Alain Nói Về Hạnh Phúc

["92.\tV\u1ec1\tngh\u0129a\tv\u1ee5\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tth\u1ee5\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac Mu\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf hay b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f3 g\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mua vui cho m\u00ecnh, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e2n \u0111o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, n\u00e9m l\u00ean m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc m\u00e0u bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng uy nghi, b\u1edfi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c coi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u1ed1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eb7n c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb x\u00e2y l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u00e1t. T\u00f4i th\u00ec t\u00f4i xin chu\u1ed3n. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i s\u1ea7u cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0m sao; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb9p cho b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb? C\u0169ng b\u1edfi n\u00f3 nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01a1i thay cho n\u00f3. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111ang d\u1ed7i th\u00ec tr\u01b0ng ra v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m vui v\u1ebb, v\u00e0 may sao tr\u1ebb con l\u1ea1i mau qu\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i d\u1eb1n d\u1ed7i. L\u00fd do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc l\u1eafm, l\u00fac n\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi bao s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi bao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi ta th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thua tr\u1eadn khi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00edt khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn: h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng lu\u00f4n l\u1edfn v\u1edfn trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00edt th\u1edf, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft xua tan c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thanh l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. C\u00f2n g\u00ec kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u01a1n n\u1ed7i ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 hay b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ta y\u00eau qu\u00fd \u0111\u00e2y? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u00fd t\u00f4i n\u00f3i th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chinh ph\u1ee5c cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng hoa c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n danh d\u1ef1 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, theo nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u00eau \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung phong d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. H\u1ed3i b\u00e9, t\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng c\u00e2n, kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f3 lay chuy\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1eb9 k\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7y x\u00e1c x\u01a1 v\u00ec r\u1ea7u r\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, kho\u00e1i gi\u1eadt t\u00f3c t\u00f4i, c\u1ea5u v\u00e9o v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o n\u1eefa, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u0129nh m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m tr\u1eddi gi\u00e1ng m\u1edbi th\u00f4i. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, khi nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bu\u1ed3n ng\u00f3 ng\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7y d\u00e3 t\u00e2m \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh y\u00ean. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p y\u00ean b\u00ecnh, hay n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c y\u00ean b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, trong m\u1eaft t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb to x\u00e1c b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m tr\u1ebb ranh x\u1ea5u b\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u1eadn m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4n. 16 th\u00e1ng Ba 1923 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","93.\tC\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\tth\u1ec1\tnguy\u1ec1n Bi quan l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed, l\u1ea1c quan l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed. Ai bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, n\u00f3i th\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c anh ta s\u1ebd l\u00ean c\u01a1n b\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1u gi\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb con s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea3 khi thi\u1ebfu lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i th\u1ee9 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1eeba b\u00e3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1eafn m\u00ecnh. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed vui v\u1ebb, t\u00ednh kh\u00ed th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ban g\u1eaft, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. T\u00ednh c\u00e1u b\u1eb3n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng l\u1edbn \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u00ean: l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i v\u1ebb y nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ebb h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111inh ninh r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1. S\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n l\u1ea1c quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng l\u1eafm l\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 \u00e2m s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng giai \u0111i\u1ec7u. C\u00e1i nghe nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng ch\u00f3 g\u1ea7m g\u1eeb m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p trong c\u01a1n b\u1eb3n g\u1eaft l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u1edf b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 k\u00e9o theo \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c \u1edf xung quanh ta. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 hai t\u1eeb c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, do \u0111\u00f3 ai l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c \u0111ang l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb[107]. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y ta chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ta tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t cho k\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ebb g\u1ed7 d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Khi c\u1ea3 b\u1ea7y ch\u00f3 s\u0103n lao \u0111i s\u1ee5c s\u1ea1o, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u1eafn nhau. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady x\u1ebb g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf t\u01b0 duy. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng xoa d\u1ecbu r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ee7 cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eady hay ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Thi\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng nhau tr\u00f4i theo m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c con ch\u00f3 l\u1ea1i lao v\u00e0o c\u1eafn nhau. M\u1ecdi c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ta r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y cho ta c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c chua ch\u00e1t. Ta nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ecdi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u, ta t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ngu ng\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i c\u01b0a g\u1ed7. Ta th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ea1c quan \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi th\u1ec1. D\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa qu\u1ea5t r\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfng tru tr\u00e9o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n ch\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng h\u1edd, m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u1ee7 \u00ea ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t l\u1eeba l\u1ecdc. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta h\u1ec5 r\u1ea3nh rang m\u1ed9t t\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m ra kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf, d\u1eb1n v\u1eb7t ngay. C\u00f3 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ta t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng chua ch\u00e1t m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho ta b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i g\u00e0 g\u1eadt l\u00e2ng l\u00e2ng, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng; tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u, khi gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 l\u1ea5p l\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao xa. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u1ee7, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ta kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 n\u1eeda v\u1eddi. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129 c\u0103ng \u00f3c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y, m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y h\u1ea1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gai. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 kho\u00e1c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh. 29 th\u00e1ng ch\u00edn 1923 H\u1ebeT https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","[1] Alexandre \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf x\u1ee9 Mac\u00e9doine (356-323 tr. CN). (T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) [2] Aristote (384-322 tr. CN): Tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p. [3] Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na (1758-1817): Danh t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Napol\u00e9on coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. [4] Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord (1754-1838): Nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i danh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Louis XVI, qua th\u1eddi Napol\u00e9on t\u1edbi t\u1eadn tri\u1ec1u vua Louis-Philippe. [5] Alain mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1914-1918). [6] Trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb \u201cirritation\u201d v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u1ee9ng, v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i. [7] B\u00e0i bridge trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi 52 qu\u00e2n b\u00e0i, b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i chia th\u00e0nh hai c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","[8] C\u00e1i r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft gia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i r\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh khi th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. [9] Baruch Spinoza (1633-1677): Tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. [10] Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1595-1650): Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt, Descartes \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac gia nh\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tham gia nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn. [11] T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Trait\u00e9 des passions s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong su\u1ed1t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. [12] Khu r\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Namur, bang Wallonie mi\u1ec1n Nam V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ec9. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. [13] Theo Kinh Th\u00e1nh (Corintho 1, 6:19: Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a anh em l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n), anh n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng anh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban cho anh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00ean tri. [14] C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Socrates. [15] T\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Th\u00e8bes. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 sa m\u1ea1c v\u00e2y quanh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ed1n bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hoang d\u00e3\u201d. [16] D\u1ea7u th\u1ea7u d\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4ng y th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nhu\u1eadn tr\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t cao. Li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao (1-2 h\u1ea1t) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong. [17] T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn tay \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed t\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. [18] M\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u1edf Maroc. G\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd. [19] X\u1ee9 Scythie \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythie s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII tr. CN cho t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef chi\u1ebfn binh Amazon; \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Thrace v\u00e0 Pont-Euxin. [20] Cha c\u1ee7a Alain l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n ng\u1ef1a. [21] M\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y m\u00ea trong ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c cao. [22] Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c bang Wallonie, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c B\u1ec9. [23] T\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, n\u1eb1m gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u00ean gi\u00f3i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2ng th\u1eddi gian thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. [24] Theo Alain, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt do Platon t\u1ea1o ra (xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i 31. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf l\u1edbn) [25] Alain vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u Titanic (15\/4\/1912). [26] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y Alain vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 1800 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng theo con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. [27] V\u1edf k\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Shakespeare v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Lady Macbeth \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. [28] Sicambre c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Germain s\u1ed1ng \u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Rhin. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c R\u00e9my khi l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 R\u1eeda T\u1ed9i (gia nh\u1eadp C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o) cho vua Clovis v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 496 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Reims. [29] Vua David trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n lia, mang s\u1ef1 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh t\u1edbi cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. [30] Ren\u00e9 Fonck (1894-1953): Phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. [31] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y Alain ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef: c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cse mordre la langue\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee1i\u201d v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00ec l\u1ee1 l\u1eddi\u201d, c\u00f2n \u201cc\u1eafn r\u1ee9t\u201d (t\u1ee9c \u201ch\u1ed1i h\u1eadn\u201d) l\u00e0 \u201cremords\u201d, ph\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cremordre\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea1i c\u1eafn\u201d. [32] Tri\u1ebft gia kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La Tinh (Hi\u00e9rapolis, Phrygie, kh. 50 - Nicopolis, \u00c9pire, kh. 130). [33] Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893): B\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n kinh b\u1eb1ng th\u00f4i mi\u00ean. Sigmund Freud t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. [34] H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tinh x\u1ea3o m\u00e0 Alain \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Freud, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n kinh. [35] T\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Marie-Henri Beyle (1783-1842), nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. [36] Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt anh h\u00f9ng, l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. [37] Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564), t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Michelangelo, h\u1ecda s\u0129, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u00dd. [38] Con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt nh\u00e0 Gorgone trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea5u x\u00ed kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, m\u00e1i t\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u0169 r\u1eafn k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u00e1nh m\u1eaft l\u00e0m h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ai l\u1ee1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. [39] B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n Delphes, trung gian truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Apollon, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf ba ch\u00e2n. [40] Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, th\u00e1nh Christophe l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f5ng Ch\u00faa H\u00e0i \u0110\u1ed3ng qua s\u00f4ng, sang \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd b\u00ean kia th\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng v\u1eeba c\u00f5ng c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng. [41] Theo th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, Cassandre l\u00e0 n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng ti\u00ean tri, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai nghe theo. [42] Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Gil Blas x\u1ee9 Santillane): T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Alain - Ren\u00e9 Lesage (1668-1747) k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Gil Blas, tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng l\u1eabn t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. [43] \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002, Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 euro. [44] Maurice Barr\u00e8s (1896-1975): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. [45] Voltaire (1694-1778): Tri\u1ebft gia, \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p; t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. [46] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1632): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng \u00e1ng th\u01a1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. [47] Pyrrhus (319\/318-272 tr. CN): V\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vua x\u1ee9 Epire; \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft khi tham gia n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Sparte, b\u1ecb vi\u00ean ng\u00f3i n\u00e9m tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Argos. Pyrrhus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Plutarchus (Plutarque) vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed trong Vitae Parallelae (Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi song h\u00e0nh). [48] Jean Calvin (1509-1564): Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, sinh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y do ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. [49] M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Le Barbier de S\u00e9ville (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh X\u00ea-vin) c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch t\u00e1c gia Ph\u00e1p Beaumarchais (1732-1799). [50] T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Poil de Carotte (1894) g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Poil de Carotte, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1ea3 cha m\u1eb9 l\u1eabn anh ch\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ec7 b\u1ea1c. [51] Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 \u201cet s\u2019il me plait \u00e0 moi d\u2019\u00eatre battue\u201d, tr\u00edch l\u1eddi b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 Sganarelle trong v\u1edf Le M\u00e9decin malgr\u00e9 lui (Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129, 1666) c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch t\u00e1c gia Ph\u00e1p Moli\u00e8re (1622-1673). [52] Jean de La Bruy\u00e8re (1645-1696): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Caract\u00e8res (T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch). [53] Nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u201cmoralistes\u201d, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n chuy\u00ean quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n sinh nh\u01b0 Montaigne, Pascal, La Rochetoucauld, La Bruy\u00e8re \u1edf Ph\u00e1p hay Bacon, Hobbes, Hume \u1edf Anh. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","[54] Georg W\u00eclhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831): M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n. [55] Romain Rolland (1866-1944): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1915. [56] Honor\u00e9 de Balzac (1799-1850): Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u1ea5n tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eddi. [57] L\u00e9on Tolstoi (1828-1910): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nga, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Anna Kar\u00e9nine. [58] \u00dd ch\u1ec9 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), v\u0103n s\u0129 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia g\u1ed1c Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng. [59] Trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201croulette\u201d, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f2 quay kim tr\u00ean b\u00e0n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y may r\u1ee7i, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Monte-Carlo, c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Monaco, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u201cn\u1eef ho\u00e0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c casino ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. [60] Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n La Fontaine (1621-1695), c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9i x\u00f4 s\u1eefa v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 mua tr\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u00ea, b\u00f2, l\u1ee3n, m\u00e1y \u1ea5p m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd mua t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n s\u1eefa n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. [61] Jules C\u00e9sar (100-44 tr. CN): \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch La M\u00e3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. [62] Diog\u00e8ne (404-323 tr. CN), tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Khuy\u1ec3n nho. [63] S\u00f4ng Rubicon ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd (b\u00ean n\u00e0y d\u00e3y Alpes) v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Gaule (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y d\u00e3y Alpes). N\u0103m 49 tr. CN, C\u00e9sar b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng La M\u00e3, v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rubicon, g\u00e2y n\u00ean n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n C\u00e9sar v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Pomp\u00e9e. [64] Auguste Comte (1798-1857): Tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. [65] \u00dd t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201ckh\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh v\u00ec cho th\u00e2n x\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111an vi\u1ec7n chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m. Sau C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vaticano 1963, c\u00e1c \u0111an vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. [66] Paul D\u00e9roul\u00e8de (1846-1914): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, k\u1ecbch t\u00e1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng tham gia tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p - Ph\u1ed5. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e1m tang \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec5n nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m tang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Victor Hugo. [67] L\u01b0\u1ee1i ki\u1ebfm s\u00e9t l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Zeus, ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Olympia. V\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. [68] Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 \u201csoleil de janvier\u201d, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhu nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed5i thay, v\u00ec \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ee3t nh\u1ea1t. [69] L\u1eeba v\u00f9ng Andalousie, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Anko, l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng l\u1eeba l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed3 k\u00e9o cho nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i xa v\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo dai. [70] Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Gaule (n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn di\u1ec7n t\u00edch x\u1ee9 Gaule ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III. [71] T\u00ean x\u1ee9 s\u1edf l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u00e9l\u00e9maque c\u1ee7a F\u00e9n\u00e9lon (1651-1715), tri\u1ebft gia, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. [72] Saint-Ouen l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn \u1edf Rouen. [73] Trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, Sisyphe ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t l\u00e0 l\u0103n m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh d\u1ed1c r\u1ed3i th\u1ea3 n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i l\u0103n l\u00ean, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf l\u0103n m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. [74] \u00c1m ch\u1ec9 California Gold Rush \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1848-1855. C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, song c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u di h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ec1 sau Vua H\u00e0i Charlot \u0111\u00e3 cho tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 phim The Gold Rush (Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng). [75] Trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Furies c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u00e1o th\u00f9 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Erinyes trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. [76] H\u1eb3n Alain \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 t\u1eed t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y. [77] Fran\u00e7ois de la Rochefoucauld (1613-1680): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. [78] Robinson Crusoe: Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Anh, Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau luu c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o hoang \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i anh d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ea nh\u00e0. [79] Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755), Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng La Br\u00e8de v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Montesquieu, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. [80] \u00dd ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 11, ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i thu n\u00e0y, ti\u1ebft tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng u \u00e1m. [81] M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca Odyss\u00e9e c\u1ee7a Hom\u00e8re (800-740 tr. CN), nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1t rong k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p. [82] T\u00ean c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ng\u1ed1c ngh\u1ebfch, v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho thi\u1ebfu nhi La Sceur de Gribouil\u1ec9e (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Gribouille) c\u1ee7a N\u1eef b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc S\u00e9gur (1799- 1874), sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edd kh\u1ea1o, ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh. [83] Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 (121-180), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t. [84] Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. [85] N\u1eef v\u0103n s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p (1804-1876). Consuelo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u00f4n ba c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ca s\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. [86] Tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p (kh. 470-399 tr. CN). [87] Th\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5. [88] T\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Tu vi\u1ec7n Soligny, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Xi-t\u00f4, \u1edf Orne, v\u00f9ng H\u1ea1 Normandie, T\u00e2y B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. [89] Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e1nh (ch\u00e9n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ch\u00e9n b\u00e1nh, n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda tay, kh\u0103n lau c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5) sao cho nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vaticano (1960-1963), n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda tay c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111i. [90] Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Latinh: Dies Ir\u0153, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. [91] V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p theo Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t. \u0110\u1ea7u chu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4n th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng vui m\u1eebng, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c lo l\u1eafng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c cho Ch\u00faa. [92] T\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Henri de la Tour d\u2019Auvergne, t\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edbc Turenne (1611- 1675), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Louis XIV. [93] \u201cR\u00e9solu\u201d trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ebft t\u00e2m\u201d v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d. [94] Vua Louis XIV c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (1643-1715), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Louis \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf hay Vua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. [95] Nh\u01b0 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1eebng b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. N\u0103m 1869, k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, song Ai C\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1882. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Ai C\u1eadp v\u1eabn l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1914. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1922 th\u00ec Ai C\u1eadp tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Anh Qu\u1ed1c. [96] M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00ec \u0103n c\u1eafp l\u1eeda thi\u00eang \u0111em cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Zeus tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, xi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Caucasus \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ec9a gan. [97] Jean Jaur\u00e8s (1859-1914): Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","[98] M\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 sang tr\u1ecdng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m Paris. [99] Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p (kh. 460 - kh. 370 tr. CN), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a t\u00e2y y. L\u1eddi th\u1ec1 Hippocrate, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 y \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. [100] \u00c1m ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh Flirey trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c. [101] Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805): Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. [102] Giai tho\u1ea1i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi Bias ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Pri\u00e8ne, m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p. [103] Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883): Nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. [104] T\u1eeb \u201cvertu\u201d (\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh) c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c La tinh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u201cvertud\u201d, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c\u201d. [105] \u00c1m ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y k\u00fd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn k\u1ebft th\u00fac Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (11 th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t 1918). [106] D\u1ecbch s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p \u201csavoir-vivre\u201d, trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1, ph\u00e9p x\u1eed th\u1ebf. [107] T\u1eeb \u201cpolitesse\u201d (ph\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1) v\u00e0 \u201cpolitique\u201d (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u0103n t\u1ed1 poli. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Table of Contents L\u1edcI GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U 1. Con ng\u1ef1a Buc\u00e9phale 2. K\u00edch \u1ee9ng 3. Marie s\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. Suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n kinh 5. Ch\u1ee9ng phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n 6. V\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac 7. S\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh 8. V\u1ec1 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng 9. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n 10. C\u00e2y argan 11. Y h\u1ecdc 12. N\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi 13. Tai n\u1ea1n 14. Th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch 15. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft 16. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf 17. T\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c 18. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n 19. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e1p 20. C\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh 21. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch 22. \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh 23. T\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ti\u00ean tri 24. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta 25. Ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n 26. Hercule 27. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n 28. Ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n 29. V\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn 30. \u0110\u1eebng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng 31. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf l\u1edbn 32. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e2n c\u1eadn 33. Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh 34. S\u1ef1 x\u00f3t xa 35. S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh 36. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 37. \u0110\u00f4i l\u1ee9a 38. Bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n 39. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 40. Canh b\u1ea1c 41. Hy v\u1ecdng 42. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng 43. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng 44. Diog\u00e8ne 45. K\u1ebb \u00edch k\u1ef7 46. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n 47. Aristote 48. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac 49. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn"]