275710-science_advice_book_tagged

Index 287 Space Telescope Science Institute (STSI/STScI), 178, 186, letter reports, 24, 95–99, 163 202, 214, 242 NASA advisory committees, 13 NASA-NSF merger, 151–152 Space-Based Global Change Observation System, 61 Near Earth Object (NEO) hazard report, 148 SSB recommendations, 22, 122 neutrality of, 124–125 SSB response time, 96–97 process chart, 131 SSB role, 11, 15–16, 44, 63–64, 66–67, 149 program priorities, 197 staff reductions, 138, 160–161 project approval, 96 strategic plan, 32, 74–81, 84–87, 120, 252. See also Office relationship with NASA, 216–220 relationship with National Academies, 221 of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) relationship with NOAA, 154–155 summer studies, 25, 243 relationship with the National Academies, 244 support for research, 24 Report Review Committee (RRC), 27–28, 96, 220 Sustaining University Program, 21–22 role, 148–149, 161–162, 210 National Bureau of Standards, 3, 5, 10, 25 staff merger, 28n52 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 88, 93–95, 195 standing committees, 96–98 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), study costs, 220–221 summer studies, 29 175 Whitford report, 110 advisory structure, 153–155, 204, 231 workshop reports, 239 decadal surveys, 116 National Science Board (NSB), 11, 36, 143, 145, 187 ESSC recommendations, 60 National Science Foundation (NSF), 110–111, 121, 177 NASA senior reviews, 104 advisory funding, 245 relationship with NASA, 31, 155 advisory structure, 145–149, 231 relationship with NRC, 154 Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee (AAAC), relationship with NSF, 155 relationship with SSB, 154–155 152–153 review team, 153–154, 175 budget constraints, 147–148 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 37–38, 110 “Connecting Quarks” report, 181 National Reconnaissance Office, 183 ESSC recommendations, 60 National Research Council (NRC) FACA committees, 145–146, 204 ad hoc committees, 183 GPRA implementation, 88 advisory committees, 181, 187, 201, 206–208, 254 merger with NASA, 151–152 advisory funding, 245–246 meteorite discoveries, 179–181 advisory structure, 215–216, 215–220, 229 NRC decadal strategy surveys, 112 advisory timeline, 55, 114, 211n12 relationship to National Science Board (NSB), 11, 36, 143 Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB), 28, 31, relationship with NOAA, 155 role, 146 133 senior reviews, 148 article in Science, 211 Space Science Board (SSB) established, 9–11 Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee (AAAC), standing committees, 196–198 summer studies, 25 151–152 Vanguard program, 9 Balance report, 202 National Space Policy Directive, 61 Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA), 122–123, 128, Naugle, John E. background, 40–41 181 book, 251 business model, 244 FACA legislation, 51–52 Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, 31 OSSA Associate Administrator, 36, 39–40 Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space, peer review, 251 priorities of, 40–42, 41, 161, 254 116 SSEC chair, 58 Congressional mandated studies, 191–192, 211–212 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 5–8, 174, 203 “Connecting Quarks” report, 202 advisory structure, 33 creation of, 2 Homer Newell at, 63 decadal surveys, 28, 89, 110–112, 115, 118, 244 rocket panel, 8, 34 FACA section 15 compliance, 94–99, 127, 129, 162–163, Navy Department. See U.S. Navy near Earth Asteroid (NEO), 148 208, 220, 225, 241–242, 255 fast-track studies, 245–246 GPRA implementation study, 88–89 GPRAMA implementation, 90 Greenstein report, 110–112 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 187–189 independence of, 93–94, 217–220

288 Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission (NEAR), 174 O’Keefe, Sean new starts, 22, 54–58, 68, 74–78, 101, 170, 183 Congressional mandated studies, 190 Newell, Homer E., 40–41, 251 HST servicing missions, 186–189 NASA Administrator, 121, 135–136, 159, 163, 190 advisory committees, 33–34, 63, 119, 131, 161, 254 personality of, 159, 190, 217–218 advisory timeline, 34 background, 6–7 Opportunity rover, 105 book, 7n27, 17, 39 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) program, 40 memorandum of record, 44–45 Orbiting Solar Observatory satellite series, 111 NASA Associate Administrator, 42–44 Origins Program, 142n28, 180 NASA science programs, 24, 39–40, 63 outer solar system missions, 19, 25, 36–38, 58, 142n28, 212 opposition to Richard Goody’s SSB appointment, 17 OSSA Director, 14, 40 P priorities of, 36, 39–44, 242 Paine, Thomas O., 38–39, 42, 61n26 quoted, 17 Paradox report, 196–198, 201, 210, 214 recommendations to James Fletcher, 43–44, 67, 238, 254 peer review, 137, 220, 228, 243 SCIGY chair, 8, 12, 63 SPAC creation, 34, 42–45, 215 Clinton’s request for, 179–180 SSA Associate Administrator, 36 decadal surveys, 232 SSB guidance, 44, 119, 131, 242 of drafts, 93–94, 127 TPESP working group, 12, 251 exemptions from, 48 newsletters, 142n29 FACA committees, 145, 208 Nierenberg, William A., 30, 34, 54 importance of, 251–255 Nixon, Richard M., 39, 47, 49–50 NAC and, 221, 244–245, 254 NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration process, 131 Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC), 149–150 of proposals, 26, 88, 145–146 Report Review Committee (RRC), 27, 220 O senior reviews, 103 Obama, Barack Hussein, 128 Pellerin, Charles Oberth, Hermann J., 5, 12 Great Observatories program, 170–171, 182, 200, 204, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 40, 48–50, 54, 209, 242 202 interpersonal relations, 225, 232 advisory reports, 205 Management Operations Working Groups (MOWG) role, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 228 Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee (AAAC), 218 NASA Director of Astrophysics, 66, 68, 170 151–152 quoted, 68, 170, 218–219 attitudes toward NASA, 159–160, 222, 239–240 relationship with decadal survey committees, 218–219 GPRAMA implementation, 90 Percy, Charles H., 49 Mars Rock symposium, 180–181 “Performance Assessment of NASA’s Astrophysics Program, a” Mission to Planet Earth program, 61 NASA appropriations, 128–129, 139, 193 (NRC report), 124–125 NASA senior reviews, 105 Pilcher, Carl, 84–85, 97, 242 NASA strategic plan, 76 Pimentel, George, 42 presidential administrations, 84, 86 Pioneer program, 58, 251 relationship to NOAA, 153 “Planetary Exploration 1968-1975” (report), 18–20 Sunnyvale management and planning system, 83 “Planetary Exploration Through the Year 2000: A Core Office of Naval Research (ONR), 2, 11, 110 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 56, 112, Program” (report), 23, 59 Planetary Observer (spacecraft series), 59, 173, 204, 234 127–128, 182, 210, 239–240 Pluto missions, 115 Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA), 40, 54–55, Polar program, 21, 104 Porter, Richard W., 9, 12 67, 84, 164 position papers. See white papers reorganized, 79–81, 96, 195–196 “Practical Applications of Space Systems” (report), 30 senior reviews, 102–107, 147, 164 President’s Scientific Advisory Council, 9–10 strategic plan, 32, 73–81, 251 Press, Frank, 31–32, 64–65, 96 timeline, 114 “Priorities for Space Research” report, 19, 23, 34, 202, 210, 214 Puckett, Allen E., 30 Pugh, George, 226

Index 289 Q science Quarks-to-the-Cosmos report, 121, 181–184, 182n36, 202, Cold War effect on, 29 collaboration in, 7n28, 37, 113, 183, 248–250 210. See also “Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: developments in, 121, 129–130 Eleven Science Questions for the New Century” diversity in, 116–118 (report); Turner report interdisciplinary, 18, 106–107 management and planning, 231 R silos in, 18, 252–253 Ramsey, Norman F., 34–35 Ramsey committee, 34–35, 40, 53, 177, 238 Science (journal), 11 Raven, Peter, 96 “Science, the Endless Frontier” (report), 2 Reagan, Ronald, 54, 56, 58, 69, 73–74, 234 science strategies. See strategic reports “Remote Sensing of the Earth in Space: A Program in Crisis” science-engineering tension, 4, 24, 252 scientists (report), 30, 31n59, 116 “Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on NASA/University as advisors, 35, 165, 195–196, 208–209, 238 as advisors (diagram), 64 Relationships” (report), 19, 21 attitudes toward NASA, 140, 163, 176–178, 218, Report Review Committee (RRC), 27–28, 96, 220 research and analysis (R&A) programs, 138–139 231–232, 238 clout, 240 defined, 105 competitiveness of, 3–4, 68, 202–203, 212–214, 249 Fisk and, 74 interpersonal relations, 225–226 Huntress and, 180 resistance to change, 42, 61 Lanzerotti and, 55 support for NASA, 254 NASA budgets, 57, 138, 180, 214, 224 workload, 243 “Review of Space Research, a” (report), 25 Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 30, 54, 61, 136 Ride, Sally K., 60–61 Seamans, Robert C., 39 Riegler, Guenter, 101–103, 105, 242 Seitz, Frederick, 29 Rieke, Marcia, 104, 129–130, 152–153, 248–249 senior reviews, 101–107, 169, 200–208, 233 Rocket and Satellite Research Panel, 6, 9 of 2005 (Arecibo), 147–148 ROSAT (Röntgensatellit), 21 advisory timeline, 114 Rosendhal, Jeffrey D., 55, 57, 68 versus peer review, 88 Roth, William V., 49, 83 Riegler on, 102–105, 242 round tables, 13 SESAC Crisis Report, 55–58, 210, 255 advisory timeline, 55 S Challenger accident, 64, 69 Sagan, Carl, 148 circumstances leading to, 56–67, 69, 73–74, 101 Sargent, Anneila, 179, 221 recommendations, 57–58, 194, 250–251 satellites Single Aperture Far Infra-Red observatory (SAFIR), 113 Skylab space station, 38 environmental, 116 Smith, Bruce L.R., 47n1, 208, 241 Explorer 1, 9 Smith, Henry J., 36 first Soviet artificial (Sputnik I), 9 Smith, Marcia first U.S. artificial, 8 Congressional mandated studies, 163, 185 funding for, 116, 128 FACA section 15 compliance, 98, 217 Gravity Probe B mission, 19, 37, 226–228 GPRA/GPRAMA impacts, 90 and military surveillance, 29 on Louis Lanzerotti, 187 Orbiting Solar Observatory series, 111 NAC structure reform, 138, 141–142, 217 Sputnik I and II, 9 NASA relationship with National Academies, 156 spy, 183 on NRC study chairs, 208 TIROS-1, 29 quoted, 89–90, 141–142, 163, 185 satellites (natural) scientists’ competitiveness, 249 Europa, 115, 213 Soderblom, Lawrence A., 55, 57 Moon, 23–25, 38, 121 Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 112–113 Titan, 59 Solar Orbital Telescope, 73 Saturn missions, 56, 59, 77, 101 “Solar System Space Physics in the 1980s: A Research Strategy” Schiff, Leonard, 226 Schmitt, Harrison, 136–138, 140, 255 (report), 19, 23 Schmitt, Jack, 218 Space and Earth Sciences Advisory Committee (SESAC), 136. Schmitt, Roland, 196 Science Definition Teams (SDTs), 65n3 See also SESAC Crisis Report

290 Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership Space Applications Board (SAB), 29–31, 194, 204 extended mission assessment, 105 Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 112–113, 120. See FACA section 15 compliance, 95–98, 127 focused topical reports, examples of, 19 also Spitzer Space Telescope formal reviews, 84–85 Space Physics Paradox Report, 196–198, 201, 210–211, 214 Gravity Probe B mission review, 227 “Space Plasma Physics—The Study of Solar System Plasmas” Hornig report, 176–178 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 112, 187, 209–210, 219 (report), 19, 20 impact of, 26 Space Program Advisory Council (SPAC), 34, 42–45, 53, independence of, 64–65, 76, 217–220, 240–242 “Institutional Arrangements for the Space Telescope” 215. See also NASA Advisory Council (NAC) “Space Research: Directions for the Future” (report), 18–19, 34 (report), 177–178 Space Science Advisory Committee (SSAC), 54–55, 179–181 interdisciplinary science, 18 Space Science and Applications Advisory Committee joint studies with ASEB, 28 letter reports, 24, 95–98, 205, 250, 252 (SSAAC), 61, 77–80, 101, 171–172 letter reports, examples of, 19, 21, 24, 65, 97 Space Science Board (SSB), 9, 193. See also National “Managing the Space Sciences” report, 196, 201–202, Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Space 209–210 Studies Board (SSB) Mars Rock symposium, 179–181 absorption of SAB, 32 mission priorities, 58, 120, 207, 216 achievements, 15 name change, 14, 32, 194 ad hoc committees, 11, 17–18, 119, 149 NAS members, 10–11 Advanced Research Projects Agency initial recommenda- NASA budget decisions, 126 NASA initial recommendations, 11 tions, 11 NASA long term advisory capacity, 13 advisory report costs, 193 and NASA Missions Boards, 35 advisory reports, 15, 18, 162–163 NASA organization chart, 16 advisory services, 107 NASA R&A budget, 140 advisory structure, 144 NASA senior reviews, 105 advisory timeline, 55, 114 NASA strategic plan, 32, 85–86, 97 assessment reports, 23, 84, 203 NRC collaboration, 23 Balance report, 122, 189–193, 201–202, 209–211, 214, NRC decadal strategy surveys, 109–133 NSF initial recommendations, 11 219, 233 Priorities report, 19, 23, 34, 202, 210, 214 chairs of, 12 process, 18 charge, 10, 26, 129, 191 rapid response, 21–22, 24, 26 clout, 22, 24, 63–64, 129, 160–161 relationship with LPMB, 37–39 Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA), relationship with NAC, 138, 220 relationship with NASA, 25, 127 122–123, 138–139, 225 relationship with NOAA, 154–155 Committee on Data Management and Computation report availability, 19 Report Review Committee (RRC), 27–28 (CODMAC), 18, 20 role, 11, 15–16, 44, 66–67, 238 Committee on Earth Sciences, 32 scope, 15–16, 20–24, 35, 216, 229, 251 Committee on Microgravity Research, 32 SESAC Crisis Report, 64 Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration Space Physics Paradox Report, 196–198, 202, 210 specialized study committees, 18 (COMPLEX), 22, 66 standing committees, 18, 26, 95, 99 Committee on Planetary Biology and Chemical Evolution, strategic reports, 216, 233 strategic reports, examples of, 19, 66 22 summer studies, 25 Committee on Solar and Space Physics, 23, 211 support for research, 24 Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Relations, 23 Task Group on Space Astronomy and Astrophysics, 120 Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 248 William A. Fowler at, 36 committee organizational structure, 18 Woods Hole planning workshop, 78–80 Congressional mandated studies, 190, 210–211 “Space Science Decadal Surveys: Lessons Learned and Best “Connecting Quarks” report, 181, 210 COSPAR, 26 Practices, The” (report), 119–120 creation of, 8, 34 criticisms of, 27, 127 cross-discipline studies, 201, 210, 239 decadal survey workshops, 117–118, 254 decadal surveys, 28, 86, 112n14, 149, 164, 246–247, 255 decadal surveys, midterm, 124 discipline areas, 12, 14 ESSC partnership, 26 established, 9–10

Index 291 “Space Science in the Twenty-First Century: Imperatives for “Strategy for the Exploration of the Inner Planets: 1977-1987” the Decades 1995 to 2015” (reports), 26 (report), 23 Space Science Working Group, 74 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), Space Shuttle, 20–21, 60, 121. See also Challenger; Columbia 112–113, 139n20 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 228 Strom, Steven, 253–254 budget shortfalls, 139–140 study reports costs, 75, 122, 190 development of, 25n38, 39 defined, 13 Galileo program, 21 focused, 15, 18, 20, 23–24 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 121, 185–189, 206, 216, NRC prepared, 220 peer review, 93 233 SSB prepared, 193 launches deferred, 73 Sullivan, Kathryn, 153–154 Magellan program, 21 summer studies, 25–26, 29–30, 34, 243 replacement by Constellation, 136 retired, 139 T role, 30, 56 Technical Panel on the Earth Satellite Program (TPESP), 9, Ulysses program, 21 Space Station program, 25n38, 30, 39, 75 34, 251 Space Studies Board (SSB). See also Space Science Board (SSB) Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 113 advisory structure, 215–216 Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and cross-discipline studies, 193–196 decadal surveys, 119 Dynamics (TIMED), 104 NASA’s 2016 Mission Directorate, 14 Thompson, J.R., 78 role, 161, 194 Tilford, Shelby, 172, 200, 242 Space Telescope Science Institute (STSI/STScI), 68, 176–178, Ting, Samuel, 228 Titan missions, 19, 59 186, 202, 214, 242 topical (focused) reports, 15, 18, 20, 23–24 Special Committee for the International Geophysical Year Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), 104 Truly, Richard, 79, 163, 187 (SCIGY), 7–8 Tsiolkovskiy, Konstantin E., 5, 12 special pleading, 96, 212–214, 226 Turner, Michael S., 117–118, 150, 181–184 Spitzer, Lyman, 112 Turner report, 182. See also “Connecting Quarks with the Spitzer Space Telescope, 112–113, 171, 233 Spudis, Paul, 122 Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New Century” Sputnik, 9, 34, 251 (report); Quarks-to-the-Cosmos report Squyres, Steve, 140–142, 216, 221, 224, 247 Stern, Alan, 140, 193, 216, 225 U Stockman, David A., 58 Ulysses program, 21, 73, 104 Stofan, Andrew, 20 Urry, C. Megan, 122–123 Stofan, Ellen, 222 U.S. Air Force, 9, 11, 39 strategic plans, 148, 150–151, 180 U.S. Army, 3–9, 11 U.S. Global Change Research Program, 59–61, 173 drafts, 153 U.S. National Academy for the International Geophysical Fisk and, 74, 229, 238, 242, 252 GPRA requirements, 83–90, 156, 160, 164 Year (USNC-IGY), 7–8, 12 Lanzerotti and, 57–58 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 5–8, 33, 63, 174, NASA timeline, 114 NASA’s, 73–81, 120, 219, 242 203 NSAC’s, 150 U.S. Navy, 2–10 OSSA prepared, 32, 164, 195, 251 strategic reports, 18 V Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration Van Allen, James, 6–9, 12, 25, 251 Van Allen radiation belts, 6, 9 (COMPLEX), 22 Vanguard program, 6, 8–10, 12, 33–34, 251 list of, 19 Venus missions, 19, 25, 37, 58–59, 115, 142n28 process, 23–24 Viking program, 58, 173, 175 SSB prepared, 19–23, 233 Vision for Space Exploration, 121–122, 136–139, 189–191, suspension of, 32 “Strategy for the Exploration of Primitive Solar System 210–211, 253 von Braun, Wernher, 5–6 Bodies—Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids: 1980– Voyager program, 58, 104 1990” report, 22–23

292 Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership W quoted, 89, 138–139, 159–160, 178, 186, 188 Walcott, Charles D., 3 relationship with SSB, 225 Warner, Mark, 84 Whipple, Fred L., 12 Washington, George, 1 white papers, 13, 131, 141 Wasserburg, Jerry, 208 Whitford, Albert E., 110 Webb, James E., 15, 21, 24, 29 Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), 183 Wilson, Woodrow, 93 advisory timeline, 34 Wind program, 21, 104 Ramsey committee, 34–35 Withbroe, George, 197–198 Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 112–113, 118, 139n20, 183, Withee, Greg, 116 workshop reports, 13, 118n32, 244–245 233, 253 Weber, Arnold, 48 Y Weiler, Edward, 193, 203, 254 Young, Thomas, 135, 153–155 advisory committees, 221–222, 234, 244 background, 175 advisory structure, 213 on Jerry Wasserburg, 208 Congressional mandated studies, 185 Mars program independent assessment, 175–176, 201, decadal surveys, 242 Hubble program scientist, 178, 186 205, 209, 244 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) report, 188 NOAA review team, 153–154 Management Operations Working Groups (MOWG), 218 on Noel Hinners, 223 Mars program independent assessment, 175–176, 200 quoted, 201, 239–240 NAC structure reform, 138–139 Young report, 175n19, 176 NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science, 114, 175, Z 212–213, 232 Zuber, Maria, 122 NASA budgets, 140, 240 OMB responsiveness, 239

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