Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Physics Textbooks Malayalam Medium Part 2

NT-575-1-PHYSICS-10(M)VOL.2 Ãm≥tU¿Uv X `mKw ˛ 2 tIc-f-k¿°m¿ hnZym`- ymk- h- I- p∏v kwÿm\\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw 2019

tZio-b-Km\\w P\\-K-W-a-\\- -A-[n-\\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°e- - _wK- m, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\\mKwKm, D—e Pe[- nXc- wKm, Xhi- p`- \\- mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\\K- W- a- wK- e- Z- mb- I Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm, Pbt- l, Pbt- l, Pbt- l, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl! {]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm]- nX- m°- s- fbpw Kpcp°- ∑- ms- cbpw apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \\m´p-Im-cp- sSbpw t£a-Øn\\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\\pw- th≠n {]bXv\\n°pw. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala

{]nb-s∏´ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Itf, Np‰p-]- m-SpIƒ \\nco-£n-°m\\pw efn-X-amb ]co-£-W-ß-fnepw At\\z- jW{]h¿Ø\\- ß- f- nepw G¿s∏S- m\\pw ap≥ ¢mkpI- f- n¬ \\n߃°v Ah- kcw e`n-®n-´p-≠-t√m. e`n® hnh-c-߃ Nn´-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\\pw N¿®b- ne- qs- Sbpw hniI- e- \\- Ø- ne- qs- Sbpw Bib- ß- ƒ kzmwioI- c- n°- m\\pw ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø\\- ß- ƒ klmb- I- a- mb- n´- p≠- mh- pw. imkv{XØ- ns‚ coXn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ah \\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m-\\p-≈ tijn B¿Pn-°m-\\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp≠v. H∏w ]cn-ÿnXn-kulm¿Z-]-c- amb ImgvN-∏mSpw cq]-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. CsX√mw Ign-hXpw t\\cn-´p≈ A\\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw At\\z-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Xncn-®-dn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS- bp-am-I-Ww. AXn\\v DXIpw hn[-amWv Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Bi-b- ߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ka{K F∂ hnZym-`ymk t]m¿´-epw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ønb Iyp.B¿.tImUpw ¢mkvdqw ]T\\- {- ]h- ¿Ø\\- ß- ƒ Bbmk- c- l- nX- hpw ck- I-chpw B°nØo¿°pw. tZio-b-sXm-gn¬ ss\\]pWn N´-°q-Spw (F≥.- F-kv.-Iyp.-F-^v), Zpc-¥-\\n-hm-c-Wam¿K-ßfpw sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≠v. Nn¥n®pw tNmZyw sNbvXpw Bi-b-ßsf hna¿i-\\m-fl-I-ambn kao- ]n®pw A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw kl-]m-Tn-I-tfm-Sp-sam∏w At\\z-jn®pw Is≠- Ønbpw apt∂-dmw. Cßs\\ ]T\\w B\\-μ-I-c-amb A\\p-`-h-am-°m≥ \\n߃°v Ign-bpamdm-Is´. kvt\\lmiw-k-I-tfm-sS, tUm. sP. {]kmZv Ub-d-IvS¿ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\\ `mKw IV I auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ 51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv: (I) `c-W-L-S-\\sb A\\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\\-ß-sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \\ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\\v {]tNm-Z\\w \\¬Inb al-\\o-bm- Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI; (K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \\ne-\\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p- Ibpw sNøpI; (L) cmPysØ ImØpk- q£- n°- pI- bpw tZiob tkh\\w A\\pj- vTn°- ph- m≥ Bhiys- ∏S- pt- ºmƒ A\\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-X-ambn `mc- XØ- nse F√m P\\ß- ƒ°pa- nS- b- n¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXph- mb kmtlmZ- c- ya- t- \\m`- mh- hpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\\v Ipdhp hcp-Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI; (N) \\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cka-\\zb-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw \\ne-\\n-dp- Øp-Ibpw sNøpI; (O) h\\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \\Zn-Ifpw h\\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (P) imkv{Xo-b-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw am\\-hn-I-Xbpw, At\\z-j-W-Øn\\pw ]cnjvIcWØn\\pw D≈ at\\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI; (Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI; (R) cmjv{Sw bXv\\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v \\nc¥cw Db-c-Ø- °-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\\-Øns‚ F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir- jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\\n-°p-I. (S) Bdn\\pw ]Xn-\\m-en\\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m Xs‚ kwc-£-W-bn-ep≈ Ip´n-Iƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k- Øn-\\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

5. {]Im-i-Øns‚ A]-h¿Ø\\w .............. 103 6. ImgvNbpw h¿W-ß-fpsS temIhpw ....... 131 7. Du¿P-]-cn-]m-e\\w ............................. 147

Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ kuIcyØn\\mbn Nne ap{ZIƒ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p. A[nIhmb\\bv°v (hnebncpØen\\v hnt[bamt°≠Xn√) Bibhy‡X hcpØp∂Xn\\v ICT km[yX hnebncpØmw XpS¿{]h¿Ø\\߃ sXmgn¬ ss\\]pWn

ao\\ns\\ As¼b- vXn«v Xhf- sb BWtÃm In«nb- X- v! shůn\\Snbn InS¡p¶ hkvXp¡sf bYmÀY Øm\\§fnemtWm \\mw ImWp¶Xv? Hcp hkvXphn X«nb {]Imiw {]Xn]Xn¨p I®n ]Xn¡pt¼mgmWtÃm hkvXp¡sf \\mw ImWp¶Xv. Hcp Pemib-¯nsâ ASn¯«nÂ\\n¶p {]Xn-]-Xn¨v hcp¶ {]Imi- civanbpsS ]mXbv¡v Fs´¦nepw amäw kw`hn¡p¶pt­m? Hcp {]hÀ¯\\w sNbvXpt\\m¡mw. Nn{X-¯n-te-Xp-t]mse Hcp kpXm-cy-amb ]m{X- ¯n ap¡m `mKw PesaSp¡pI. Ht¶m ct­m XpÅn ]m tNÀ¡pI. _o¡-dnse Pe¯n\\p apIfn DÅ `mK¯v ]pI \\ndb¡v pI. Nn{X¯n ImWn¨ncn¡p¶ coXnbn OHP ¥mkvjoäpsIm­v AS¨v Hcp tekÀ tSmÀ¨n \\n¶pÅ {]Imis¯ Pe¯nte¡p IS¯n- hnSpI. {]Imi¯nsâ ]mX \\nco£n¡pI. F´p {]tXyIX \\nco£n¡p¶p? kb³kv Nn{Xw 5.1 Ubdnbn Nn{XoIcn¡q.



































{]Imi- ¯- nsâ A]h- À¯\\w hkvXp F \\pw se³kn\\pan-S-bn M BP F 2F 2F I F O Nn{Xw 5.31 {]Xn-_nw-_-¯nsâ Øm\\w : .............................................. {]Xn-_nw-_-¯nsâ kz`mhw : .............................................. {]Xn-_nw-_-¯nsâ hep¸w : .............................................. tIm¬tI-hv se³kv cq]o-I-cn-¡p¶ {]Xn-_nw-_-§Ä B P F M OF I Nn{Xw 5.32 tIm¬tIhv se³kv D]-tbm-Kn¨v hkvXp-¡Ä \\nco-£n-¨n-«p-t­m? $ {]Xn-_nw_-¯nsâ kz`mhw F{]-Im-c-amWv? Nn{Xw \\nco-£n¨v {]Xn-_nw-_-¯nsâ Øm\\w Is­¯n \\yqImÀ«oj- ³ NnÓcoXn khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Ipdn-¡q. ZÀ¸Ww, se³kv XpS-§n-b-h- \\yqImÀ«o-j³ NnÓ-coXn bn hkvXp-hnsâ Øm\\-¯n\\p se³kv, ZÀ¸Ww F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]co-£-W-§- hyXym-kw hcp-t¼mÄ Hmtcm¶pw fn Zqcw Af-¡p¶Xv {Km^nse A£-§-fptSXn\\p kam-\\- cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]Xn-_nw-_- ¯nsâ Øm\\hpw hyXym-ks¸- am-bm-Wv. se³knsâ {]Im-in-I-tI{µw \"Hdn-Pn³' Bbn IW- «ncn-¡p-atÃm. C¯cw kµÀ`-§- ¡m-¡n-s¡m-­mWv \\of-w Af-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃm Af-hp-Ifpw fn t^m¡kvZqcw Is­-¯m- aqe-_n-µp-hnÂ\\n¶m-Wv Af-t¡-­Xv. {]Im-i-civan CS-¯p- \\pÅ ka-hm-Iyhpw hyXy-kvX-am- \\n¶v he-t¯m«v k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. {]Im- bn-cn-¡pw. Cu ka-hm-Iy-§sf- i-c-ivan-bpsS AtX Zni-bn Af-¡p-¶h t]mkn-äohpw sbÃmw GIo-I-cn-¡m³ cq]oIcn FXnÀZn-i-bn Af-¡p-¶h s\\K-äohpw Bbn-cn-¡pw. X ¨-XmWv \\yqImÀ«o-j³ NnÓ A£¯- n\\v apIf- nt- e¡- pÅ Zqcw t]mknä- ohpw Xmtg¡- pÅXv coXn. F¶m Hmtcm kµÀ`- s\\K-äohqw Bbn-cn-¡pw. tIm¬-shIvkv se³knsâ ¯nsebpw bYmÀY ka-hmIyw e`n-¡-W-sa-¦n ho­pw ImÀ«o- t^m¡kvZqcw t]mkn-äohpw tIm¬tIhv se³knsâ jy³ NnÓ-coXn {]tbm-Kn-t¡­n t^m¡kvZqcw s\\Käo-hpambn-cn-¡pw. hcpw. 121















































ImgvNbpw hÀW§- f- psS temIhpw {]Imi- a- e- n\\- oI- c- W- ¯- nsâ A\\´- c- ^- e- §- Ä Fs´ms- ¡b- mb- nc- n¡pw? 1. PohP- me- §- f- psS kzm`mh- nI- - Poh- nX- {- Ia- s¯ {]XnI- qe- a- mbn _m[n- ¡p-¶p. 2. BIm-i-¡mgvN ad-bv¡p-¶-Xp-aqew hm\\-\\n-co-£Ww Akm-[y-am- ¡p-¶p. 3. DbÀ¶ ^vfmäp-I-fnse {]Imiw tZim-S-\\-¸-£n-I-fpsS Zni sXän- ¡p-¶p. 4. hml-\\-§-fpsS slUvem-¼p-I-fnÂ\\n¶pÅ ssl_o-ansâ AanX -{]-Imiw aäpÅhcpsS ImgvNbv¡v XS-Ê-ap-­m-¡p-Ibpw AXphgn A]-ISap­m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {]Im-inI D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS Aan-Xamb D]-tbmKw DuÀP- D-]-tbmKw hÀ[n-¸n-¡pIbpw DuÀP-{]-Xn-kÔn krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CâÀ\\mj-W UmÀIv kvssI Atkm-kn-tb-j³ {]Im-i-am-en\\yw Ipd-bv¡m-\\pÅ {]-hÀ¯-\\-§Ä \\S-¯p¶ kwL-S-\\-bmWv. FÃm hÀjhpw G{]nÂamk-¯nse Idp-¯-hmhv hcp¶ BgvN-bn CâÀ\\m- j-W UmÀIv kvssI ho¡v BN-cn-¡p-¶p. shÀPo-\\n-b-bnse sP¶n- ^À _mÀtem F¶ sslkvIqÄ hnZymÀYn-\\n-bpsS Bi-b-am-Wn-Xv. {]Im-i-a-en-\\o-I-cWw \\½psS Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fn GsXÃmw hn[-¯n {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶psh¶v ]T\\w \\S-¯q. {]Im-i-a-en-\\o-I-cWw Ipd-bv¡m³ Fs´Ãmw sN¿m-sa-s¶-gp-Xq. $ $ $ 145