20190722-mo-singto-forest-dynamics-plot

CONTENT Appendix 6 Family Botanical Name References Rosaceae Prunus javanica (T. & B.) Miq. FCLV 6 (1968) 174, 175 (fig.), Rubiaceae Aidia densiflora (Wall.) Masam. 176 Rubiaceae Anthocephalus chinensis (Lmk.) A. FT 2:1(1970) 69 Rich. ex Walp. Rubiaceae Canthium coffeoides Pierre ex Pit. Blumea 41:1(1996) 150 Rubiaceae Canthium glabrum Bl. FIC 3(1922) 29 (fig.), 32 – 33 Rubiaceae Ixora cibdela Craib (syn.= Anthocephalus indicus Rubiaceae Ixora javanica (Bl.) DC. A. Rich.) Rubiaceae Lasianthus chinensis (Champ.) Bth. FIC 3(1924) 296 – 297 Rubiaceae Lasianthus hirsutus (Roxb.) Merr. FIC 3(1924) 286 (fig.), 291 – Rubiaceae Lasianthus hispidulus (Drake) Pit. 292 TFM 4(1989) 342 FIC 3(1924) 329 – 330 TFB 34(2005) 11 – 12 TFB 34(2005) 15 – 16 FIC 3(1924) 391 Acta Phytaxon. Sinica 39:2(2001) 123 Blumea 57:1(2012) 27 FIC 3(1924) 382 (syn.= L. cyanocarpus Jack var. lucidulus Pierre ex Pit.) Acta Phytaxon. Sinica 39:2(2001) 129 Blumea 57:1(2012) 47 FIC 3(1924) 393 – 394 Acta Phytaxon. Sinica 39:2(2001) 130 Blumea 57:1(2012) 48 FBI Flora of British India FC Flora of China FIC Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FICS Supplement, Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FLCV Flore de Cambodge, du Laos, et du Vietnam FM Flora Malesiana FT Flora of Thailand GBS Gardens Bulletin Singapore KB Kew Bulletin PT Palms and Cycads of Thailand TFB Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) TFM Tree Flora of Malaya 440

Literature references for selected species by family CONTENT Family Botanical Name References Rubiaceae Lasianthus kurzii Hk. f. var. kurzii Rubiaceae FIC 3(1924) 384 Rubiaceae Lasianthus lucidus Bl. var. lucidus Acta Phytaxon. Sinica Rubiaceae 39:2(2001) 133 Lasianthus roosianus H. Zhu Rubiaceae Lasianthus verticillatus (Lour.) Merr. FIC 3(1924) 385 Rubiaceae var. verticillatus Acta Phytaxon. Sinica Rubiaceae 39:2(2001) 135 Lasianthus wallichii (Wight & Arn.) Blumea 57:1(2012) 73 – 74 Rubiaceae Wight Metadina trichotoma (Zoll. & Mor.) Nordic J. Bot. 22:5(2002) 576, Bakh. f. 577 (fig.), 578 Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. FIC 3(1924) 390 – 391 (syn.= L. tamirensis Pierre ex Pavetta indica L. Pit.) Acta Phytaxon. Sinica 39:2(2001) 144 – 145 Blumea 57:1(2012) 93 FIC 3(1924) 378 Acta Phytaxon. Sinica 39:2(2001) 146 FIC 3(1992) 37 (syn.= Adina polycephala Bth.) Blumea 24:2(1978) 350 TFM 4(1989) 374 FIC 3(1922) 27 – 28 (syns.= Sarcoephalus an- namensis Dub. & Eberh., S. cordatus Miq.) Blumea 24:2(1978) 327 FIC 3(1924) 331 Repert. Spec. Nov. Reg. Veget. 37:1(1934) 154 FBI Flora of British India FC Flora of China FIC Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FICS Supplement, Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FLCV Flore de Cambodge, du Laos, et du Vietnam FM Flora Malesiana FT Flora of Thailand GBS Gardens Bulletin Singapore KB Kew Bulletin PT Palms and Cycads of Thailand TFB Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) TFM Tree Flora of Malaya 441

CONTENT Appendix 6 Family Botanical Name References Rubiaceae Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. FIC 3(1924) 421 (fig.), 428, 431 Sch. ssp. tetrandra (fig.) Rubiaceae (syn.= Prismatomeris albidiflo- Rubiaceae ra Thw.) Rubiaceae Opera Botanica 94(1987) 25 Rubiaceae (fig.), 26 Rubiaceae Psychotria ophioxyloides Wall. FIC 3(1924) 349 (fig.), 365 Rutaceae (syn.= Chassalia curviflora Thw.) Rutaceae Rutaceae Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir. FIC 3(1924) 361 (syn.= Psychotria reevesii Wall.) Saprosma longifolium Pit. FIC 3(1924) 402 Tarenna quocensis Pierre ex Pit. var. FIC 3(1923) 221 quocensis TFB 36(2008) 37, 38(fig.) Tarennoidea wallichii (Hk. f.) Tirv. & FIC 3(1923) 241 Sastre (basionym = Randia wallichii Hk. f.) Mauritius Inst. Bull. 8:4(1979) 90 Clausena excavata Burm. f. var. FIC 1(1911) 661, 664 (fig.) excavata Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris (Adansonia) 16(1994) 115 – 117, 119 (fig.) FC 11(2008) 83 Clausena harmandiana (Pierre) Pierre FIC 1(1911) 662 – 664 (fig.) ex Guill. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris (Adansonia) 16(1994) 119 (fig.), 124 – 125 Glycosmis cochinchinensis (Lour.) FIC 1(1911) 653 – 654 Pierre ex Engl. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia 137(1985) 3 FBI Flora of British India FC Flora of China FIC Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FICS Supplement, Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FLCV Flore de Cambodge, du Laos, et du Vietnam FM Flora Malesiana FT Flora of Thailand GBS Gardens Bulletin Singapore KB Kew Bulletin PT Palms and Cycads of Thailand TFB Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) TFM Tree Flora of Malaya 442

Literature references for selected species by family CONTENT Family Botanical Name References Rutaceae Rutaceae Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- var. mauritiana phia 137(1985) 13 Rutaceae Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Bth.) FIC 1(1911) 632 – 633 Sabiaceae T. Hart. (syn.= Evodia triphylla (Lour.) Sabiaceae DC.) Santalaceae Allertonia 8:1(2001) 243 Sapindaceae Tetradium glabrifolium (Champ. ex FIC 1(1911) 636 Sapindaceae Bth.) T. Hart. (syn.= Evodia meliaefolia Sapindaceae (Hance ex Walp.) Bth.) Sapindaceae GBS 34:1(1981) 109 – 110 Sapotaceae FC 11(2008) 68 Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. FT 9:2(2008) 159 ssp. barbulata (Cufod.) Welz. var. barbulata FT 9:2(2008) 162 – 165 Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. simplicifolia FIC 5(1915) 221 Scleropyrum pentandrum (Denn.) (syn.= Scleropyrum wallichia- Mabb. num (A. DC.) Arn.) TFB 9:1(2005) 80, 81 (fig.), Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. plate 8 FT 7:1(1999) 176,177, 178 (fig.) Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. FT 7:1(1999) 218 – 219 Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) FT 7:1(1999) 222 – 224 Radlk. FT 7:1(1999) 231 Nephelium melliferum Gagnep. Blumea 10(1960) 544 Palaquium garrettii Flet. TFB 27(1999) 151 FBI Flora of British India FC Flora of China FIC Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FICS Supplement, Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FLCV Flore de Cambodge, du Laos, et du Vietnam FM Flora Malesiana FT Flora of Thailand GBS Gardens Bulletin Singapore KB Kew Bulletin PT Palms and Cycads of Thailand TFB Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) TFM Tree Flora of Malaya 443

CONTENT Appendix 6 Family Botanical Name References Sapotaceae Pouteria stellibacca Maxw. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 50:1(2002) 90 – 92, 93 – 96 Sapotaceae (figs.) new species from the Saurauiaceae plot Simaroubaceae Simaroubaceae Sarcosperma arboreum Bth. ex Cl. FC 15(1996) 214 Sonneratiaceae FT 9:1(2005) 85,87 (fig.) Staphyleaceae Saurauia roxburghii Wall. FT 2:2(1972) 111 Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston FT 2:4(1981) 440 Sterculiaceae FC 11(2008) 100 – 101 Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack ssp. longi- FT 2:4(1981) 444 Symplocaceae folia Symplocaceae Theaceae Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) FT 5:4(1992) 435, plate 28 Walp. Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. FC 11(2008) 504 (syn.= Turpinia nepalensis (Roxb.) Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) FT 7:3(2001) 599, 600 (fig.) Merr. Pterospermum cinnamomeum Kurz FT 7:3(2001) 602, 604, 605 (fig.) Sterculia balanghas L. FT 7:3(2001) 626, 627 (fig.) Sterculia guttata Roxb. FT 7:3(2001) 630, 632 (fig.) Sterculia lanceolata Cav. var. lanceolata FT 7:3(2001) 635 Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. FT 2:4(1981) 456 Moore ssp. laurina (Retz.) Noot. FC 15(1996) 249 Symplocos sumuntia B.-H ex D. Don FT 2:4(1981) 463 FC 15(1996) 243 – 244 Adinandra integerrima T. And. ex FT 2:2(1972) 151 Dyer FC 12(2007) 438 FBI Flora of British India FC Flora of China FIC Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FICS Supplement, Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FLCV Flore de Cambodge, du Laos, et du Vietnam FM Flora Malesiana FT Flora of Thailand GBS Gardens Bulletin Singapore KB Kew Bulletin PT Palms and Cycads of Thailand TFB Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) TFM Tree Flora of Malaya 444

Literature references for selected species by family CONTENT Family Botanical Name References Theaceae Camellia oleifera Abel var. confusa FT 2:2(1972) 147 – 148 Theaceae (Craib) Sealy FC 12(2007) 412 as Theaceae Camellia kissii Wall. var. confu- Theaceae sa (Craib) T. L. Ming Theaceae Theaceae Eurya acuminata DC. FT 2:2(1972) 155 – 156 Thymelaeaceae Eurya nitida Korth. var. siamensis FT 2:2(1972) 156 – 157 Ulmaceae (Craib) H. Keng Ulmaceae Ulmaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. FT 2:2(1972) 144 – 145 Ulmaceae FC 12(2007) 422 Urticaceae Verbenaceae Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Wight & FT 2:2(1972) 154 Verbenaceae Arn.) Bedd. FC 12(2007) 432 Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griff.) Engler FT 2:2(1972) 154 Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex H. Lec. FCLV 26(1992) 46, 47 (fig.) FT 6:3(1997) 228, 229 (fig.) plate 22 Aphananthe cuspidata (Bl.) Pl. TFB 7(1973) 40 (fig.), 41 Celtis tetrandra Roxb. FC 5(2003) 12 TFB 7(1973) 42 FC 5(2003) 18 Gironniera nervosa Pl. TFB. 7(1973) 40, 41 (fig.), 42 Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. TFB 7(1973) 41 Dendrocnide stimulans (L. f.) Chew FC 5(2003) 13 – 14 GBS 25:1(1969) 11 – 13 (fig.) FC 5(2003) 89 Clerodendrum garrettianum Craib KB 1938, 427 FC 17(1994) 36 – 37 Vitex quinata (Lour.) Will. var. puberu- KB 1938, 434 la (Lam) Mold. FC 17(1994) 29 FBI Flora of British India FC Flora of China FIC Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FICS Supplement, Flore Générale de L’Indo-Chine FLCV Flore de Cambodge, du Laos, et du Vietnam FM Flora Malesiana FT Flora of Thailand GBS Gardens Bulletin Singapore KB Kew Bulletin PT Palms and Cycads of Thailand TFB Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) TFM Tree Flora of Malaya 445

CONTENT Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics J. F. Maxwell Since tree flowers and fruits are produced seasonally or at longer intervals on the plot, it is impractical to design a key for basic species recognition based on these technical aspects. Tree size and bark characteristics often vary with maturity or age, so these traits alone cannot be reliably used to distinguish most species. This key has been based entirely on herbarium material collected on the plot and in some instances other places where more specimens of some species were needed, in BBH (BIOTEC) and CMUB (Chiang Mai University) herbaria. When using the key it is important to realize that fresh material may differ from dry specimens. I have tried to avoid this problem by using basic morphological characteristics, e.g. kind of leaf, arrangement, indumentum, size, and shape—all of which do not change with drying. All characteristics used in this key are from mature adult trees. Specimens from saplings can also be identified, but not seedlings. A 10x lens and a metric ruler are required when using this key. The drawings for each species should only be used as a guide for identification. The details of indumentum, glands, and relative sizes are mostly not sufficiently detailed to ensure positive identification. It is recommended that more than one branchlet or leaf be examined to avoid errors in observation or understanding when using the key. The key includes a total of 255 species, including 246 species of treelets, and shrubs reaching 1.0 cm in dbh, plus 9 species that occur in the Mo Singto area, but were not found in the 30 ha plot. The key may be useful for trees in the evergreen forest at c. 700–900 m elevation, but it must be realized that some species occurring in the area around park headquarters may not be included. 446

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics Key to Groups 1. Leaves simple 2. Leaves opposite 3. Leaves with interpetiolar stipules.…………………………………………Group 1 3. Leaves exstipulate………………………………..…………………………Group 2 2. Leaves not opposite 4. Leaves alternate……………………………………….………………….…Group 3 4. Leaves spirally arranged or whorled 5. Leaf blades entire……………………...………..………..………………Group 4 5. Leaf blades serrulate, serrate, or glandular-undulate.....……………Group 5 1. Leaves compound…………………………………………………………………Group 6 447

CONTENT Appendix 7 Group 1 1. Branchlets and leaves glabrous 2. Branching sympodial; stipules united, sheathing………………..….Pavetta indica 2. Branching not sympodial 3. Branchlets terete, green 3. Branchlets sharply 4-angled, tan–light brown….................................................. .............................................................Prismatomeris tetrandra ssp. tetrandra 4. Branchlet epidermis rough, cracked, flaking…………Tarennoidea wallichii 4. Branchlet epidermis smooth to slightly roughened , never flaking 5. Leaf blade secondary and tertiary venation very similar, parallel, 3–4 mm apart; undersurface with fine dots (10x lens)………… Carallia brachiata 5. Leaf blade secondary and tertiary venation different, not parallel; undersurface lacking dots 6. Petioles mostly less than 10 mm long 7. Leaf blade undersurface with tiny (10x lens) domatia in the axils of the secondary nerves………………………………Canthium glabrum 7. Leaf blades lacking domatia 8. Stipules 5 mm long……………………………..……Aidia densiflora 8. Stipules 2 mm long…………………...……...Saprosma longifolium 6. Petioles mostly longer than 10 mm 9. Leaf blade undersurface with domatia in the axils of the secondary nerves ......………………………………………………Psychotria rubra 9. Leaf blades lacking domatia 10. Leaf blades mostly more than 10 cm wide, commonly more than 25 cm long 11. Leaf blades lanceolate, stipules 2–3 mm wide and sharply pointed…………………..…….........................…Ixora cibdela 11. Leaf blades elliptic; stipules 4 mm wide, tip acute …............ ................................................……Anthocephalus chinensis 10. Leaf blades usually up to 9 cm wide 12. Leaf blade midnerve dorsally raised near the petiole ........... ...........…….....................................Psychotria ophioxyloides 12. Leaf blade midnerve dorsally flat or sunken near the petiole 448

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 13. Leaf blade midnerve sunken (grooved) near the petiole…………………Tarenna quocensis var. quocensis 13. Leaf blade midnerve flat near the petiole 14. Stipules more than 7 mm long, tip rounded .............. .............……............................……Nauclea orientalis 14. Stipules 3–4 mm long, tip pointed ……….................. ...............................................…Metadina trichotoma 1. Branchlets and/or leaves pubescent 15. Internodes glabrous 16. Petioles and leaf blades pubescent…………….……… Lasianthus chinensis 16. Petioles and leaf blades glabrous………………Lasianthus lucidus var. lucidus 15. Internodes pubescent 17. Internode indumentum not concealing the epidermis 18. Leaf blades with 4–5 thin secondary nerves on each side of the midrib, tertiary venation obscure to invisible ……..……...…Canthium coffeoides 18. Leaf blades with 5–11 thickened secondary nerves on each side of the midrib, tertiary venation distinct, reticulate 19. Leaf blades with 9–11 pairs of secondary nerves, stipules more than 5 mm long …...………………….……………..……Lasianthus hirsutus 19. Leaf blades with 5–11 pairs of secondary nerves, stipules up to 4 mm long 20. Leaf blades 8–13 x 3–3.5 cm, secondary nerves 5–6 pairs ….... ...............................................................…Lasianthus hispidulus 20. Leaf blades 11–27 x 3.5–8 cm, secondary nerves 5–11 pairs ………………………………Lasianthus verticillatus var. verticillatus 17. Internode indumentum concealing the epidermis 21. Petioles 1–2 mm long; leaf blades 7–11 x 2–3 cm; base rounded, truncate, to shallowly cordate; stipulules more than 5 mm long ......................… …………………….……...............................………....…Lasianthus wallichii 21. Petioles more than 5 mm long; leaf blades 13–19 x 3–5.5 cm, base acute; stipules less than 3 mm long 22. Indumentum on branchlets and leaf blade undersurface flat …... ..................................................................….......…Lasianthus kurzii 22. Indumentum on branchlets and leaf blade undersurface spreading ……….……………………………….………….…Lasianthus roosianus 449

CONTENT Appendix 7 Group 2 1. Leaf pairs (petioles + blades) unequal……………......….…….…Mallotus resinosus 1. Leaf pairs equal 2. Leaf blades with 3 main nerves from the base 3. Branchlets and leaves glabrous, leaf blades often serrulate ........................... ..................................................................Pseudodissochaeta septentrionalis 3. Branchlets and leaves pubescent, leaf blades entire 4. Petioles 7–10 mm long, leaf blades 5.5–8 x 2–2.5 cm…Melastoma orientale 4. Petioles 10–30 mm long, leaf blades 7.5–20 x 2.5–7.5 cm….....…… …………………….….………Melastoma malabathricum ssp. malabathricum 2. Leaf blades with one main nerve (midnerve) from the base 5. Secondary venation of leaf blades closely parallel, more than 50 on each side of the midnerve 6. Secondary venation of leaf blades 1–3 mm apart, undersurface with black dots (10x lens) 7. Leaf blades 16–24 cm long, petiole 17–25 cm long, sap yellow ….......... ............….................................................................…Garcinia benthamii 7. Leaf blades 5–13.5 cm long, petiole up to 17 cm long, sap lacking …..…………….…..…………….….Eugenia lineata & Eugenia syzygioides 6. Secondary venation of leaf blades less than 1 mm apart, undersurface lacking dots 8. Leaf blades up to 7 x 3 cm, petioles up to 5 mm long…........................... ...................................................….…..…………Calophyllum saigonense 8. Leaf blades more than 10 x 3.5 cm, petioles more than 7 mm long 9. Leaf blades elliptic, 4–6 cm wide; petioles 14–25 mm long…............... ..........................................................……Calophyllum dryobalanoides 9. Leaf blades lanceolate, up to 3.5 cm wide; petioles 7–10 mm long….. .......................................................................Calophyllum polyanthum 5. Secondary venation of leaf blades spaced more than 3 mm apart, up to 20 on each side of the midnerve 10. Branchlets and/or leaves pubescent, often minutely so 11. Leaf blade margins serrulate or serrate 12. Leaf blade base hastate ………………Clerodendrum garrettianum 450

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 12. Leaf blade base acute 13. Leaf blades scabrous (rough) above, 23.5–28 cm long, sap white……...........................................................…Ficus hispida 13. Leaf blades smooth above, 6.5–10 cm long, lacking sap…...... ............................................................………...Olea brachiata 11. Leaf blade margins entire 14. Leaf pairs decussate (4 rows of leaves) 15. Indumentum stellate, petioles 5–7 mm long……………............. .......................................................…Lagerstroemia calyculata 15. Indumentum of simple hairs, petioles18–40 mm long ...…… ..........……………….………………………Viburnum cylindricum 14. Leaf pairs distichous (2 rows of leaves) 16. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) dots underneath……… …………………..…Decaspermum parviflorum ssp. parviflorum 16. Leaf blades lacking tiny dots 17. Cut parts with white sap, leaf blades 11–14 cm long……... ...........................................................……Wrightia arborea 17. Cut parts lacking sap, leaf blades 6.5–10 cm long……....... .....................................................……….…Olea brachiata 10. Branchlets and leaves glabrous 18. Leaf blade base cordate, appearing sessile, the sinus as long as the petiole; blades 28–32 cm long…………………...Duabanga grandiflora 18. Leaf blade base acute, never appearing sessile; blades mostly less than 26 cm long 19. Leaf blade margins conspicuously serrate 20. Plants lacking sap….……………...……………...Olea brachiata 20. Plants with sap 21. Leaf blades 4.5–13 cm wide, petioles 11–25 mm long ………. .........…………………………………Excoecaria oppositifolia 21. Leaf blades 3–3.5 cm wide, petioles 7–10 mm long…… ………………......…Excoecaria cochinchinensis var. viridis 19. Leaf blade margins entire, sap lacking 22. Tip of petiole-blade base articulate....Acronychia pedunculata 22. Tip of petiole-blade base not articulate 23. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) dots underneath 451

CONTENT Appendix 7 24. Leaf blades lacking an intramarginal nerve, tip obtuse and mucronate ...………… Cratoxylum cochinchinense 24. Leaf blades with a distinct intramarginal nerve, tips acute to acuminate, mucro lacking 25. Leaf blade intramarginal nerve 1–3 mm from the margin, secondary nerves more than 12 on each side of the midnerve, 1–2 mm apart 26. Leaf blades 2.5–3 cm wide, petioles 5–7 mm long…….………………Eugenia grata var. grata 26. Leaf blades 5–8 cm wide, petioles 7–17 cm long………….....…Eugenia grandis var. grandis 25. Leaf blade intramarginal nerve 3–5 mm from the margin, secondary nerves less than 10 on each side of the midnerve, more than 4 mm apart 27. Petioles 12–25 mm long, smooth ...................... .......….........................….…Eugenia cerasoides 27. Petioles 10–11 mm long, rough …..................... .......................………….....…Eugenia siamensis 23. Leaf blades lacking dots underneath 28. Leaf blades with domatia in the axils of secondary nerves underneath………........……..…Sarcosperma arboreum 28. Leaf blades lacking domatia 29. Cut parts with white sap……Garcinia eugeniaefolia 29. Cut parts lacking sap 30. Leaf pairs decussate (leaves in 4 rows)………… ……………Crypteronia paniculata var. paniculata 30. Leaf pairs distichous (leaves in 2 rows) 31. Branchlets pustular-lenticellate………...... ............................… Chionanthus ramiflorus 31. Branchlets smooth 32. Branchlets terete, not grooved .............. ..................…Lophopetalum wightianum 32. Branchlets 4-angled, youngest internode often grooved 33. Petioles 18–22 mm long ........……… …....................……Euonymus glaber 452

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 33. Petioles up to 12 mm long 34. Leaf blade secondary venation distinct, clearly anastomosing below the margin……………….. ..................…Microtropis discolor 34. Leaf blade secondary venation obscure to invisible, not anastomosing 35. Leaf blade tips acuminate… ….....…Memecylon lilacinum 35. Leaf blade tips obtuse to acute 36. Leaf blade 5.5–8.5 x1.5–3 cm…..Memecylon edule 36. Leaf blades 8.5–16.5 x 2.5–6.5 cm……………… .........Memecylon ovatum 453

CONTENT Appendix 7 Group 3 1. Leaf blades with 3 prominent nerves from slightly above the base of the blades (plinerved), the lateral pair extending to the upper ¾ of the blade 2. Leaf blade tips acute………………………………………..……Cinnamomum iners 2. Leaf blade tips acuminate……………..……………...…Cinnamomum subavenium 1. Leaf blades not plinerved 3. Leaf blades with two conspicuous glands or thickenings at the base dorsally 4. Leaf blades glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate …….......................................... ..........................................……………………Aporosa octandra var. octandra 4. Leaf blades conspicuously (stellate) pubescent, suborbicular to broadly ovate 5. Leaf blades peltate 1–2 mm, not dotted underneath ……............................ ................................................………Mallotus paniculatus var. paniculatus 5. Leaf blades basifixed, often with fine dots (10x lens) underneath …........... ......................................................................…………Mallotus philippensis 3. Leaf blades lacking two basal glands 6. Leaf blades obviously asymmetric, especially at the base 7. Branchlets, terminal buds, and leaf blades conspicuously pubescent 8. Indumentum stellate, leaf blade margins entire ........................................ .......................................……...….…………Pterospermum cinnamomeum 8. Indumentum of simple hairs, leaf blade margins denticulate to serrate 9. Leaf blades ovate, base often cordate or nearly so….Trema orientalis 9. Leaf blades elliptic, base rounded 10. Leaf blade base slightly oblique, tertiary venation scalariform, cut parts with sap……………………………………...…Antiaris toxicaria 10. Leaf blade base very oblique, tertiary venation reticulate, sap lacking…………… ………………Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia 7. Branchlets, terminal buds, and leaf blades glabrous 11. Petioles 1.5–2 mm long, leaf blades 2–4 cm wide 12. Leaf blade tip acute……………………………..…Glochidion rubrum 12. Leaf blade tip acuminate………....……..…Phyllanthus acutissimus 11. Petioles 4–8 mm long, leaf blades mostly more than 4 cm wide 13. Petioles 4–5 mm lon………………………….…Glochidion assamicum 13. Petioles 6–8 mm long……………Casearia grewiifolia var. gelonioides 454

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 6. Leaf blades symmetric 14. Leaf blades with serrulate to serrate margins 15. Leaf blade peltate (1 mm), 21–31 cm long, grey-whitish underneath....... ....................................................................…Sumabaviopsis albicans 15. Leaf blades basifixed, mostly less than 18 cm long, green underneath 16. Branchlets and leaves glabrous 17. Leaf blades 5.5–8.5 x 1.5–3 cm, tip acuminate–rostrate.......... ...........................................................……Symplocos sumuntia 17. Leaf blades 9–15 x 3–4.5 cm, tip acute…......................................... .....................................................…Eurya nitida var. siamensis 16. Branchlets and leaves pubescent 18. Leaf blades 5–8 cm long, petiole 2 mm long…………............... .....................................…Carpinus londoniana var. londoniana 18. Leaf blades mostly more than 9 cm long, petioles more than 3 mm long 19.Terminal buds, branchlets, and leaves with soft, spreading hairs…...............................................……Gironniera nervosa 19.Terminal buds, branchlets, and leaves very finely puberulous and glabrescent to glabrous 20. Leaf blade serrations glandular (10x lens)……............... .....................……..Aporosa octandra var. yunnanensis 20. Leaf blade serrations eglandular 21. Young branchlets and petioles with sericeous (flat) indumentums..................……Adinandra integerrima 21. Young branchlets and petioles with hirsute (spreading) indumentu……............…Eurya nitida var. siamensis 14. Leaf blades with entire margins 22. Branchlets and leaves glabrous 23. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) domatia in the axils of many secondary nerves underneath……………….....……Hopea odorata 23. Leaf blades lacking domatia 24. Leaf blades mostly less than 10 cm long……………Ilex chevalieri 24. Leaf blades mostly more than 10 cm long 25. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath, often articulated with the petiole…...…Glycosmis cochinchinensis 455

CONTENT Appendix 7 25. Leaf blades lacking dots underneath, not articulated with the petiole 26. Petioles 3–5 mm long……..….…Platymitra macrocarpa 26. Petioles mostly more than 5 mm long 27. Petioles up to 10 mm long 28. Youngest nodes with broadly triangular stipules, 3 x 1.5 mm; older nodes with stipule scars; leaf blade base often asymmetric ……..................... ..............…Casearia grewiifolia var. gelonioides 28. Youngest nodes lacking stipules, leaf blade base symmetric 29. Petioles 6–8 mm long, leaf blade midnerve raised dorsally.………Xanthophyllum virens 29. Petioles 8–10 mm long, leaf blade midnerve sunken and grooved dorsally ...................... ..............................…Aphananthe cuspidata 27. Petioles mostly more than 10 mm long 30. Leaf blades with more than 10 secondary nerves on each side of the midrib 31. Leaf blades lanceolate (widest at middle), secondary nerves more than 10 mm apart .........………......................Knema globularia 31. Leaf blades ovate-oblong (widest below middle), secondary nerves up to 5 mm apart…………………………….Hopea ferrea 30. Leaf blades with up to 8 secondary nerves on each side of the midrib 32. Leaf blade secondary nerves looping and joining near the margin......Ilex aff. chapaensis 32. Leaf blade secondary nerves not looping or joining near the margin……..….................. ...........................…Gonocaryum lobbianum 22. Any part of branchlets and/or leaves pubescent 33. Nodes with linear stipule scars, petioles 27–40 mm long……......... ............................................................……..Dipterocarpus gracilis 456

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 33. Nodes lacking linear stipule scars, petioles mostly less than 25 mm long 34. Terminal buds of numerous, spirally arranged, imbricate, pubescent scales…………………...……Cinnamomum ilicoides 34. Terminal buds not scaly 35. Leaf blades mostly less than 15 cm long 36. Petioles 1.5–5 mm long 37. Leaf blade secondary nerves looping and joining 5–10 mm below the margin, blades mostly obovate- lanceolate…................……..…Polyalthia aff. evecta 37.Leaf blade secondary nerves not looping or joining, blades lanceolate…………………..…Miliusa lineata 36. Petioles mostly 2.5–5 mm long 38. Leaf blades conspicuously pubescent on both sides……………………....…Glochidion eriocarpum 38. Leaf blades appearing glabrous, only the midnerve sometimes pubescent 39. Nodes lacking stipules………Alphonsea boniana 39. Nodes with stipules or their scars 40. Leaf blades mostly more than 12 cm long...... ..........Antidesma montanum var. montanum 40. Leaf blades mostly less than 11 cm long 41.Leaf blades with the midnerve glabrous dorsally……..….................................... ....Antidesma japonicum var. japonicum 41.Leaf blades with the midnerve pubescent dorsally…….......Antidesma sootepense 35. Leaf blades mostly more than 15 cm long 42. Branchlet and petiole indumentum concealing the epidermis...........................................…Knema elegans 42. Branchlet and petiole indumentum not concealing the epidermis 43. Petioles mostly more than 10 mm long 457

CONTENT Appendix 7 44. Leaf blades appearing glabrous, only the midnerve sometimes minutely (10x lens) pubescent 45. Leaf blades with less than 12 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve…........ ..................................……Shorea henryana 45. Leaf blades with less than 10 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve 46. Leaf blades with less than 5 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve, petioles 8–14 mm long……………………… …….............……Gomphandra tetrandra 46. Leaf blades with more than 7 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve, petioles 11–25 mm long…………………… …………....…………Apodytes dimidiata 44. Leaf blades obviously pubescent or appearing scaly underneath (10x lens) 47. Leaf blades truncate to cordate at the base, basal nerves 5, tip acuminate, 8.5–14 cm wide….…Alangium chinense ssp. chinense 47. Leaf blades acute at the base, with one main basal nerve (midnerve), tip acute, 2.5–8.5 cm wide 48. Petiole 10–13 mm long, indumentum of simple hairs…...…Diospyros glandulosa 48. Petiole 17–28 mm long, indumentum of minute (10x lens) stellate hairs...……… ………...…..............…...…Platea latifolia 43. Petiole up to 9 mm long 49. Leaf blades 19–29 cm long, secondary nerves more than 15 on each side of the midnerve… ……......................……….…Polyalthia simiarum 458

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 49. Leaf blades 9–19 cm long, secondary nerves up to 12 on each side of the midnerve 50. Stipules or their scars absent…........... ....................…Dasymaschalon acuminatum 50. Stipules or their scars present 51. Leaf blade secondary venation looping and joining below the margin 52. Leaf blades and petioles obviously pubescent, tertiary venation distinct …....………...…Antidesma velutinum 52. Leaf blades and petioles appearing glabrous, tertiary venation obscure …...…Chaetocarpus castanocarpus 51. Leaf blade secondary venation not looping or joining, each vein merging with the margin 53. Petioles glabrous…………………. ...........................…Bridelia insulana 53. Petioles pubescent……................. ..............................…Bridelia glauca 459

CONTENT Appendix 7 Group 4 1. Leaf blades less than 2 mm wide 2. Leaf blades less than 5 x 1 mm, obviously arranged in spirals.....Dacrydium elatum 2. Leaf blades 8–14 x 1–1.5 mm, appearing in 2 rows………Podocarpus imbricatus 1. Leaf blades more than 10 x 2 mm 3. Leaves and leaf scars whorled or in very close spirals (pseudowhorls), internodes not or hardly visible between leaves 4. Branchlets and leaves glabrous, leaves in whorls (4–5 per node), plant with sap; leaf blade tip obtuse………….……………………………Alstonia scholaris 4. Branchlets and leaves pubescent, leaves in very close spirals (pseudowhorls), plants lacking sap, leaf blade tip acute 5. Leaf blades mostly over 20 x 4.5 cm; petioles thickened at the base, 18–22 mm long ……………………………………..Actinodaphne angustifolia 5. Leaf blades smaller; petiole base not thickened, 2–4 mm long……….......... .............................................................................………… Litsea verticillata 3. Leaves and leaf scars not in close groups, continuous along the branches, internodes distinct between individual leaves 6. Nodes with thin, linear–annular stipule scars, cut parts usually with sap 7. Branchlets and younger branches hollow (internodes)………...................... .................................................................………Ficus fistulosa var. fistulosa 7. Branchlets and younger branches solid 8. Youngest branchlets, petioles, main leaf blade veins below scabrous (rough) or puberulous 9. Youngest branchlets, petioles, main leaf blade veins below scabrous…… ….....................………………………...………Artocarpus heterophyllus 9. Youngest branchlets, petioles, main leaf blade veins below puberulous 10. Leaf blades chartaceous; petioles mostly longer than 2.5 cm, 1 mm thick..........................................................…Ficus lamponga 10. Leaf blades coriaceous; petioles up to 2.5 cm long, 2 mm thick……. .....................................................................……...Ficus pubilimba 8. Youngest branchlets, petioles, main leaf veins below glabrous 11. Secondary nerves of leaf blades less than 5 mm apart, tertiary venation parallel to these and slightly thinner 460

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 12. Leaf blades up to 7 x 3 cm, basal pair of secondary nerves more prominent than the others; petiole 5–7 mm long………….............. .................................…………………………...…Ficus microcarpa 12. Leaf blades 8–15 x 3.5–5 cm, basal pair of secondary nerves of equal prominence to the others; petiole 7–20 mm long 13. Leaf blades elliptic, 8–10 x 3.5–5 cm; petioles 7–10 mm long ….................................................................………Ficus kurzii 13. Leaf blades lanceolate, 12–15 x 4.5–5 cm; petioles 15–20 mm long...................................................................…Ficus stricta 11. Secondary nerves of leaf blades 7–15 mm apart, tertiary nerves reticulate and considerably thinner than the others 14. Petioles up to 15 mm long 15. Leaf blades elliptic to oblong, 7.5–10 x 3–4 cm…................... .......................................................................Ficus vasculosa 15. Leaf blades elliptic, 12–15 x 5.5–7 cm…….Artocarpus nitidus 14. Petioles mostly more than 15 mm long 16. Leaf blades 17–26 x 7–10 cm, petioles 3–5 cm long…........... ......................................................…………..…Ficus annulata 16. Leaf blades mostly smaller, petioles mostly shorter 17. Leaf blades 9–12 x 3–4.5 cm……....…...…Ficus concinna 17. Leaf blades mostly larger 18. Youngest branchlets 5–7 mm diameter at tip 18a. Basal nerves c. 1/3 as long as the leaf blade….. .............................................……. Ficus altissima 18a. Basal nerves c. 1/10 as long as the leaf blade… ........……...................................…Ficus annulata 18. Youngest branchlets 2–4 mm diameter at tip 19. Y o u n g e s t b r a n c h l e t s m i n u t e l y ( 1 0 x l e n s ) furfuraceous........……Ficus nervosa spp. nervosa 19. Youngest branchlets glabrous…….................... .......................…Ficus glaberrima ssp. glaberrima 6. Nodes lacking linear–annular stipule scars, cut parts of most species lacking sap 20. Tertiary leaf blade venation finely linear……………………Aquilaria crassna 20. Tertiary leaf blade venation reticulate 461

CONTENT Appendix 7 21. Any part of branchlets, terminal buds, or leaves pubescent (10x lens) 22. Indumentum stellate, petioles thickened at the tip 23. Branchlets and leaves with dense, soft hairs; petioles 10–17 mm long..............................................................Sterculia balanghas 23. Branchlets and leaves with sparse, spaced hairs; petioles 22–30 mm long……........................................…Sterculia guttata 22. Indumentum of simple hairs or glabrous 24. Mature leaves glabrous, only youngest branchlets and terminal buds sometimes with very fine indumentum (10x lens) 25. Secondary leaf blade venation finely parallel, individual veins 1–2 mm apart, blade undersurface with tiny (10x lens) black dots………………......................………Ardisia nervosa 25. Secondary leaf blade venation not finely parallel, individual veins more than 5 mm apart, blade undersurface lacking black dots 26. Leaf blades widest in the upper ½, secondary veins more than 15 on each side of the midnerve; petiole base swollen…………...............….…Buchanania arborescens 26. Leaf blades widest in the middle, secondary veins less than 12 on each side of the midnerve; petiole base not swollen 27. Leaf blades mostly less than 10 x 3 cm………........... .........................................….…Beilschmiedia glauca 27. Leaf blades mostly more than 10 x 3 cm 28. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath …………....…Elaeocarpus petiolatus 28. Leaf blades lacking black dots underneath 29. Secondary nerves of leaf blades 3–4 on each side of the midnerve, the lowest pair extending to the middle of the blade……...........…… ......................………Beilschmiedia maingayi 29. Secondary nerves of leaf blades more than 8 on each side of the midnerve, the lowest pair extending less than 1/5 the length of the blade 462

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 30. Leaf blades 3–7 cm wide, petioles not thickened at either end..............……… .........................…Nothapodytes montana 30. Leaf blades 4–8.5 cm wide, petioles thickened at both ends……........……… …...................….……….…Sloanea sigun 24. Mature leaves, branchlets, terminal buds all conspicuously pubescent 31. Leaf blades with 3 main nerves from above the base (plinerved)……....................................…Neolitsea zeylanica 31. Leaf blades not plinerved, with one main nerve (midnerve) 32. Texture of branchlets very roughly tuberculate-lenticellate, with white sap…...................……..…Pouteria stellibacca 32. Texture of branchlets smooth or roughened with leaf scars, plants lacking white sap 33. Nodes with a linear stipule scar, indumentum adpressed (flat)…….........…………Magnolia baillonii 33. Nodes lacking a linear stipule scar, indumentum otherwise 34. Branching sympodial 35. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath..............…Ardisia fulva var. fulva 35. Leaf blades lacking tiny dots 36. Leaf blades elliptic.........…Phoebe cathia 36. Leaf blades oblong to lanceolate 37. Leaf blades lanceolate, 14–21 cm long, indumentum sparse…….........…….. ................…………Phoebe lanceolata 37. Leaf blades oblong, 8–15 cm long, indumentum abundant…………… …........................…Machilus gamblei 34. Branching not sympodial 38. Leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath….……….… Ardisia fulva var. fulva 38. Leaf blades lacking tiny dots 463

CONTENT Appendix 7 39. Secondary leaf blade nerves more than 15 on each side of the midrib, petiole base often swollen…………………………….. …Meliosma simplicifolia ssp. simplicifolia 39. Secondary nerves less than 12 on each side of the midrib, petiole base not swollen 40. Leaf blades with a gland (swelling) on each side at the base dorsally, indumentum dense.............................. ..........…Prunus arborea var. montana 40. Leaf blades lacking basal glands, indumentum sparse 41. Leaf blades 20–25 cm long……. .........................…Phoebe grandis 41. Leaf blades up to 18 cm long 42. Leaf blades obovate, mostly more than 5 cm wide; petioles 13–22 mm long….................. ...............…Litsea monopetala 42. Leaf blades elliptic to lanceolate, mostly less than 5 cm wide; petioles mostly less than 13 mm long 43. Leaf blades elliptic....…. .........…Lindera communis 43. Leaf blades lanceolate 44. Leaf blades with more than 10 secon-dary nerves on each side of the midnerve......…… ...……Litsea umbellata 44. Leaf blades with with up to 8 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve…….. ..…Litsea martabanica 464

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 21. All branchlets, terminal buds, and leaves glabrous 45. Leaf blades with 3 basal or supra-basal (plinerved) nerves 46. Leaf blades 5–9 cm long, petioles 4–10 mm long……………......... ...........................................................…...…Neolitsea siamensis 46. Leaf blades 11–15 cm long, petioles 16–22 mm long................. ............................................……Neocinnamomum mekongense 45. Leaf blades pinnately nerved, the basal nerves not differing from the others 47. Tertiary leaf blade venation very finely parallel……Bhesa robusta 47. Tertiary leaf blade venation reticulate 48. Tip of petiole swollen, branchlet epidermis rough................. ....................................................………Baccaurea ramiflora 48. Tip of petiole not swollen, branchlet epidermis smooth 49. Base of petiole swollen, 3–6 mm thick; leaf blade tips rounded…………………........Mangifera cochinchinensis 49. Base of petiole not swollen, or if swollen less than 3 mm thick; leaf blade tips obtuse, acute, or acuminate 50. Leaf blades with glands c. 1 mm wide near the base of the undersurface, petioles 4–5.5 cm long……… ................………………………….…Balakata baccata 50. Leaf blades lacking such glands, petioles less than 3.5 cm long 51. Leaf blades with obscure secondary venation underneath.....................…Ternstroemia wallichii 51. Leaf blades with prominent and often raised secondary venation underneath 52. Leaf blades with less than 5 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve ……………… ......................…..…Beilschmiedia intermedia 52. Leaf blades with more than 7 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve 53. Leaf blades widest above the middle (obovate) 54. B r a n c h i n g s y m p o d i a l , p e t i o l e s 7–15 mm long, sap lacking …........... ...........................…Litsea beusekomii 465

CONTENT Appendix 7 54. Branching not sympodial, petioles 15–25 mm long, cut parts with white sap…….....…….…Palaquium garrettii 53. Leaf blades widest at or below the middle 55. Leaf blade margins with spaced, tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath 56. Leaf blades 4.5–12 cm long, petioles 4–5 mm long......…… ................…Rapanea yunnanensis 56. Leaf blades 13–28 cm long, petioles 8–22 mm long… ………..…Ardisia sanguinolenta var. sanguinolenta 55. Leaf blade margins lacking black dots 57. Leaf blades less than 5 cm wide 58. Petioles 2.5–3.5 cm long, base slightly swollen……………. .....……Mangifera duperreana 58. Petioles less than 2 cm long, bases not swollen 59. Branching sympodial, leaf blades lacking glandu- lar dots (10x lens) underneath …...…Machilus aff. salicina 59. Branching not sympodial, leaf blades with tiny (10x lens) glandular dots underneath…................. .............…Prunus javanica 57. Leaf blades mostly more than 5 cm wide 60. Petioles 3.5 cm wide……… …..Horsfieldia amygdalina var. amygdalina 60. Petioles 1–2 mm wide 61. Petioles 15–40 mm long 466

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 62. Leaf blades 16–22 cm long…Daphniphyllum beddomei 62. Leaf blades 9–15 cm long...........Mastixia pentandra ssp. chinensis 61. Petioles mostly less than 15 mm long 63. Leaf blades with 4–5 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve……..……… ...........…Scleropyrum pentandrum 63. Leaf blades with more than 7 secondary nerves on each side of the midnerve 64. Leaf blades widest in the middle (lanceolate) .… Lithocarpus ceriferus 64. Leaf blades widest below the middle 65. L e a f b l a d e s ovate- lanceolate .… Lithocarpus eucalyptifolius 65. L e a f b l a d e s ovate- oblong….…... Hydnocarpus castanea 467

CONTENT Appendix 7 Group 5 1. Leaf blades sub-orbicular to orbicular (length/width ratio 1–2) 2. Leaf blades oblique (asymmetric) at the base…...……Alanguim kurzii var. kurzii 2. Leaf blades symmetric 3. Branchlets pubescent (hairy) 4. Leaf blade base cordate, indumentum stellate…..…Hibiscus macrophyllus 4. Leaf blade base truncate to acute, indumentum of simple hairs 5. Petioles glabrous……………………………………...…Tetrameles nudiflora 5. Petioles pubescent (hairy)…………………………………Alchornea tiliifolia 3. Branchlets glabrous 6. Leaf blade base acute………………………........……Dendrocnide stimulans 6. Leaf blade base cordate…………………………….…Pterocymbium tinctorium 1. Leaf blades narrower (length/width ratio more than 1–2) 7. Leaf blades asymmetric……………………………………………..…Celtis tetrandra 7. Leaf blades symmetric 8. Apex of petioles with a distinct gland…………...….…Triadica cochinchinensis 8. Apex of petioles lacking a gland, but can be swollen 9. Leaf blades peltate (petiole inserted above the blade base) 10. Petiole more than 3 cm from the base of the leaf blade, petioles more than 15 cm long…………………………………...…Macaranga siamensis 10. Petiole up to 1 cm from the base of the leaf blade, petiole less than 15 cm long…………………………………………...Macaranga denticulata 9. Leaf blades attached at base to the petiole 11. Leaf blades with parallel venation……………………..…Dracaena elliptica 11. Leaf blades with pinnate venation 12. Leaf blades linear, with a prominent midnerve and very obscure secondary venation……………………………..Podocarpus neriifolius 12. Leaf blades not linear, with a prominent midnerve and secondary and often tertiary venation 13. Petioles with a swelling at either or both ends 14. Petioles basally swollen 15. Leaf blade tips rounded to obtuse………......................... ...…...........................……..…Mangifera cochinchinensis 15. Leaf blade tips acute to acuminate 468

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 16. Leaf blade margins infrequently serrate, mostly entire; petioles more than 10 cm long 17. Branchlets and leaves conspicuously pubescent, leaf blades lanceolate..……………….....………. ......…..…Meliosma simplicifolia ssp. simplicifolia 17. Branchlets and leaves appearing glabrous, leaf blades obovate-lanceolate……………………… ....................………...…Buchanania arborescens 16. Leaf blade margins conspicuously serrate, petiole 5–8 mm long……Helicia formosana var. oblanceolata 14. Petioles swollen at both ends (Elaeocarpaceae) 18. Leaf blades entire (only occasionally with remote serrulations) 19. Axils of secondary nerves of leaf blades underneath with domatia, blades elliptic..…Elaeocarpus petiolatus 19. Axils of secondary nerves of leaf blades underneath lacking domatia, blades oblong…....…Sloanea sigun 18. Leaf blades with undulate to finely serrulate margins 20. Leaf blades conspicuously gland-dotted and with a finely papillate texture, more than 4 cm wide……... ..........…..…Elaeocarpus floribundus var. floribundus 20. Leaf blades not gland-dotted, smooth, less than 3 cm wide……………………...…Elaeocarpus griffithii 13. Petioles not swollen at either end 21. Leaf blades asymmetric, margin irregularly bulging……........ ............................................................……...…Ficus tinctoria 21. Leaf blades symmetric, margin not bulging 22. Young branchlets and/or any part of leaves pubescent (10x lens) 23. Leaf blade base cordate or broadly rounded 24. Leaf blade base cordate 25. Leaf blades often deeply lobed, elliptic, up to 10 cm wide...……...........…....….…Ficus hirta 25. Leaf blades unlobed, suborbicular, more than 15 cm wide…….....…Ficus triloba ssp. triloba 469

CONTENT Appendix 7 24. Leaf blade base broadly rounded 26. Mature leaf blades 7–11 cm wide, base lacking appendages, deciduous; sap white.....… ..........………………….………Morus macroura 26. Mature leaf blades 10.5–20 cm wide, base often with a pair of appendages up to 4 mm long, evergreen; lacking sap…………… ….……………………………Alchornea tiliifolia 23. Leaf blade base acute, narrowly rounded in one species 27. Leaf blades widest above the middle 28. Indumentum very fine, dense; leaf blade base very narrowly rounded……...........………... .....………………Alchornea rugosa var. rugosa 28. Indumentum spaced, leaf blade base acute 29. Indumentum on branchlets spreading… Eriobotrya bengalensis forma multinervata 29. Indumentum on branchlets adpressed… ..................................Saurauia roxburghii 27. Leaf blades widest in or below the middle 30. Leaf blade margins shallowly undulate with an accompanying gland…………................. ............................….…Ardisia quinquegoana 30. Leaf blade margins otherwise 31. Leaf blades with a gland on the tip of each marginal serration, 9–14 cm wide; petioles 4.5–11 cm long.......…Claoxylum indicum 31. Leaf blades lacking such glands, 3–7 cm wide; petioles 0.3–3 cm long 32. Leaf blades 3-4 cm wide, petiole 3-4 mm long, trunk spiny…............ ............................…..Flacourtia indica 32. Leaf blades 4-7 cm wide, petioles 1.5- 3 cm long, trunk not spiny 33. Leaf blades 13–22 x 4–7 cm; petioles 1.5–3 cm long 470

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 34. Leaf blade serrations 2–5 mm apart, more than 25 per side..... ....Symplocos cochinchinensis ssp. laurina 34. Leaf blade serrations more than 7 mm apart, up to 10 per side…....Polyosma integrifolia 33. Leaf blades smaller, petioles mostly shorter 35. Branchlets and petioles densely pubescent with spreading hairs....Quercus quangtriensis 35. Branchlets and petioles very finely and sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous 36. Secondary and tertiary leaf blade venation obscure to invisible, margin usually entire, less often finely serrulate………………… Ternstroemia gymnanthera 36. Secondary and tertiary venation distinct, margin never entire 37. Leaf blades widest below the middle, ovate; petioles 20–25 mm long……............... ...........Altingia excelsa 37. Leaf blades widest in the middle, lanceolate ; petioles mostly less than 20 mm long 471

CONTENT Appendix 7 38. Petioles 5–6 mm long….................. ..........Homalium cochinchinensis 38. Petioles more than 8 mm long 39. Petioles 8–10 mm long......… Elaeocarpus sphaericus 39. Petioles more than 14 mm long................. .........…Schima wallichii 22. Young branchlets and leaves glabrous 40. Cut parts with sap, petioles more than 8 cm long…… .......................................................…Ficus variegata 40. Cut parts lacking sap, petioles up to 15 mm long 41. Leaf blades widest above the middle, 16–19 x 5–6 cm; petiole base thickened………………...…..... …..........……Helicia formosana var. oblanceolata 41. Leaf blades widest at or below the middle, to 12 cm long; petiole base not thickened 42. Leaf blades with very obscure to invisible secondary and tertiary venation, margins obscurely serrulate to entire………………........ .....................…… Ternstroemia gymnanthera 42. Leaf blades with distinct secondary and tertiary venation, margins conspicuously serrate 43. Leaf blades underneath with flat, obscure tertiary venation; petiole 1 mm wide …………...…Castanopsis acuminatissima 43. Leaf blades underneath with raised tertiary venation, petiole 2 mm wide ……………… ............................…Hydnocarpus ilicifolia 472

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics Group 6 1. Leaves with 3 leaflets 2. Leaves opposite 3. Leaflets always 3, with tiny (10x lens) dots underneath…..Melicope pteleifolia 3. Leaflets 3–5, lacking dots……………………………..…Vitex quinata var. puberula 2. Leaves not opposite 4. Leaflet margins serrulate………………………….…………….…Allophyllus cobbe 4. Leaflet margins entire 5. Leaves hairy; petiolules not swollen or jointed, eglandular…….......................... .....................................................................................Sandoricum koetjape 5. Leaves glabrous; petiolules swollen, jointed, glandular………………............ ..........................................................................………Erythrina subumbrans 1. Leaves with more than 3 leaflets 6. Leaves palmately compound, all leaflets from one point at the tip of the petiole 7. Leaves opposite…………………………........………Vitex quinata var. puberula 7. Leaves spirally arranged 8. Leaflets with parallel venation, tip erose-dentate; petiole spiny………......... ..............................................................................……..…Licuala poonsakii 8. Leaflets with pinnate venation, tip acute; petioles smooth 9. Leaflet blades shallowly serrulate, trunk bark with thick, elliptic lenticels…… ……….......................………………………….......Macropanax dispermus 9. Leaflet blades entire, trunk bark smooth to slightly roughened, not lenticellate……………..............................……….....Schefflera heptaphylla 6. Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets variously distributed on an axis above the petiole 10. Leaves 2–3 times compound 11. Leaflet venation parallel, tips irregularly lobed……………....Caryota mitis 11. Leaflet venation pinnate, tips symmetrically pointed 12. Leaves opposite 13. Leaf segments with serrulate margins, symmetric…………........... ............................................................…Turpinia cochinchinensis 13. Leaf segments with entire margins, asymmetric 14. Youngest leaf segments glabrous, with pits near the blade base underneath; petiole smooth, less than 7 mm diameter at the base…………….....................………Radermachera ignea 473

CONTENT Appendix 7 14. Youngest leaf segments pubescent underneath, lacking pits; petiole pustular-lenticellate, 8–17 mm diameter at the base… ……….....................................……………...Oroxylum indicum 12. Leaves alternate to spirally arranged 15. Petioles with a flat, elongate stipule or linear scar at the inside (axillary) base, leaf segment margins serrulate……........…… ……………………………....................................…..…Leea indica 15. Petioles lacking such stipules or scars, leaf segment margins entire 16. Leaf segments very asymmetric, apparently one sided at the base; tip rounded…................................................................ ..............Archidendron clypearia ssp. clypearia var. clypearia 16. Leaf segments symmetric or nearly so at the base, tips pointed 17. Pinnae (secondary axes) 2…………....Albizia attopeuensis 17. Pinnae more than 2 18. Pinnae 4 (2 pairs), no terminal segment…….............. ........................................…...…Archidendron lucidum 18. Pinnae 6 + a terminal segment…………………............ ............................................…Acrocarpus fraxinifolius 10. Leaves once compound 19. Leaflets linear, with parallel venation and a sheath below the petiole clasping the stem 20. Leaflets continuous along the leaf axis, 30–48…….......Areca triandra 20. Leaflets in spaced groups along the leaf axis, 18–28…………............ .................................................................……………Pinanga sylvestris 19. Leaflets not linear, venation pinnate, sheath lacking 21. Lateral leaflet blades obviously asymmetric, with an oblique base 22. Leaves opposite 23. Leaf axes and leaflets pubescent..Stereospermum fimbriatum 23. Leaf axes and leaflets glabrous…………Tetradium glabrifolium 22. Leaves spirally arranged or alternate 24. Leaflets always opposite or closely sub-opposite 25. Leaves with a terminal leaflet as large as the lateral ones 26. Branchlets roughened with raised leaf scars and a coarse epidermis................................Rhus rhetsoides 26. Branchlets smooth, wrinkled, or with scattered lenticels 474

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 27. Leaflet blades 10-17 x 5-7 cm; secondary nerves more than 12, axils lacking domatia ……………........ ...............................……...Dysoxylum arborescens 27. Leaflet blades 5-10 x 3-5 cm; secondary nerves up to 10, axils often with domatia…...………………..….... .................…Choerospondias axillaris var. axillaris 25. Leaves lacking a terminal leaflet, with a swelling or rudimentary appendage between the distal pair of leaflets 28. Leaflet blades more than 16 x 5 cm, petiolules 7–11 mm long…………...…Chisocheton dysoxylifolius 28. Leaflet blades 8.5–15 x 3.5–4.5 cm, petiolules 4–5 mm long 29. Leaflet blade base obliquely acute……......…… ..…………Chisocheton cumingianus ssp. balansae 29. Leaflet blade base obliquely truncate……………… .................................................…Ailanthus triphysa 24. Leaflets clearly alternate, sometimes a few opposite or sub-opposite 30. Leaflet blades with tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath, crushed fresh parts aromatic 31. Leaflet blades 4.5–9 x 2–3 cm, petiolules 1.5–2.5 mm long........………...…Clausena excavata var. excavata 31. Leaflet blades 8–12 x 3.5–5 cm, petiolules 3–4 mm long…………………….............Clausena harmandiana 30. Leaflet blades lacking black dots, crushed fresh parts not aromatic 32. Petiolules 1–2 mm long, leaflet blade midnerve eccentric (more on one side than the other)……..………………... ........................……Eurycoma longifolia ssp. longifolia 32. Petiolules mostly more than 3 mm long, leaflet blade midnerve not eccentric (in the middle of the blade) 33. Terminal buds, youngest branchlets, and young leaflets with tiny (10x lens) stellate hairs and/or flat, peltate scales 34. Petiolules 12–23 mm long 475

CONTENT Appendix 7 35. Petiolules 12–18 mm long, indumentum of stellate hairs ………………….…Aglaia lawii 35. Petiolules 18–23 mm long, indumentum of peltate scales and stellate hairs....………… ................................…..…Aglaia spectabilis 34. Petiolules less than 10 mm long 36. Branchlets smooth, leaflet blades 6–7 cm wide……....……………………Aglaia edulis 36. Branchlets pustular-lenticellate, leaflet blades 4.5–5.5 cm wide.............….…….... ............…Engelhardia spicata var. spicata 33. Terminal buds, etc. with simple hairs or glabrous 37. Leaflet blades glabrous 38. Petiolules 10–13 mm long……Toona ciliata 38. Petiolules 4–9 mm long 39. Leaflet blades 4–4.5 cm wide…......... ...................…Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum 39. Leaflet blades 5.5–9 cm wide…........ .................…Aphanamixis polystachya 37. Leaflet blades pubescent 40. Leaves 75–100 cm long, leaflet blades mostly more than 15 cm long.………... …Chisocheton cumingianus ssp. balansae 40. Leaves less than 50 cm long, leaflet blades mostly less than 15 cm long 41. Leaflet blades 3.5–4.5 cm wide, petiolules 6–11 mm long …….……….. ..................……Lepisanthes tetraphylla 41. Leaflet blades 4–6.5 cm wide, petiolules 3–5 mm long..… ………………....……...... ......…Chukrasia tabularis var. tabularis 21. Lateral leaflet blades symmetric, bases not oblique 42. Leaflet blades with tiny (10x lens) black dots underneath..……… ……………………………...…Glycosmis mauritiana var. mauritiana 42. Leaflet blades lacking black dots 43. Leaves opposite 476

Key to Trees Found in the Plot Based on CONTENT Branchlet and Leaf Characteristics 44. Branchlets and leaves glabrous……...Fraxinus floribunda 44. Branchlets and leaves pubescent…………...................... ....................................…Markhamia stipulata var. stipulata 43. Leaves spirally arranged 45. Petiolules swollen at both ends 46. Leaflet blades lacking tiny, glandular dots underneath …....................................................…Walsura pinnata 46. Leaflet blades with scattered, tiny, glandular dots underneath..………..………...……...…Walsura robusta 45. Petiolules not swollen at both ends 47. Leaflets opposite 48. Leaflet blades 14–20 x 6–9 cm, petiolules 8–12 mm long...........…....………………Canarium euphyllum 48. Leaflet blades 4.5–14 x 2.5–4 cm, petiolules 3–6 mm long 49. Indumentum (10x lens) of peltate scales, leaflets appearing glabrous.…….Aglaia elaeagnoidea 49. Indumentum of simple, spreading hairs; leaflets obviously pubescent.………Ormosia sumatrana 47. Leaflets alternate, only occasionally with an opposite pair 50. Axils of leaflet blade secondary nerves with hairy domatia (10x lens) underneath….………............. .…Meliosma pinnata ssp. barbulata var. barbulata 50. Axils of leaf blade secondary nerves lacking domatia 51.Leaflet blades hairy…………Ormosia sumatrana 51.Leaflet blades glabrous 52. Leaflet blade tips obtuse………......…… .........................……Nephelium melliferum 52. Leaflet blade tips acute 53. Petiolules 4–5 mm long; leaflet blades 4–8 cm long, tip mucronate…................ ................…Dalbergia cochinchinensis 53. Petiolules 9–12 mm long; leaflet blades 11–21 cm long, tip not mucronate…........ ..............…Mischocarpus pentapetalus 477

CONTENT Appendix 7 TABLE OF SHAPES1 Widest at the Length/width Apex Middle Base +/− – orbicular – 1–2 2–3 obovate elliptic ovate 3–5 5–10 obovate-oblong oblong ovate-oblong 10+ obovate-lanceolate lanceolate ovate-lanceolate – linear-lanceolate – – linear-subulate – 1 If the length is 13 cm and the width is 4 cm (13/4 = 3–5 times as long as wide) and the widest point is in the middle, the shape is lanceolate; if it is widest at the base the shape would be ovate-lanceolate. 478

References CONTENT References Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., S. J. Davies, A. C. Bennett, E. B. Gonzalez-Akre, H. C. Muller- Landau et al. 2014. CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111 / gcb.12712. Arbhabhirama, A, (ed.) 1987. Thailand Natural Resources Profile. Thailand Development Research Institute, Bangkok. Ashton, P. S. 1990. Thailand: Biodiversity center for the tropics of Indo-Burma. J. Science Soc. Thailand 16: 107–116. Ashton, P. S. 2003. Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains, revisited. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6: 87–104. Ashton, P. S., and CTFS Working Group. 2004. Floristics and vegetation of the forest dynamics plots. Pages 90–102 in E. C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr., eds. Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Ashton, P. S. 2014. On the Forests of Tropical Asia: Lest the Memory Fade. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Baker, P. J., S. Bunyavejchewin, C. D. Oliver and P. S. Ashton. 2005. Disturbance history and historical stand dynamics of a seasonal tropical forest in western Thailand. Ecol. Monogr. 75: 317–343. Baltzer, J. L., S. J. Davies, S. Bunyavejchewin, and N. S. Noor. 2008. The role of desiccation tolerance in determining tree species distributions along the Malay–Thai peninsula. Funct. Ecol. 22: 221–231. Brockelman, W. Y. 1998. Study of forest canopy height and cover using a point-intercept method. Pages 521–531 in F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comiskey (eds.), Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring, and Modeling: Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Man and the Biosphere Series, Vol. 20. Parthanon Publishing Group, Pearl River, New York. Brockelman, W. Y. 2011. Rainfall patterns and unpredictable fruit production in seasonally dry evergreen forest, and their effects on gibbons. Pages 195–216 in The Ecology and Conservation of Seasonally Dry Forests in Asia, W. J. McShea, S. J. Davies, and N. Phumpakphan, eds. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C. Brockelman, W. Y. 2013. Gibbon studies in Khao Yai National Park: some personal reminiscences. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 59: 109–135. 479

CONTENT References Brockelman, W. Y.; P. Charoenchai, and J. F. Maxwell. 2002. A new tree species (Sapotaceae) and a new species record for Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 50:1, 89–97. Brockelman, W. Y., A. Nathalang, and G. A. Gale. 2011. The Mo Singto forest dynamics plot, Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 57: 35–56. Brokaw, N., S. Fraver, J. S. Grear, J. Thompson, J. K. Zimmerman, R. B. Waide, E. M. Everham III, S. P. Hubbell, and R. B. Foster. 2004. Disturbance and canopy structure in two tropical forests. Pages 177–194 in E. C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.), Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Bruenig, E. F. 1991. The effects of the most probable trend of climate change on humid tropical forest ecosystems. Pages 51–61 in P. Kongtong, S. Bhumibhamon, H. Wood and K. Boongragob (eds.), Proceedings of the National Biological Conference of Thailand, including Asia and the Pacific Regions, on Global Change: Effects on Tropical Forests, Agricultural, Urban and Industrial Ecosystems, Bangkok, 22–24 October, 1990. International Tropical timber Organization Technical Series 6. Bunyavejchewin, S., P. J. Baker, J. V. LaFrankie, and P. S. Ashton. 2001. Stand structure of a seasonal dry evergreen forest at Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, western Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 49: 89–106. Bunyavejchewin, S., P. J. Baker, J. V. LaFrankie, and P. S. Ashton. 2002. Floristic structure of a seasonal dry evergreen forest at Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, western Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 50: 125–134. Bunyavejchewin, S., J. V. LaFrankie, P. J. Baker, S. J. Davies, and P. S. Ashton. 2009. Forest Trees of Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand: Data from the 50-Hectare Forest Dynamics Plot. National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. Bunyavejchewin, S., P. J. Baker, and S. J. Davies. 2011. Seasonally dry tropical forests in continental Southeast Asia: Structure, composition and dynamics. Pages 9–35 in W. J. McShea, S. J. Davies, and N.Phumpakphan (eds.), The Ecology and Conservation of Seasonally Dry Forests in Asia. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C. Cao, M., H. Zhu, H. Wang, G. Y. Lan, Y. H. Hu, S. S. Zhou, X. B. Deng, and J. Y. Cui. 2008. Xishuangbanna Tropical Seasonal Rainforest Dynamics Plot: Tree Distribution Maps, Diameter Tables and Species Documentation. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming. 480

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CONTENT References Geological Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources. 1999. Geological Map of Thailand 1999. 1/1,000,000. Bangkok, Thailand. Henderson-Sellers, A. and V. Gornitz. 1984. Possible climatic impacts of land cover transformations, with particular emphasis on tropical deforestation. Climate Change 6: 231–258. Hubbell, S. P. 2004. Two decades of research on the BCI forest dynamics plot: Pages 8–30 in E. C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.). Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Kanzaki, M., M. Hara, T. Yamakura, T. Ohkubo, M. N. Tamura, K. Sri-ngernyuang, P. Sahunalu, S. Teejuntuk, and S. Bunyavejchewin. 2004. Doi Inthanin forest dynamics plot, Thailand. Pages 474–491 in E. C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.), Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Limsakul, A. and J. I. Goes. 2008. Empirical evidence for interannual and longer period variability in Thailand surface air temperatures. Atmospheric Res. 87: 89–102. Losos, E. C. and CTFS Working Group. 2004. The structure of tropical forests. Pages 69–78 in E. C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.), Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Lynam, A. J., P. D. Round and W. Y. Brockelman. 2006. Status of large birds and mammals in Thailand’s Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai forest complex. Biodiversity Research and Training Program and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangkok. Manokaran, N, J. V. LaFrankie, K. H. Kochummen, E. S. Quah, J. E. Klahn, P. S. Ashton, and S. P. Hubbell. 1990. Methodology for the Fifty Hectare Plot at Pasoh Forest Reserve. Research Pamphlet No. 104. Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaysia. Maxwell, J. F. 2004. A synopsis of the vegetation of Thailand. Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ.4: 2 21–29. McClure, H. E. 1974. Some bionomics of the birds of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 25: 99–194. McShea, W. J. and S. J. Davies. 2011. Introduction: Seasonally dry forests of tropical Asia: An ecosystem adapted to seasonal drought, frequent fire, and human activity. Pages 1–8 in W. J. McShea, S. J. Davies, and N.Phumpakphan (eds.), 482

References CONTENT The Ecology and Conservation of Seasonally Dry Forests in Asia. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C. Nuhn, R. L. and P. A. Reeves. 1980. Some Butterflies of Khao Yai National Park. Friends of Khao National Park Association. United Production Press, Bangkok. Pendleton, R. L. 1962. Thailand: Aspects of Landscape and Life. Duell, Sloan and Pierce, New York. Peters, R. L. 1992. Conservation of biological diversity in the face of climate change. Pages 15–30 in R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy(eds.), Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale University Press, Hew Haven. Phillips, O. L. 2010. Drought-mortality relationships for tropical forests. New Phytol. 187: 631–646. Richards, P. W. 1996. The Tropical Rain Forest, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Round, P. D., A. J. Pierce, W. Sankamethawee, and G. A. Gale. 2011. The avifauna of the Mo Singto forest dynamics plot, Khao Yai National Par, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 59: 57–80. Santisuk, T. 1988. An Account of the Vegetation of Northern Thailand. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH, Stuttgart. Schimper, A. F. W. 1903. Plant-geography upon a Physiological Basis,ed. P. Groom and I. B. Balfour. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sherwood, S. and Q. Fu. 2014. A drier future? Science 343: 737–739. Smitinand, T. (ed.) 1977. Plants of Khao Yai National Park. New Thammada Press, Bangkok. Srikosamatara, S., and T. Hansel. 2000. Mammals of Khao Yai National Park, 2nd ed. Green World Foundation, Bangkok. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1999. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed. Agriculture Handbook no. 436. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Walsh, R. P. D. 1992. Representation and classification of tropical climates for ecological purposes using the perhumidity index. Swansea Geogr. 24: 109– 129. 483

CONTENT References Walsh, R. P. D. 1996. Climate. Pages 159–205 in P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Wanthongchai, K. and J. G. Goldammer. 2011. Fire management in South and Southeast Asia’s seasonally dry forests: colonial approaches, current problems, and perspectives. Pages 97–114 in W. J. McShea, S. J. Davies and N. Bhumpakphan(eds.), The Ecology and Conservation of Seasonally Dry Forests in Asia. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C. 484

Photographs CONTENT Animals on the Mo Singto plot Photographs white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) binturong (Arctictis binturong) slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) Asian palm civet small-toothed palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites) (Arctogalidia trivirgata) 485

CONTENT Photographs Some animals of the Mo Singto plot great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) wreathed hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus) Austen’s brown hornbill (Anorrhinus austeni) black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) 486

Photographs CONTENT Some flowers and fruits of Mo Singto plot Symplocos Schima wallichii Polyalthia aff. evecta cochinchinensis Aphanamixis polystachya Strobilanthes sp Actinodaphne angustifolia Dasymaschalon acuminatum Clerodendrum garrettianum 487

CONTENT Photographs Some fruits of trees and lianas Garcinia benthamii Gnetum macrostachyum Nephelium melliferum Microtropis discolor Magnolia baillonii Platymitra macrocarpa Pouteria stellibacca Elaeagnus conferta 488488

About the editors and authors CONTENT About the editors and authors Warren Y. Brockelman (Ph.D.) is a consultant at the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), of the National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand, and an advisor to the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. He retired as professor of biology in the Faculty of Science, Mahidol University. Email: [email protected] Anuttara Nathalang (M.Sc.) is an assistant researcher in the Ecology Laboratory at the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), of the National Science and Technology Development Agency. Email: [email protected] James F. Maxwell (M.Sc.) was founder and curator of the Chiang Mai University (CMUB) Herbarium and member of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. He helped establish the BBH vascular plant herbarium at BIOTEC. Udomlux Suwanvecho (Ph.D.) is a research collaborator in the Ecology Laboratory at the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), of the National Science and Technology Development Agency. Email: u.suwanvecho@gmail. com Jantima Santon (M.Sc.) is an assistant researcher and a curator of BBH plant herbarium at the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), of the National Science and Technology Development Agency. Email: jantima.san@ biotec.or.th Umaporn Matmoon (B.Sc.) is a technician in the Ecology Laboratory at the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), of the National Science and Technology Development Agency. Email: [email protected] Onuma Petrmitr (B.Sc.) was formerly a technician at the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), of the National Science and Technology Development Agency. 489