Stevenshof Report_Final

REPORT The Feasibility of an Energy Tr a ns i t i o n PREPARED BY GROUP 7 Delphine Fossey at the Maaike Boele Stevenshof Rónán McIntyre Molina Budnick PREPARED FOR Ckees van Oijen Date 27/01/2021, Minor Sustainable Development, Leiden University, word count: 8038

Executive Summary The Netherlands is planning to become a carbon neutral country by 2050, in accoradnce with the goals of the 2019 Paris Cli- mate Agreement. As a part of this plan, the municipality of Leiden is seeking to reduce the use of natural gas for heating and cooking. This report outlines research completed by Green Leaves Consulting in January 2021 concerning the feasibility of an energy transition towards either biogas (from a biodigester) or induction cooking in the Stevenshof neighbourhood in Leiden. The aim of this study was to determine how willing and able the residents of the Stevenshof are to make a sustainable energy transition. Survey Results The methodology for this research was a combination of a survey and a small number of interviews with residents. The survey asked residents about their household, their views on climate change issues, their cooking habits, and about the obstacles and drivers they would face in a hypothetical energy transition scenario. The interviews were designed to give greater insight into the details of residents’ attitudes regarding an energy transition. The respondents to the survey were mostly over the age of 50 and living in privately owned houses. Most residents are aware of climate change issues, with 60% saying that they have solar panels on their roof. Of the 30% respondents who have already made an energy transition for cooking, most had switched to induction, and all were satisfied with the change. Many residents would lack space in their homes for a small biodigester, and only half would be willing to share a large communal biodigester with their neighbours. Common motivations for switching include mitigating climate change, long-term financial savings, and enthusiasm to try a new type of stovetop. The main obstacles restraining transitioning are short-term expenses, concerns about the performance of induction, and not wanting to dispose of a working gas stovetop. Overall, the residents appear to be willing to make an energy transition, indicating a preference for induction cooking over biogas. Many wished to have even more information on the topic. Limitations There are some limitations to this research. For example, the sample of respondents who answered the survey is not repre- sentative of the Stevenshof population, especially with regard to age. Furthermore, there may be some bias towards people who are more actively involved or interested in sustainability efforts, as an uninterested resident may be less likely to fill out the survey. The recommendations to the municipality from Green Leaves Consulting are as follows: • To establish a communication platform for sharing information about the energy transition and where residents can raise their concerns. • To form a group of energy transition ‘ambassadors’ on voluntary basis, who can take a short training course, after which they can advise their close contacts on any relevant issues. • To arrange a subsidy system for residents that are willing to transition • To provide residents with assistance in the installation of new induction stovetops We also recommend that further research evaluates the expenses involved in the various transition options in more detail. Ad- ditionally, we suggest completing Life-Cycle Assessments of how these options may be used to replace natural gas cooking in homes.

Management Samenvatting De Nederlandse overheid wil in 2050 klimaatneutraal zijn om te voldoen aan het klimaatakkoord. Om dit doel te bereiken wil de gemeente van Leiden het gebruik van aardgas voor het verwarmen van huizen en om op te koken verminderen. Green Leaves Consulting heeft daarom in Januari 2021, onderzoek gedaan in de Stevenshof naar de haalbaarheid van een energi- etransitie van aardgas naar biogas (van een biovergister) en naar inductie koken. Om dit te onderzoeken is onderzocht of bewoners van de Stevenshof kunnen én willen overstappen op een andere geschikte energiebron Resultaten van de Enquête Voor dit onderzoek is gebruik gemaakt van een enquête en een klein aantal interviews met bewoners. De enquête onderzocht de samenstelling van huishoudens, de mening over klimaatverandering, kookgewoontes en obstakels en motivaties voor een eventuele energietransitie. De interviews dienden om meer inzicht te geven in de Stevenshof. De vragen over het leven in de Stevenshof tonen aan dat de meeste deelnemers van de enquête ouder zijn dan 50 en in een koopwoning leven. Daarnaast zijn de deelnemers bewust van klimaatverandering. Van alle deelnemers, geeft 60% aan al zonnepanelen op hun dak te hebben. 31% is al overgestapt op een andere energiebron voor het koken, waarvan de meeste op inductiekoken zijn overgestapt en iedereen is tevreden met deze verandering. Als we kijken naar een eventuele overstap op een biovergister geeft een groot deel van de deelnemers aan hiervoor geen ruimte te hebben in eigen woning, daarnaast ziet meer dan de helft het niet zitten om de verantwoordelijkheid voor een gezamenlijke biovergister te delen. De meest ter- ugkerende motivaties voor het wisselen van energiebron zijn: het beperken van klimaatverandering, financiële voordelen en enthousiasme over een nieuwe energiebron. De obstakels zijn: hoge kosten, vragen over de kwaliteit van inductie koken en gebruiksgemak In het algemeen kan gezegd worden dat de meeste deelnemers willen overstappen of al overgestapt zijn. Het grootste deel heeft de voorkeur voor een transitie naar inductie koken. Bij de laatste opmerking geven deelnemers ook nog aan graag meer informatie te ontvangen over de verschillende alternatieven. Beperkingen Dit onderzoek heeft echter ook een aantal beperkingen, zo is bijvoorbeeld de groep mensen die heeft deelgenomen aan de enquête niet representatief voor de populatie in de Sevenshof. Vooral oudere mensen en mensen die al geïnteresseerd zijn in het verminderen van klimaverandering hebben reageerd op de enquête. Dit kan een vertekend beeld hebben gegeven van de bereidheid om van energiebron te veranderen. Naar aanleiding van dit onderzoek doet Green Leaves Consulting aan aantal aanbevelingen voor een eventuele energi- etransitie in de toekomst, deze zijn als volgt: • Maak een communicatieplatform, waar de bewoners van de Stevenshof op de hoogte kunnen worden gehouden van de laatste ontwikkelingen en waar bewoners hun vragen kunnen stellen en hun zorgen kunnen uiten. • Richt een groep op met mensen die betrokken zijn bij de energietransitie, en die een korte cursus willen volgen en kunnen helpen met het adviseren van vrienden, familie en buren. • Maak een subsidieregeling, om mensen te helpen over te stappen op een andere energiebron voor het koken. • Zorg voor ondersteuning aan bewoners voor de installatie van een inductie kookplaat zodat ze niet alles zelf hoeven te regelen. Naast deze specifieke aanbevelingen, raden we aan om verder onderzoek te doen naar de kosten die betrokken zijn bij een energie transitie. Ook raden wij aan om een complete Life-Cycle analyse uit te voeren, om uit te zoeken hoe de verschillende alternatieven gebruikt kunnen worden om aardgas in huizen te vervangen.

About Us Green Leaves Consulting advocates for sustainable energy transitions. We are a Delft-based firm that has been help- ing medium-sized municipalities all across Europe with their energy transitions for 13 years. In Aarhus, Denmark, for example, we made a clear overview of different sustainable energy sources, which eventually led to the installation of a biomass-fired power plant. We combine the knowledge of our experts in biology, engineering, politics, and social sciences to help you move towards a more sustainable future and to turn your goals into reality. Maaike Boele Molina Budnick Delphine Fossey Rónán McIntyre Environmental Sustainable International Studies Aerospace Biology Policy-Making Engineering Please read this before reading or using this report. This report has been written by BSc students from the Minor Sustainable Development of Leiden University in partial fulfillment of their course requirements. This is a student report, intended to serve solely the purpose of education. Leiden University does not take responsibility for the contents of this report.

Table of Contents Introduction 1 Background Information 4 Relevance of Energy Transition 4 Case Studies 5 The Stevenshof 5 Biogas Cooking 6 Induction Cooking 6 Methodology 7 Results 9 Survey: General Information 9 Induction Cooking: Motivations & Obstacles 10 Biogas: Motivations & Obstacles 11 Survey: Final Remarks 12 Interviews 12 Discussion 13 The Way Forward 15 Main Obstacles 15 Recommendations 15 Potential Impacts 16 Acknowlegements 17 References 17 Appendices 19 Appendix I 19 Appendix II 25 Appendix III 26 Appendix IV 26

Introduction After losing the Urgenda climate case, The Dutch govern- cities’ refers to cities with the initiative to reduce environ- ment has the legal duty and obligation to impose measures mental costs, which concern all sectors, including industry, to drastically reduce The Netherlands’ emissions, and is housing, transport, construction, tourism, and agriculture. required to take more effective regulations to combat cli- This goal is not only the responsibility of local governments mate change (Hoge Raad, 2020). Following the Urgenda but also of local communities and businesses (Haughton case, The Netherlands submitted their National Energy and & Hunter, 2004). To this end, the government has given the Climate Plan (NECP) to the European Commission, which lead to municipalities to establish goals and measures over first targets greenhouse gases (GHGs) generated within their respective regions (Ministry of Economic Affairs and The Netherlands. Their goal is to reduce GHG emissions Climate Policy, n.d.). by 49% by 2030, and then by 95% by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels) (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, The municipality of Leiden aims to reach the goal, as man- n.d.). Through its climate agenda, the Dutch government dated by the Dutch government, of becoming a natural aims to turn its cities into ‘sustainable cities,’ that engage gas-free city by 2050 (Gemeente Leiden, 2017). The GD- with the sustainable development goals set by the Unit- Index shows that there is still a long way to go before this ed Nations (Satterthwaite, 1997). As abroad and socially goal is reached. Leiden scores below the national average, constructed concept, the understanding of the word ‘sus- with only 3.2% of energy coming from renewable energy tainable’ may vary depending on one’s persepctive (Höjer sources (gdindex.nl, n.d.). To begin improving on sustaina- & Wangel, 2015, pp.5). In this report, the term ‘sustainable ble energy, the municipality of Leiden appointed a number 1 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

of forerunner neighbourhoods that should be able to elim- Figure 1: Natural gas use per household (mean per year) in the Ste- inate gas by 2035. The Stevenshof is among those chosen, venshof compared with Leiden. (Leiden in Cijfers, n.d.) and will be the neighbourhood for our case study. Figure 1 shows a comparison between the natural gas use of Leiden 2021). Biogas can be produced using biodigesters (ma- and the Stevenshof; households in the municipality of Lei- chines which take food waste and process it into fertiliser den use, on average, 830 m3 of natural gas per year, while and biogas), and induction cooking is powered by electric- the average household in the Stevenshof neighbourhood ity; in this regard, these innovations are more sustainable. uses only 80 m3 of natural gas per year (Leiden in Cijfers, Concerning the feasibility and affordability of this project, 2021a). One contributing factor to this discrepancy is that three stakeholders are involved: local governments, com- houses in the Stevenshof are heated by district heating, and panies, and residents. A collaborative effort between these gas is used only for cooking. stakeholders is essential for a sustainable energy transition in the Stevenshof. In order to meet the goal of becoming a natural gas-free city by 2050, an energy transition away from natural gas First, the municipality is in charge of the city’s environmen- is required. Alternative energy sources for cooking, such tal goals and will be responsible for taking the lead on this as induction or biogas, cause less environmental damage project. They can promote the implementation of biodigest- than natural gas; these alternatives are therefore good can- ers or induction cooking and can make the transition finan- didates to be used in such an energy transition (Matthews, cially attractive by providing subsidies to support the tran- sition. Energy companies and gas network operators, such as Vattenfall and Liander, are important in providing the infrastructural means for change. This, for example, could include improved pipeline networks as well as green elec- tricity as a replacement for natural gas. Companies such as CIRC, which develop and produce the biodigesters, provide the physical means for a transition away from natural gas. Thirdly, the local community is the most important stake- holder in this project, as the residents of the Stevenshof are the most directly affected by such a transition. Transitioning also implies a change in behaviours and hab- its, such as separating organic waste to be used in a bio- digester. There may be many reasons that residents would not be fully willing to take part in such an energy transition (for example, insufficient financial means or the time and effort that needs to be invested in a transition); without sup- port from the residents, the municipality would be unlikely to achieve its goals. This can be prevented by taking the Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 2

local community’s perspective into account. We aim to an- Key Terms alyse the Stevenshof residents’ attitudes towards the tran- sition from a systems view to take all aspects of this broad Greenhouse Gases (GHGs): gases which, when problem into account. To determine the residents’ views on present in the atmosphere, absorb radiation from the energy transition away from natural gas, the following re- sun and from the Earth, trapping additional heat in the search question was formed: atmosphere, thereby contributing to the greenhouse effect and the warming of the planet. Examples are ‘Are residents of the Stevenshof willing and able to make carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapour the changes from natural gas to induction cooking or (H2O), and nitrous oxide (N2O). biogas?’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 17 inter- Following the research outlook provided by the main re- linked aims which were set by the UN in 2015. They search question, Green Leaves Consulting investigated a aim at achieving a more sustainable, equal and peace- variety of potential scenarios relating to different energy ful future for the whole planet by 2030. They also aim sources (namely induction cooking and biogas), while tak- to completely eradicate poverty, hunger, AIDS and dis- ing into account different types of housing. An outcome of crimination against women and girls. this research may be that natural gas is still currently the best option overall as an energy source for cooking. In order Sustainable Cities: “The UN sustainable city program to determine the feasibility of a potential energy transition, has defined the sustainable city as one that is able to residents’ resources for and opinions on a sustainable en- retain the supply of natural resources while achieving ergy transition need to be analysed. As an important stake- economic, physical, and social progress, and remain- holder, their attitudes towards a potential change play a vi- ing safe against the environmental risks that can un- tal role in transition processes. dermine any development achievement” (Hassan et al., 2015, p.1271) From the main research question, two sub-questions were derived for more in-depth analysis of the willingness and Biodigester: a machine that uses organic waste to ability of residents to change. The first sub-question refers produce fertiliser and biogas. In this report, we refer to peoples’ motivation and state of knowledge about energy specifically to biodigesters made by a company called transition: CIRC. What factors affect the willingness of residents to make a Induction Cooking: a cooking method powered by sustainable energy transition? electricity which uses a changing magnetic field to heat cookware, rather than using a heating element. This aspect of the research will explore the drivers and con- cerns of residents and whether they are concerned with cli- potential energy transition. This will not just help to create mate change and sustainability issues in the first place. The an in-depth picture of the feasibility of a transition from the second sub-question touches on the residents’ resources: residents’ point of view, but will also serve as an orientation point for future research on the financial and ecological di- What factors affect the level of ability of residents to mensions of each transition scenario. make a sustainable energy transition? This report is structured as follows: first, background in- This part will explore financial and logistical aspects that will formation is presented about green transitions, induction affect a potential energy transition. Together, the sub-ques- cooking, and biodigesters; next is a description of the meth- tions provide different lenses for analysing a broader prob- odology used to gather data about the residents’ habits and lem. In this way, the sub-questions build a skeleton that attitudes (a survey and interviews); this is followed by a sheds light on different aspects of this project and further summary of the results from the survey and the interviews supports the main research aim. In order to assess these and a discussion on the limitations of the research; finally, two sub-aims, this report makes use of a survey and inter- the advice and outcomes of this study are outlined in the views. Based on these findings, this study concludes with Recommendations section. Additional information, such as independent advice on the most preferable scenario while survey questions and summaries of the interviews, can be pointing out the main drivers and obstacles regarding a found in the Appendices. 3 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Background Information Relevance of Energy atmosphere (Anderson & Broderick 2017, p20). When com- Transition busted, however, methane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water (CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O). In 2019, total GHG emissions in The Netherlands reached Regulations against natural gas have decreased the nation- 189 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2- al production, meaning The Netherlands is now increasing- eq). Considering the environmental measures taken by the ly dependent on natural gas imports (PBL, 2020, p. 8). Dutch government, these emissions are expected to signif- icantly reduce to 150 Mt CO2-eq by 2030 (PBL 2020, p11). To In 2018, the majority of electricity generation in The Neth- do so, all sectors of activities (transport, agriculture, hous- erlands was from fossil fuels (52% gas and 27% coal); the ing, industry, etc.) will need to significantly change their en- rest comes from non-combustible renewables (16.5%) and ergy consumption patterns. bioenergy (IEA, 2020, p. 12-15). These proportions are ex- pected to change in the upcoming years, as the country’s An energy transition describes the process of an electricity is increasingly supplied by renewables (which energy system shift, both in production and consumption, and depends on the so- should reach 70% of electricity generation by 2030, cio-technical context in which it occurs under the 2019 Paris Climate Agreement (IEA (Kemp 2010, p293). There has been 2020, p. 52)). Non-combustible renewables an energy transition previously in The are “resources from which energy is ex- Netherlands: from coal to natural gas tracted without burning or combusting in the 1950s. Because natural gas res- fuel” (US Energy Information Adminis- ervoirs have been found within The tration, 2020, p.236) - examples are so- Netherlands, natural gas has become in- lar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric and creasingly used as an energy source in the geothermal energy, which make use country, especially in households and industry of practically unlimited natural resourc- as the main source for heat, light, and power (Cor- es. Bioenergy and in particular biogas, is reljé, Van der Linde & Westerwoudt 2003, p.9). Natural gas generated from organic and/or animal waste is considered to be ‘the cleanest of all fossil fuels’: it emits 50% less carbon dioxide than coal when combusted and and is processed into fertiliser and gas. This gas so has the potential to reduce the warming effect by car- is typically composed of methane and other gases such bon dioxide on the atmosphere, compared to other fossil as nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. It is a low-cost fuels (Correljé, Van der Linde & Westerwoudt 2003, p.27). renewable energy which could significantly contribute to For financial and environmental reasons, this gas was pro- reducing GHG emissions if its use replaces the use of fossil moted as a good alternative to coal in The Netherlands. In fuels such as natural gas (Bhardwaj & Das, 2017, p. 890- 2018, natural gas accounted for 90% of domestic heating 892). demand and 52% of electricity generation (IEA 2020, p12). Although this gas was presented as a better alternative to An energy transition away from natural gas will be nec- coal, it is still a non-renewable fossil fuel which releases essary for the municipality of Leiden to reach its climate GHGs when combusted (or leaked). Natural gas from the goals, due to the negative climatic effects of its use. With Groningen fields is composed of 82% methane, 3% other developing technologies arising in recent years, new en- hydrocarbon gases, 14% nitrogen, and 1% carbon dioxide ergy alternatives are available which could replace natural (Correljé, Van der Linde & Westerwoudt 2003, p. 28). Meth- gas cooking. Two of these alternatives are induction (pow- ane (CH4) is a gas whose greenhouse effect is much more ered by electricity) and biogas (from a biodigester). Since potent than carbon dioxide when released direclty into the both electricity and biogas are capable of being generated in a sustainable way (i.e. from renewable sources), they are therefore suggested as potential replacements for natural gas cooking in Leiden. Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 4

Case Studies ble alternatives is already taking more time than expected and is further complicated by the ongoing pandemic. Be- In 2018, 27 neighbourhoods were appointed by the Dutch cause of this crisis, house owners could not be contacted government as case studies to move away from natural gas. personally, which limits research aiming to find affordable This was done to further reduce CO2 emissions and global and achievable alternatives. Moreover, municipalities can- warming as stated in the climate goals of the 2019 Paris not force residents to stop using natural gas. Climate Agreement. In October 2020, 19 additional areas were appointed to start making the transition (Rijksover- “If the largest Dutch experiment in making existing hous- heid, n.d.). The Stevenshof is not one of these case studies, es free of natural gas teaches us anything, it is that this but it was appointed by the municipality of Leiden as a fore- practice is a hard learning experience.” (van den Berg, 2021) runner in the energy transition away from natural gas. Al- though it is not one of the appointed neighbourhoods of the Monitoring of the case studies shows that communication government, both can learn from the outcomes of the other. with stakeholders, including residents, is of utmost impor- tance (Rijksoverheid, 2020). The case studies show that it With €435 million in subsidies for the case study areas, is a difficult process that requires a lot of work, but it is not 50,000 houses should be closed off from natural gas by impossible. With the right strategies, the energy transition 2027. This would mean that 5,000 houses should stop using away from natural gas is possible and needed to limit global natural gas each year. However, after two years, only four warming. of the 27 neighbourhoods are closed off from natural gas, together accounting for only 206 houses. Mapping possi- The Stevenshof The Stevenshof was built between 1983 and 1994 for the ‘baby boomer’ generation and their children. People moved there from working-class neighborhoods of Leiden (de Kooi, het Morsdistrict, de Slaaghwijk en Zuidwest). A little over half of the houses are owner occupied and only a small number of houses are privately rented. The remainder of homes belong to rental housing corporations. The Stevenshof has a population of 10,965 inhabitants, most of them with a Dutch identity. The average age of residents in the Stevenshof is rising: within 10 years, over 2,000 inhabitants will have reached retirement age (Leiden in Cijfers, 2021b). 5 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Biogas Cooking The biodigesters referred to in this proposal are produced by a company called CIRC. These biodigesters are machines which can process organic waste (such as fruit and vegetable peelings, cooking oil, dairy, grains, and meat) into plant food and bi- ogas (CIRC, n.d.a). This biogas can then be used with cooking appliances which usually use natural gas, or for heating water or generating electricity (CIRC, n.d.b). The only model which is currently available to order is the BioDigester 50, which can process 30-50 kg of organic waste per day. For each 4 kg of organic waste, this model can produce 1 m3 of biogas and four litres of liquid fertiliser (CIRC, n.d.a). This product is still under development, and smaller models (15-30 kg waste per day and 5 kg waste per day) are expected to be available in the coming years (CIRC, n.d.c). Induction Cooking Induction cooktops use a changing magnetic field to in- duce electric currents in cookware, and the electrical resist- ance to these currents directly heats the cookware, without the need for an open flame or a heating element. Induction cooking heats the pan directly, making it a safer option than biogas or natural gas. Furthermore, induction stoves use 30 to 50% less energy compared to cooking on electricity and release fewer emissions (CDA Appliances, 2018). Howev- er, only certain pots and pans are suitable for use with in- duction cooking, as the magnetic field will not interact with non-ferrous metals (such as aluminium or copper). When switching to an induction stovetop, buying suitable cook- ware can create extra expenses. Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 6

Methodology When investigating the feasibility of an energy transition, it cation. Emails were sent out by the neighborhood commis- is important to explore residents’ resources and opinions sioner, to a number of residents from the Stevenshof. The about the topic. In this way, the residents are given a voice survey was also posted in a Stevenshof Facebook group in the transition process. They are important stakeholders with around 2000 members. This online approach efficient- because they will be the first affected by such a major en- ly overcomes the struggle of finding candidates for the sur- ergy supply transition, thus a major change in energy sup- vey during the ongoing pandemic. The main advantage of ply would have a big impact on their daily lives. By making using a survey is that a high number of participants can use of a combined approach, the residents’ willingness and be processed with ease and in accordance with the GDPR level of ability to participate in a green energy transition guidelines (explained in the text box below). This approach is thoroughly investigated. To do so, the main part of this also allows for straightforward statistical analysis, data vis- sentiment analysis consists of a large-scale survey which ualisation, and comparability between responses. Further- is supplemented by insights gathered from a small number more, it is a cost-effective method of gathering data which of semi-structured interviews. This can serve as an orienta- is in line with current government regulations regarding the tion point for additional research such as investigating the ongoing pandemic. The survey captures different angles financial implications and sustainability aspects of each en- regarding willingness and level of ability to switch energy ergy source. sources and further fills the knowledge gap regarding the residential stakeholders in the energy transition of the Ste- Since motives can vary a lot from household to household, a venshof. The survey has been analysed in detail and impor- survey provides a comprehensive overview of the residents’ tant findings are shared in the Results section. The analysis opinions and concerns. The survey is a combination of 31 will give insights into the willingness and ability to transi- open and closed questions, divided into sections by topic. tion, and therefore is an important step in answering the The first section starts with general questions about life in research questions. the Stevenshof, the characteristics of the household, and attitudes towards topics such as sustainability and climate change. Afterwards, current behavioural patterns in energy consumption, waste production, and waste management are assessed, as well as cooking habits. The last section focuses on hypothetical transition scenarios by introduc- ing information about two options for an energy transition, the first option being induction cooking and the second being biogas provided by a biodigester. After reading the information boxes, the participants are asked to respond to questions about their willingness to change consumption and behaviour with regard to each transition option. Since the last section is hypothetical, it is not relevant if any kind of energy transition towards a different energy source has already taken place. This study investigates anticipated ob- stacles and drivers of the residents but also draws impor- tant implications from people who have already made the transition. In order to reach a significant number of residents, the sur- vey was sent out through different channels of communi- 7 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Implications drawn about the residents’ internal drivers and into the attitudes of the residents. obstacles can be limited if they are solely based on answers in a survey. Even the responses for open questions are The meetings took place in an online setting due to the on- mostly limited to a sentence or two. In order to overcome going pandemic. The interviews start with short questions this weakness, this study includes interviews that provide on general information of the household and energy con- an additional and more in-depth layer of analysis of the sumption. The main emphasis, however, is on the interview- residents’ sentiments towards an energy transition in the ee’s attitude towards an energy transition in the Stevenshof neighbourhood. This study will make use of semi-structured and on their experiences in the neighborhood. After being interviews. The main advantage of this interview structure introduced to the two hypothetical transition scenarios, five is the comparability of qualitative data that will be gathered main questions provide a broad structure. The interviewees while maintaining flexibility for the interviewees’ responses are given time to explain their attitudes towards the issues on their attitudes towards a transition. During these meet- mentioned above. To ensure guidance towards relevant ings, more profound sentiments such as hesitance, hopes, topics, the researcher continues with follow-up questions motivations, and concerns were noted. It was ensured that on specific thoughts. the privacy and GDPR guidelines were communicated and that further informed consent about the use of information The biggest advantage of a combined approach (a sur- from the interview was provided to the interviewee. The vey and interviews) is the variety and flexibility of the data participants for the interviews were recruited through an gathered mainly through a comprehensive survey, which is acquaintance of the commissioner of this study. They were further supplemented by in-depth interviews that capture selected from a list of private contacts and were willing to personal wishes and constraints in more detail. This means be interviewed in an official setting. This approach does not that information not just on facts, but also attitudes, beliefs, ensure a random selection, but given the time frame and values, and behaviour has been collected and analysed. the current pandemic restrictions, delivers valuable insights Privacy & GDPR The GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) was introduced in 2016 to protect personal data10. Because the proposed research will work with in- terviews and a survey, it will have to comply with the GDPR. Most importantly, the survey will be anonymous. The participants of the interviews need to give permission to the researchers to use the answers given in the interview. No names or other personal data will be written down, as this has no value for the research conducted. By making the survey and interviews anonymous, asking for per- mission to use the answers given for research, and deleting them after the research is finished, the re- search will comply with the GDPR. (GDPR, 2021). Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 8

Results This section of the reports aims to analyse the results obtained from the survey and interviews. By understanding factors influ- encing willingness and ability to change, the feasibility of an energy transition in the Stevenshof can be determined. First the survey will be analysed, then the interviews will be analysed, followed by an overview of all factors which influence residents’ willingness and ability to transition can be found at the end of this report. Survey: General Information As explained in the Methodology section, the first part of this difference in responsibilities has some implications for the survey looked into life in the Stevenshof and the char- an actual transition, motivations and obstacles proved to be acteristics of households. The results of this part show that, the same for the different kinds of housing (private owned, of the 99 respondents in total, 70% are over the age of 50; renting and social housing). there were no responses from the age group 18-25. This could be explained by the aging of the Stevenshof (van der Following the general information, the residents’ aware- Sande & Mander, 2015). Over 86% of the responses came ness of climate change was analysed by posing statements from people living in privately owned houses, and more about climate change, to which the respondents could than half the respondents live in a 2-person household. agree/disagree on a scale from 1 to 5. On average these Following this information, a possible factor that could in- statements were ranked highly (5 out of 5), indicating that fluence the ability of people to transition is the difference residents see climate change as a problem. Furthermore, in financial means per age group. Furthermore, ability to 60% of the respondents have solar panels on their roofs, transition differs between the different kinds of housing in which indicates that people are actively involved in the en- the Stevenshof. People living in privately owned houses are ergy transition and are willing to make changes. However, free to change to make changes to their houses, but people the answers show that most people consider an energy who rent often need approval from their landlords. Although transition not to be solely their own responsibility, but they 9 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

see it as shared responsibility between the government, the ity and willingness to transition were limited. municipality, residents of the neighbourhood, gas network operators, and energy providers. Figure 3: Motivations for transitioning to the new energy source from the group that did already change. To investigate a transition to either the biodigester or induc- tion cooking in more detail, residents were first asked what energy source they currently use for cooking (Figure 2). Af- terwards, people were asked if they changed their energy source for cooking in the time that they have been living in their current home; 30% indicated that they had. In almost all cases, people changed to induction cooking, with only four respondents transitioning from natural gas to stand- ard electric stovetops. Depending on if they had already changed, the respondents were asked different follow-up questions. Later on, the analysis of motivations and obsta- cles will be divided into people that already transitioned and people that have not. Figure 2: current energy source of respondents Figure 4: Obstacles for transition from groups that did already change. Induction Cooking: The respondents who have not yet changed (70%) tend Motivations & Obstacles to have different motivations and obstacles for the energy transition. Their primary motivations for changing are miti- Out of the 30% of respondents who already transitioned, gating climate change and financial considerations (Figure 83% are very satisfied with their decision (5 out of 5) and 5). The major obstacles for this group are financial expenses the remainder are satisfied (4 out of 5). Respondents esti- (that have to be made for the transition) as well as time mated the cost of their own energy transition to be between and effort that needs to be put into the transition (Figure 6). €700 and €5500, depending on what specific changes had Compared to the group that has already transitioned, high to be made regarding the kitchen itself and the kitchenware initial expenses are a critical factor reducing this group’s (many transitions were part of a full kitchen renovation). The willingness and ability to change. This is despite their un- most common motivations for the change were mitigating derstanding that changing may result in lower expenses in climate change and enthusiasm about a new energy source the future. (Figure 3). Obstacles for this group were mainly financial expenses, however a majority indicated that they had not Figure 5: Motivations for transitioning, for people that did not yet transi- thought about the obstacles before changing (Figure 4). tion. This suggests that for this group, factors restricting the abil- Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 10

Figure 6: Obstacles for transitioning for people that did not yet transition. of waste produced per household in a week. The majority of households produce less than one 60L bag of organ- In case of a hypothetical transition to induction cooking, ic waste per week (Figure 7). This is not the most exact people tend to see a couple of other obstacles, and have measure, but it is a good indication of the amount of waste some questions about the transition. The open question produced given that most people do not know their organ- about obstacles resulted in the following common respons- ic waste output in kilograms. Since only large biodigesters es: are currently available, people would need to share it, and • People are unsure about closing gas lines, removing the therefore would need to bring their organic waste to the pipes and how much money it will cost in total. biodigester. In the survey, more than half of respondents • People think that cooking on induction won’t work as well indicated to only be willing to walk across the street (Figure as cooking on natural gas. 8). Additionally, the majority of people are only willing to • People think about the trouble of installation and the walk to a biodigester once a week (43 respondents) or less changing of the electrics. (35 respondents) (Figure 9). • People are not willing to throw away a perfectly working gas stovetop. Figure 7: Amount of waste produced per household in amount of bins. • Cooking on gas is a habit for some people and they had not thought about changing before. • When investigating the financial means people have avai able for the change to induction cooking, around 17% ind cated a lack of financial means for change. Summary Figure 8: Distance residents are willing to walk to bring away organic waste. Factors influencing willingness: trouble of installation, changing electrics, throwing away working stoves, fi- Sharing a biodigester will also imply a shared responsibility nancial means, and the habit of cooking on gas. among residents. Answers to the survey, however, indicate Factors influencing ability: financial means. that only half of respondents would be willing to share one, and even fewer expect their neighbours to be willing to Biogas: Motivations & share the biodigester. If a smaller, dishwasher-sized mod- Obstacles el would become available for individual use, over 47% of respondents would lack the space to store one (Figure 9) . Another alternative for a sustainable energy transition for cooking is a transition to biogas from a biodigester. To in- vestigate the feasibility of a change to a biodigester, it is im- portant to gather practical information, such as the amount 11 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Figure 9: Room in living space for a small biodigester Most respondents have a preference for induction cook- ing, only a few want to keep using natural gas, and another In case of a hypothetical transition to biogas cooking, there small group has a preference for the biodigester (figure 11). were some recurring questions and concerns. For example: This demonstrates that the majority of people that have not • People are unsure about how hygenic a biodigester is, and yet transitioned are willing to transition. whether it would produce any unpleasant smells. • People are concerned abou thow efficient the processing In the blank space at the end of the survey, a lot of people of organis waste is. left remarks about the costs from Liander for closing the • People want clear information abou thow much CO2 is gas lines. Others wondered if the electricity network will be produced when cooking on a stove using biogas co able to handle the additional consumption. Overall, most pared to natural gas. people asked for more information about a possible transi- tion. This demonstrates that in general, residents still have a The fact that the biodigester is a new innovation that is not lot of questions, but that they do want to be involved in the widely used yet can make people more skeptical about the transition process. use of one. Together with all the questions asked, this in- dicates that residents require more information in order to Figure 10: Preference for Energy Source develop a clear opinion about the biodigester. Interviews Summary Note: names of all interviewees have been changed for pri- Factors affecting willingness to change: distance to bi- vacy reasons odigester, amount of times that organic waste needs to be dropped off, lack of information about biodigesters. One interviewee, Paul, lives in a small apartment building Factors affecting ability to change: lack of space for a and uses a natural gas stovetop. The other two interviewees, small biodigester, some people already use induction, Robert and Sofie, both live in the same apartment building, lack of trust in a shared biodigester, and having to re- and neither use gas for cooking; Sofie uses induction and move gas lines. Robert uses a standard electric stovetop. Both switched from gas as a result of moving into their current apartments Survey: Final Remarks (as opposed to deliberately transitioning their home), and both were satisfied with the change; neither missed using In the end of the survey, people were asked if, after receiving gas. Induction takes some time to get used to, and the glass information about induction and biogas cooking, they had top can be sensitive to scratches. It is, however, the type of a preference for one of them. Afterwards, they could leave stovetop which is the easiest to clean, the quickest to heat, further questions and remarks in a black space at the end and the safest. Gas is the simplest to use, the cheapest in of the survey. terms of initial costs, and is capable of the highest heats. Robert, who had already heard about the idea of a biodi- Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 12

gester, was quite enthusiastic about it. He said that if his have any real responsibilities, but that they are likely to help current apartment had a gas stovetop instead of an electric out. stovetop, he would happily put a small biodigester in his apartment, given that there were no issues around safely All three interviewees believed that people would generally storing the gas or the smell of the fertiliser. Sofie was not support the idea of an energy transition, as long as they as keen, as she didn’t have the space in her apartment to were well informed (about the differences, the timeline, the put a dishwasher-sized appliance. Paul found the idea in- costs, etc.). Robert believes that an aggressive approach, in teresting, but was more drawn to induction cooking, since which people are given little choice but to transition (similar his apartment block has rooftop solar panels which could to when the Euro was introduced), may be necessary to supply the electricity. Both Robert and Sofie were optimis- make the Stevenshof fully free of natural gas. This is be- tic about the possibility for a communal biodigester, to be cause, in his view, there will always be a few people who are shared among neighbours. They were both confident that too stubborn to change. He emphasised the importance of their neighbours would use it responsibly and keep the clear and extensive communication with residents during area around it clean. Robert noted that there may be prob- the entire process. Sofie felt that an aggressive campaign lems with sorting waste correctly, so it may be a good idea would not work for the small dishwasher-sized biodigest- to sort general waste centrally, and to extract usable food ers, since many people would not have enough space, and waste there, rather than each resident sorting individually those who do may not want to have it used up by such a at home (where they may make mistakes). Sofie felt that machine. However, she also believed that people would be people would get used to it quite quickly, since they are enticed by the long-term monetary savings and the envi- familiar with sorting their glass, paper, metal, and plastic ronmental benefits of an energy transition. Paul indicated waste already. that he had not received a lot of information about making a transition and that, for a possible future energy transition, All three interviewees believe that the stakeholder which is he would like to get personalised information about the dif- most responsible for an energy transition is the local gov- ferent alternatives. He would like for someone to visit his ernment. Robert stated that businesses like Liander have home and give specific advice for his housing situation, and a responsibility to their stakeholders to generate revenue, expected that this would be helpful for others when transi- and should not be expected to lead a transition effort. He tioning as well. also said that NGOs and ‘pro-green’ political parties do not Discussion The survey and the interviews show similarities in attitude would work for the Stevenshof. Although it takes some time towards a possible energy transition. Both demonstrate for people to get used to induction cooking, they tend to be that, in general, residents lack information about the transi- content once they are more familiar with it. tion. The need for more information was also demonstrat- ed by the case studies appointed by the government. It is At the moment, the biggest factor limiting the ability of res- expected that with more information, residents would be idents to change is financial means. The lack of financial more willing to change their energy source for cooking. resources is a complex issue to overcome and ultimately determines the residents’ ability to make a sustainable en- The opinions about the different sources for cooking are ergy transition. divided. Although some respondents prefer the biodigester, most indicated a lack of storage space and prefer induction It is important to note that there are several limitations to cooking. Furthermore, answers from the survey show that this research which may impact the outcomes of this study. residents lack the trust in neighbours to share a biodigester. First of all, the group of people who responded to the survey Therefore, one can question if biodigesters, large or small, may not be a representative sample of the residents of the 13 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Stevenshof. It may be that those who are more actively involved in their community and/or those who already have a strong interest in sustainability may be more likely to answer a sur- vey about a sustainable energy transition. Many of the respondents answered the survey via a link in an email from the Neighbourhood Sustainability Ambassador. The people on this email list are known to the Ambassador from meetings or information evenings about sustainability in the neighbourhood, where they voluntarily signed up to the email list. These two factors may have led to a bias in the sample (towards people more conscious of sustainability issues than the average Stevenshof resident), and thus a bias in the results, wherein the people of the Stevenshof appear to be more actively interested in sustainability and energy transitions than they truly are. Therefore, this ‘green’ bias among the participants is noted as a limitation of the representativeness of the survey. Furthermore, it was expected that there would be a bias against the older population of the Stevenshof, since the survey was conducted entirely digitally. However, almost over one fifth of the respondents were aged over 65, and over half were aged 50-65. Less than 10% of respond- ents were aged under 35. This is not totally unrepresentative, as the Stevenshof is becoming older, with parents staying after their children move out, and fewer young families moving in (van der Sande & Mander, 2015). However, the younger age groups are still underrepresented. One explanation for this result is that people on the Ambassador’s mailing list may be more likely to be homeowners. Homeowners, who are generally older than renters, are more respon- sible for their homes, and are more certain that they will continue to live in their current home for the foreseeable future (NL TImes, 2017). They may want to improve their homes in terms of insulation, double- or triple-glazed windows, or using more efficient (and environmentally friendly) heating systems. The motives for these improvements may be to reduce energy bills, to increase the value of the home, or for environmental reasons. In any case, these motives may lead them to meet with the Ambassador or to attend information events. Rented prop- erties, however, are the responsibility of the landlord, so renters have less control over their homes when it comes to these issues. In any case, there is some lack of representation of the younger generation in the results of this study. Furthermore, although the online aspect did not discriminate against older residents, we are aware that by relying on online structures for gathering data, this analysis does exclude people who are not present in online fora or do not have access to the internet. This, along with the underrepresentation of younger residents, is another limitation of this study. The interviews were intended to provide additional information as to how residents feel about a potential energy transition, and to better understand any hopes or concerns. The limitation, of course, is that only a limited number could be conducted in the time frame of this research, meaning that any conclusions drawn from the interviews may not be representative of the oth- er residents of the Stevenshof. Moreover, the loosely structured layout of the interviews limits the comparability of answers, since the path of follow-up uestions depends on the answers of the interviewees. Additionally, the current pandemic restrictions made it impossible to conduct the interviews in person. The online setting limited the main strength of interviews: the per- sonal interaction. For a study that explores internal motivations and sentiments, this limits the accuracy of the interpretation of the interviewees’ attitudes. We note all of the above mentioned aspects as limitations to our study. We are sure that further research after the pandemic with a more representative sample will reflect the sentiment in the Stevenshof towards a potential energy transition more accurately. Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 14

The Way Forward Main Obstacles Following the analysis of the results, Green Leaves Consulting has identified the three main obstacles restraining the residents of the Stevenshof to transition. The first one concerns financial aspects such as costs for removing gas meters, closing gas pipelines as well as eqipment and installation. The second main obstacles refers to time constraints with regard to organisation and implementation of a new energy source. Residents also indicate concerns about personal time and energy invested into a transition. This also concerns he lack of ability to undertake large-scale projects in their own kitchen. The third and most signifiant obstacle referes to the lack of information on the details of cooking alternatives and the way to proceed for making a transition. Another important aspect is also that the impact of energy sources on climate change remains unclear in a lot of cases. Recommendations At Green Leaves Consulting, we believe in the role of local efforts to make energy transition projects successful. That is why, based on the main obstacles identified above, we conclude with the following recommendations: 1 Because induction cooking seems to be the preferred option out of the two alternatives, we recommend the municipality to provide assistance in the procedure and installation of this system for people with no skills in this domain or with little time. 2 A social network should be formed, since social influence is one way to increase aware- ness and convince people to transition. In this network, some residents (on a voluntary basis) could inform and advise their families and neighbours on the sustainable energy transition, and could even help with the procedure. Eventually, these “energy transition ambassadors” might reach residents who do not use the internet and can therefore be an essential source of information. Additionally, unlike people from the municipality working on the project, they will be more accessible to talk to and might convince residents that are still in doubt about a future transition as they can relate to their experience. Furthermore, they can give residents information about the long term (financial) benefits of a transition. For those interested to be- come representative ambassadors for sustainable matters, a short training course should be off ered, providing solid background knowledge and engagement skills. 3 The municipality should look at ways to arrange financial subsidies for the residents willing to make the transition, especially for those with limited financial resources. Looking for financial partnerships with organisations working on the same objectives, such as Thuisbaas which is already affiliated with the municipality of Amsterdam, is strongly recommended. 15 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Potential Impacts Taking these recommendations into account and acting on the advice given should facilitate a successful energy tran- sition in the neighbourhood; if successful, a similar energy transition plan could be expanded to other areas of Leiden. Besides that, it could have impacts on supermarkets and restaurants, as the use of a biodigester may be more suited to places with large amounts of organic waste. However, the main focus was on the local community. They will be aware of their choices regarding alternatives to natural gas and will have a better understanding of their role in combating climate change. By being more aware of climate change in general, people could alter their behaviour regarding other decisions in their household (improved insulation and the installation of LED bulbs, for instance). This report took into account a considerable amount of data concerning the residents’ perspective on a potential ener- gy transition project; our outcomes and conclusions should help to inform the municipality when planning such a pro- ject in the future. Following from these conclusions, Green Leaves Consulting has made clear recommendations that should be followed as a guide to make the energy transition more successful and more accessible to people who are not yet fully willing and/or able to transition. 4 It is important that good communication between the municipality and the residents is es- tablished. A communication platform should be created where necessary information concerning the project and the way to achieve it will be provided, and where residents will be able to ask questions and raise their concerns. The platform should also be updated with new environmental regulations from the Dutch government to keep the residents up to date with their rights and duties. Information about subsidies funded by the Dutch government should be clearly mentioned on this platform, as well as eligibility requirements. 5 We strongly encourage pursuing the two other phases of the main research while taking this report into account. The research on the best energy source for (sustainable) cooking in the Stevenshof should not only include sentiment analysis but also an analysis concerning the financial and technical aspects in order to have a complete picture on the feasibility of the two energy sources’ implementations. Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 16

Acknowledgements Green Leaves Consulting would like to thank Ckees van Oijen: in multiple meetings, he provided us with essential information on the Stevenshof case study while also showing a lot of enthusiasm for the project. He also helped with proofreading the survey, and provided us with contacts for the rest of the project. We would also like to thank our advisors, Marc van der Meide and Wen Wen, for their questioning of our approach, proofreading of the proposal and report, and for the numerous meetings where we could ask questions. Furthermore, we would like to thank Timothy Edwards for arranging interviews for us and giving more insight into the neighbourhood. Lastly, we would like to thank all interviewees for taking the time to answer our questions and participating in an online interview. References Anderson, K., & Broderick, J. (2017). Natural gas and climate change. University of Manchester. Average age of Dutch homebuyers continues to rise as property prices soar. (2017, March 9). NL Times. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://nltimes.nl/2017/03/09/average-age-dutch-homebuyers-continues-rise-property-prices-soar Bestaande Gebouwen Aardgasvrij Maken. (n.d.). Rijksoverheid. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from rijksoverheid.nl/onderwer pen/aardgasvrije-wijken/bestaande-gebouwen-aardgasvrij maken Bhardwaj, S., Das, P. (2017). A Review: Advantages and Disadvantages of Biogas. International Research Journal of Engineer- ing and Technology (IRJET), 4(10), pp. 890-893. CDA Appliances. (2018). How Does Induction Cooking Work? https://www.cda.eu/hobs/how-does-induction-cooking work/#:%7E:text=Induction%20cooking%20heats%20a%20cooking,or%20an%20electrical%2 0heating%20el ment.&text=An%20induction%20hob%20contains%20a,current%20is%20pas sed%20through%20it . CIRC — Factsheet BioDigester 50. (n.d.a). CIRC. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://en.circ.energy/biodigester50 factsheet CIRC — Frequently Asked Questions. (n.d.b). CIRC. Retrieved December 4, 2020, from https://en.circ.energy/faq-circ-biod gester CIRC — The BioDigester. (n.d.c). CIRC. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://en.circ.energy/circ-biodigester Correljé, A., Van der Linde, C., & Westerwoudt, T. (2003). Natural gas in the Netherlands. From cooperation to competition?. De Leidse Warmtevisie. (2017). Gemeente Leiden. 1–28. Retrieved December 15, 2020, 17 Energytransition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

from https://leiden.notubiz.nl/document/5915256/1/170072-Bijlage-t-De-Leidse-Warmtvisie-versie-na-inspraak ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007. (2020). Hoge Raad. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.urgenda.nl/wp-content/uploads/ ENG-Dutch-Supreme-Court-Urgenda-v-Netherlands-20-12-2019.pdf GDPR. (2021). gdpr.eu. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://gdpr.eu/tag/gdpr/ Hassan, Abbas M, Hassan, Abbas M, Lee, Hyowon, & Lee, Hyowon. (2015). The paradox of the sustainable city: Definitions and examples. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17(6), pp. 1267-1285. Haughton, G., & Hunter, C. (2004). Sustainable Cities. Routledge, p.221. Retrieved from http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/26816/1/78.pdf. Hernieuwbare Energie. (n.d.) Gemeentelijke Duurzaamheidsindex. Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://gdindex.nl dashboard/dashboard/hernieuwbareenergie/?regionlevel=gemeente&regioncode=546 Höjer, M., & Wangel, J. (2015). Smart sustainable cities: definition and challenges. In ICT innovations for sustainability. Springer, ham, pp. 333-349 IEA (2020), The Netherlands 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/the-netherlands-2020 Kemp, R. (2011). The Dutch energy transition approach. In International economics of resource efficiency. Physica-Verlag HD, pp. 187-213 Matthews, L. (2021, January 18). Which is the More Energy Efficient Stovetop – Gas, Electric, or Induction?. Leafscore. https://www.leafscore.com/eco-friendly-kitchen-products/which-is-more-energy-efficint-gas-electric-or-indu tion/#:-text=In the water boiling experiment,in essence%2Cemissions-free Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. (n.d.). Climate Policy. Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/climate-policy Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. (n.d.). Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Government of the Net erlands. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/national-measures PBL, TNO, CBS and RIVM (2020), Netherlands Climate and Energy Outlook 2020 - Summary PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. Rapportage Reflectieve Monitor 2019. (2020). Rijksoverheid. Retrieved December 18, 2020 from https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2020/01/22 voortgang-en-leerervaringen-27-proeftuinen-aardgasvrije-wijken/rapportage-reflectieve-monitor-2019.pdf Ruimtegebruik en Duurzaamheid Wijk (2021a). Leiden in Cijfers. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://leiden.incijfers.nl/dashboard/dashboard/ruimtegebruik-en-duurzaamheid-wijk Satterthwaite, D. (1997). Sustainable Cities or Cities that Contribute to Sustainable Development. Urban Studies. Carfax Pu lishing Limited, 34(10), pp. 1667–1691. Sterke Sociale Basis. (2021b). Leiden in Cijfers. Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://leiden.incijfers.nl/Dashboard/das

board/sterke-sociale-basis?regionlevel=district&regioncode=54609 The Netherlands 2020 - Energy Policy Review. (2020). International Energy Agency. Retrieved January 14, 2021, fro https:/ www.iea.org/reports/the-netherlands-2020#executive-summary United States Energy Information Administration (2020) Monthly Energy Review. pp. 236-237. https://www.eia.gov/totalene gy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf Van den Berg, J. (2021). Na twee jaar experimenteren in ‘aardgasvrije wijken’ zijn slechts 206 huizen van het gas af. Volkskrant. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/na-twee-jaar-experimenteren-in aardgasvrije-wijken-zijn-slechts-206-huizen-van-het-gas-af-bf523a4d/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google com%2F Van der Sande, I., & Mander, R. (2015). Sociografisch Buurtprofiel Stevenshof. Retrieved from https://www.libertasleiden.nl downloads/Sociografisch Buurtprofiel Stevenshof.pdf WCED, S. W. S. (1987). World commission on environment and development. Our common future, 17(1), pp. 1-91. Appendices Appendix 1: Survey Questions (in Dutch) This is the survey as it was sent out to respondents. Solid black bullet points indicate that only one of the displayed options can be chosen. White boxes indicate that multiple options may be chosen from the options. A horizontal line (“-----”) indicates that the question requires an open answer, or that more detail can be provided when choosing “Other”/”Andere”. Note: the graphs/charts of answers to all of these questions are included as a separate PDF file in the assignment folder. Enquête Duurzame Energietransitie Wij zijn een groep studenten van Universiteit Leiden en wij doen onderzoek naar verschillende duurzame energiebronnen om op te koken. Met deze enquête onderzoeken wij de verschillende mogelijkheden die er zijn voor het overstappen op een duurzame energiebron. Dit is een korte enquête, verdeeld in 3 delen. Het eerste deel gaat in het algemeen over het wonen in de Stevenshof, het tweede deel gaat over energieverbruik en gewoontes en deel drie schetst een nieuwe situatie voor de overstap op verschil- lende energiebronnen. Het is belangrijk om te weten dat er geen goede of foute antwoorden bestaan voor de vragen. Het beantwoorden van de en- quête zal ongeveer 10-15 minuten duren. Probeer uw antwoorden kort en duidelijk te houden. U kunt de enquête invullen op je computer, tablet of telefoon. Als u gebruikt maakt van uw telefoon kunt u deze het beste horizontaal houden en uw scherm draaien. 19 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

De enquête is volledig anoniem, en er worden geen persoonlijke vragen gesteld. De antwoorden zullen alleen gebruikt worden voor het analyseren van de alternatieve energiebronnen en zullen na afloop van het onderzoek worden verwijderd. We vragen u deze enquête alleen in te vullen als u woont in de Stevenshof en 18 jaar of ouder bent. Alvast bedankt voor uw tijd! Deel 1: Algemene Informatie 1. Uit hoeveel mensen bestaat uw huishouden? 1 2 3 4 5 of meer 2. Wat is uw leeftijd? 18-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65+ 3. In welk van de volgende categorieën woning woont u? Huis Appartement 4. Woont u in een huur of koopwoning? Koopwoning Huurwoning Sociale huurwoning 5. Klimaatverandering in uw dagelijkse leven – Deel 1: geef de volgende uitspraken een score op schaal van 1-5. (1 = Totaal mee oneens; 5= Helemaal mee eens). Klimaatverandering is een groot probleem De gevolgen van klimaatverandering hebben een direct effect op mijn dagelijks leven Door het veranderen van mijn gedrag/gewoontes kan ik klimaatverandering verminderen Ik heb al delen van mijn gedrag/gewoontes veranderd om klimaatverandering te remmen (denk aan recycling, veranderen van dieet, minder wegwerp plastics gebruiken, etc.) 6. Klimaatverandering in uw dagelijkse leven – Deel 2: geef aan hoeveel invloed u denkt dat de volgende onderwerpen heb- ben op klimaatverandering. (1= geen invloed en 5= heel veel invloed) Autorijden Gebruik van fossiele brandstoffen, waaronder aardgas Gebruik van elektrische apparaten (wasmachine, waterkoker, computers, etc.) Gebruik van wegwerp plastics (plastic verpakkingen, flesjes, zakjes, etc.) Reizen per vliegtuig Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 20

Eten van vlees 7. De verantwoordelijkheid voor het wisselen van energiebron voor koken ligt bij: (meerdere antwoorden mogelijk) Bewoners De gemeente Non-profit organisaties (organisaties met een maatschappelijk, sociaal of wetenschappelijk doel, zoals Urgenda) De rijksoverheid Netwerkbeheerder (Liander onderhoudt de gasleidingen en legt elektriciteit aan) Deel 2: Afvalproductie & Energie 8. Heeft u zonnepanelen op uw dak? Ja Nee 9. Scheidt u momenteel uw organisch afval? Ja Nee 10. Hoe veel organisch afval produceert uw huishouden in een week (aantal vuilniszakken uitgaande van een 60L vuilniszak)? ¼ vuilniszak ½ vuilniszak 1 vuilniszak 2-3 vuilniszakken 4-5 vuilniszakken 11. Hoe vaak kookt u gemiddeld op uw fornuis per week? __________________________________________________ 12. Welke energiebron gebruikt u momenteel om op te koken? Aardgas Inductie Elektriciteit Biogas Andere: __________ 13. Bent u van energiebron voor het koken verandert in de tijd dat u in dit huis in de Stevenshof woont? Ja Nee Deel 2: Verandering van Energiebron Respondents are directed to this section only if they have answered ‘Ja’ to question 13. A. Welke energiebron voor het koken gebruikte u eerst? Aardgas Inductie Elektriciteit Biogas Andere: __________ 21 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

B. Op welke energiebron bent u overgestapt? Aardgas Inductie Elektriciteit Biogas Andere: __________ C. Wat waren de kosten die u zelf voor deze overstap hebt gemaakt (denk aan aanschaf fornuis, pannen, aanleg electra, etc.)? __________________________________________________ D. Hoe tevreden bent u met de verandering op een schaal van 1-5? 1 2 3 4 5 E. Wat was/waren de belangrijkste motivatie(s) voor het veranderen van uw energiebron voor het koken? Financiële redenen Remmen van klimaatverandering Ik was/ben enthousiast over mijn nieuwe energiebron voor het koken Mijn nieuwe energiebron geeft meer onafhankelijkheid Ik was niet tevreden over mijn oude energiebron voor het koken Andere: __________ F. Wat was/waren de grootste obstakel(s) gedurende uw energietransitie voor het koken? Niet over nagedacht Ik had te weinig informatie en/of onzekerheden over koken met alternatieve energiebronnen Financiële redenen / te hoge kosten De tijd en moeite die de verandering kostte Ik huur mijn woning, de verandering was niet aan mij Andere: __________ Deel 2: Motivatie & Obstakels Respondents are directed to this section only if they have answered ‘Nee’ to question 13. A. Wat zou(den) voor u de belangrijkste motivatie(s) zijn voor het veranderen van uw energiebron voor het koken? Financiële redenen Remmen van klimaatverandering Ik ben niet tevreden over mijn huidige energiebron voor het koken Een nieuwe energiebron geeft meer onafhankelijkheid Ik ben enthousiast over een nieuwe energiebron voor het koken Andere: __________ B. Welk(e) obstakel(s) verwacht u voor een energietransitie? Niet over nagedacht Ik heb te weinig informatie en/of onzekerheden over koken met alternatieve energiebronnen Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 22

Financiële redenen/ te hoge kosten De tijd en moeite die de verandering kost Ik huur mijn woning, het is niet aan mij om te veranderen Andere: __________ Deel 3: Alternatieve Energiebronnen Hieronder wordt informatie gegeven over twee alternatieve energiebronnen voor het koken. De eerste optie is de overstap naar inductie koken, de tweede optie is het koken op biogas dat wordt gemaakt met een biovergister. Na het lezen van de informatie kan je de volgende vragen over beide alternatieven invullen. Vul de vragen voor beide opties in. Informatie biogas van een biovergister: Biovergisters zijn machines die organisch afval, zoals groente, fruit, olie, granen en vlees kunnen verwerken tot een bio- gas en kunstmest. Het geproduceerde biogas kan gebruikt worden om op te koken. De machines kunnen gewoon worden aangesloten op het huidige gasnetwerk waardoor er geen nieuw gasfornuis aangeschaft hoeft te worden. Er hoeft naast het nauwkeurig scheiden van organisch afval en het in de biovergister stoppen van het afval niks te veranderen ten opzichte van het koken op gas. De vergister kan registreren hoeveel afval iedere gebruiker weggooit, en dus ook hoeveel energie iedere gebruiken opwekt. Het enigste model dat momenteel beschikbaar is, is de Biodigester 50, die 30-50 kg organisch afval per dag kan verwerken. Door het grote volume van deze biovergister zal deze gedeeld moeten worden. Er wordt verwacht dat in de komende jaren ook kleinere modellen op de markt komen voor individueel gebruik. De kosten voor het delen van een biovergister worden geschat op 400 euro per huishouden in het geval dat hij wordt gedeeld met 130 andere huishoudens. De kunstmest die wordt gemaakt kan in tuinen worden gebruikt, maar het kan ook worden opgehaald door een bedrijf. Informatie inductie koken: Inductiekookplaten maken gebruik van een magnetisch veld om een elektrische weerstand te creëren waarmee pannen kunnen worden opgewarmd zonder het gebruik van een vlam of hitte-element. Hierdoor wordt de pan opgewarmd zonder dat de kookplaat lang warm blijft, mits gebruikt wordt gemaakt van pannen met een magnetiserende en geleidende bodem. Een inductiekookplaat gebruikt 30 tot 50% minder energie ten opzichte van elektrisch koken en produceert minder uitstoot. Als je kijkt naar de prijs van de overstap naar inductie koken is dat gemiddeld gezien 2400,- euro. De kosten bestaan uit de aanschaf van de nieuwe kookplaat, aanleg van elektra binnenshuis, afsluiting van het gas, uitbreiden van de groepenkast en onvoorziene kosten. Daarnaast kan voor 700 euro extra worden gekozen voor het verzwaren van de elektra aansluiting. Dit is niet strikt noodzakelijk maar wel een toekomstbestendige keuze voor verdere elektrificatie (zonnepanelen, e-bikes, etc.). 14. Inductie koken 1: Heeft u voldoende financiële middelen om naar inductie koken over te stappen? (enkele nieuwe pannen, nieuw fornuis, etc.) Ja Nee 15. Inductie koken 2: Wat zou voor u een obstakel zijn bij de overstap naar inductie koken? __________________________________________________ 16. Biovergister 1: Hoe vaak zou u bereid zijn te organisch afval weg te brengen in een week? <1 1 2-3 4-5 6 of meer 17. Biovergister 2: Hoe ver zou u bereid zijn te lopen naar de biovergister om uw afval weg te gooien? 23 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Door de straat Binnen het huizenblok Binnen je eigen gebouw Naar het winkelcentrum 18. Biovergister 3: Zou u de verantwoordelijkheid van een biovergister willen delen (om schade te verkomen is het van belang dat iedereen netjes zijn afval scheidt)? Ja Nee 19. Biovergister 4: Verwacht u dat uw buren bereid zijn om een biovergister te delen? Ja Nee 20. Biovergister 5: Is er in uw woning ruimte voor en bent u bereid een kleine biovergister, ter grootte van een wasmachine, te plaatsen zodra deze is ontwikkeld? Ja Nee Misschien 21. Biovergister 6: Wat zou voor u een obstakel zijn bij de overstap naar een biovergister? __________________________________________________ 22. Heeft u na het ontvangen van deze informatie een voorkeur voor één van de gegeven opties? Biogas Inductie koken Blijven bij huidige energiebron Andere: __________ 23. Is uw mening over energietransitie veranderd door het invullen van de enquête? __________________________________________________ 24. Als u nog opmerkingen heeft die u wilt delen kunt u die achterlaten in dit tekstveld: __________________________________________________ Eind Druk op verzenden om uw reactie te versturen Bedankt voor het meedoen aan onze enquête. Dit helpt ons met het maken van een duidelijk overzicht van de huidige en toekomstige energiebronnen in de Stevenshof. Bij vragen over de enquête kunt u contact opnemen met: [email protected] Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 24

Appendix 2: Summary of Interview 1 Date: Tuesday 12th January 2021, 13:00 CET Duration: 54 minutes Interviewer: Molina Budnick Interviewee: Robert (real name has been changed for privacy reasons) Also present: Rónán McIntyre Robert is a cook with a strong interest in sustainability. He lives alone in a rented apartment in the Stevenshof. He has an electric stovetop, which he uses very often. He produces a relatively large amount of food waste, as a result of cooking with a lot of fresh produce. He is excited about the possibilities that would come with using a biodigester for gas cooking. His primary reasons for this excitement are the potential to save money on his energy bill in the long-term, and that it would make better use of food waste. His main concerns about placing a small biodigester in his home were about the safety of storing the biogas before it is used and about the smell/hygiene of producing and storing fertiliser in his home. Those issues aside, he would be happy to put one in his apartment right away. Robert sees the reduced emissions as a bonus rather than as a primary reason for switching to biogas. He is also not too concerned about making a one-time payment, as long as it is clear that, by switching, he will save money in the long-term. If a communal biodigester was placed in the Stevenshof, Robert believes that residents would use it responsibly, based on his observations that the areas around rubbish pick-up points tend to be clean and that people value the green aspects of their neighbourhood. He did remark however that residents would not be happy about infrastructural changes (e.g. digging up roads to check/replace gas pipes, shutting off the electricity), particularly in light of the highway being built near the Steven- shof, which was strongly opposed during the planning stage, but which went ahead anyway. Robert is concerned about how an energy transition (whether to induction or to biogas) would be advertised to the residents, and whether the oldest residents would be willing to get onboard; one factor in this relates to fake news/false information, combined with peoples’ lack of scrutiny when it comes to checking or citing information sources. He believes that an aggres- sive approach wherein people are given lots of information, but aren’t given much of a choice would be the most successful, as “If you give people the choice, they’re gonna always take the easy route, which is ‘Keep doing what I’m doing’”. He likened this to when the Euro was introduced: people were well-informed about the transition, but didn’t have much of a choice but to go along. He also believes that it would be best to make the transition as easy as possible for the residents - especially the oldest generation. He believes that the stakeholder which is most responsible is the government, as businesses like Liander are primarily con- cerned with generating revenue. He believes that political parties with green agendas will help with the advertising of an energy transition campaign. In Robert’s view, such a campaign would need to focus on the monetary savings as well as the sustainability aspects in order to get residents engaged. Preferably, there would be some immediate savings for those who sign up (for example, a government-subsidised reduction in their power bill). Robert also provided some background information on cooking with induction, electric, and gas, based on his experiences. In summary, induction is the quickest and the safest, is quite easy to use, and is easy to clean; however, the temperature con- trols can be awkward, the glass surface is susceptible to damage from scratching, and not all pans are suitable for use on an induction stove. Electric is similar to induction, but it is slower and more durable. Gas tends to have the most natural controls and lower initial costs, and it is generally very durable thanks to the iron grills over the flame outlet; on the other hand, open flames can be a safety hazard. Robert’s ideas: If people have small biodigesters in their homes, there could be a mechanism through which to easily sell/give away excess fertiliser to people who may need it more If there is a communal biodigester, place it near the current rubbish drop-off point(s) to simplify the process for residents 25 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020

Note: the full transcript of this interview is included as a separate PDF file in the assignment folder. Appendix 3: Summary of Interview 2 Date: Thursday 14th January 2021, 12:00 CET Duration: 18 minutes Interviewer: Molina Budnick Interviewee: Sofie (real name has been changed for privacy reasons) Also present: Maaike Boele, Rónán McIntyre, Delphine Fossey Sofie is a resident of the Stevenshof, living alone in a rented apartment. She has an induction stovetop, which is used regularly. This induction stovetop was in the apartment when she moved in; after having used gas previously, it took her a while to get used to using it, but now that she is familiar with it, she prefers it to cooking with gas. She did not need to spend much money on new pots and pans, as most of the ones she had were already suitable for induction. She had not heard about biodigesters prior to the interview, nor had she given much thought to energy transitions (with regard to cooking). She believes that many others in the neighbourhood are similar to her in this respect. In her opinion, the Gemeente would be the party which is primarily responsible for carrying out an energy transition. However, she believes that an approach in which the Gemeente obligates the residents to install small home biodigesters in their homes would not work: she is not keen on the idea of having a small biodigester in her apartment, as she would not have enough space for it, and she believes that many others would feel the same. She does, however, believe that a shared biodigester may be successful, since many people are used to separating waste already, and that this would be just one extra category to get used to. Additionally, in her view, many people in the neighbourhood would feel positively about a transition if they were well-informed. The aspects which would be the most convincing are the long-term monetary savings and the reduced environmental impact. Note: the full transcript of this interview is included as a separate PDF file in the assignment folder. Appendix 4: Summary of Interview 3 Date: Friday 22nd January 2021, 12:00 CET Duration: 15 minutes Interviewer: Maaike Boele Interviewee: Paul (real name has been changed for privacy reasons) Also present: Rónán McIntyre Before the Interview, Paul had not heard about our research. He lives in a rented apartment. In the building are 18 living spac- es, and the residents of the building have a lot of contact. He still uses natural gas for cooking, since this is what the housing corporation originally installed; there are no subsidies (yet) for them to change. He had heard about a biodigester before (via Zondag met Lubach). He would be willing to share a big one, and thinks his neighbours would also be willing to share. He also thinks that a smaller washing-machine-sized biodigester would be a good option, however he would be looking into induction cooking as well to see if that would be a better option. Money wouldn’t be a problem for installation. If he would live in a private apartment he would install solar panels to make electricity for induction cooking. The advantage he sees for the biodigester is not having organic waste, of which he produces roughly 3-4 kilograms Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020 26

per 3 days. In the end he would like to choose the most sustainable option. He indicates that he does not see any obstacles for a transition, because he loves innovation. Information from the municipality about a transition is lacking, so he would discuss with neighbours. In the future he would like for someone to come to his home to give information about his specific situation. Note: This interview was conducted in Dutch and could not be transcribed with the assistance of text-to-speech software. Due to time constraints, it could also not be transcribed manually by the only native Dutch-speaking member of Green Leaves Con- sulting. For these reasons, a transcription of this interview is not included in this report. 27 Energy Transition at the Stevenshof I January 2020