GK Book 7_Edition 2077_Sunil

3Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. What is the full form of DVD? 2. When was the Internet used first? 3. Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy? 4. What is the study of sound called? 5. Who discovered diesel engine? 6. Who discovered penicillin? 7. What instrument is used for drawing circles? 8. Who invented the first mechanical computer? 9. Who was the first to use antiseptic during surgery? 10. What is measured by the unit known as the coulomb? 11. What would you loose if you have laryngitis? BOOK SEVEN 101

6Unit GAMES AND SPORTS Team Sports Most team sports involve hitting, kicking or Football Amazing throwing balls. People probably first played A gentleman by the name of Abner Doubleday is credited ball games thousands of years ago. Schools and with inventing the game of baseball. Legend has it that he colleges did not begin organizing ball games as was also the person who fired part of formal education until the 19th century. the first shot in the US Civil War. M An American football field is known as a Cricket gridiron because of the lines that cross the Volleyball field at intervals of 4.5m. M In professional baseball there are nine players on each team. Each team bats for nine innings on a pitch called a diamond. ‘Home runs’ are scored when the hitter makes a complete anticlockwise circuit of the four bases. M Brazil is the only country to have appeared in every soccer World Cup Finals’ tournament. M Soccer originated from violent medieval football games, but was organized with rules, leagues and professionals in the 19th century. It is now the world’s most popular spectator sport. M The word ‘cricket’ is derived from the French word ‘criquet’, meaning goalpost. The first cricket Test match in England took place at the Oval in 1880, when England played Australia. M The game of volleyball was originally called mintonette and was devised in 1895 by William George Morgan of the United States. M Ice-hockey players skate around the rink at speeds exceeding 50 km/hr and the puck travels at speeds of over 150 km/hr. 102 BOOK SEVEN

Rugby There are four ways of scoring in rugby: a try–worth five points: a conversion that follows a try–worth two points: a penalty goal–worth three points: and a dropped goal–worth three points. In Rugby Union there are 15 players in each team while in Rugby Rugby League there are only 13. Hockey Hockey is one of the oldest stick-and-ball games dating back to the Aztec civilization of Mexico. M A basketball player cannot make Basketball Netball more than two steps without Water Polo passing or bouncing the ball. A violation of this rule is known as travelling. M Netball was invented in 1891 by a Canadian called James Naismith, who adapted the rules of basketball for a female version of the game. M Lacrosse players use a stick (the crosse) with a net on the end to throw and catch the ball. The game was first played by Native Americans in Canada. M Water Polo takes place in a swimming pool. Two teams of players try to throw a ball into their opponent’s goal. Lacrosse Players BOOK SEVEN 103

Track and Field Events Highland Games The first people to take running seriously Throwing events in Scotland’s and compete against one another were the Highland Games include the ancient Greeks. Track and field athletics shot, the hammer, the caber (a as we know them began in the 19th tree trunk) and sheaf-tossing. century in schools and colleges in Europe The latter involves the throwing and North America. Today these events of a heavy bag of hay over a bar play a big part in the Olympic Games, and using a pitchfork. The games there are also regular world and regional date back to the 8th century. championships. Track races and some field events can also take place indoors. In the high jump there is a fan- Amazing shaped run-up area before the crossbar, and a cushioned landing Stella Walsh won a mat beyond. 100-m women’s gold medal M Field events include throwing and at the 1932 Olympics. She was killed in 1980 during jumping. There are four throwing robbery and an autopsy events: javelin, discus, shotput revealed that she was a man. and hammer. The jumping events are long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault. M Pole-vaulting originated in ancient Greece where the Cretian people used long poles to vault over bulls. 104 BOOK SEVEN

High Jump Pole Vaulter Javelin Throw M High jumpers and pole-vaulters are Discus Competition allowed three attempts to clear each separate height. M The javelin is thrown overarm from behind a curved white line. Distances are measured from the throwing line to the nearest mark on the ground made by the javelin. M In the discus competition, the marked circle from which the competitor throws has a diameter of just 2.5 m. The thrower releases the discus after one-and-a-half turns. M The rules of the IAAF (International Amateur Athletic Federation) state that the maximum number of spikes allowed on athletes footwear is 11. Javelins were made of wood until 1950, when an aluminum javelin was designed that enabled throwers to achieve greater distance. Aluminium Javelin BOOK SEVEN 105

SSoouutthhAAssiaiannGGamamese2s0219019 Fill in the blanks. 1. The 13 South Asian Games 2019 was held in Nepal from December .............. to .............. 2. The games were played in three different cities in Nepal: Kathmandu, Pokhara and .................................... 3. The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the ...................................... in Kathmandu. 4. Around 2700 athletes from 7 countries (Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives, Bhutan and Sri Lanka) competed in ............ different sports events. 5. India stood first with 312 medals; Nepal stood second with .......... medals and Sri Lanka at third position with 251 medals. 6. The official mascot of the 13th SAG was a pair of .................................... 7. Blackbucks are an endangered species, found mostly in the southern region of ............................ Fact Box Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 India 174 93 45 312 2 Nepal 51 60 95 206 3 Sri Lanka 40 83 128 251 4 Pakistan 31 41 59 131 5 Bangladesh 19 32 87 138 6 Maldives 1 0 4 5 7 Bhutan 0 7 13 20 Totals (7 nations) 317 317 434 1068 Did you know? 106 BOOK SEVEN Kiran Singh Bogati won the marathon gold.

Answer the following quesitons about the 13th SAG 2019. a. Which Nepali player won four gold medals in swimming? b. How many gold medals did Nepal bag? c. Which country won the highest number of gold medals? d. Which game did Sanil Shahi play in the 13th SAG 2019? e. Which cities in Nepal hosted the 13th SAG 2019? f. Which country failed to win a single gold medal? g. How many medals did Nepal bag in 13th SAG 2019? h. Which country won the gold medal for football in the 13th SAG 2019? Did you know? 107 Baikuntha Manandhar is the first Nepali athlete to have performed a hat-trick in marathon in three consecutive editions of the SAG. Santoshi Shrestha won the women’s 10,000m race, becoming the first Nepali woman athlete to win a gold medal. BOOK SEVEN

Quick Quiz FIFA World Cup Tick ( ) the correct answer. The FIFA World Cup, occasionally 1 In which sport do you do butterfly? called the Football World Cup, Basketball but usually referred to simply as Football the World Cup, is an international Swimming football competition contested by the men’s national teams of the 2 How many points do you get for members of Federation International potting a pink in snooker? of Football Association (FIFA), the sport’s global governing body. The Five championship has been awarded Six every four years since the first Seven tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, because of World War II. 3 Three cushions is a form of which game? The current format of the tournament involves 32 teams Billiards competing for the title at venues Chess within the host nation(s) over a Polo period of about a month–this phase is often called the World Cup Finals. 4 In what sport would you do an ‘Arab Spring’? Football Cricket Gymnastic 5 How many players are there in an ice hockey team? 6 10 4 108 BOOK SEVEN

Quick Quiz Did you Answer the following questions: 1. How many players are there in an ice know? hockey team? Ice Hockey ............................................................. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team sport played on ice. 2. Where is the ‘Happy Valley Racecourse’? It is a fast-paced and physical sport. Ice hockey is most popular in areas ............................................................. that are sufficiently cold for natural reliable seasonal ice cover such as 3. In Polo, with what do you hit the Canada, the northern United States, ball? Scandinavia and Russia. With the advent of indoor artificial ice rinks ............................................................. it has become a year-round pastime at the amateur level in major 4. Which sport is played using a ball metropolitan areas such as cities that called a Sliotar? host a National Hockey League (NHL) or other professional-league team. ............................................................. 5. In gymnastics, what is a backward handspring known as? ............................................................. 6. In which country did speed skating originate? ............................................................. 7. In which sport is a series of bouts called a barrage? ............................................................. 8. Where were the first Asian games held? ............................................................. Key Words Hong Kong 7 Fence Mallet The Netherlands Flic flac New Delhi Hurling BOOK SEVEN 109

1Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. Archery is the national sport of which country? 2. How long in yards is a cricket pitch? Archery 3. How many balls are on a snooker table at the start of play? 4. How many teams played in the first World Cup? 5. In LBW what does the B stand for? 6. In what year was the first World Cup held? 7. In which city were the 2000 Summer Olympic Games held? FIFA World Cup Trophy 8. In which sport do you run and jump as far as possible onto a sandpit? 9. On a football pitch, how many yards should the penalty spot be from the goal line? 10. The term ‘googly’ is associated with which game? 11. The term ‘Whitewash’ is associated with which game? 12. What are ballet, tap and hip-hop all types of? Penalty 110 BOOK SEVEN

2Test Yourself Choose the correct answer: 1. What country does the soccer player Wayne Rooney come from? 2. What sport do the Los Angeles Lakers play? 3. What type of sport is played on horseback? Wayne Rooney 4. When was the Commonwealth game started? 5. Which county have won the cricket championship most times? 6. Which English football team is nicknamed the “Hornets”? 7. Which ground hosts the FA Cup Final? European Cup Trophy 8. Which was the first British Soccer team to win the European Cup? (Football) 9. Which was the first non test playing country to beat India in an international match? 10. Who has scored the most goals in a single World Cup tournament? 11. Who was the first batsman to score 10,000 runs in Test cricket? 12. Who was the first country to win the World Cup four times? BOOK SEVEN 111

7Unit LITERATURE Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) English novelist and poet Thomas Hardy first worked for a London architect for five years. He was so determined to become a writer that he returned home to Dorset in 1867. Hardy’s fourth novel, Far From The Madding Crowd (1874), was his first great success. He continued to write many novels, but in 1895 Jude the Obscure was attacked by critics and, Hardy turned to his fist love–poetry. By his death he had written over 900 poems. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson qualified as a lawyer in 1875, but he soon turned to writing. His first book, Inland Voyage (1876), descried a canoe journey in Belgium. However, Treasure Island (1883) gave him a name as a writer of adventure stories. Some of his best works were short stories , articles, and essays that appeared in magazines. His poems in A Child’s Garden of Verses are ranked among the finest. Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) Dublin-born Oscar Wilde won a prize in 1878 for his poem Ravenna. A collection of poetry published in 1881 was followed by children’s fairy tales in 1888. His novel The Picture of Dorian Gray was published in Lippincott’s Magazine and caused a scandal. Wilde went on to become a successful playwright. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Born in Ireland, Jonathan Swift was a satirical writer and poet. He wrote for the Bickerstaff Papers and Tatler magazine and cofounded the Scriblerus Club. Swift’s most famous book, Gulliver’s Travels, is a savage satire of politicians, religion, inventors, and humanity. 112 BOOK SEVEN

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge was educated at Cambridge University. In 1797 he moved to Somerset and met the poet Wordsworth. Together they produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), which included Coleridge’s masterpiece “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”. In 1800 he moved to northwest England, but poor health, drug addiction, and an unhappy marriage led him to move to London in 1810. There he wrote a play, continued to write poetry, and taught polities, education, and religion. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) American poet Emily Dickinson spent most of her life in her birthplace of Amherst, Massachusetts. Between 1858 and 1865, Emily wrote around 1,700 poems, but only a few were published–anonymously–during her lifetime. Her talent as a poet was not recognized until after her death when her poems were published in three volumes. Lord Byron (1788-1824) Born is Scotland, English poet Lord Byron was educated at Cambridge University. In 1809 he set out on a grand tour of Europe and wrote his successful poem, “Child Harold’s Pilgrimage”, describing the countries that he visited. Owing to his tangled love life he left London for Venice, Italy, where he wrote some of his best poems. He died from fever in Greece. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) U.S. born poet Thomas Stearns Eliot spent most of his life in England. After studying at Oxford University he worked in a bank before becoming a publisher. He wrote his first book of poems, Prufrock and other Observations, in 1917. Eliot’s modern poetic masterpiece, “The Waste Land”, received critical acclaim when it was published. Later, Eliot turned to writing religious plays, of which Murder in the Cathedral (1939), was made into the hit musical Cats in 1981. BOOK SEVEN 113

Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) English writer Lewis Carroll was educated at Oxford University, where he studied mathematics. He took a teaching post at the university and wrote several textbooks on mathematics and also completed some comic writing. His first children’s book, Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland, was an immediate success. Alice Through The Looking Glass and collections of nonsense poems were equally successful and are still read and loved by children and adults all over the world. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) After a difficult childhood English writer Charles Dickens joined the London Morning Chronicle in 1828 as a reporter of debaters in the House of Commons. In 1836 Sketches by Boz was published in serial format and was soon followed by Pickwick Papers, an immediate success. Dickens’ stories of social life and injustices in Victorian England made him the most popular writer of his day. He traveled widely in Europe and the U.S. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy fought in the Crimean War (1854- 1855). The war inspired him to write Tales of Army Life. After the war he joined the literary circle in St. Petersburg. His most famous novel, War and Peace tells of the lives of two families over a period of 12 years and describes domestic and military life during the Napoleonic War. His second great novel, Anna Karenina, is the story of a married woman’s sad love affair with a soldier. 114 BOOK SEVEN Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) U.S. novelist Isaac Asimov was born in Russia and emigrated with his family to America in 1923. There he studied chemistry and became a well-known biochemist. Asimov also wrote many science-fiction novels. His collection of short stories, I, Robot, introduced the term “robotics” to the English language.

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish dramatist George Bernard Shaw moved to London, England, in 1876. There he became a socialist and worked as a music and drama critic for several newspapers. The first of his many plays, Widowers’ Houses, was first staged in 1892. Shaw is also highly regarded for his book The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (1928). J.K. Rowling (b. 1965) While working as an English teacher in Portugal, English children’s writer J.K. Rowling began writing a story about wizards. She moved to Scotland, and with the aid of a grant she completed the story. When Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone was published, it became an immediate success. It was also made into a highly successful movie that has broken all box-office records. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Playwright, poet, and actor William Shakespeare is considered to be England’s finest dramatist. Shakespeare’s early life was spent in his birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon, in central England. He got married at the age of 18, and little is known of his life until he became an actor in London in 1592. He also wrote his first play, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, at this time . As a member of an acting group, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, he regularly performed at the court of the queen, Elizabeth I. When James I came to the throne in 1603, the group became known as the King’ Men. Shakespeare’s early plays, such as Romeo and Julie (1595), were an immediate success in London and made him a wealthy man. In total Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, including tragedies, comedies, and historical plays, as well as over 150 sonnets. Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) 115 At the age of 14, Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen ran away from his home in Odense to Copenhagen. His talent for poetry led him to receive a special education. In 1829 Hans wrote a satirical narrative of his travels, and in 1833 he received money to travel from the king, Frederick VI. Andersen visited many European countries, writing plays, travel books, novels, poetry, and fairy tales. BOOK SEVEN

Quick Quiz SONNET Tick ( ) the correct answer. The word ‘sonnet’ is derived from 1 Who is the writer of Gitanjali? the Italian word ‘sonetto’. It means Rabindra Nath Tagore a small poem or a little song or R.K. Narayan lyric. A sonnet has 14 fourteen C.V. Raman lines and each line has 10 syllables. 2 Who was the writer of Julies A sonnet has a specific rhyme Ceaser? scheme. The rhyme scheme in English is usually abab-cdcd-efef- Leo Tolstoy gg. Shakespeare Madav Prasad Ghimire A Shakespearean sonnet is generally written in an iambic 3 Who is the writer of ‘Mother’? pentameter. An iambic pentameter Maxim Gorki is the most commonly used Rabindra Nath Tagore pentameter in English. It also can Mahatma Gandhi be described as a line consists of ten syllables, where the first 4 Who is the first Indian to receive syllable is stressed, the second is Nobel Prize? unstressed, the third is stressed, and so on until it reaches the 10th C.V. Raman line syllable. R.K. Narayan Rabindra Nath Tagore 5 Who wrote the novel ‘Seto Dharti’? Amar Neupane Narayan Wagle Subin Bhattarai 116 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Famous Quotations know? Read the famous quotations. Shakespearean sonnet Anybody can make history. Only a great man can From fairest creatures we write it. desire increase, –Oscar Wilde That thereby beauty’s rose might never die. I never teach my pupils. I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn. But as the riper should by time decease, –Albert Einstein His tender heir might bear his All human actions have one or more of these memory: seven causes: chance, nature, compulsion, habit, reason, passion, and desire. But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, –Aristotle Feed’st thy light’s flame with It is a mistake to try to look too far ahead. The self-substantial fuel, chain of destiny can only be grasped one link at a time. Making a famine where abundance lies, –Sir Winston Churchill Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet Happiness is when what you think, what you say, self too cruel. and what you do are in harmony. Thou that art now the world’s –Mahatma Gandhi fresh ornament Everything has its beauty but not everyone sees And only herald to the gaudy it. spring, –Confucius Within thine own bud buriest thy content A slip of the foot you may soon recover, but a slip of the tongue you may never get over. And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggarding. –Benjamin Franklin Pity the world, or else this It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to glutton be, entertain a thought without accepting it. To eat the world’s due, by the –Aristotle grave and thee A hero is no braver than an ordinary man, but he (William Shakespeare) is braver five minutes longer. –Ralph W. Emerson Be true to your work, your word, and your friend. –Henry D. Thoreau BOOK SEVEN 117

1Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. Which story has a puppet that turns into a real boy? 2. Who is the author of China Harayeko Manchhe? 3. Who is the author of Doshi Chasma? 4. Who is the author of Jhola? 5. Who is the author of Jiwan Kada ki Phool? 6. Who is the author of Muna Madan? 7. Who is the author of Palpasa Café? 8. Who is the author of Phoolko Ankhama? 9. Who is the author of Seto Dharti? 10. Who is the Greek Goddess of love? 11. Who collaborated with his daughter Lucy, in 2007, to write the children’s book George’s Secret Key to the Universe? 12. Who has said this famous saying ‘A wounded deer leaps the highest’? 118 BOOK SEVEN

2Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. Who is the little girl alongside Peter Pan in J. M. Barrie’s play? 2. Who is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016? 3. Who painted The Laughing Cavalier? 4. Who was the Greek goddess of peace? 5. Who was the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 awarded to? 6. Who wrote Huckleberry Finn? 7. Who wrote the book “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes”? 8. Who wrote the crime novel “Ten Little Niggers”? 9. Who wrote the famous book “Alice in Wonderland”? 10. Who wrote the famous novel ‘The Treasure Island’? 11. Who wrote the Twilight series of novels? 12. Who wrote War and Peace? 13. Whose autobiography is known as ‘The Story of My Experiments with Truth’? BOOK SEVEN 119

8Unit MISCELLANEOUS The Brain Your brain controls almost all of your activities, from thinking and moving to breathing. It is constantly making sure that all the different parts of your body work properly together. Information about everything that happens to you is stored inside it. By the time you are eight years old, your brain holds more information than a million encyclopedias. This image shows This main part of the brain the position of is the cerebrum. It the brain controls senses, in the intelligence skull. and feelings. This is the cerebellum, which controls movement. Your spine protects the spinal cord. 120 BOOK SEVEN

Inside Your Brain Two Halves Your brain looks like a large, wrinkly walnut. It is The two sides of your brain are made up of over 10,000 million neurons and is called the cerebal hemispheres. protected by your skull. The main parts of the brain Each one looks after the are explained below: opposite side of your body. They are joined by a thick band M The largest part of the brain is called the of nerve fibres, which lets each cerebrum. It controls most physical activities side know what the other is and many mental activities, such as memory doing. and speech. It also controls a part of the brain called the cerebellum, which in turn coordinates Both sides control different muscle movement and balance. The outer layer kinds of actions. In right-handed of the cerebrum is known as the cortex. people, the left side is used for speech and language. It is also M Near the middle of your brain there is an used for logical thought, for area called the thalamus, which works like a example when playing chess. reception desk. It receives impulses from all over The right side specializes in your body and sends them to the appropriate recognizing objects. It also part of your brain for processing. controls emotions and creativity. In most left-handed people it is M The hypothalamus is a part of your brain that the other way round. plays a vital role in controlling functions inside your body, such as body temperature, hunger LEFT BRAIN RIGHT BRAIN and thirst. M The brainstem controls automatic functions, such as your heartbeat and breathing. It contains three parts: the pons, medulla and midbrain. Memory There are two different types of memory. Motor-skill memory helps you to remember how to do actions, such as walking or riding a bicycle. Factual memory enables you to remember specific pieces of information. There are also two levels of memory. Short-term memory stores Try it information for only a few minutes. Anything that you can Test your short-term memory by reading through the list of remember for longer is in your, long-term memory. Information numbers below, then seeing how many you can write can be stored in your long-term memory for up to a lifetime. down in order. Most people cannot remember more than Short-term Spatial seven numbers. Memory Memory 309712854169 Visual Memory Verbal BOOK SEVEN 121 Memory

Human Body Quick Quiz Liver Tick ( ) the correct answer. The liver is the largest glandular 1 How many wisdom teeth can an adult organ of the body. It weighs about 1.36 kg. It is reddish brown in grow? colour and is divided into four 5 lobes of unequal size and shape. 4 3 The liver lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity beneath the 2 What does a dermatologist study? diaphragm. Blood is carried to the Skin liver via two large vessels called the Nose hepatic artery and the portal vein. Ear The hepatic artery carries oxygen- 3 How many ear bones are there in a man? rich blood from the aorta (a major 4 vessel in the heart). The portal vein 3 carries blood containing digested 2 food from the small intestine. These blood vessels subdivide in 4 What does DNA stand for? the liver repeatedly, terminating in Diverted Nucleic Acid very small capillaries. Each capillary Dominant Nucleic Acid leads to a lobule. Liver tissue is Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid composed of thousands of lobules and each lobule is made up of 5 How many pairs of ribs does a human hepatic cells, the basic metabolic have? cells of the liver. 24 pairs 12 pairs 36 pairs 122 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: 1. What is the name for the tissue that Pancreas connects bones? The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes ............................................................. and hormones. In humans, the pancreas is a yellowish organ about 2. Where is the trapezium in the human 7 inches long and 1.5 inches wide. body? The pancreas contains enzyme ............................................................. producing cells that secrete two hormones. The two hormones are 3. Which is the biggest cell in the body? insulin and glucagon. Insulin and glucagon are secreted directly into ............................................................. the bloodstream, and together, they regulate blood. Insulin lowers 4. What is the largest gland in our body? the blood sugar level and increases the amount of glucagon in the ............................................................. liver. Glucagon slowly increases the blood sugar level if it falls too low. 5. What is the name of the first part of If the insulin secreting cells do not the small intestine? work properly, diabetes occurs. ............................................................. 6. How many vertebrae are there in our body? ............................................................. 7. Which organ purifies blood? ............................................................. 8. Which is the smallest cell in the human body? ............................................................. Key Words Lungs RBCs Ligaments Wrist Egg cell 33 Liver Duodenum BOOK SEVEN 123

1Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. Another name for your voice box is the.........................? 2. How many bones does an adult human have? 3. How many chambers does a normal human heart have? 4. How many vertebrae are there in the human body? 5. The bones around your chest that protect organs such as the heart are called what? 6. The flow of blood through your heart and around your body is called? 7. What are the bones in our spine called? 8. What are the last four teeth a person will get? 9. What are the two holes on your nose called? 10. What are your nails made out of? 11. What gives skin its color? 12. What is the average blood pressure of the human being? 13. What is the average weight of an adult human brain? 14. What is the largest gland in the human body? 124 BOOK SEVEN

2Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. What is the name of the tiny air sacs in your lungs? 2. What is the outermost layer of skin? 3. What is the part of the tooth you can see above the gum? 4. What is your body’s largest organ? 5. What kind of blood is carried through artery? 6. What kind of teeth do babies have? 7. What substance in the mouth helps break down food? 8. What’s the smallest bone in the body? 9. Where is the patella located in our body? 10. Which acid is secreted from stomach? 11. Which bone protects our brain? 12. Which muscle helps move your shoulders? 13. Which type of blood cells help our bodies to fight infection? 14. Who invented human blood grouping system? BOOK SEVEN 125

Planets There are eight planets in the solar system. They are Jupiter the most important members of the Sun’s family. In order of distance from the Sun, they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The first four fall under the category of terrestrial planets; Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants (composed mostly of hydrogen and helium) while Uranus and Neptune are the ice giants (containing mainly elements heavier than hydrogen and helium). Mercury Which is the biggest planet? Jupiter is by far the largest of the planets. It has more mass than all the other planets put together. It measures nearly 143,000 kilometres across, which is 11 times bigger than Earth. Even though it is so big, it takes less than 10 hours for it to spin round once. This means that its surface is spinning round at a speed of 45,000 kilometres an hour. This is 30 times faster than Earth spins. Which planets have rings? Once it was thought that Saturn was the only planet that had rings around it because they were the only ones that can be seen through a telescope. But close- up photographs taken by the Voyager space probes have shown us that the other three gas giants-Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune-have rings too. The rings around these other planets are much thinner, narrower and darker than Saturn’s. Venus Earth Mars PLUTO Ever since the discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, Pluto was classified as a solar system planet until 2006. The International Astronomical Union decided in 2006 to call Pluto a ‘dwarf planet’ reducing the list of ‘real planets’ in our solar system to eight. Pluto is now considered to be one of the largest known members of the Kuiper Belt—a collection of icy bodies on the outer fringes of the solar system. 126 BOOK SEVEN

Why is Uranus sometimes called ‘new’? Uranus Astronomers have been studying the planets for thousands of years. They have watched the way they move across the night sky, unlike the stars. But the ancient astronomers could only see five planets in the night sky. It was not until 1781 that someone built a telescope powerful enough to spot another planet, which came to be called Uranus. Uranus was the first of three ‘new’ planets to be discovered. Neptune was discovered in 1846, and Pluto in 1930. Pluto was removed from the list of solar system planets in 2006 by a body of scientists. What is special about Saturn? Two things are outstanding about Saturn. One is obvious when you look at the planet through a telescope. The planet is surrounded by a set of bright, shining rings. Many people think that these make Saturn the most beautiful object in the Solar System. The other special thing about Saturn is that it is the lightest (least dense) of all the planets. It is lighter even than water. This means that if you could place it in a huge bowl of water, it would float. Rings Saturn Which planet is furthest from the Sun? As far as we know, the most distant planet from the Sun is Pluto, the last ‘new’ planet to be discovered after Neptune. But Pluto is not always the furthest away. For 20 years between 1979 and 1999, Neptune was further still because during this time Pluto was travelling inside Neptune’s orbit. Neptune will become the furthest planet again in a little over 200 years’ time. Pluto travels more than 7,000 million kilometres away from the Sun. It takes nearly 248 Earth-years to circle the Sun once. Moreover, Pluto is not now considered the planet by scientists. Pluto BOOK SEVEN 127

Astronomy Stars Quick Quiz A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma that is held together by Tick ( ) the correct answer. gravity. The nearest star to Earth is 1 What are comets made of? the Sun, which is the source of most Ice and dust of the energy on Earth. Ice Rock Other stars are visible in the night sky, when they are not outshone by the 2 What type of galaxy is the Sun. For most of its life, a star shines Milky Way? due to thermonuclear fusion in its core releasing. Irregular Eliptical Astronomers can determine the Spiral mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by 3 The nearest planet to Earth is: observing its spectrum, luminosity Saturn and motion through space. Venus Neptune 4 What do you need for an eclipse to occure? Sun Moon Sun, Moon and Earth 128 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: Ozone Layer 1. How long does a lunar eclipse last up The ozone layer is a layer in Earth’s to? atmosphere which contains relatively ............................................................. high concentrations of ozone t(hOe3). 2. What term do astronomers use to This layer absorbs 93-99% of measure the brightness of a star? sun’s high frequency ultraviolet light, ............................................................. which is potentially damaging life on 3. What is the cloud of material that stars are made from? Earth. ............................................................. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from 4. How many moons does Mercury have? approximately 15 km to 35 km above Earth, though the thickness varies ............................................................. seasonally and geographically. 5. What are stars mainly made of? The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles ............................................................. Fabry and Henri Buisson. 6. Which planet is also called the sister planet? ............................................................. 7. How many rings does Uranus have? ............................................................. 8. What instrument did Galileo invent? ............................................................. Key Words 11 Magnitude 4 hours Venus Nebulae Gases None Telescope BOOK SEVEN 129

1Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. Approximately how many miles are there in a light year? 2. Ganymede is a moon of which planet? 3. Is the planet Neptune bigger than Earth? 4. Selenology is the scientific study of which celestial body? 5. The day on which the Sun’s direct rays cross the celestial equator is called: 6. What is the closest planet to the Sun? 7. What is the hottest planet in our solar system? 8. What is the name of NASA’s most famous space telescope? 9. What is the name of Saturn’s largest moon? 10. What is the name of the first satellite sent into space? 11. What is the name of the force holding us to the Earth? 12. What is the name of the galaxy that contains the Earth? 130 BOOK SEVEN

2Test Yourself Choose the correct answer: 1. What is the name of the second biggest planet in our solar system? 2. What is the visible part of the Sun called? 3. What makes a planet a dwarf planet? 4. What planet is famous for its big red spot on it? 5. What planet is famous for the beautiful rings that surround it? 6. What planet is known as the red planet? 7. Which planet in our solar system is known as the blue planet? 8. Which planet in our solar system is known as Earth’s sister planet? 9. Which planet in our solar system takes the shortest time to orbit the sun? 10. Who is the father of the big bang? 11. Who was the first person to walk on the moon? 12. How many moons does the planet Mars have? BOOK SEVEN 131

3Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. What is the national game of Scotland? 2. In what sport do you score by dunking a ball? 3. Which planet has the maximum number of moons? 4. Which planet is also called the morning star? 5. How long does a lunar eclipse last up to? 6. What is the first part of the small intestine? 7. How many points do your get for potting a pink in snooker? 8. Which is the nearest galaxy to our galaxy? 9. In which sport is a series of bouts called a barrage? 10. Where is the happy valley racecourse located? 11. Which electronic systems use hardware and software? 132 BOOK SEVEN

4Test Yourself Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1. Which Asian country has the most languages? a) India b) Nepal c) Pakistan 2. Which is the largest state in the USA? a) New York b) Nebraska c) Alaska 3. Who is known as the ‘Lady with the Lamp’? a) Mother Teressa b) Florence Nightingale c) Sarojini Naido 4. Who is the writer of Gitanjali? a) R.K. Narayan b) C.V. Raman c) Rabindra Nath Tagore 5. What does a dermatologist study? a) Stomach b) Skin c) Eye 6. What is graphite composed of? a) Carbon b) Copper c) Silver 7. What is the largest gland in our body? a) Pancreas b) Liver c) Pitutary 8. Which planet is also called the sister planet? a) Mercury b) Pluto c) Venus BOOK SEVEN 133

5Test Yourself Tick ( ) true or false: 1. There are four ear bones in the human body. True False 2. The human brain grows quickest until five. True False 3. The telescope was improvized by Galileo. True False 4. Mercury has 5 moons. True False 5. We do butterfly in swimming. True False 6. The first Asian games were held in New Delhi. True False 7. The origin of speed skating is the Netherlands. True False 8. Yangtse River is the longest river of the world. True False 9. Jerry is a cartoon character. True False 10. Yosemite falls are in the USA. True False 11. Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet in the solar system. True False 12. Venus is the fifth planet from the sun. True False 134 BOOK SEVEN

6Test Yourself Answer the following questions. 1. How many faces does the prism have? a. 3 faces c. 5 faces d. 6 faces b. 4 faces 2. I think of a number. I double it and add one. The answer is 17. What was my number? 3. I am a triangle with 1 obtuse and 2 acute angles. Who am I? 4. What is 5 of 240? 8 5. 9 Multiply 15 by 6 and subtract 29. 6. What is 8 expressed as a decimal? 40 7. Multiply 86 by 9 and add to 13 multiplied by 6. 8. What number should replace the question mark? 0, 19, 38, 57, ?, 95 9. When full, a barrel of water contains 85 litres. How many litres remain after 40% has been used? 10. What 3d shape does this net make? Did you 135 know? China Makes Historic Landing on 'Dark Side' of the Moon. The Chinese spacecraft is the first to ever land on this unexplored area of the moon. The Chinese spacecraft is the first to ever land on this unexplored area of the moon on 3 January 2019. BOOK SEVEN

7Test Yourself Answer the following questions. 1. Bina and Nina share flower pots in the ratio of 3 : 5. If Bina has 180 flower pots, how many has Nina? 2. A rider uses a rein to guide a horse; a pilot uses the ........................... to guide a plane. 3. One acts in a play, and one ................................... an anthem. 4. To mount means to get on a horse, and to ......................... means to get on a plane. 5. Baseball is played on a diamond, and squash is played on a.............................. 6. Aesop is known for writing fables, and Homer is known for writing ................ 7. A rook is a piece used in the game of chess, and a shuttlecock is used to play the game of.......................................... 8. A volume is part of an encyclopedia, and a stanza is part of a ........................... 9. A pod is a group of dolphins, and a .................................... is a group of cows. 10. A purse is used to hold money, and an ........................ is used to hold ashes. Key Words control panel epics urn herd court sings board badminton poem Did you know? STEVIE, THE ROBOT Stevie is an advanced social robot that cares for old people in retirement communities. It was developed in Dublin, Ireland by Akara Robotics. It helps the old people stay socially connected with family and friends. It entertains them with quizzes and games. It does several other tasks for the old people. 136 BOOK SEVEN