly flammable substances, polluting chemicals and pesticides. • • Implementation and adaptation measures to protect new or existing buildings and facilities located in the path of flow of high waters. This measure aims to protect existing buildings and facilities located in the path of the high flow through extra protection after a preliminary assessment, including costs and benefits for construction in flood areas. • Instalation of a stationary or mobile security/protective features for windows and doors and watertight barrier structures. 90 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

This measure can be applied in a situation of floods in order to quickly build temporary barriers to protect property and population. • Monitoring, technical maintenance and assurance against floods and improvement of the management of tailing ponds, sludge / dredge storages and other similar facilities. Ensuring continuous monitoring and control over the operation of hazardous facilities such as tailing ponds, sludge / dredge storages and other similar facilities is important in order to prevent accidents and / or damage caused by floods. • Monitoring for contamination of surface and underground waters from reclaimed tailings ponds. It is necessary to monitor the state of the waters for pollution in order to avoid adverse effects on the environment in case of floods. • Monitoring of water levels in rivers before tailing ponds. It is necessary to monitor the water levels in the rivers before tailing ponds in order to prevent pollution from floods. • Prohibition of clear cutting in water catchment areas, followed by artificial regeneration, with the exception of acacia and poplar. The prohibition of bare cuts in water catchment areas aims to create more favorable flood conditions by influencing the strength of the high wave and protecting the water sources. • Prohibition of felling of natural vegetation on the coasts and islands in the river (gallery forests along the river banks). The ban on cutting natural tree vegetation along the banks and islands of the river creates more favorable flood conditions by influencing the power of the high 91 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

wave. The presence of vegetation prevents soil erosion and helps to keep water in the soil during flooding. • Restrict or prohibit the extraction of inert materials from the riverbed. Improving the control of the already issued permits and limiting the issuance of new permits for extraction of inert materials from the river beds aims to reduce erosion in the river terraces. • Preparing the population for action in case of flood. Preparing the population for flood action involves developing and implementing preventive action programs through the means of mass communication; conducting training sessions to work on rescuing people and personal property; Providing an inviolable supply of goods and essential necessities for the population. • Promoting and supporting the use of insurance property products in flood-prone areas. This measure aims at the creation and distribution of compensatory mechanisms for damages taken. • Informing and providing broader access to forecasts concerning water levels, runoff and the risk of accumulations of ice. Access to information by all stakeholders, including citizens and business owners, not just state and municipal institutions, on water levels, runoff and the risk of accumulations of ice will help to reduce the consequences of flooding by preparing the population to take adequate action and have adequate behavior during flooding. • Completing and modernizing the network for meteorological and hydrometric monitoring. The meteorological and hydrometer monitoring network is extremely important for flood risk assessment and management. Ensuring more and more reliable data on 92 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

water resource and its dynamics in real time allows for more accurate models and forecasts of water quantities and hence better preparedness of the population and institutions for protection and action in case of floods. • Annual inspection of the technical and operational condition of potentially dangerous water objects. An annual survey of the technical and operational status of potentially hazardous water objects is extremely important to avoid accidents and destruction, especially in the case of floods. It also allows timely action to be taken to eliminate the failure if it is detected. • Updating flood-related maps. These maps are different from the maps of the Areas with significant potential flood risk (ASPFR), which will be included in Plans for flood risk management (PFRM). These include the determination of float strips and other non ASPFR maps. • Maintenance and improvement of existing dams. Maintaining and improving the status of existing dams is a very important measure for flood risk management. Poor technical condition of a flood dam can lead to much greater consequences and damage, and even loss of life. Appropriate measures must be taken, in particular related to wall security, wall stability in relation to the requirements of new regulations such as EUROCODE and others. • Construction of new regulations. This measure applies above all to settlements. It should be considered as a measure imposing assets of high economic and social value. The creation of new corrections helps to facilitate the smooth and unhindered passage of high waves. • Reconstruction and maintenance of corrections. 93 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.

Reconstructions of the corrections are necessary due to proven failures during their operation or expiration of the period of their operation and change in the drainage conditions leading to the inability to fulfill their purpose. • Deepening of gully sections Deepening of gully sections may be necessary due to retention of deposits in the river bed due to overgrowth and lack of maintenance. • Maintenance of existing sewerage networks in good condition. The technical support of existing sewage systems is unsatisfactory in a number of cases and does not ensure that water is taken off with project security. Maintenance, cleaning and repair of the existing sewerage network, incl. and rain waters, is an important flood protection measure. • Building new sewer networks with the required capacity. Drainage systems are not yet built in all cities, and where they exist, they do not cover the entire urban area. In most of the villages there is no sewer system. This measure provides future measures for the coverage of all unattached zones of the populated areas and their inclusion in the sewerage network. • Rehabilitation of existing sewerage networks The rehabilitation of existing sewerage networks consists mainly of replacing separate sections of the sewerage network which are not in good condition and cause more flood problems than support. 94 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.



ANNEX №1 List of scientific literature used to identify past floods The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria–Serbia Programme This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria-Serbia Programme, CCI No 2014TC16I5CB007, 2014-2020. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Chiprovtsi, Alternative and Development – CHAR and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Managing Authority of the Programme.



Annex 1 List of used scientific literature to identify past floods (sample of Flood Risk Preliminary Assessment in the Danube River Basin Directorate) No. Author Year of Source Title Type of information 1 Angelov, B. issue 1939 Notices of the Bulgarian The catastrophic flood A detailed description of 2 Angelov, B. Geographic Society, S., of Rosica in 1939 the Rositsa flood in June 1925 1939, with a description of 3 Gerasimov, Str. VII, 1939 37-68 p rainfall, water level and 1963 4 Gerasimov, Str. water quantities in Panayotov, T. 1963 characteristic cross 1964 sections. There are 5 Gerasimov, Str. descriptions of past floods Panayotov, T. 1968 on the Rositsa River 6 Gerasimov, Str. Appendix to Yearbook of The floods of the A detailed description of Hydrographic Maritsa River the flooding of the Maritsa River and its tributaries in Observations in Bulgaria 1911 with a map of rainfall in 1925, v. V map of flooded areas in Plovdiv and all feeders in the valley. Works of the Scientific Some problems of Calculation of maximum Research Institute of analysing high waves runoff in case of the Hydrology and and options for their absence of observations Meteorology (SRIHM), solution vol. XIV, 1963, Hydrology Works of the SRIHM, High waves on the Study of the factors for ХІV, 1963, 37-103 Maritsa River high wave occurrence along the Maritsa River Notices of IHM,II,1964 On the high waves in An overview of the Bulgaria existing information base on high water in Bulgaria at that time and the possibilities for their analysis. Hydrology and Reduction curves of Made a division of the Meteorology, 1968, book rain and their use for country based on the average daily maximums 5 estimation of of precipitation in order to maximum water use them in calculating the quantities in Bulgaria maximum flow. 1

Annex 1 No. Author Year of Source Title Type of information 7 Gerasimov, Str. issue 1980 Hydrological manual, Maximum flow Methods for calculating 8 Gerasimov, Str. S.,Technics,1980 the maximum flow of the 9 Gerasimov, Str. 1980 1991 rivers in Bulgaria, and other 1956 depending on the 10 Dimitrov, D. availability of hydrological 1957 information. A number of 11 Dontchev, K. 1988 examples of the calculation 12 Zyapkov, L. algorithm are given IHM, BAS, S., 1980 Methodological guide Methods for calculating for determining the the maximum flow of the characteristics of the maximum flow of rivers in Bulgaria, rivers in Bulgaria depending on the availability of hydrological information. The floods in Bulgaria Hydrological Description of two specific during the hydrological characterization of floods on the Varbitsa and 1990-1991 year. S., BAS, floods Yantra rivers, which 1991 caused considerable material damage and human casualties Hydrology and Notes on the synoptic Description of a Meteorology,1956, vol. 3, conditions for the meteorological situation in 36-43 pp. strong influx of Arda the passage of a and Struma on 13 and Mediterranean cyclone caused torrential rainfall 14.II.1956. and snow melting and, consequently, violent flooding of rivers in southern Bulgaria Hydrology and Weather conditions for Typification of Meteorology,1957, vol. 2, heavy and prolonged meteorological conditions rainfall in Bulgaria in 22-34 pp northwest inpouring causing prolonged precipitation in Northern Bulgaria Problems of geography. Degree of flood of Classification of rivers in BAS, S.,1988, vol. 3 , 35- rivers in Bulgaria Bulgaria depending on the frequency of occurrence of 42 pp high waves in their basins 13 Zyapkov, L. 1997 Magazine of the Some genetic Description of typical 14 Kaltcheva, R. 1962 Bulgarian Academy of characteristics of river weather conditions, most Sciences, S., 1997, vol. 2 , flooding in Bulgaria often causing river 14-19 pp flooding in Bulgaria Works of IHM, ХІІІ, On the intense rains in Summarized survey of 1962, 163-212 Bulgaria intensive rainfall in Bulgaria based on information from self- writing rain-gauges 2