Jenis-jenis tumbuhan di Sulawesi tenggara

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 83 Mehere Drypetes cf. globosa Pax. & Euphorbiaceae K.Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae 84 Morombinisi Trigonostemon sp. Euphorbiaceae 85 Orope/Rope Drypetes celebica Pax.&Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae 86 Pute Pute Mata (Tol.), Lapi Macaranga gigantea Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae (Mun.) Euphorbiaceae 87 Rogo Croton sp. Euphorbiaceae 88 Tandangolu Glochidion rubrum Blume Euphorbiaceae 89 Tawa Huko Drypetes minahassae Pax & Euphorbiaceae K.Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae 90 Tawa Momea Macaranga tanarius Muell.Arg. Euphorbiaceae 91 Tofa (Mun.) Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae 92 Towula Mallotus sp. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae 93 Towula (Tol.), Mangko Macaranga sp. Euphorbiaceae Mangko (Mun.) Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae 94 Walahopa Glochidion molle Blume Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae 95 - Acalypha caturus Blume Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae 96 - Aporusa cf. elmeri Merr. Fabaceae 97 - Cleistanthus cf.hirsutus Hook.f. Fabaceae 98 - Croton laevifolius Blume Fabaceae 99 - Croton oblongus Burm.f. Fabaceae 100 - Drypetes longifolia Pax.&Hoffm. Fabaceae 101 - Gelonium glomeratum Hassk. Fabaceae 102 - Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr. 103 - Phyllanthus buxifolium Reinw. 104 - Sumbapiopsis albicans J.J.S. 105 Asana/Angsana (1) Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 106 Hopa (Tol.), Seppang Caesalpinia sappan L. (Bug.) 107 Jeunjing Albizia falcataria (L.) Fostberg 108 Kaloba (Tol.), Ampulajeng Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb. (Bug.) 109 Kasu Ule Mimosa sp. 110 Konduri (Tol.), Moniwa/ Parkia roxburghii G.Don Mohiwa (Mun.) 42

JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA (Disusun Berdasarkan Urutan dan Pengelompokan Family (Suku)) No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 111 Lepo Phanera sp. Fabaceae 112 Roda Erythrina subumbrans Merr. Fabaceae 113 Taloe Cynometra ramiflora L. Fabaceae 114 Tiwala (Tol.), Kalapi Kalappia celebica Kosterm. Fabaceae (Mun.) 115 Upi (Tol.), Qefi (Mun.), Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze Fabaceae Bayam (Bug.) (1) 116 Welagho Riri (Mun.) Dialium sp. Fabaceae 117 Welala (Tol.), Sauntiri Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae (Mun.) 118 Welalombalo (Mun,) Albizia saponaria (Lor.) Miq. Fabaceae 119 Welalondahi Pongamia pinnata Merr. Fabaceae 120 - Desmodium umbellatum DC. Fabaceae 121 - Parkia sp. Fabaceae 122 Eha Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.Dc. Fagaceae 123 Kolipu Lithocarpus sp. Fagaceae 124 Pololi Lithocarpus sp. Fagaceae 125 - Lithocarpus celebicus Rehd. Fagaceae 126 Kasu Tanu 1 (Tol.), Ohia Homalium foetidum Bth. Flacourtiaceae (Mun,) 127 Nguru (Tol.), Rumu Tarrietia riedeliana Oliv. Flacourtiaceae (Mun.) 128 Pangi (Tol.), Logasi (Mun.) Pangium edule Reinw. Flacourtiaceae 129 Tanggeambali Homalium tomentosum Benth. Flacourtiaceae 130 - Flacourtia grewiifolia Flacourtiaceae 131 - Xylosma sp. Flacourtiaceae 132 Huko (Tol.), Ousa (Mun.), Gnetum gnemon L. Gnetaceae Melinjo (Ind.) 133 Bakung bakung (Ind.) Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. Goodeniaceae 134 Urogo Dichroa febrifuga Lour Hydrangeaceae 135 Sisio1 Cratoxylon celebicum Blume Hypericaceae 136 cf Homalium Cryptocarya infectori (Blume) Miq. Lauraceae 137 Kolina Cinnamomum celebicum Miq. Lauraceae 138 Kuma Biasa (1) Litsea grandis Hook.f Lauraceae 139 Pondo Undo Cryptocarya cf.kahamar Teschn. Lauraceae 140 Ponto Litsea firma Hook.f. Lauraceae 43

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 141 Saru (Tol.), Karematu Dehaasia caesia Blume Lauraceae (Mun.) Cryptocarya sp. Lauraceae 142 Tawa Mokora Beilschmiedia gemmiflora (Blume) Kosterm. Lauraceae 143 - Cryptocarya crassinervia Miq. Cryptocarya sp. Lauraceae 144 - Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Lauraceae Litsea oppositifolia Gibbs. Lauraceae 145 - Lauraceae Planchonia valida (Blume) Blume 146 - Lecythidaceae 147 - 148 Ewu/Wewu (Tol.) Saru Robine (Mun,) 149 Holea Mbute (Tol.), Chydenanthus sp. Lecythidaceae Kaololo (Mun.) 150 Puta/Putat Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. Lecythidaceae Barringtonia sp. Lecythidaceae 151 Tolihe Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Lecythidaceae 152 Tolihe Manu (Tol.) Cordyline fruticosa (L.)A. Chev. Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb. Liliacea 153 Towoa Hyptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz. Magnoliaceae Hibiscus cf.rosasinensis L. Malphigiaceae 154 Silae (Tol.), Uru (Bug.) Malvaceae 155 - 156 Ambanduke 157 Lowaru (Tol.), Bontu Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae (Mun.) 158 Lowaru Watu Croton argyratus Blume Malvaceae 159 Bose Bose Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq. Meliaceae 160 Bosilu Aglaia sp. Meliaceae 161 Gunung Dysoxylum sp. Meliaceae 162 Kase (Tol.), Raqulemba Chisocheton ceramicus Miq. Meliaceae (Mun.) 163 Kasu Balongga Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Meliaceae Blume 164 Kasu Ngginiku Aglaia argentea Blume Meliaceae 165 Kilowu Chisosheton sp. Meliaceae Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) 166 Nyirih batu/sirih (Ind.) M.Roem Meliaceae 167 Ombuli (Tol.), Kontawu Xylocarpus granatum Koen. Meliaceae (Mun.) 44

JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA (Disusun Berdasarkan Urutan dan Pengelompokan Family (Suku)) No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 168 Ui (Tol.), Oris (Bug.) Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Meliaceae Miq. Meliaceae 169 Wolitara Toona sureni Merr. Meliaceae Mimosaceae 170 - Aglaea edulis (Roxb.) N.Wallich Mimosaceae 171 Wilalo Archidendron lucyi F.V.Muell Mimosaceae 172 - Pithecollobium laxiflorum Benth. Monimiacea 173 - Pithecollobium umbellatum (Vahl.) Moraceae Bth Moraceae Moraceae 174 - Kibara cf. coriacea Hook.f.&Thomas. Moraceae 175 Beringin Ficus obscura Blume Moraceae Moraceae 176 Beringin (Daun Panjang) Ficus virens Ait. Moraceae 177 Beringin (Indah) Ficus caulocarpa Miq. Moraceae 178 cf Daun Nangka Ficus glandulifera (Wall. Ex Miq.) Moraceae King Moraceae 179 Dalisi Ficus montana Burm. F. Moraceae 180 Elemeo Ficus sp Moraceae 181 Huhubi (Tol.), Mbaloba Artocarpus dasyphyllus Miq. Moraceae (Mun.) Moraceae 182 Kahule Daun Kecil Ficus sp. Moraceae Moraceae 183 Kahule Hule (Mun.) Ficus altissima Blume Moraceae Moraceae 184 Kapu Ficus tinctoria G.Forst. Moraceae 185 Kapu Boru (batang paling Ficus sp. besar/tinggi) Moraceae Kapu Dawi Dawi (daun Ficus cf.involucrata Blume 186 kecil, buah kecil, tdk tinggi,rapat di bawah) 187 Kapu Lesea Hoa (daun Ficus drupacea Thunb. lebar, buah besar) 188 Kapu Merica Ficus hirta Vahl. 189 Kapu Wone Ficus sp. 190 Libonu (Tol.), Libo (Mun.) Ficus septica Burm.f. 191 Nangka Artocarpus integra Merr. 192 Ngawe Ficus sp. 193 Nginda Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb.ex Hornem. 194 Pokae, Rante Rante Ficus sp. 45

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 195 Roramo Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Moraceae Merr Moraceae 196 Silibionggadue Ficus sp. Moraceae 197 Tipulu Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Moraceae 198 Toho (Tol.), Kumbou Artocarpus sp. Moraceae (Mun.) Moraceae 199 Usangi (Tol.) Rarantulu Allaeanthus glabra (Warb.) Merr. (Mun.) Moraceae 200 Usangi Ndehu Fatoua pilosa Gaud. Moraceae Moraceae 201 Wehuko Mea (Tol.), Ngkea Ficus variegata Blume Moraceae ngkea (Mun.) Moraceae Moraceae 202 Wehuko Mewuluh Ficus sp. Moraceae 203 Wehuko Wila Ficus variegata Blume Myristicaceae 204 - Ficus cf. hirta Vahl. Myristicaceae Myrsinaceae 205 - Ficus pubinervis Bl. Myrtaceae 206 - Ficus sp. Myrtaceae 207 - Sloetia elongata (Miq.) Koord. Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 208 Pala Hutan Gymnachranthera paniculata Myrtaceae (A.DC.) Warb.Var. Myrtaceae 209 Samba Metado Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb. Myrtaceae 210 Aloha Nggadue Embelia javanica DC. Myrtaceae 211 cf Eugenia Syzygium luzonense Merr. Myrtaceae 212 Dambu Dambu Syzygium cinnamomeum (Vidal) Merril Myrtaceae 213 Kabuko Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae 214 Kamoni Langgai Syzygium acuminatissimum DC. 215 Katolo Tolobe (Mun.) Syzygium sp. 216 Kulimonifi (Tol.) Saulembi Rhodamnia mulleri (Korth.) Blume (Mun.) 217 Lara/Nona (Tol.), Kayu Metrosideros petiolata Koord. Besi (Ind.) (1) 218 Pepara Syzygium cf.polycephaloides (C.B.Rob.) Merr. 219 Pooti Syzygium sp. 220 Ruruhi (Tol.), Mbebele Syzygium cf.zollingerianum (Mun.) 221 Ruruhi Ndawa Eugenia formosa K&V 46

JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA (Disusun Berdasarkan Urutan dan Pengelompokan Family (Suku)) No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) Myrtaceae 222 Ruruhi Ndina Syzygium cf. astromides CB.Rob. Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 223 Ruruhi Nggasu Eugenia sp. Myrtaceae 224 Tarapasi Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merril &Perry Myrtaceae 225 Tombeua/Tembeuwa(Tol.), Kjellbergiodendron celebicum Myrtaceae Tembeua (Mun.) (1) (Koord.) Merr. Myrtaceae 226 - Syzygium umbilicatum (K.&V.) Amsh. Myrtaceae Myrtaceae 227 Wonggia Syzygium polycephalum (Miq.) Myrtaceae Merrr.&Perry Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae 228 Wonggia (Tol.), Nduwo Syzygium zollingerianum (Miq.) Oleaceae (Mun.) Amshoff. Ophiliaceae Orchidaceae 229 Wonggia Ndehu Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Pittosporaceae Walp. Proteaceae Rhizophoraceae 230 - Rhodamnia cinerea Jack. Rhizophoraceae 231 - Syzygium sp. Rhizophoraceae 232 - Syzygium sp. Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraceae 233 Hehea Walu Pisonia umbellifera (J.R.Forst&G. Rhizophoraceae Forst.) Seem Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae 234 - Chionanthus cordulatus Koord. 235 - Lepionurus sylvestris Blume 236 - Eria javanica Blume 237 Hehea Walu Pittosporum sp. 238 - Macadamia hildebrandii Steen. 239 Bako (mangrove) Rhizophora mucronata Lam. 240 Motolindi (Tol), Soliti Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. (Mun.) 241 Tongge (Tol.) Tongke Bruguiera gymnorrhyza (L.) Lam. (Mun.) (mangrove) 242 Towasi (Tol.), Tangir Bruguiera caryophylloides (Burm.f ) (Mun.),Tangere (Bug.) Blume 243 Wakata (mangrove) Rhizophora apiculata Blume 244 Woru (Tol.), Kukuni Ceriops tagal C.B.Rob. (Mun.) (mangrove) 245 - Ceriops sp. 246 Kolaka Wai (Tol.), Kolasa Parinari corymbosa (Blume) Miq. (Mun.), Maracope (Bug.) 47

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 247 cf. Ampulajeng Ixora imitants Bram. Rubiaceae 248 cf.Lobani Ixora grandifolia Zoll.&Merr. Rubiaceae 249 Kokabu (Tol.),Kalengka Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Kuntze) Rubiaceae (Mun.), Jabon Havil. 250 Kulahi Phsycotria viridiflora Reinw. Rubiaceae Ex.Blume 251 Lobani Nauclea calycina Bartl. ex DC. Rubiaceae 252 Lobani Mbute Nauclea obtusa Blume Rubiaceae 253 Longgida (Tol.), Lingkida Nauclea orientalis L. Rubiaceae (Mun.) 254 Ngato Timonius stipulosus Boerl. Rubiaceae Anthocepalus sp.(sejenis jabon) Rubiaceae 255 Rawa Gardenia tubifera Wall.ex Roxb. Rubiaceae Aidia racemosa (Cov.) Tirveng Rubiaceae 256 Waontinunu Nauclea excels (Blume) Merr. Rubiaceae Randia oppositifolia (Roxb.) Koord. Rubiaceae 257 - Tricalysia singularis K.Schum Rubiaceae Urophylum macrophyllum Korth. Rubiaceae 258 - Randia sp. Rubiaceae Evodia speciosa K.et.Z. Rutaceae 259 - Glycosmis cochinchinensis Pierre ex Engl. Rutaceae 260 - Acronychia trifoliata Zoll & Morr. Xanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. Rutaceae 261 - Clausena sp. Rutaceae Lunasia amara Blanco Rutaceae 262 - Lunasia amara Blanco Rutaceae Evodia celebica Hats. Rutaceae 263 Behu (Mun.) Evodia sp. Rutaceae Glycosmis pentaphylla Correa Rutaceae 264 cf. Kasu Wai Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Rutaceae Wight &Arn. 265 Hokio Watu Acronychia laurifolia Blume Rutaceae 266 Kasu Mbondiana cf . Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) 267 Lemon Hutan Wight &Arn. Rutaceae 268 Paita Lunasia sp. 269 Paita Ndehu Rutaceae 270 See/Se/Osee 271 Sio Rutaceae 272 Solumba 273 Wilalo Dahu 274 - 275 - 276 - 48

JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA (Disusun Berdasarkan Urutan dan Pengelompokan Family (Suku)) No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) Sabiaceae 277 Lahu Lahu Meliosma nitida Blume Santalaceae 278 - Exocarpus latifolius R.Br. Sapindaceae 279 Baddo (Bug.), Kesambi Schleicera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Sapindaceae (Ind.) Sapindaceae 280 Benono Mbae Nephelium rambutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. Sapindaceae 281 Koleuhu Euphorianthus longifolius Radlk. Sapindaceae Sapindaceae 282 Orope Meeto ((Tol.), Ellatostachys verrucosa (Blume) Sapindaceae Korope (Mun.) Radlk. Sapindaceae 283 Orope Ndina (Tol.) Miscocarpus sundaicus Blume Sapindaceae 284 Orope Wila Nephelium mutabile Blume Sapotaceae Sapotaceae 285 Rambutan Hutan (Ind.) Nephelium sp. Sapotaceae 286 Taha (Mun,) Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Sapotaceae Blume Sapotaceae 287 Wenggorona Harpulia arborea (Blanko) Radlk. Sapotaceae 288 Kuma Payena cf.lucida DC. Simaroubaceae Sonneratiaceae 289 Nyatoh (1) Palaquium omboinensis Burck. Sonneratiaceae Sterculiaceae 290 Sokibiri Pouteria sp. Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae 291 Tando (Tol.), Bolosigo Mimusops bojeri A.DC. (Mun.), Tanjung (Ind.) Sterculiaceae 292 Towure (Tol.), Taghimanu Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Sterculiaceae (Mun.) Sterculiaceae 293 Tumbu Momea Palaquium sp. Sterculiaceae 294 Tambailere Brucea javanica Merr. 295 Poropa/Peropa/Beropa Sonneratia alba J. Sm. 296 Tawo Duabanga moluccana Blume 297 Belengana Pterospermum diversifolium Blume 298 cf.Kepuh Sterculia foetida L. 299 Kikima Sterculia macrophylla Vent. 300 Kolumba (Tol.), Kalumpa Sterculia foetida L. (Mun.), Kalumpang (Bug.) 301 Nguru Ndahi Heritiera littoralis Dryand. 302 Tokulo (Tol.), Wontoge Kleinhovia hospita Linn. (Mun.), Paliasa (Bug.) 303 Toluto (Tol.), Talingge Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Lingge (Mun.) Merr. 49

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki No Vernacular name Scientific name Family (Nama daerah) (Nama ilmiah) (Suku) 304 Wayu (Tol.), Rumbei Pterospermum celebicum Junghn. Sterculiaceae (Mun.), Bayur (Ind.) Symplocos cf. rubiginosa Wall. Symplocaceae 305 Kandunga (Tol.) Symplocos sp. Symplocaceae Adinandra brassii Kob. Theaceae 306 Kasu Api Api Adinandra subunguiculata Kob. Theaceae Phaleria capitata Jack Thymelaceae 307 Bolili/Bololi Grewia microcos L. Tiliaceae Celtis phillipensis Blanco Ulmaceae 308 Bolo Ndina unidentified unidentified 309 - Elastotema sinuata (Blume) Hassk. Urticaceae 310 Kole Avicennia alba Blume Verbenaceae Avicennia marina (Forsskal) Vierh. Verbenaceae 311 Morobite Vitex sp. Verbenaceae Vitex cf. glabrata R.Br. Verbenaceae 312 Korumba (Tol.), Sulewe Callicarpa longifolia Lamk. Verbenaceae (Mun.) Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Vitex pinnata L. Verbenaceae 313 Bite Bite 314 Api Api (mangrove) 315 Api Api (mangrove) 316 Bitti Komba (1) 317 Bonearate (1) 318 Bote Bote 319 Jati (Mun.) 320 Kasu Wurokou (1) Kulipapo (Tol.), Gofasa/ Vitex cofassus Reinw ex Blume Verbenaceae 321 Fafa (Mun.), Bitti (Bug.) (1) 322 Tombira (Tol.),Tompira Clerodendron sp. Verbenaceae (Mun.) Verbenaceae Clerodendrum sp. Verbenaceae 323 Wiau Ndahi Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii Vitaceae (Warb.) Kostrm. 324 - Cissus haslata (Miq.) Planch. unidentified 325 Silamba Langgai unidentified 326 Kasu Pai unidentified 327 Kawo (Tol.), Rombo (Mun.) 328 Nonohu (Tol.) 50

GAMBAR BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN PENTING Eboni disebut juga Kayu Hitam Sulawesi (Diospyros celebica), merupakan kayu kelas awet dan kelas kuat 1, termasuk kayu mewah (fancy wood). Warna kayunya hitam loreng yang sangat disukai oleh konsumen terutama untuk bahan meubel.

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Kalaero Batu (Diospyros sp.), kualitas kayu termasuk kelas kuat dan kelas awet 1, warna kayu teras hitam sangat mirip eboni, tumbuh di tanah berbatu, lereng berbukit, dan biasanya tidak berkelompok melainkan hidup satu per satu. 52

GAMBAR BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN PENTING Kasumeeto (Tolaki), Gito gito (Muna), Diospyros pilosanthera merupakan jenis pohon dari suku Ebenaceae, banyak dijumpai di hutan-hutan dataran rendah di Sulawesi. Kayunya juga termasuk kayu kelas kuat dan kelas awet 2, memiliki warna kayu hitam loreng, kulit batang pohon mengelupas, tumbuh di tanah yang relatif lembap, atau dekat sumber air. 53

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Gofasa (Tolaki), Fafa (Muna), Bitti (Bugis), Vitex cofasus, memiliki kualitas kayu yang sangat baik, termasuk kelas kuat dan kelas awet 1, banyak digunakan untuk pembuatan bangunan terutama rumah dan meubel, serta untuk perahu. Kayunya mudah dikerjakan namun sangat kuat. Pak La Tie, seorang Tolaki, yang berdomisili di Desa Ulunese, Konawe Selatan, merupakan pengenal jenis tumbuhan yang sangat handal dan memiliki pengalaman yang sangat luas mengenai hutan dan ekosistemnya. 54

GAMBAR BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN PENTING Asana (Tolaki), Cendrana (Bugis) atau Angsana (Indonesia), Pterocarpus indicus termasuk kayu berkualias sangat bagus, digunakan terutama untuk meubel, dinding rumah, dan kayu untuk konstruksi berat lainnya. Tolaki mengenal tiga varietas Asana yaitu Asana Ngguluri (kayu teras loreng coklat kemerahan, paling kuat dan paling mahal harganya), Asana Ndiolu (kayu teras loreng kekuningan), dan Asana Nggowuna (kayu teras putih). Perbedaan warna kayu teras terebut bukan karena perbedaan tanah/tempat tumbuh, melainkan varietasnya yang berbeda. 55

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Kolaka wai (Tolaki), Kolasa (Muna), Parinari corimbosa, umumnya memiliki batang pohon yang tinggi dan lurus. 56

GAMBAR BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN PENTING Upi (Tolaki), Qefi (Muna), Bayam (Bugis), Merbau (Indonesia), Intsia bijuga, memiliki kelas kuat dan kelas awet 1, banyak dicari terutama untuk taing rumah, kusen, dinding, kayu untuk jembatan dan untuk perahu. Karena banyak dilakukan penebangan, upi saat ini sudah semakin langka. 57

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Lara/Nona (Tolaki), Kayu Besi (Indonesia), Metrosideros petiolata, memiliki kelas kuat dan kelas awet 1, digunakan terutama untuk pembuatan perahu dan bangunan rumah. 58

GAMBAR BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN PENTING Takulendahi (Tolaki), Berru (Bugis), Garuga floribunda, memilki kualitas kayu yang tinggi, termasuk banyak dicari untuk bahan bangunan rumah di Sulawesi. 59

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Tembeua (Kjellbergiodendron celebicum) dari suku Myrtaceae termasuk kelas kuat dan kelas awet 1, termasuk kayu yang banyak ditebang sehingga populasinya semakin menurun. 60

GAMBAR BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN PENTING Kokabu (Tolaki), Kalengka (Muna), Anthocephalus macrophyllus. 61



COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION (Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi) Vegetation analysis was aimed to describe composition, structure and predominant plant species in the forests including seedling and undergrowth, saplings, poles and trees. Composition and structure of vegetation were focused in Tanjung Peropa wildlife reserve at three forest blocks namely Kalobo, Lawio, and Tambenga representing south, centre and northern parts of the reserve respectively. Line transects method were used to distribute nested plots for vegetation analysis. The nested plots were systematically placed along these transects at each of the habitat types (riverine, lowland, rocky lowland, and bamboo forests), one every 50 m and alternating sides. A total of 186 plots were sampled at the three forest blocks consisting 112 plots in Kalobo Forest (26 plot in the riverine forest, 17 plots in the bamboo forest, 36 plots in the lowland forest, and 23 plots in the rocky-cliffs forest), 17 plots in Lawio Forest and 57 plots in Tambeanga Forest. Plants were classified as tree, pole, sapling, seedling and undergrowth. Those woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh, 1.3 m) of > 20 cm were listed as trees. Poles are woody plants with dbh > 10 cm to ≤ 20 cm. Saplings are woody plants with height > 1.5 m and dbh ≤ 10cm. Seedlings are woody plants up to 1.5 m height. The undergrowth community, which includes herbs, lianas, ferns and grasses, was recorded in the seedlings plots. The plot sizes were 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for saplings and 2 m x 2 m for seedlings and undergrowth. The smaller plots were nested within the bigger plots, giving nested sampling. Bamboos and rattans were recorded in the 20 m by 20 m plots along with trees. The numbers of clumps of bamboos and rattans were counted and the number of stems per clump were recorded for a sample of clumps. Fruit-bearing tree species were recorded and their fruiting was monitored all year round to determine the availability of the fruits eaten by the animals.

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Design of line transects for distribution of nested plots for vegetation analyses; larger plots enclose the smaller plots (nested sampling). A : 2 m x 2 m (seedlings and undergrowth species, height up to 1.5 m) B : 5 m x 5 m (saplings, height > 1.5 m to dbh ≤ 10 cm ) C : 10 m x 10 m (poles, dbh > 10 cm to ≤ 20cm) D : 20 m x 20 m ( trees dbh > 20 cm, and rattan and bamboo clumps) The dominant plant species in each of the forest types were determined by their Species- Importance-Value (SIV) (Curtis and Cottam, 1964). The SIV is based on each species’ Relative Density (N %), Relative Frequency (F %) and Relative Dominancy (BA %). Relative Density is the number of individuals of one species as a percentage of the total number of individuals of all species. Relative Frequency is defined as the number of occurrences of one species in the plots as a percentage of the total number of occurrences of all species. Relative Dominancy, which was based on the basal area of the trees (BA %), is the total basal area of one tree species as a percentage of the total basal area of all tree species. The Species Importance Value (SIV) is the total sum of N %, F % and BA % for trees, poles and sapling stages of tree species, and the sum of N % and F % for seedlings and species of the undergrowth communities. All of the herbarium specimen collected in the field were transpoted to Bogor for scientific identification in Herbarium Bogoriense of Indonesian Institut of Science (LIPI), Bogor. Despite the vegetation community in this area is classified as lowland forest (less than 1000 m asl), the reserve encompasses a wide range of habitats including patchy mangrove forest, beach forest, riverine forest, bamboo thickets, lowland forest, rocky-lowland forests and rock-cliffs forests. Tanjung Peropa extends from 0 m to 900 m above sea level. Rugged terrain, rock-cliffs, dense forest, primary forest and emergent trees of up to 50 m in height are the main characteristics of the reserve, and in many parts of the study sites the slopes are up to 900. Approximately one-third of the reserve (approximately 13,000 ha) comprises rock-cliffs forest formation, particularly along the eastern borders of the reserve. Vegetation communities in Tanjung Peropa at three forest (Kalobo, Tambeanga and Lawio) are as follow: 64

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Kalobo Forest Kalobo forest is in the southern tip of Tanjung Peropa covering an area of approximately 4,000 ha extending from 50 to 600 m above sea level. At least four habitat types are in this forest including riverine forest, bamboo forest, lowland forest and rocky-lowland forests. As in any other lowland tropical rain forest, canopy cover of the forest types ranges from 80 to 100 %. The forests are characterised by emergent trees having large buttresses in the valleys and along the river banks and by a dense undergrowth community particularly rich in rattans Calamus spp. (at least 22 rattans species have been recorded in this reserve), lianas and herbs. Riverine Forest – Riverine forest, situated along the river, is influenced by both the wet conditions and by the new sediments deposited on the inside of meanders of the river. The riverine forest forms a narrow belt along the river and its tributaries, ranging from 0 to 200 m of the river banks and covering an area of 250 ha at 50–200 m above sea level. Forty three plant species with diameters of 20 cm or more at breast height were recorded in this forest. The total density of the trees is 113 trees/ha and the total basal area is 17.9 m2/ha. Vegetation community is dominated by Pittosporum sp. which is a distinctive species along the river banks, some individuals of which reached 30 m in height and 1.5–2 m in diameter at breast height. Other species include Diospyros malabarica, Ficus spp. and Dracontomelon mangiferum, fruits of which are eaten by several mammals including particularly lowland anoa, (Bubalus depressicornis) Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) and Sulawesi black macaque (Macaca ochreata) and by some birds including Red-knobbed hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix), Tarictic hornbill (Phenelopides exarhatus) and doves and pigeons of the Columbidae family. The emergent trees of Octomelos sumatrana reached 60 m in height with a 1.5 m girth, and could be found along the river banks. This species is sought after by the local people, particularly for making boats, since it has long, straight, free boles with large diameter. Other trees that could be found along the riverine forest include Pometia pinnata whose fruits are eaten by the mammals and birds. The edible fruit of Pangium edule and Artocarpus sp. are common along the river banks; some of these trees have buttresses up to 2 m in height which are frequently used by the terrestrial animals as cover. Fruits of these plants are eaten by lowland anoa, Sulawesi wild pig and Sulawesi black macaque. On the rugged areas of the river banks, the sugar palm Arenga pinnata is common. Of the middle-storey community, the predominant species are Lophopetalum fimbriatum, Homalium tomentosum and Canagium odoratum. Of the undergrowth, the predominant species are rattans Calamus spp., Elastotema rostratum and Leea aculeata. Six species of rattans were recorded in this forest having a density of 695 clumps/ha which is the highest density of rattans amongst the studied habitat types. Scattered bamboo clumps could also be found in the riverine forest, providing food and cover for the lowland anoa. The 1m- tall herb Elastotema rostratum is the most common (3269 stems/ha) undergrowth species in this forest, particularly in sites with high humidity, specifically around water holes and springs. This herb is eaten by the lowland anoas. Other undergrowth species in this habitat type include Donax cunnaeformis (2019 stems/ha) and a fern Microlepia sp. (673 stems/ha). This fern is eaten by lowland anoa, wild pig and rusa deer in the reserves. 65

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki At least two water holes were in this forest; each was 4 m wide and 0.5 m deep. The water holed were frequented by the lowland anoa and wild pigs, and were situated 30 m from the river banks and surrounded by undergrowth such as Pachystachys coccinea, Elastotema rostratum, Donax cunnaeformis, bamboos and rattans. Foot-prints and dung of the anoas were frequently observed around the water holes. Composition and SIV of each of the vegetation stages (seedling and undergrowth, sapling, poles, and trees) in riverine forest listed on Tables 1–4. Bamboo forest - Bamboos occupy a wide range of habitats ranging from the riverine forest, lowland forest and rock-lowland forest up to 800 m above sea level. In many parts of the reserve, bamboos dominated the vegetation community with the canopy coverage represented more than 80 % of the vegetation community. The bamboo forest covers an area of 250 ha extending from 50 to 200 m above sea level. The bamboo forest is situated immediately next to the riverine forest or immediately on the river banks, making the bamboo forest itself a riverine forest. Two species of bamboos were recorded in the reserve, Schizostachyum lima and Schizostachyum cf brachycladum. The first species has smaller stems, 2–3 cm diameter and 5 m tall, and is found mainly on flat areas, while the latter species has larger trunks, some of which reached 15 cm in diameter and 30 m in height, and prefers rugged areas. The total density for Schizostachyum lima is 265 clumps/ha at 42 stems/ha, while for Schizostachyum cf brachycladum the total density is 136 clumps/ha at 30 stems/clump. The canopy cover of the bamboo forest is 80–100%. Shoots and young leaves of the bamboos are eaten by lowland anoa. Dicotyledonous trees species that could be found in the bamboo forest include Kjelbergiodendron celebicum, Dracontomelon mangiferum, Parkia roxburghii and Garcinia dulcis, fruits of all of which are eaten by lowland anoa, wild pigs and Sulawesi black macaque. Despite the trees density in this forest being relatively high (107 trees/ha), the total basal area of trees was relatively low (7.5 m2/ha) compared to that of the riverine and lowland forests. Of the middle vegetation community, the edible leaves and fruits of Gnetum gnemon could be found in the bamboo forest. At least two water holes were in the bamboo forest, with diameters of 6 m and 3 m respectively, and tributaries in this habitat types have become water sources for the animals. Bamboo clumps provide shelter and cover for the animals. A giant fallen hollow tree of Pterocarpus indicus, with a dbh 1.5 m and 15 m length, in the bamboo forest was frequently used by the anoas as shelter both at night and by day and during heavy rains. Its use was indicated by the foot-prints and fresh dung of the anoas inside the hollow tree. Composition and SIV of each of the vegetation stages (seedling and undergrowth, sapling, poles, and trees) in bamboo forest are listed on Tables 5–8. Lowland forest –Lowland forest in this study site is defined as forest other than the riverine, bamboo and rocky-lowland forests. The lowland forest covers vast area of the reserve, representing two-thirds of the area. In Kalobo, this forest covers an area of about 2,000 ha, 50% of the forest in this study site, ranging from 50 to 600 m above sea level. 66

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Lowland forest has the highest plant species diversity, including canopy trees, middle storey and undergrowth species. A total of 55 trees with diameters of 20 cm or more at breast height are known. The total density of the trees is 94 trees/ha and their total basal area is 10.5 m2/ha. Of the trees, the predominant species are Diospyros malabarica, Canangium odoratum, Lophopetalum fimbricatum, Parkia roxburghii, Tetrameles nudiflora and Octomelos sumatrana, which reached 50 m in height and had buttresses up to 3 m tall. The middle stratum vegetation community is predominantly composed of Gnetum gnemon, Orophea enneandra, and Cleistanthus sumatranus. Rattans are the main vegetation community of the undergrowth, where nine species of rattans were recorded in this forest with a density of 250 clumps/ha, of which Calamus zollingeri (182 clumps/ha) was the predominant species. Other palms that could be found in this forest are Caryota mytis and Livistonia rotundifolia. As in the other habitat types, clumps of bamboos could be found all over the forest. Of the herb community, Elastotema rostratum (6875 stems/ ha) dominated this area particularly along the water courses, and around water holes and springs in this forest. Springs and water courses frequented by lowland anoas and wild pigs could also be found in the lowland forest. At least two permanent springs, each having a 10 m diameter, were known in this forest type. They were situated under dense bamboo clumps and undergrowth of Pandanus sp., and surrounded by the 2m-tall herb Donax cunnaeformis and the common herb Elastotema rostratum and tall trees of Artocarpus sp. Two sightings of lowland anoa and hoof- prints of the animals on the springs suggest that these springs have become focal points for the animals. Composition and SIV of each of the vegetation stages (seedling and undergrowth, sapling, poles, and trees) in lowland forest are listed on Tables 9–12. Rocky-cliffs lowland forest- Rocky lowland forest dominated along the eastern side of Tanjung Peropa, characterized by massive rocks, caves and rock-cliff formations at 200–600 m elevation and covering an area of 1,500 ha. Compared with forests on deeper soils, such as the riverine, bamboo and lowland forest, forest in this rocky habitat has few trees species. A total of 36 trees with diameters of 20 cm or more at breast height were recorded in this habitat type. The total density of trees is 96 trees/ha and the total basal area is 9.5 m2/ha. On the deeper soils in between the massive rocks and caves and in the valleys, tree species such as Barringtonia acutangula, Diospyros pilosanthera, Tetrameles nudiflora, Celtis philippensis, Rhodamnia mulleri, and Mimusops bojeri are common and some of the trees reached 40–45 m in height. The upper parts of the limestone are clothed in small trees growing 10–15 m tall out of cracks and small pockets of soil, while on the steepest cliffs, the most common trees are figs, Ficus spp. Clumps of bamboos could be found on the pockets of soil in the wetter parts of the forest. Plants of the undergrowth community that are frequently eaten by the lowland anoas in this area include Leptapsis banksii, Elastotema rostratum, Microlepia sp. and Isachne albens. In the forest gaps, the undergrowth community is dominated by the spiny shrub Rubus moluccanus. Composition and SIV of each of the vegetation stages (seedling and undergrowth, sapling, poles, and trees) in rocky-cliffs lowland forest are listed on Tables 13–16. 67

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Lawio/Awiu Forest Lawio forest is situated in the middle of Tanjung Peropa at 700–900 m above sea level covering a forested area of approximately 3,000 ha, characterised by extremely rugged terrains, mountainous and with waterfall on the river and its tributaries. The waterfall has become a focal point within the site particularly for the water-dependant animals, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Three anoas were encountered within 700 m of the waterfall and faeces of the animals were abundant within 500 m of the site. Given its location in ‘untouched’ forest, the availability of anoa food plants, shelter, and cover and the waterfall, this forest offers good refuge for the secretive anoas. Several groups of Sulawesi black macaque were also sighted around the waterfall basin. The predator, rock python Python molurus was common around the waterfall. Vegetation community in this area is predominantly dominated by Lithocarpus celebicus, Magnolia pterocarpa, Palaquium obtusifolium, Dillenia ochreata and Ficus sp., while undergrowth is predominantly Calamus spp., Lee indica, Meliosma nitida, Cycas rumphii and many species of ferns Microlepia sp. and climbing bamboo, Racemobambos. This forest has a density of 100 trees/ha and a basal area of 27.5 m2/ha for all of the trees species combined. At 900 m elevation, which is the peak of the mountain situated immediately at above of the waterfall, the vegetation community is dominated by Glochidion molle, Syzygium sp., Cinnamomum celebicum and Rhodamnia mulleri with a density of 152 trees/ha and a basal area of 10.2 m2/ha. Composition and SIV of each of the vegetation stages (seedling and undergrowth, sapling, poles, and trees) in Lawio are listed on Tables 17–20. Tambeanga Forest Tambeanga forest is in the northern tip of Tanjung Peropa, extending from the thin belts of mangrove and beach forests to the rock-cliffs forest up to 700 m above sea level, and covering an area of approximately 4,000 ha. Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora apiculata are the dominant mangrove species in this forest. In the beach forest the predominant species are Hibiscus tiliaceus, Thespesia populnea, and Cynometra ramiflora; Pandanus spp. are common. The rocky- cliffs lowland forest is found at 200–400 m elevation, and in it 83 trees species were recorded with a density of 132 trees/ha and a basal area of 12.0 m2/ha for all of the trees species. The vegetation community in the rocky-lowland forest is predominantly local iron- wood Metrosideros petiolata, Diospyros malabarica, Pterospermum diversifolium, Pterocymbium tinctorium and Heritiera trifoliata and the undergrowth community is dominated by rattans (237.5 clumps/ha) and Bambusa spp. Nine species of rattans were recorded in this forest, of which Calamus zollingeri (92 clumps/ha), Calamus sp. (75.5 clumps/ha) and Daemonorops robusta (32.5 clumps/ha) were the predominant species. At 400–700 m elevation, the landscape is dominated by rock-cliffs and limestone that is clothed by small trees dominated by Ficus spp. A distinctive vegetation community was found at 300 m elevation at the so called Laloeha Forest Block by the local people, referring to the trees species Eha (Castanopsis argentea) which forms 68

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi about 90 percent of the trees in this forest, covering an area of 10 ha. Foot-prints and dung of lowland anoa were mainly found at 150–400 m elevation. Composition and SIV of each of the vegetation stages (seedling and undergrowth, sapling, poles, and trees) in Tambeanga are listed on Tables 21–24. 69



KALOBO FOREST A total of 112 plots were sampled in Kalobo Forest (26 plots in riverine, 17 in bamboo, 36 plotss in lowland and 23 plots in rocky-cliffs forests) Tables 1–4 Composition and Structure of Vegetation in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, Tanjung Peropa Wildlife Reserve Table 1. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV name (%) (%) (% Elastotema rostratum 1 Tokoalinda Diospyros pilosanthera 34 3269.2 12.3 5 3.7 16.0 Donax cunneiformis 2 Kasu meeto Daemonorops robusta 17 1634.6 6.1 10 7.4 13.5 Leea aculeata 3 Onese Meliosma nitida 21 2019.2 7.6 8 5.9 13.5 Tetracera scandens 4 We Noko Calamus sp. 19 1826.9 6.9 8 5.9 12.8 Artocarpus dasyphyllus 5 Takalea Iwoi Christella papilio 6 576.9 2.2 6 4.4 6.6 Goniothalamus sp. 6 Lahu lahu Homalium tomentosum 8 769.2 2.9 5 3.7 6.6 Calamus sp. 7 Hao Dongi Plachonia valida 10 961.5 3.6 4 3.0 6.6 Mallotus oblongifolius 8 We Umili 9 865.4 3.2 4 3.0 6.2 9 Huhubi 15 1442.3 5.4 1 0.7 6.2 10 Panggu panggu 10 961.5 3.6 3 2.2 5.8 11 Lalinggondaro 9 865.4 3.2 3 2.2 5.5 12 Tanggeambali 5 480.8 1.8 4 3.0 4.8 13 We Kilala 7 673.1 2.5 3 2.2 4.7 14 Ewu 4 384.6 1.4 4 3.0 4.4 15 Ombana watu 8 769.2 2.9 2 1.5 4.4

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 1. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV name (%) (%) (% 16 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 5 480.8 1.8 3 2.2 4.0 17 Paku hada Microlepia sp. 7 673.1 2.5 2 1.5 4.0 18 Puta Barringtonia racemosa 4 384.6 1.4 3 2.2 3.7 19 Towure Palaquium obtusofolium 6 576.9 2.2 2 1.5 3.6 20 Tembeuwa Kjelbergiodendron 3 288.5 1.1 3 2.2 3.3 celebicum 21 Tauba Lygodium circinatum 5 480.8 1.8 2 1.5 3.3 22 Tokoalinda Pachystachys coccinea 6 576.9 2.2 1 0.7 2.9 ngginiku 23 Hao Mbandita Arcangelisia flava 3 288.5 1.1 2 1.5 2.6 24 Orope Wila Nephelium lappaceum 3 288.5 1.1 2 1.5 2.6 25 Bosilu Aglaia sp. 2 192.3 0.7 2 1.5 2.2 26 Hao Quisqualis indica 2 192.3 0.7 2 1.5 2.2 Nggulipapo 27 Kote Lophopetalum 2 192.3 0.7 2 1.5 2.2 fimbricatum 28 Morobite Celtis philippensis 2 192.3 0.7 2 1.5 2.2 29 Pepundi Alphonsea javanica 2 192.3 0.7 2 1.5 2.2 Nggasu 30 Pundikia Musa sp. 2 192.3 0.7 2 1.5 2.2 31 We Bao Calamus zolligeri 3 288.5 1.1 1 0.7 1.8 32 unknown Maesa perlarius 3 288.5 1.1 1 0.7 1.8 33 Lae Alpinia sp. 2 192.3 0.7 1 0.7 1.5 34 Wonggia ndehu Eugenia sp. 2 192.3 0.7 1 0.7 1.5 35 unkonown Kibara cf. coriacea 2 192.3 0.7 1 0.7 1.5 36 Besulo Canarium hirsutum 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 37 Bitai Calophyllum 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 membranaceum 38 Dongi Wormia ochreata 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 39 Hao Mbeleuti Pithecollobium 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 umbellatum 72

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 1. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency. (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV name (%) (%) (% 40 Hao Milletia splendissima 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 Ndanggambaa 41 Hao Wilalo Pithecollobium cf 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 celebicum 42 Kabuko Syzygium sp. 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 43 Kaleuwi Petunga microcarpa 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 44 Kasu Tanu Cryptocarya infectori 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 45 Kasu Wai Orophea enneandra 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 46 Komba komba Eupatorium odoratum 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 47 Kosimbo cf. Hedycium 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 48 Kowa biasa  unidentified 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 49 Kulipapo Vitex cofasus 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 50 Munde munde Capparis micrantha 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 51 Naha Iwoi Pandanus sp. 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 52 Ombana biasa Mallotus sp. 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 53 Pedengisi Garcinia balica 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 54 Pute pute mata Macaranga gigantea 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 55 Sirih hutan Piper cf. betle 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 56 Taloe Cynometra ramiflora 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 57 Tawa Huko Gnetum gnemon 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 58 Toluto Pterocymbium 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 tinctorium 59 Towula Mallotus sp. 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 60 Tuduho Clerodendron buchananii 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 Nggalopua 61 Uru Magnolia pterocarpa 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 62 wayu Pterospermum celebicum 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 63 We Tohiti Calamus symphysipus 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 64 Welepo Semecarpus cuneiformis 1 96.2 0.4 1 0.7 1.1 73

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 2. Floristic composition of sapling (height > 1.5 m and dbh ≤ 10 cm ) assemblage in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency of occurrence, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F BA BA SIV name (%) (%)  (m2/ha) ( %) (%) 1 Takalea Iwoi Leea sp. 3 46 8.6 3 9.4 0.0045 7.5 25.4 2 Tanggeambali Homalium tomentosum 2 31 5.7 2 6.3 0.0046 7.6 19.6 3 Puta Barringtonia racemosa 2 31 5.7 2 6.3 0.0039 6.5 18.5 4 Kasu Ngginiku Aglaia argentea 2 31 5.7 2 6.3 0.0027 4.5 16.4 5 Kote Lophopetalum 2 31 5.7 1 3.1 0.0041 6.8 15.7 fimbriatum 6 Towure Palaquium 2 31 5.7 1 3.1 0.0039 6.5 15.4 obtusifolium 7 Welepo Semecarpus cuneiformis 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0050 8.4 14.4 8 Wonggia Syzygium polyanthum 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0050 8.4 14.4 9 Morobite Celtis philippensis 2 31 5.7 2 6.3 0.0010 1.7 13.7 10 Ondolia Canangium odoratum 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0039 6.4 12.4 11 X16 (cf eugenia) Syzygium luzonense 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0028 4.7 10.7 12 Kasu meeto Diospyros pilosanthera 2 31 5.7 1 3.1 0.0010 1.7 10.5 13 Kasu wai Orophea enneandra 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0020 3.3 9.3 14 Orope wila Nepehlium lappaceum 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0020 3.3 9.3 15 Bosilu Aglaia sp. 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 16 Kasu Wurakow Vitex pinnata 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 17 Kasu Meeto (2) Diospyros sp. 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 18 Koumba Madhuca sp. 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 19 Longahi Acalypha boehmerioides 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 20 Ombana Watu Mallotus oblongifolius 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 21 See Evodia celebica 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 22 Susua meeto Anaxagorea javanica 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 23 Tompira Clerodendron sp. 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 24 Wehuko mea Ficus variegata 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0013 2.1 8.1 25 Kandunga Symplocos cf. 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0007 1.2 7.2 rubiginosa 26 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 1 15 2.9 1 3.1 0.0003 0.5 6.5 74

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 3. Floristic composition of poles (dbh >10 cm to ≤ 20 cm) assemblage in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F BA BA SIV name (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) 1 Kote Lophopetalum 3 12 0.3 3 0.7 0.0539 11.2 32.2 fimbriatum 2 Kasu meeto Diospyros 3 12 0.3 3 10.7 0.0432 8.9 30.0 pilosanthera 3 Ondolia Canangium 3 12 0.3 2 7.1 0.0567 11.7 29.2 odoratum 4 Lahu lahu Meliosma nitida 3 12 10.3 3 0.7 0.0334 6.9 28.0 5 Tanggeambali Homalium 2 8 6.9 2 0.1 0.0280 5.8 19.8 tomentosum 6 Towure Palaquium 2 8 6.9 2 7.1 0.0246 5.1 19.1 obtusifolium 7 Bolongita Tetrameles 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0284 5.9 12.9 nudiflora 8 Kasu Tanu Drypetes infectori 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0284 5.9 12.9 9 Orope wila Nephelium 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0284 5.9 12.9 lappaceum 10 Pangi Pangium edule 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0284 5.9 12.9 11 Pokae Ficus sp. 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0284 5.9 12.9 12 Towula Mallotus sp. 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0284 5.9 12.9 13 Kuma biasa Litsea grandis 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0177 3.7 10.7 14 Toho Artocarpus sp. 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0177 3.7 10.7 15 Upi Intsia bijuga 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0113 2.3 9.4 16 Pepundi Alphonsea javanica 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0079 1.6 8.6 Nggasu 17 Welepo Semecarpus 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0079 1.6 8.6 cuneiformis 18 Woro woro Saurauia pendula 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0079 1.6 8.6 19 Mehere Drypetes cf. globosa 1 4 3.4 1 3.6 0.0028 0.6 7.6 75

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 4. Floristic composition of trees (dbh > 20 cm) in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha (%) (%)  (m2/ha) ( %) (%) 1 Hehea walu Pittosporum sp. 7 7 6.0 5 4.9 5.3819 28.8 39.7 2 Lahu lahu Meliosma nitida 11 11 9.4 7 6.8 0.8470 4.5 20.7 3 Kasu meeto Diospyros 10 10 8.5 6 5.8 0.8694 4.7 19.0 pilosanthera 4 Kapu wone Ficus sp. 4 4 3.4 4 3.9 2.1756 11.7 19.0 5 Rao Dracontomelon 7 7 6.0 6 5.8 0.8954 4.8 16.6 mangiferum 6 Toho Artocarpus sp. 6 6 5.1 6 5.8 0.7032 3.8 14.7 7 Pangi Pangium edule 6 6 5.1 6 5.8 0.6205 3.3 14.3 8 Ondolia Canangium 7 7 6.0 5 4.9 0.3848 2.1 12.9 odoratum 9 Kolaka biasa Lithocarpus sp. 4 4 3.4 4 3.9 0.7069 3.8 11.1 10 Toluto Pterocymbium 4 4 3.4 4 3.9 0.6620 3.5 10.8 tinctorium 11 Wayu Pterospermum 4 4 3.4 4 3.9 0.3711 2.0 9.3 celebicum 12 Pute pute Macaranga gigantea 4 4 3.4 4 3.9 0.2393 1.3 8.6 mata 13 Besulo Canarium hirsutum 4 4 3.4 4 3.9 0.2285 1.2 8.5 14 Kasu Homalium 4 4 3.4 3 2.9 0.3318 1.8 8.1 Tanggeambali tomentosum 15 Kasu Ta Canarium hirsutum 3 3 2.6 3 2.9 0.4477 2.4 7.9 16 Roda Erythrinasubumbrans 2 2 1.7 2 1.9 0.6283 3.4 7.0 17 Ewu Planchonia valida 2 2 1.7 2 1.9 0.2278 1.2 4.9 18 Kasu wai Orophea enneandra 2 2 1.7 2 1.9 0.1748 0.9 4.6 19 Welepo Semecarpus 2 2 1.7 2 1.9 0.0694 0.4 4.0 cuneiformis 20 Benua Octomelos sumatrana 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.3849 2.1 3.9 21 Kapu lesea Ficus drupacea 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.3849 2.1 3.9 hoa 22 Bonearate Vitex cf glabrata 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.3318 1.8 3.6 23 Tompira Clerodendron sp. 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.1964 1.1 2.9 24 Usangi Ndehu Fatoua pilosa 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.1964 1.1 2.9 25 Motolindi Aglaia edulis 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.1590 0.9 2.7 76

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 4. Floristic composition of trees (dbh > 20 cm) in Riverine Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area. (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha (%) (%)  (m2/ha) ( %) (%) 26 Kaloba Inocarpus fagiferus 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0962 0.5 2.3 27 Kote Lophopetalum 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0962 0.5 2.3 fimbriatum 28 Nonohu unidentified 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0962 0.5 2.3 29 Kalaero Diospyros 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0707 0.4 2.2 pilosanthera 30 Kasu Tanu Cryptocarya infectori 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0707 0.4 2.2 31 Oninda Ficus macrophyllus 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0707 0.4 2.2 32 Upi Intsia bijuga 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0707 0.4 2.2 33 unkonown Syzygium luzonense 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0707 0.4 2.2 34 unknown unidentified 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0491 0.3 2.1 35 Kawo Duabanga 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0491 0.3 2.1 moluccana 36 Kolipu Lithocarpus sp. 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0491 0.3 2.1 37 Hokio Evodia speciosa 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0416 0.2 2.0 38 Towure Palaquium 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0416 0.2 2.0 obtusifolium 39 Hahi hahi Solanum 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0380 0.2 2.0 ngisi verbascifolium 40 Lalinggondaro Goniothalamus sp. 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0380 0.2 2.0 41 Lobani Nauclea calycina 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0380 0.2 2.0 42 cf Kedondong Schefflera elliptica 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0314 0.2 2.0 43 Lingato Dendrocnide cf. 1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0.0314 0.2 2.0 ngginiku peltata 77



Tables 5-8 Vegetation analysis in Bamboo Forest Kalobo, Tanjung Peropa Wildlife Reserve Table 5. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in Bamboo Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV name (%) (%) (%) 1 Holea Cleistanthus 86 12647.1 29.1 8 8.6 37.7 sumatranus 2 Kasu Tanu Cryptocarya infectori 57 8382.4 19.3 4 4.3 23.6 3 Tembeuwa Kjelbergiodendron 33 4852.9 11.1 9 9.7 20.8 celebicum 4 Kasu meeto Diospyros malabarica 10 1470.6 3.4 5 5.4 8.8 5 Kalaero Diospyros malabarica 6 882.4 2.0 5 5.4 7.4 6 Konduri Parkia roxburghii 7 1029.4 2.4 4 4.3 6.7 7 Nguru Heritiera trifoliata 10 1470.6 3.4 3 3.2 6.6 8 Kura Langga Centotheca lappacea 15 2205.9 5.1 1 1.1 6.1 9 Bomba wuta Marantha sp. 5 735.3 1.7 3 3.2 4.9 10 Huhubi Artocarpus 5 735.3 1.7 3 3.2 4.9 dasyphyllus 11 Orope wila Nephelium 5 735.3 1.7 3 3.2 4.9 lappaceum 12 Hao Mbandita Arcangelisia flava 3 441.2 1.0 3 3.2 4.2 13 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 3 441.2 1.0 3 3.2 4.2 14 Morobite Celtis philippensis 4 588.2 1.4 2 2.2 3.5 15 Tauba Lygodium circinatum 4 588.2 1.4 2 2.2 3.5 16 Hao Dongi Tetracera scandens 3 441.2 1.0 2 2.2 3.2 17 Paku hada Microlepia sp. 3 441.2 1.0 2 2.2 3.2

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 5. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in Bamboo Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV name (%) (%) (%) 2.8 18 Karematu Dehaasia caesia 2 294.1 0.7 2 2.2 2.8 2.8 19 Pedengisi Garcinia balica 2 294.1 0.7 2 2.2 2.8 20 Sosoreu Leea aculeata 2 294.1 0.7 2 2.2 2.4 21 Wako Caryota mytis 2 294.1 0.7 2 2.2 1.8 22 Kapu kapu  unidentified 4 588.2 1.4 1 1.1 1.8 dahu 1.8 1.4 23 Belengana Pterospermum 2 294.1 0.7 1 1.1 diversifolium 1.4 0.7 1 1.1 24 We Umili Calamus sp. 2 294.1 0.7 1 1.1 1.4 0.3 1 1.1 25 We Wulo Calamus sp. 2 294.1 1.4 0.3 1 1.1 26 Besulo Canarium sp. 1 147.1 1.4 27 Bitai Calophyllum 1 147.1 1.4 membranaceum 1.4 1.4 28 Hao lahu lahu Phytocrene 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 1.4 macrophylla 1.4 29 Hao Mimosa sp. 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 Nggonduri 1.4 1.4 30 Hao Quisqualis indica 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 Nggulipapo 1.4 0.3 1 1.1 31 Kadapai Amorphophallus sp. 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 0.3 1 1.1 32 Kasu wai Orophea enneandra 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 33 Kolaka Lithocarpus sp. 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 34 Kolaka Wai Oxymitra cf filipes 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 0.3 1 1.1 35 Koleuhu Euphorianthus 1 147.1 obtusatus 0.3 1 1.1 36 Kowuna Bambusa sp. 1 147.1 37 Lobani Mbute Nauclea obtusa 1 147.1 38 Orope meeto Ellatostachys 1 147.1 verrucosa 80

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 5. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in Bamboo Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV name (%) (%) (%) Arenga pinnata 1 147.1 1.4 39 Rema Erythrina 0.3 1 1.1 subumbrans 1 147.1 1.4 40 Roda Pouteria sp. 0.3 1 1.1 Drypetes minahassae 1 147.1 1.4 41 Sokibiri Calamus sp. 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 1.4 42 Tawa Huko Archidendron 1 147.1 0.3 1 1.1 1.4 43 We Tarompu ellipticum 0.3 1 1.1 1 147.1 1.4 44 Wilalo dahu 0.3 1 1.1 Table 6. Floristic composition of sapling (height > 1.5 m and dbh ≤ 10 cm ) assemblage in Bamboo Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ha N F F BA BA SIV name  (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) Cleistanthus 1 Holea sumatranus 6 141.2 35.3 3 21.4 0.0072 22 79.1 Nephelium 2 Orope Wila lappaceum 2 47.1 11.8 2 14.3 0.0058 18 44.2 Barringtonia 3 Puta racemosa 2 47.1 11.8 2 14.3 0.0053 17 42.7 Dracontomelon 4 Rao mangiferum 1 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0050 16 28.7 5 Pepundi Alphonsea javanica 1 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0039 12 25.0 Nggasu 6 Wanggudu Morinda citrifolia 1 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0028 9 21.9 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0007 2 15.2 7 Kaleuwi Petunga microcarpa 1 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0007 2 15.2 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0003 1 14.0 8 Tawa Huko Drypetes minahassae 1 23.5 5.9 1 7.1 0.0003 1 14.0 9 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 1 10 Pedengisi Garcinia balica 1 81

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 7. Floristic composition of poles (dbh > 10 cm to ≤ 20cm) and undergrowth in the Bamboo Forest ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha (%) (%)  (m2/ha) %) (%) 1 Holea Cleistanthus 3 18 25.0 3 25.0 0.0192 10 60.1 sumatranus 2 Puta Barringtonia 2 12 16.7 2 16.7 0.0331 17 50.8 racemosa 3 Mandula Garcinia dulcis 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0284 15 31.6 4 Karematu Dehaasia caesia 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0255 13 30.1 5 Wilalo daun Archidendron 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0255 13 30.1 jiringa 6 Wonggia Syzygium sp. 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0255 13 30.1 ndehu 7 Kalaero Diospyros venenosa 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0133 7 23.7 8 Sisio Cratoxylon 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0113 6 22.6 celebicum 9 cf. wanggudu Morinda cf 1 6 8.3 1 8.3 0.0079 4 20.8 citrifolia Table 8. Floristic composition of trees (dbh > 20 cm) assemblage in the Bamboo Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ NF F BA BA SIV name ha (%)   (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) 1 Tembeuwa Kjelbergiodendron 11 16 15.1 6 13.0 1.1230 22 50.0 celebicum 2 Rao Dracontomelon 4 6 5.5 4 8.7 0.3855 8 21.7 mangiferum 3 Konduri Parkia roxburghii 11 16 15.1 1 2.2 0.0962 2 19.1 4 Wilalo biasa Archidendron lucyi 11 16 15.1 1 2.2 0.0380 1 18.0 5 Kolaka biasa Lithocarpus sp. 3 4 4.1 3 6.5 0.3240 6 17.0 6 Kalaero Diospyros venenosa 3 4 4.1 3 6.5 0.2160 4 14.9 7 Kasu meeto Diopyros 2 3 2.7 2 4.3 0.3220 6 13.4 malabarica 8 Kapu lesea hoa Ficus drupacea 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.5027 10 13.4 9 Kasu wai Orophea 3 4 4.1 2 4.3 0.2278 4 12.9 enneandra 82

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 8. Floristic composition of trees (dbh > 20 cm) assemblage in the Bamboo Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ NF F BA BA SIV name ha (%)   (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) 10 Huhubi Artocarpus 2 3 2.7 2 4.3 0.2642 5 12.2 dasyphyllus 11 Lahu lahu Meliosma nitida 2 3 2.7 2 4.3 0.1571 3 10.2 12 Morobite Celtis philippensis 2 3 2.7 2 4.3 0.1087 2 9.2 13 Kolumba Sterculia foetida 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.2827 6 9.1 14 Wonggia Syzygium 2 3 2.7 1 2.2 0.1346 3 7.5 Ndehu polyanthum 15 Kasu Pai unidentified 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.1964 4 7.4 16 Oloho Spondias sp. 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.1257 2 6.0 17 Poe Canarium sp. 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0855 2 5.2 18 Besulo Canarium sp. 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0707 1 4.9 19 Nguru Heritiera trifoliata 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0707 1 4.9 20 Toluto Pterocymbium 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0707 1 4.9 tinctorium 21 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0491 1 4.5 22 Orope wila Nephelium 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0380 1 4.3 lappaceum 23 Puta Barringtonia 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0380 1 4.3 racemosa 24 Tando Mimusops bojeri 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0346 1 4.2 25 Benua Octomelos 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0314 1 4.2 sumatrana 26 cf ampulajeng Ixora imitants 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0314 1 4.2 27 Karematu Dehaasia caesia 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0314 1 4.2 28 Kasu Tanu Cryptocarya 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0314 1 4.2 infectori 29 Pepundi Alphonsea javanica 1 1 1.4 1 2.2 0.0314 1 4.2 Nggasu 83



Table 9–12 Vegetation analysis in Lowland Forest, Kalobo, Tanjung Peropa Wildlife Reserve Table 9. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency No Vernacular name Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV (%) (%) (%) 4.1 22.9 1 Tokoalinda Elastotema rostratum 99 6875 18.9 7 Cleistanthus 5.8 20.7 2 Holea sumatranus 78 5417 14.9 10 Diospyros pilosanthera 6.4 8.9 3 Kasumeeto Planchonia valida 13 903 2.5 11 1.7 8.8 4 Ewu Barringtonia 37 2569 7.0 3 acutangula 1.2 6.9 5 Tolihe Manu Celtis philippensis 30 2083 5.7 2 Xylopia caudata 2.9 6.0 6 Morobite Bambusa sp. 16 1111 3.0 5 3.5 5.6 Drypetes cf. globosa 11 764 2.1 6 1.7 5.0 7 Kasu Wai Tetracera scandens 17 1181 3.2 3 2.9 4.6 Calamus zollingeri 9 625 1.7 5 2.9 4.4 8 Buluh Nephelium lappaceum 8 556 1.5 5 1.2 4.4 Calamus sp. 17 1181 3.2 2 2.3 4.0 9 Mehere 9 625 1.7 4 0.6 4.0 18 1250 3.4 1 10 Hao Dongi 1.7 3.8 11 We Bao 2.3 3.7 2.3 3.5 12 Orope wila 2.3 3.5 13 We Pai 1.7 3.3 14 Tokoalinda Pachystachys coccinea 11 764 2.1 3 ngginiku 15 Tawa Momea Macaranga tanarius 7 486 1.3 4 Barringtonia racemosa 6 417 1.1 4 16 Puta Palaquium obtusifolium 6 417 17 Towure Aglaia sp. 1.1 4 8 556 18 Bosilu 1.5 3

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 9. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency (cont.) No Vernacular name Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV (%) (%) (%) 19 Ombana biasa Mallotus sp. 4 278 0.8 4 2.3 3.1 20 Hao Mbandita Arcangelisia flava 5 347 1.0 3 1.7 2.7 21 Hao pepundi Orona discolor 5 347 1.0 3 1.7 2.7 22 Tembeuwa Kjelbergiodendron 4 278 0.8 3 1.7 2.5 celebicum 23 Huhubi Artocarpus dasiphyllus 3 208 0.6 3 1.7 2.3 24 Sosoreu Leea aculeata 3 208 0.6 3 1.7 2.3 25 Tanggeambali Homaluium 3 208 0.6 3 1.7 2.3 tomentosum 26 Wonggia Ndehu Syzygium polyanthum 3 208 0.6 3 1.7 2.3 27 Hao cf Pycnarrhena cauliflora 5 347 1.0 2 1.2 2.1 Kasumeeto 28 Paku Hada Microlepia sp. 8 556 1.5 1 0.6 2.1 29 Naha Iwoi Pandanus sp. 4 278 0.8 2 1.2 1.9 30 Lobani Nauclea calycina 3 208 0.6 2 1.2 1.7 31 Nguru Heritiera trifoliata 3 208 0.6 2 1.2 1.7 32 Hao Nggulipapo Quisqualis indica 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 33 Kaleuwi Petunga microcarpa 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 34 Kolaka biasa Lithocarpus sp. 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 35 Kolaka Wai Orophea enneandra 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 36 Kote Lophopetalum 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 fimbriatum 37 Pae pae Isachne albens 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 38 Taipa Hada Ardisia sp. 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 39 Takalea Iwoi Leea sp. 2 139 0.4 2 1.2 1.5 40 Lae Alpinia sp. 5 347 1.0 1 0.6 1.5 41 Ato ato manu Cyclosorus ecallosus 3 208 0.6 1 0.6 1.2 42 Osu Croton oblongus 3 208 0.6 1 0.6 1.2 43 Panggu Panggu Christella papilio 3 208 0.6 1 0.6 1.2 44 tauba Lygodium circinatum 3 208 0.6 1 0.6 1.2 45 Cf. Streblus asper 2 139 0.4 1 0.6 1.0 Silibionggadue 86

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 9. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency (cont.) No Vernacular name Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV (%) (%) (%) 1.0 46 Karematu Dehaasia caesia 2 139 0.4 1 0.6 1.0 47 Tanggalasi Pithecollobium 2 139 0.4 1 0.6 umbellatum 1.0 0.8 48 Usangi Fatoua pilosa 2 139 0.4 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 49 Cf Tauba Pteris multiaurita 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 50 Cf. Hea hea ngisi Polyalthia lateriflora 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 51 Cf. Taipa Hada  unidentified 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 52 Hao Ani Spatholobus 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 ferrugineus 0.8 0.8 53 Hao Mbai Pai  unidentified 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 54 Hao Nggonduri Mimosa pudica 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 55 Hao Silore Tetrastigma sp. 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 56 Hao Tulanggani Willughbeia sp. 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 57 Kalaero Diospyros venenosa 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 58 Kalewuta Aglaonema simplex 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 59 Kapu kapu dahu unidentified 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 60 Kasu Pai  unidentified 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 61 Kasu Ngginiku Aglaia argentea 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 0.8 62 Kasu Tanu Homalium foetidum 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 63 Konduri Parkia roxburghii 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 64 Lahu lahu Meliosma nitida 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 65 Lumara bao Mallotus sp. 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 66 Munde munde Capparis micrantha 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 67 Oloro Gossampinus 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 malabarica 68 Ondolia Canangium odoratum 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 69 Pedengisi Garcinia balica 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 70 Pepundi Nggasu Alphonsea javanica 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 71 Polonggina Bischofia javanica 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 72 Sainea Memecylon edule 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 73 Silibionggadue Ficus sp. 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 74 Taloe Cynometra ramiflora 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 87

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 9. Floristic composition of seedling (height up to 1.5 m) and undergrowth assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency (cont.) No Vernacular name Botanical name N N/ha N F F SIV (%) (%) (%) 75 Tarapasi Syzygium lineatum 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 76 Toluto Pterocymbium 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 tinctorium 77 Towula Mallotus sp. 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 78 Takulendahi Garuga floribunda 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 79 Welepo Semecarpus 1 69 0.2 1 0.6 0.8 cuneiformis Table 10. Floristic composition of sapling (height > 1.5 m and dbh ≤ 10 cm ) assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha  (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) 1 Holea Cleistanthus 9 100 18.8 5 11.4 0.0099 11.5 41.6 sumatranus 2 Pepundinggasu Alphonsea javanica 4 44 8.3 4 9.1 0.0155 17.9 35.3 3 Karematu Dehaasia caesia 3 33 6.3 3 6.8 0.0106 12.3 25.3 4 Kasu Tanu Cryptocarya infectori 2 22 4.2 2 4.5 0.0067 7.7 16.4 5 Kasu Wai Orophea enneandra 2 22 4.2 2 4.5 0.0067 7.7 16.4 6 Mehere Drypetes cf. globosa 1 11 2.1 3 6.8 0.0041 4.7 13.6 7 Lahu lahu Meliosma nitida  3 33 6.3 2 4.5 0.0019 2.2 13.0 8 Bolongita Tetrameles nudiflora 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0064 7.4 11.7 9 Pedengisi Garcinia balica 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0064 7.4 11.7 10 Orope wila Nephelium 2 22 4.2 2 4.5 0.0020 2.3 11.0 lappaceum 11 Takalea Iwoi Leea sp. 2 22 4.2 2 4.5 0.0020 2.3 11.0 12 Dalisi Actinodaphne 1 11 2.1 2 4.5 0.0027 3.1 9.7 glomerata 13 Towure Palaquium 2 22 4.2 1 2.3 0.0013 1.5 7.9 obtusifolium 14 cf Kasu wai Glycosmis 2 22 4.2 1 2.3 0.0003 0.4 6.8 cochinchinensis 15 cf. ampulajeng Ixora imitants 2 22 4.2 1 2.3 0.0003 0.4 6.8 88

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 10. Floristic composition of sapling (height > 1.5 m and dbh ≤ 10 cm ) assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha  (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) Diospyros 16 Kasu meeto malabarica 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0020 2.3 6.6 Diospiros venenosa 17 Kalaero Lophopetalum 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0013 1.5 5.8 fimbriatum 18 Kote Celtis philippensis 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0013 1.5 5.8 Canarium sp. 19 Morobite Xylopia malayana 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0013 1.5 5.8 20 Besulo Cleistanthus sp. 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0007 0.8 5.2 21 Holea Mbute Nauclea calycina 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0007 0.8 5.2 22 Kasu Borubi Gnetum gnemon 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0007 0.8 5.2 23 Lobani Acronychia sp. 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0007 0.8 5.2 24 Tawa Huko Gymnachranthera 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0007 0.8 5.2 25 cf Hokio paniculata 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0003 0.4 4.7 26 cf Pala Hutan 1 11 2.1 1 2.3 0.0003 0.4 4.7 Table 11. Floristic composition of poles (dbh > 10 cm to ≤ 20 cm) assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) 1 Tawa huko Gnetum gnemon 2 6 4.9 2 5.0 0.2349 32.3 42.2 2 Kasu Wai Orophea enneandra 5 14 12.2 5 12.5 0.0785 10.8 35.5 3 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 5 14 12.2 5 12.5 0.0415 5.7 30.4 4 Holea Cleistanthus 5 14 12.2 4 10.0 0.0393 5.4 27.6 sumatranus 5 Kote Lophopetalum 3 8 7.3 3 7.5 0.0334 4.6 19.4 6 Kolaka biasa fimbriatum 7 Orope wila Lithocarpus sp. 2 6 4.9 2 5.0 0.0157 2.2 12.0 Nephelium 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0284 3.9 8.8 lappaceum 8 Tolihe Manu Barringtonia 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0284 3.9 8.8 acutangula 9 Kasu Aglaia argentea 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0255 3.5 8.4 Ngginiku 89

Checklist JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA dalam Bahasa Daerah Tolaki Table 11. Floristic composition of poles (dbh > 10 cm to ≤ 20 cm) assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area (cont.) No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) Acronychia 10 Hokio trifoliata 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0227 3.1 8.1 Ficus variegata 11 Wehuko mea Pterospermum 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0201 2.8 7.7 diversifolium 12 Belengana Ficus sp. 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0177 2.4 7.4 Palaquium 13 Pokae obtusifolium 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0177 2.4 7.4 Archidendron 14 Towure jiringa 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0177 2.4 7.4 Aglaia sp. 15 Wilalo daun Inocarpus fagiferus 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0177 2.4 7.4 Cratoxylon 16 Bosilu celebicum 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0154 2.1 7.1 17 Kaloba Dracontomelon 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0113 1.6 6.5 mangiferum 18 Sisio Meliosma nitida 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0113 1.6 6.5 Nauclea calycina 19 Rao Canangium 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0095 1.3 6.2 odoratum 20 Lahu lahu Homalium 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0079 1.1 6.0 21 Lobani tomentosum 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0079 1.1 6.0 Pterocymbium 22 Ondolia tinctorium 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0079 1.1 6.0 Dendrocnide cf. 23 Tanggeambali peltata 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0079 1.1 6.0 24 Toluto 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0079 1.1 6.0 25 Lingato 1 3 2.4 1 2.5 0.0020 0.3 5.2 ngginiku 90

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi Table 12. Floristic composition of trees (dbh > 20 cm) assemblage in the Lowland Forest, Kalobo, ranked by Species Importance Value (SIV). N=Number of trees, F=Frequency, and BA=Basal Area No Vernacular Botanical name N N/ N F F BA BA SIV name ha (%) (%)  (m2/ha) (%) (%) 1 Kasu meeto Diospyros 9 6 6.7 7 5.8 0.8129 5.4 17.9 malabarica 2 Lahu lahu Meliosma nitida 7 5 5.2 5 4.2 0.7815 5.2 14.5 3 Ondolia Canangium 7 5 5.2 6 5.0 0.5311 3.5 13.7 odoratum 4 Kote Lophopetalum 6 4 4.4 5 4.2 0.5661 3.8 12.4 fimbriatum 5 Konduri Parkia roxburghii 3 2 2.2 3 2.5 1.0210 6.8 11.5 6 Tanggeambali Homalium 5 3 3.7 5 4.2 0.5282 3.5 11.4 tomentosum 7 Mehere Drypetes cf globosa 6 4 4.4 6 5.0 0.1951 1.3 10.7 8 Ewu Planchonia valida 4 3 3.0 4 3.3 0.5285 3.5 9.8 9 Morobite Celtis philippensis 6 4 4.4 3 2.5 0.3407 2.3 9.2 10 Kasu wai Orophea enneandra 4 3 3.0 4 3.3 0.3974 2.6 8.9 11 Tompira Clerodendron sp. 4 3 3.0 4 3.3 0.3015 2.0 8.3 12 Kasu pai unidentified 2 1 1.5 2 1.7 0.6990 4.6 7.8 13 Towure Palaquium 3 2 2.2 3 2.5 0.4437 2.9 7.7 obtusifolium 14 Besulo Canarium sp. 2 1 1.5 2 1.7 0.6617 4.4 7.5 15 Wayu Pterospermum 4 3 3.0 3 2.5 0.2906 1.9 7.4 celebicum 16 Hehea walu Pittosporum sp. 2 1 1.5 2 1.7 0.6283 4.2 7.3 17 Orope wila Nephelium 5 3 3.7 3 2.5 0.1637 1.1 7.3 lappaceum 18 Roda Erythrina 3 2 2.2 3 2.5 0.3271 2.2 6.9 subumbrans 19 Kolaka biasa Lithocarpus sp. 3 2 2.2 3 2.5 0.3227 2.1 6.9 20 Bonearate Vitex cf glabrata 2 1 1.5 2 1.7 0.5439 3.6 6.8 21 Tolihe manu barringtonia 3 2 2.2 2 1.7 0.3809 2.5 6.4 acutangula 22 Bolongita Tetrameles nudiflora 3 2 2.2 3 2.5 0.2285 1.5 6.2 23 Kuma watu Mitrephora celebica 3 2 2.2 2 1.7 0.2533 1.7 5.6 24 Motolindi Aglaia edulis 2 1 1.5 2 1.7 0.3534 2.3 5.5 91