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ōįįĽŋĮ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ĨĮŀœ ĵĪŀ ĭĿĩĵʼn ĺģŅ ĺŁ İńĭń 5 ĽŋįĽŋĦŎĪĩ : įĮŇ ŎĽĵ ĮĮŀ ĭĿĹĦʼn ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ ĪĹĦİń ĺĭŇ Łŗ ĵĿĹĦʼn ijĿĮģŀ ĦŁĮįŁŗ ĮŁĮ ĺĸń ijŃ ļĮ ħĿŌĸĮń ĸĦŀ ĺń ijĿĮģŀ ĦŁĮįŁŗ ĮŁĮ ĺļĮŐĨ ĭŁŗ ĵĿĹĦʼn ĺŁ ĵ.ĺ ĹŋĦħĮŀ įĮŇ ıĦʼn ĺĸń ŁŌĪĪ ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ įŁĮŏħ ĵŁĸŁĹĦʼn ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ ģĹĪōģŎœ Īĩ : ĭļĦōģĹœ ļŁĺŁ ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ ijĹň Ħŀ ŌĮĪīĿĹĦʼn ijĿĮģŀ ĦŁĮįŁŗ ĮŁĮ įĮŇ ŎĽĵ ĮĮŀ ĭĿĹĦʼn ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ ŌĤʼnœŁŢŁœ ŎĪĩ : įĮŇ ıĦʼn ĺĸń ŁŌĪĪ ĺ.Ĺ.ĺ ŎĪĩģŁĮĽĹŒ ĵĵħņ Łģ : ĮŌŃ ĭĪ ōĤĹĦĺĿĻĹĮŀ ĮĿŌĤĪ ĺĵʼn ħĪŃ ijĿħĮŀ ĺĪŃ ĭŃ ĥĺň ļĮ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ĵ.5 ōĤĹĦļĪŇ ĵʼn ŐĨ İŁĮń ĺŌń ĵļņ ĦĥĮŇ ĮŌŃ ĭĪ ōĤĹĦįŗĸĥŃ Łŗ ŐĨ ijĮŀ ĺĿĻĹĪŀ ijĵʼn ĵĿĺģŀ ĥĺň ļĮ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ĵ.5 ōĤĹĦĥŁŗ ĵĹŒ Į īĵœŇ ĭļĦ ĺĻń ŁįĪŇ ĨŋŒ ĹĨŁĮ ŎĥĦģŁĮ SESDP įĮŇ Ĩň ĵŁĪĵĿĮĺń ļĮ ģĿĨĹĦĺģŅ ĺŁĭŃģŁĮ ōĸĿ ģĸŃ Ł ĺĿĬŁįĮŀ ĥĮʼnœ ĥĹŁœ ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁ ĹŋĦħĮŀ , 2014



ĥŁŗ ĮŁŗ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ŌİŀĮĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪĤĿōŢĦŢŒ ŅĦĭŒ ńĽŋĮĽģňœ ŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ōĸĿ ĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪ ĤļĦĵĮŀ , ĸĿįįʼn ĤļĦĽŁŒ ĦģŁĩĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ , ŌĻĪģŁĮ ĻŊņ İŁģĪʼn ģŁĮīŁĵĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪīĿĻŊļĪŌĬĦŃ ĺŒ ĦŃ ōĹĪĸļœ ĵĭŒ ńĵļń ĪŃ ĭŃijĮʼn īŒ ŗĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ŌĻŒ ʼnŊŁĮĮŀœ . ĬŁœ ĭģŇ ĥĮʼn ŌĽʼnŁĻŁģĵŌń ĹĸŁĥĪŃ Ţļœ ĩŢŒ ŅĦŌijŒ ņļ ijŃħŁĸĿĮŁŌĬĦŃ ģŁĮĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ħĿijįʼn ĹŁŒ ĨĹń ĪŃ ŌİŀĮĺŒ ĦŃ ĵĿĻĪŀ ĺĿħĮŀ , ģŁĮŌģĪń ĵŁĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ , ģŁĮĪŁŗ ĸĦʼn ĨĹń ĪŃ ħĿŐĪĺœ Łŗ ıĪŀ ģįŀ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńŢŁœ ōİģŏħ ōĸĿ ŢŁœ İĿĭįŀ ŏħģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĨĹń ĪŃ ĻŊŁĩĤĮœŅ . ĪĦŒ ŀ ĮĮŀœ , ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁŌİŀĮĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪĭŒ ńŢŁœ ĺĮʼn ŏħ ōĸĿ ĥĹŁĵĽĭňœ ŁĦĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁħŒĦŅ ŌİŀĮŌĸŒ ņļĦ ĺŁŗ ĥĮŀ īŒ ŗģŁĮŌĤʼnœŁŏħīĮʼn ŌļĦŏĮĸĿĪįŀ ijœņĮĬŁĮĶŁŒ ĦİĿīŌŃ ĺĪįŒ ŗŐĪ.œ ŏĮĬŁĮĿĵĿĮĪŇ ŌĽʼnŁŌİŀĮİĿĨŁ ģļĮĤļĦŎĸģ ĪĹœ ĩĥĹŁĵĽĭňœ ŁĦĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĭģŇ ĥĮʼn ħĿīļœ Ħĵĺń ĹŒ ĮĽĹŒ ĵŏĮģŁĮĪōň ĸŎĸģĤļĦ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ĭŒ ńŐĪŌœ ģĪń ĵŁōĸĹœ ōĸĿ ĪŁŗ ĸĦʼn ĨĹń ĪŃ ĶīŒň Œ ŗŐİŐĪ.œ ĺĿĬŁįĮŀ ĥĮʼnœ ĥĹŁœ ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁŐĪĽœ ŋįĽŋĦōįįĽŋĮĮĤńœ ĮœŅ ŎĪĩļĦń īŁĵĻŊģŀ ĺĪň ĨĮŀœ ĵĪŀ ĭĿĩĵʼn ĺģŅ ĺŁijŃĵļļģŏĮİń 2011. ĭĦŀ Įģńœ Ōŗ ijŒ ņļļŁŗ ĮĹĩĥĹŁĵĺĿĪĹģ ōĸĿ ĺļĪ ĥļŒ Ħģįŀ ĹĭŃ ńģŁĮĽŋĮ-ģŁĮĺļĮōįįŏţŒ ŎĪĩōĮŏŒ ĺģŒ ŁĮijĪŀ ĭĿĮŁĤĿįĹĮģŁĮĭŁĦĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ĺŁĪŏĻōœ ģĮŒ ģŀ ĽŋĮĨĮŀœ ĵĪŀ ĭĿĩĵʼn İńĭń 5. ĪĦŒ ŀ ĮĮŀœ , ģŁĮħĪŀ ĹŁĦŌĮļņœ ŏĮĤļĦįĪʼn ĽŋĮħŒĦŅ ĵĸń ģŀ ĺĿĮĿİĿĺĵʼn İĿĺŁĮĸĿĻĹŁŒ ĦŌĮļņœ ŏĮ, ģĪŃ ħĿģŁŗ ōĸĿ ģŁĮĮŁŗ ŏĨĤœ ŗĵœ Įň ŏĮĭļœ ĦĬŒ ĮŃ . ĮļģĮĩńœ Ħŀ ĵĥń Łŗ ĬŁĵĺļĪōĨģĸĿĻĹŁŒ ĦŌĮļœņ ŏĮōīĸŒ ĿīļĮŌijŒ ņļĭĪʼn ĺļįĥĹŁĵŌĤʼnœŁŏħ, ģŁĮĥĮʼnœ ĥĪŃ ĻŁĥŁŗ īļįijŁĩĻŊĦŀ ĭŒ ńŐĪĺœ ģŅ ĺŁ ōĸĿ İĿīįŃ Īŀ ģĪŃ ħĿģŁŗ ŐİōĸĹœ . İœŅĵĻĹʼn Įİœń Ŀģļįĵń 6 ijŁģ, ĵń 29 įĪʼn ŌĨŒ ĦŃ İĿģļįĪĹœ ĩŌĮļņœ ŏĮĺŁŗ ĥĮŀ ĥ:ņ ĥĹŁĵĽňœ ijœņĮĬŁĮģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ, Ľįň ģŁĮħĪŀ īĦŀœ ĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ , ģŁĮħĪŀ ĸĿįįʼn ĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵń ĨĹń ĪŃ , ĸģŀ ĺĿĮĿĸĹĵ, ŎĥĦİĿģļįĺŁœ Ħ ōĸĿ ŢŁœ ĭŒ ńĤļĦōīĸŒ ĿļŁĮŁħģŀ , ĺĪŀ įŒ ŗĵģń ĿĪģň ĺĮŀ ĻŊĦŀ ōĸĿ ĵģń ĿĪģň ĺĮŀ ĻŊĦŀ . ĻĹĦŀ ĶŁŒ ĦĩŒ ĦŃ ĹŁŒ İœŅĵĻĹʼn Įħœń ĿŌİŀĮİĿŎĻĩĪōģıŒ Őœň Īļœ ŁŒ Į, ŐĪĽœ ŋĮ ōĸĿ Ĩĵʼn ŏĨŌœ İŀĮĶŁŒ ĦĪ,ń ōīĭŒ ģŇ ĶŁŒ Ħģĩŗ Ħŀ ĵĤń ŗĤœ ŁĪīģʼn įģʼn ijļŒ ĦĶŒň ŌĨŒ ŀĮ: ģŁĮŏĨĥœ Łŗ ĺįŀ īŁŒ Ħő, ģŁĮħĪŀ ĸŁŗ Īįŀ ŌĮļœņ ŏĮ ōĸĿ ļŒ Įņ ő. ōīĺŒ ĹŒ ĮĻŊŁĩĥĿĮĿĽŋįĽŋĦŐĪĶœ ŅĪĬĻņ Ŋģŀ ģŁĮĭįŀ ĺįŀ ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪħŁģijŁĺŁ īŁŒ ĦİĿŌĭĪ ĭĦŀ Įģńœ Ōŗ ijŒ ņļŏĻŌœ Įļņœ ŏĮĵĥń ĹŁĵĨĪŀ ŌħĮ ōĸĿ ŏĻıœ Įœň Łŗ ŏĨŌœ ļģĿĺŁĮļŒ Įņ őĭŒ ńģŋŒ ĹĤļœ Ħ

ģįŀ ŌĮļņœ ŏĮİĪʼn ĽŋĮŐĪĽœ įŀ ĥĹŁĵĺĿĪĹģĺĿįŁĩĩŒ ĦŃ ĤĮœŅ . ĬŁœ ĭŁŒ ĮĻŁģĵĥń ĹŁĵħĦŃ ŏħŏĻģœ ŁĮ ĽĹŒ ĵĵīņ Łŗ ĮīŃ ĨŃ ĵʼn ōĸĿ ĥŁŗ ŌĻŀĮŏĪő, ħĦŒ ʼn ĺŒĦʼn ĤŁŒ ĹŌijŒ ņļĪĪŀ ōİĦ, ōģŐœ ĤŐİĩĦŀ ĺĿĬŁįĮŀ ĥĮʼnœ ĥĹŁœ ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁ; ĭŁĦĥĿĮĿĽŋįĽŋĦĬĹņ ŁŒ ģŁĮĺŒĦʼn ĤŁŒ ĹĪĦŒ ŀ ģŁŒ ĹŌİŀĮģŁĮİĿģļįĺĹŒ Į ŏĮģŁĮijĪŀ ĭĿĮŁĥĮŇ ĮĿijŁįĤļĦģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁĤļĦĨŁĪŌĽʼnŁ. ĺĿĬŁįĮŀ ĥĮʼnœ ĥĹŁœ ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁ. ĥĿĮĿĽŋįĽŋĦ

ĺŁĸĿįŁĮ ijŁģĭń I: ĥĹŁĵĽijňœ œņĮĬŁĮģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ...................................................1 įĪʼn ĭń 1: ģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ..........................................................1 įĪʼn ĭń 2: ĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ..............................................................11 ijŁģĭń II: Ľįň ģŁĮħĪŀ īĦŀœ ĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ............................................................19 įĪʼn ĭń 3: ģŁĮģŁŗ ŌĮĪń ĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ................................................................19 įĪʼn ĭń 4: ħĸŇ Ħŀ ōĸĿ ĭŃĪĺĿĪģń ŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ħĸŇ Ħŀ .........................................................26 įĪʼn ĭń 5: ŎĥĦĺŁœ ĦijņœĮĬŁĮĤļĦħĸŇ Ħŀ .....................................................................36 įĪʼn ĭń 6: ģŁĮŌĥŒ ļņ ĮĭŒ ńĤļĦĭŁĪīŁŒ ĦőıŁŒ ĮħĸŇ Ħŀ ....................................................50 įĪʼn ĭń 7: ģŁĮōĸģİŒŋĮĭŁĪ ōĸĿ ijĿĸĦŀ ĦŁĮ......................................................61 ijŁģĭń III:ģŁĮħĪŀ ĸĿįįʼn ĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ..........................................................67 įĪʼn ĭń 8: ĻŊģŀ ģŁĮħŁŗ ōĮģĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ .............................................................67 įĪʼn ĭń 9: ģŁĮħĪŀ ōįĦŒ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ......................................................................73 ijŁģĭń IV:ĸģŀ ĺĿĮĿĸĹĵ, ŎĥĦİĿģļįĺŁœ Ħ ōĸĿ ŢŁœ ĭŒ ńĤļĦijŁģĺĹŒ ĮīŁŒ Ħő ŏĮōīĸŒ ĿļŁĮŁħģŀ ...........................................................................81 įĪʼn ĭń 10: ļŁĮŁħģŀ ŎĵŌĮķŁ ………...............................................................80 įĪʼn ĭń 11: ļŁĮŁħģŀ ŎİķīĺŃ īŁ ……….................................................................84 įĪʼn ĭń 12: ļŁĮŁħģŀ ŌĻŀĪ ………...................................................................................91 įĪʼn ĭń 13: ļŁĮŁħģŀ ijņĪ ………….…….….......................................................97 įĪʼn ĭń 14: ŏį ōĸĿ ģŁĮĺĦŀ ŌĥŁĿĪĹœ ĩōĺĦ.......................................................112 įĪʼn ĭń 15: ģŁĮĺįņ ijĮŀ ĤļĦijņĪ......................................................................119 įĪʼn ĭń 16: ļŁĮŁħģŀ ĺĪŀ ..................................................................................129 ijŁģĭń V: ĺĪŀ įŒ ŗĵģń ĿĪģň ĺĮŀ ĻŊĦŀ ..................................................................................135 įĪʼn ĭń 17: İĿĬĵʼn ĵĿĺĪŀ ........................................................................................135 įĪʼn ĭń 18: ĺĪŀ ŐĺĬœ Ħʼn ………….….........................................................................139 įĪʼn ĭń 19: Ĥģńœ ĿŌĪļņ Į..................................................................................144 įĪʼn ĭń 20: ĺĪŀ ļļŒ ĮōĻŊĹ …………...............................................................153

įĪʼn ĭń 21: ĺĪŀ īĮń Ĥŗœ ............................................................................................158 ijŁģĭń VI:ĺĪŀ ĵģń ĿĪģň ĺĮŀ ĻŊĦŀ ........................................................................164 įĪʼn ĭń 22: İŁ.............................................................................................164 įĪʼn ĭń 23: ĺĪŀ ŌĥŒ ĦŃ įģʼn ŌĥŒ ĦŃ ĮŁŗœ ………….............................................................173 įĪʼn ĭń 24: ĺĪŀ ŌĸņļĥŁĮ ………….........................................................................178 įĪʼn ĭń 25: ĺĪŀ İńģ ……....................................................................................184 įĪʼn ĭń 26: ĺĪŀ ĸŋœ Ħĸģň ĪĹœ ĩĮŁŗœ Įĵʼn .........................................................................190 įĪʼn ĭń 27: ģŁĮŌĥŒ ļņ ĮĭŒ ńĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ .............................................................198 įĪʼn ĭń 28: ijŅĪīģŃ Łŗ ĤļĦĺĪŀ …………............................................................203 įĪʼn ĭń 29: ģŁĮĺįņ ijĮŀ ōĸĿ ģŁĮŌīįń ŏĻĩĤŒ ļĦĺĪŀ ..........................................212

ijŁģĭń I ĥĹŁĵĽijňœ œņĮĬŁĮģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ įĪʼn ĭń 1 ģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ 1. ĥĹŁĵţŁĩĤļĦĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ĥŁŗ ĹŁŒ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ (Biology) ĵŁħŁģijŁĺŁŌģķģŀ 2 ĥŁŗ ĥ:ņ ĨĹń Ŀ (Bio) ōİĹŁŒ ĨĹń ĪŃ ōĸĿ ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ (logy) ōİĹŁŒ ĥĹŁĵĽ,ňœ ĥĹŁĵĥĪŃ ĶŁŒ ĦĵŌń ĻĪıĮʼn . ĪĦŒ ŀ ĮĮŀœ , ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ħŒĦŅ ŌİŀĮĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪĤĿōŢĦŢŒ ŅĦĭŒ ńĽŋĮĽģňœ ŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪ ōĸĿ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ , ĸĿįįʼn ĤļĦ ĽŁŒ ĦģŁĩĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ , ŌĻĪģŁĮ ĻŊņ İŁģĪʼn ģŁĮīŁĵĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪīĿĻŊļĪŌĬĦŃ ĺŒ ĦŃ ōĹĪĸļœ ĵĭŒ ńĵń ļĪŃ ĭŃijĮʼn īŒ ŗĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ŎĪĩĮŁŗ ŏĨĹœ ĭŃ ńģŁĮĭŁĦĹĭŃ ĿĩŁĺŁĪĶŁŒ Ħĵĸń Ŀįįʼn ōĸĿ ĵĻń ŊŁĩĤĮŀœ īļĮ. Įģŀ ĽŋĮŌĥĩń ĺĦŀ ŌģĪįŗĹŁŒ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ŌĻŒ ʼnŊŁĮĮŀœ ĵĸń ģŀ ĺĿĮĿōĮĹŏĪ? ĬŁœ ļĦń ŏĺĸŒ ģŀ ĺĿĮĿ ijŁĩĮļģ, Ľįň ĽŁŒ Ħ ōĸĿ ĤĿŢŁĪĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ĭŒ ńijįʼn ŌĻŀĮŌĻŒ ʼnŊŁĮĮŀœ Įģŀ ĽŋĮĥĦʼn ĺŁĵŁĪ ĩģʼn īĹʼn ĶŁŒ ĦĨŒ Ĥņ ļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ŐĪīœ ŁĵĨŒ Ĥņ ļĦĭļœ ĦĬŒ ĮŃ īĮʼn Ōĥĩń ŌļĮœń ōĵĮŒ įŗ. ສະຫງວນລິສຂ.ະວ.ສິສດ 2. ĤĿōŢĦģŁĮĤļĦĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ĨĹń ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ ħŁŗ ōĮģļļģŌİŀĮĤĿōŢĦīŁŒ ĦőŌĨŒ ĦŃ ħŁŗ ōĮģīŁĵĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪ, īŁĵ ŢŁœ ĭŒ ń ĻŊņ ģŁĮŌĽŀĪĹŋģĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ . ģŁĮħŁŗ ōĮģŎĪĩĭŁŗ ĵĿĨŁĪĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ĺŁĵŁĪōįĦŒ ļļģŌİŀĮĤĿōŢĦ ĻŊņ ĹĨŃ Ł ĪĦŒ ŀ Į:œń 1) ħĸŇ ĿĨįń ĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ (Microbiology) ŌİŀĮĹĨŃ ŁĭŒ ńĺģŅ ĺŁģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ĤĿŢŁĪ Įļœ ĩĭŒ ńŌįŒ ĦŃ ĪĹœ ĩīŁŌİŒ ʼnŁįŒ ŗŌĻŀĮ ŌĨŒ ŀĮ: ōįģĭńŌķĩ, ŎİķŎīĨĹʼn , ŐĹķĪŀ , ŌĨļņœ ķŁ ōĸĿ ĺŁĻŊŁŒ ĩ/ŌĭʼnŁ. 2) ijņĪĺŁĪ (Botany) ĺģŅ ĺŁģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ijņĪ. 3) ĺĪŀ īĿĺŁĪ (Zoology) ĺģŅ ĺŁģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ĺĪŀ . ōīĸŒ ĿĤĿōŢĦģŐŗ Īōœ įĦŒ ļļģŌİŀĮģĵŇŒ ĩļŒ ĩĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ļģń . ģŁĮħŁŗ ōĮģīŁĵŢŁœ ĭŒ ń ōĸĿ ģŁĮŌĽĪŀ ĹŋģĤļĦĺŒ ĦŃ ĭŒ ńĵĨń Ĺń ĪŃ ĵĹń ĨŃ ŁĪĦŒ ŀ Į:œń 1) ĺĿĸĸŃ ĿĹĭŃ ĿĩŁ (Physiology) ŌİŀĮģŁĮĺģŅ ĺŁģŋŒ Ĺģįŀ ģŁĮŌĽŀĪĹŋģ ĤļĦĸĿįįʼn īŁŒ ĦőŏĮĽŁŒ ĦģŁĩ. 1