GK Book 7_Edition 2077_Sunil

Social Workers in Nepal Answer the following questions. 1. Who is the founder director of Maiti Nepal? ................................................................................................ 2. Who was the chief founder of Paropkar Organization? ................................................................................................ 3. Who is the winner of CNN Heroes of 2012 from Nepal? ................................................................................................ 4. Who initiated Nepal Innovation Centre (NIC) at Kritipur? ................................................................................................ 5. Which eye surgeon from Nepal restored the eye-signt of over 130,000 people? ................................................................................................ 6. Who is the president of ABC Nepal that works in the field of women welfare and anti-trafficing? ............................................... Did you 7. Who is the founder of Prisoner's know? Assistance Nepal that looks after the children of criminal parents Kailashnath Mahadev living in jails? ............................................... Statue is situated in Sanga in Kavrepalanchok District. It is said to be the world's tallest Lord Shiva statue. The statue is 143 feet in height. It was made using copper, zinc, concrete, and steel. BOOK SEVEN 51

District Headquarters Match the districts with their headquaters. Districts Headquarters Districts Headquarters Bhojpur Bhadrapur Mahottari Siraha Jhapa Bhojpur Siraha Jaleshwar Dhankuta Illam Nuwakot Kathmandu Illam Dhankuta Kathmandu Bidur Sunsari Gaighat Sindhuli Bharatpur Udayapur Inaruwa Chitwan Kamalamai Morang Diktel Kavrepalanchok Nilkantha Khotang Biratnagar Dhading Dhulikhel Bara Birgunj Makwanpur Lalitpur Parsa Kalaiya Lalitpur Hetauda Saptari Janakpur Myagdi Pokhara Dhanusa Rajbiraj Kaski Beni Did you know? Nirmal Purja is a Nepalese mountaineer. He summited the world's 14 highest peaks in a period of six months and six days, which is 189 days. This photograph by Nirmal Purja showing heavy traffic at the top of Mount Everest in May went viral. 52 BOOK SEVEN

Prime Ministers in Nepal 1. Who is the current prime minister of Nepal? ....................................................................... 2. What is the full name of KP Sharma Oli? ....................................................................... 3. Who was the first prime minister of Nepal reffered by the British? ....................................................................... 4. Who was the first elected prime minister of Nepal? ....................................................................... 5. How many times did Sher Bahadur Deuba become the prime minister of Nepal? ....................................................................... 6. When did Baburam Bhattrai become the prime minister? ....................................................................... 7. How many times did Girija Prasad Koiral become the prime minister of Nepal? ....................................................................... 8. Which political party did Krishna Prasad Bhattarai belong to? ....................................................................... Did you know? Daya Bir Singh Kansakar was a Nepalese social worker and the first blood donor in Nepal. He was also the chief founder of Paropakar Organization, the country's earliest social service organization. In 1944, Kansakar donated blood at Bir Hospital in Kathmandu for a patient who was in a critical state, and became Nepal's first blood donor. BOOK SEVEN 53

1Test Yourself 1. Match the following Nepali poets with their titles. a. Bala Krishna Sama Adhunikkabi b. Bhanubhakta Acharya Yugkabi c. Gopal Prasad Rimal Ansukabi d. Laxmi Prasad Devkota Itihas Shiromani e. Lekhnath Paudyal Sangeet Shiromani f. Motiram Bhatta Mahakabi g. Narayan Gopal Natya Siromani h. Shambhu Prasad Dhungel Kabi Shiroman i. Yagyaraj Sharma Swar Samrat j. Sidhicharan Shrestha Adikabi k. Baburam Acharya Yuvakavi/Shiringarik Kabi 2. Who introduced what? Match: Bhim Shumsher Chandra Shumsher a. Indra Jatra Gunakam Dev b. Kumari Pooja Dev Shumsher c. Ghode Jatra Siddhinarsingha Malla d. Gai Jatra Chandra Shumsher e. Bisket Jatra King Tribhuvan/Juddha Shumsher f. Lakhe Jatra Jagat Jyoti Malla g. Abolition of Sati System Gunakam Dev h. Abolition of Slavery system Jaya Prakash Malla i. Declaration of holiday on Saturdays Rana Bahadur Shah j. Office time from 10 a.m to 5 p.m. Mahindra Malla k. Narsingha Abtar Nritya (dance) Mandev l. Copper Coins Ram Shah m. Leather Coins Gunakam Dev n. Gold Coin Ratna Malla o. Mohar Siddhinarsingha Malla p. Manank Jagat Prakash Malla q. Manapathi r. Paper note 54 BOOK SEVEN

2Test Yourself Tick ( ) the correct box. 1. Tej Nar Singh Malla was the last king of Patan. True False 2. Nyatapola Temple was built by Bhupatindra Malla. True False 3. Malla dynasty ruled first in Nepal. True False Patan Nyatapola Temple 4. Chandra Shamsher dismissed the slave system in Nepal. True False 5. Ranajit Malla is the first king of Bhaktapur. True False 6. Kalu Pandey was killed at Kirtipur. True False 7. There are five national parks in Nepal. True False 8. Brahmi script is the oldest script in Nepal. True False 9. Rara Lake is the largest lake of the world. True False 10. Bhairab Kunda is in Rasuwa. True False 11. Gai Jatra was introduced by Jagat Prakash Malla. True False 12. Narayan Gopal is called ‘Swar Samrat’. True False Narayan Gopal BOOK SEVEN 55

3Test Yourself Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1. Where does Satyawati Lake lie? Palpa b) Rasuwa c) Gulmi 2. How many districts does Province No 2 have? 4 b) 8 c) 6 3. Who is the famous social activist of Nepal? Paras Khadka Mahabir Pun Satyawati Lake Phewa Lake Nikhil Upreti 4. Who translated the Ramayan in Nepali? Moti Ram Bhatta Bhanubhakta Acharya Madhav Prasad Ghimire 5. Who was the mother of Pandav? Kunit Mandodari Yasodha 6. In which religion does Indra Jatra belong to? Buddhist Muslin and Hindu Christian 7. Where is Phewa Lake? Kaski Mugu Dolpa 8. When was Nepal divided into 5 development regions? 2036 BS 2037 BS 2038 BS Do you know? After a glorious success of past Tourism Year in 2011, the year 2020 has been chosen as national tourism year of Nepal. The motto of Visit Nepal 2020 is to attract 2 million tourists in Nepal by the year 2020. 56 BOOK SEVEN

4Test Yourself Bhairab Kunda Answer the following questions: Indra Jatra 1. Which is the smallest Province of Nepal by area? 2. Where is Bhairab Kunda? Mt. Gaurishankar 3. Which is the biggest lake of Nepal? 4. Which is the oldest national park of Nepal? 5. When was the system of Airmail started in Nepal? 6. Who is the author of Gauri? 7. Who introduced Mohar in Nepal? 8. Who introduced Indra Jatra in Nepal? 9. Where does Mt. Gaurishankar lie? 10. Who is the writer of Tarun Tapasi? 11. Who is the last king of Patan? BOOK SEVEN 57

4Unit WORLD Sydney Opera House History of the An opera house is a theater building World used for opera performance. It usually consists of a stage, an Quick Quiz orchestra pit, audience seating, and backstage facilities for costumes. Tick ( ) the correct answer. While some venues are constructed 1 How many British kings have specifically for operas, other opera houses are part of larger performing been called George? art centers. 6 10 The Sydney Opera House is a multi- 12 venue performing art centre in Sydney, Australia. It was conceived 2 Which country celebrates its and largely built by Danish architect independence on 4th July? Jorn Utzon, who in 2003, received the Pritzker, architecture’s highest India honour. The citation stated “There USA is no doubt that the Sydney Opera Canada House is his masterpiece. It is one of the great iconic buildings of the 3 What was the nickname of 20th century. It is an image of great pirate Edward Teach? beauty that has become known throughout the world. It is a symbol King Cobra for not only a city, but a whole Mugambo country and continent.” Blackbeard 4 What country was historically known as New France?  Canada Greece Iran 58 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: 1. What was the name of the ship used Napoleon Bonaparte for Christopher Columbus? Napoleon Bonaparte was born on 15th August 1769 in Corsica into a gentry ............................................................. family. Educated at military school, he was rapidly promoted. In 1796, he 2. Which Italian city is famous for its was made commander of the French Grand Canal? army in Italy, where he forced Austria and its allies to make peace. In 1798, ............................................................. Napoleon conquered Ottoman- ruled Egypt in an attempt to strike 3. What language did the Romans at British trade routes with India. speak? He was stranded when his fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle ............................................................. of the Nile. 4. Which US president was assassinated Napoleon is famous for being fairly in November 1963? short, probably 5 feet 6 inches tall. However, he would have been ............................................................. average height during the time period that he lived. 5. Which country was at war with Iran for eight years from 1980? ............................................................. 6. Which city in Scotland has the highest population? ............................................................. 7. Which British queen died in 1901? ............................................................. 8. Who was the Roman God of the sea? ............................................................. Key Words Venice Latin Iraq Santa Maria Queen Victoria Glasgow Neptune John F. Kennedy BOOK SEVEN 59

Geography of the World Quick Quiz Geographical Facts Tick ( ) the correct answer. S The Himalayan mountains range is the 1 What is the capital of Germany? highest mountains range in the world. Berlin The Himalayan mountains range lies Frankfurt in Nepal; and eight of the fourteen Paris tallest mountains over 8,000 meters are located in this country. 2 Which is the largest country in South America? S South America’s Andes is the longest mountain range in the world. Chile Venezuela S The Dead Sea lies 409 metres below Brazil sea level. 3 Proto is a city of which S Mandarin Chinese has no alphabet European country? but ‘characters’ (signs and symbols). The children learn to write Chinese at France school and more than 4,000 of these Portugal have to be learnt by heart, practised Germany and memorised. 4 Where is the Lake Superior? S The world’s smallest country is Vatican North America City. It is not only the smallest country South America by size but also by population. Only Europe around 800 people live in Vatican City. The state is ruled by the Pope. S Around 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans. S The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean, covering around 30% of the Earth’s surface. 60 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: 1. Who was the first European to land on S The Red Sea is red because of all the red algae in that area. Hawaii islands? S The Dead Sea is not an ocean; ............................................................. it’s a landlocked salt lake that is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. 2. Which island is at the southern tip of Italy? S The highest mountain in the ............................................................. Western Hemisphere is Mount Aconcagua in Argentina. It rises 3. What term describes a volcano that has not 22,834 feet above sea level. been active for a time? S The largest desert in the world, ............................................................. the Sahara is 3,500,000 square miles. 4. In which ocean does Sri Lanka lie? S The Amazon Rainforest ............................................................. produces more than 20% the world’s oxygen supply. 5. On a map of Europe, which country is set like a boot? S The Atlantic Ocean is saltier than the Pacific Ocean. The ............................................................. deepest point on the Earth’s surface is in the Pacific Ocean 6. In which European city is the headquarters located in the Marianas of the Red Cross? Trench. This point is called the “Challenger Deep” and is ............................................................. 35,818 feet deep. 7. Which country makes up the world’s largest Island Chain? Sicily Italy Geneva Key Words ............................................................. 8. Which country does the island of Corsica Indian Ocean Indonesia France belong to? Dormant James Cook ............................................................. BOOK SEVEN 61

Leaders John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) After serving as a boat commander in World War II, Kennedy served as a democratic senator for Massachusetts in 1952 and won the U.S. presidency in 1960. He contributed to outline a program of civil rights’ reforms, including the desegregation of education, which meant that children from all racial backgrounds could go to school together. In 1962, he kept his nerve in a confrontation with the U.S.S.R. and persuaded them to remove missiles from Cuba. In 1963, Kennedy was assassinated, allegedly by Lee Harvey Oswald. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) Nelson Mandela has spent his entire adult life fighting racism and the abuse of human rights in South Africa. Mandela studied law in Johannesburg, and in 1942 he joined the African National Congress (ANC). He travelled around the country organising resistance to the government’s policy of apartheid. For his part in the campaign, he was arrested and given a suspended sentence. Throughout the 1950s, he worked against white repression and was banned, arrested and imprisoned many times. After the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, the ANC was banned, and Mandela organized a three-day national strike. The ANC was legalled and in 1991 Mandela was elected to president. In 1993, Mandela and President Klerk agreed on the formative as government of national unity. For the first time free elections were held. They were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and Mandela became president in 1994 retiring in 1999. Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Churchill involved in British politics from 1900. He belonged to both the Liberal and Conservative parties, and he held many important posts. He was the prime minister of a coalition government (1940-1945) during World War II. His speeches made at his time helped the British people withstand defeat and German bombing. 62 BOOK SEVEN

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Born in Austria, Adolf Hitler rose from humble beginnings to become the leader of the German Nazi party. Based on nationalism and anti-Semitism, the Nazi party grew to become the largest party in the German Parliament, and in 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany. He turned the country into a one-party dictatorship, suspending the constitution and murdering opponents. Eager to expand German frontiers, he formed an alliance with Italy in 1936, and in 1938 he invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia. World War II began when he invaded Poland in 1939, and Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Hitler took personal control of the war and went on to invade Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, Norway, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and North Africa. Hitler ordered the imprisonment and murder of 12 million people–including Jews, homosexuals, and gypsies–who were killed in concentration camps. In 1945, when it was clear that Germany had lost the war, Hitler committed suicide in Berlin. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) Gandhi was the leader of the National Congress Party of India. He campaigned for home rule (swaraj) and independence from Great Britain. Born in India, Gandhi studied law in England and worked in South Africa between 1893 and 1714. He returned to India and led two nonviolent campaigns against British rule that led to his imprisonment for conspiracy. After being released from jail in 1931 Gandhi joined talks in London, England, which led to Indian independence. This was eventually achieved in 1947. Gandhi was assassinated in 1948. Queen Victoria (1819-1901) During Victoria’s reign the British Empire expanded worldwide, making Great Britain the richest country in the world. In 1840, Victoria married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1819-1861). He promoted industry and technology and planned the Great Exhibition of 1851. When he died, Victoria went into mourning for years, only coming back into public view to celebrate her Golden Jubilee in 1887. BOOK SEVEN 63

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) A parliamentarian who opposed the despotic power of Charles I, Cromwell led his side to victory in the English Civil War (1642-1651). He reorganized his troops into the highly efficient New Model Army, and he never lost a battle. After Charles’ execution in 1649 Cromwell declared Britain a Commonwealth (republic), and in 1653 he became the Lord Protector. Although he was considered harsh, his rule increased British prestige abroad. George Washington (1732-1799) In 1774, Washington was a member of the U.S. Continental Congress formed to oppose unfair British policies. During the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) against the British he commanded the forces that won the Battle of Yorktown (1781). Elected president in 1789, he signed the Bill of Rights in 1791, and he was reelected for a second term in 1793. Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) Lincoln’s career from humble beginnings to the highest office in the United States is seen as an example of the power of democracy. In 1847, Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. He gave up politics at the end of his term but returned in 1854. In 1856, he joined the antislavery Republican party, and in 1860 he was elected president. After his election, the southern slave states broke away from the Union to form a confederacy. At first he fought the American Civil War (1861-1865) to keep the states united. Later, slavery was the issue, and in 1863 he declared slaves in the south free. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865. 64 BOOK SEVEN

Barack Obama Barack Obama is the former President of the United States. He is most famous for being the first African American President of the United States. He was 47 years when he became the 44th president of America on January 20, 2009. Barack Obama is certainly a 21st century president, and has a YouTube Channel since 2006. He is the first ever American president to upload his weekly address, and his channel has exceeded over 289 million views. ‘Yes We Can’ is a slogan used by the Barack Obama presidential campaign and an inspirational quote from Barack Obama is: If you’re walking down the right path and you’re willing to keep walking, eventually you’ll make progress. Angela Merkel Angela Merkel is one of the leading figures of the European Union. She is a German politician best known as the first female chancellor of Germany and one of the architects of the European Union. She continues her reign as the most powerful woman on the planet for 10 years running. She settled the problem of country’s economic crisis and fought off a national recession during the global economic crisis with stimulus packages and government subsidies for companies that cut hours for workers. Alexander, The Great BOOK SEVEN 65 Alexander the Great is popularly known as the man who conquered the world. He is often said to be the greatest military leader of all time. He was born in 356 BC and by the age of 33, he had the largest empire in the history which stretched from Greece to Egypt to India. He was the king of the Kingdom of Macedonia and perhaps, he was the greatest military commander to have ever lived. He did the noble deed of unifying many Greek city states. He was undefeated in battle and succumbed to malaria and died in 323 BC. His fortes were his foresight, vision and military capabilities.

Personalities Donald Trump Quick Quiz Donald Trump is the 45th president of the United States. He defeated Tick ( ) the correct answer. Hillary Clinton in the 2016 General 1 Which Soviet leader called Election. Donald took to office in the White House on January 20th, himself “Man of Steel”? 2017 when Barack Obama finished Stalin his two terms as President. Putin Marks Trump is the first president without prior experience in the 2 Which composer went deaf in his government or the military. later years? Before his election as President, he Beethoven achieved fame as an entrepreneur, Hitler an astute businessman and a well Shakespeare known TV personality. 3 Which king ordered the ‘Domes Donald Trump does not drink day’ book to be made in England? alcohol. He made this decision when his brother, Fred Jr., died John the conqueror from alcoholism. William the conqueror Henery the conqueror 4 Who discovered America? Columbus Leonardo da Vinci Franklin Roosebelt 5 Who wrote ‘The story of My Experiments with Truth’? Mahatma Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru Dr. Abdul Kalam 66 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: 1. Which Chinese emperor ordered to Hillary Clinton build the Great Wall of China? Hillary Clinton is a remarkable woman and is one of the most prominent ............................................................. American politicians. She is also famous for being the wife of the 42nd 2. Who invented the telephone? President of the United States Bill Clinton and the First Lady, as well as ............................................................. the 67th United States Secretary of State. 3. “Truth and non-violence are my God”, who said this statement? In 1992, Bill Clinton was elected President of the United States. While ............................................................. serving as First Lady, Hillary was very involved with White House policies 4. Who abolished slavery in the USA in and worked closely with her husband 1863? on several issues. If elected in the 2016 General Election, ............................................................. Hillary Clinton would have become the first female President of the United 5. Who founded the Red Cross Society? States. However, she was defeated by Donald Trump in the November 8th, ............................................................. 2016 presidential election. 6. To which country does Nelson Mandela belong? ............................................................. 7. Who established the theory of relativity and was responsible for the invention of the atom bomb? ............................................................. 8. Who was the first to raise the slogan ‘Inquilab Zindabad’? ............................................................. Key Words South Africa Abraham Lincoln Shih Huang-ti Albert Einstein Bhagat Singh Jean Henry Dunat Mahatma Gandhi Alexander Graham Bell BOOK SEVEN 67

Fact Box Important Geographical Facts Largest Continent Asia Largest Salt Lake Caspian Sea Smallest Continent Australia Largest Peninsula Arabia (3,250,000 km2) Largest North to South Biggest Desert stretch of land America Highest Capital City Sahara (North America) Largest Ocean Highest Town Smallest Ocean Pacific Highest Village La Paz (Bolivia) Deepest Ocean Arctic Wenchuan (Tibet) Largest Island Aucanquilcha in the Lowest point on the Earth Pacific Andes mountains Most Populous City Greenland (Kalaallit Deepest point in the Earth Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan) Most Densely Nunaat) Populated City Highest Mountains Marina Trench (the Least Populous City Shanghai/Tokyo Lowest Mountains Philippines) Hottest Region Highest, extinct Volcano Coldest Region Monaco Highest, active Volcano Himalayas Lowest Town Highest, dormant Volcano Vatican Bheinna Bhaile Smallest Country North-west Sahara, Azizia Highest Plateau Cerro Aconcagua, (Libya) Argentina (6,960 m) Northernmost Town Verkhoyansk in Siberia Longest River Guallatiri (Chile) Largest Town Villages along the Dead Largest River (in volume) Llullaillaco (Chile) Highest Waterfall Sea Shortest River (6,723 m) Tibet (4,875 m high, area Largest Atoll Vatican Largest River Basin 200,000 km2) Ny Alesund, Spitsbergen Nile (6,690 m) (Norway) Mt. Isa (Queensland) Amazon (6,296 km) Roe river in Montana (61 Angel Falls, Venezuela m long) Kwajalein, Marshal Amazon (7,180 km) Islands in Central Pacific Llullaillaco Vatican City Shanghai City 68 BOOK SEVEN

Important Geographical Facts Longest Estuary Ob in northern Russia Longest Coral Reef Great Barrier Reef, Largest Lake (885 km) Tallest active Australia Deepest Lake Geyser ‘Gaint’ in the Yellowstone Largest fresh water Lake Caspian sea Largest Archipelago National Park, USA Largest Artificial Lake Smallest Republic Indonesia Highest Navigable Lake Lake Baikal, Siberia Smallest Colony Nauru (2,129 hectare; Largest Bay Lake Superior, North Largest Dam population–1900) Largest Gulf America Highest Dam Largest Gorge Lake Mead at Boulder Tallest Fountain Gibraltar (area 5.8 km2) Dam, USA Largest Reservoir Deepest Gorge Lago Titicaca, Peru- Grand Coulee Dam, USA Bolivia Largest Strait Greatest Ocean Depth Hudson Bay, Northern Rogun, Tadjikistan Canada Broadest Strait Greatest Tides Gulf of Mexico Fountain Hills, Arizona (1,500,000 km2) Narrowest Strait Largest Sea (not deepest) Grand Canyon, Colorado Bratsk lake on Angara Largest Delta river, Arizona Greatest Ocean river Current Tatarskiy Proliv (Tartar Hell’s Canyon, USA Strongest Ocean strait, between Sakhalin Current Islands and Russia) Challenger Deep 800 km (10,900 m), Pacific Davis Strait (between Ocean Greenland and Baffin Island) (338 km wide) Bay of Fundy, Nova Between the Aegean Scotia island of Euboea and the mainland of Greece South China Sea (40 m wide) Antarctic circum-polar or Sunderbans, Ganga west wind drift current and Brahmapatra in Nakwakto Rapids, Bangladesh (75,000 km2) Slingsby channel, British Columbia (Canada) Hell’s Canyon Lake Baikal Rogun Dam BOOK SEVEN 69

Fact Box Important Geographical Epithets S.N. Geographical Location S.N. Geographical Location Epithets Epithets Egypt 1. Bengal’s Sorrow Damodar River 22. Gift of the Nile Aberdeen, Scotland New York 2. Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills 23. Granite City Broadway, New York 3. Britain of the South New Zealand 24. Great Broadway Tanjore 4. City of the Golden San Francisco 25. Great Whiteway Gate (USA) Atlantic Ocean Korea 5. City of Dreaming Oxford (UK) 26. Granary of South Palestine Spires India Australia Zanzibar 6. City of Magnificent Washington, DC, 27. Hearing Pond Bahrain Distance USA Gibraltar 28. Hermit Kingdom Florence Nightingale 7. City of Sky - Scrapers New York 29. Holy Land Scotland 8. City of Seven Hills Rome 30. Island Continent Australia 9. City of Palaces Kolkata 31. Island of Cloves Myanmar 10. China’s Sorrow Huang - Ho 32. Island of Pearls Australia Canada 11. Cockpit of Europe Belgium 33. Key to Mediterranean Korea 12. Dark Continent Africa 34. Lady with a lamp Bhutan 13. Eternal City Rome 14. Emerald Island Ireland 35. land of Lakes 15. Empire City New York, USA 36. Land of the Golden Fleece 16. Forbidden City Lhasa, Tibet 17. Garden of England Kent, England 37. Land of the Golden Pagoda Bab-el-mandeb, 18. Gate of Tears Jerusalem 38. Land of Kangaroo 19. Garden City Chicago 39. Land of Lilies 20. Gateway of India Mumbai 40. Land of Morning Calm 21. Gateway of Tamilnadu Tuticorin 41. Land of Thunderbolt Yellow River, Huang-Ho Land of Rising Sun, Japan Mumbai City 70 BOOK SEVEN

Important Geographical Epithets S.N. Geographical Location S.N. Geographical Location Epithets Epithets Punjab, India 42. Land of Five Rivers Japan 58. Pillar of Hercules Gibraltar Huang - Ho 43. Land of Rising sun 59. Pink City Jaipur Norway 44. Yellow River 60. Quaker City Philadelphia, USA Finland 45. Land of Midnight 61. Queen of the Venice, Italy Sun Canada Adriatic 46. Land of Thousand Thailand 62. Queen of the Arabian Kochi Lakes Sea Tippu Sultan 47. Land of Maples Mumbai 63. Roof of the World Pamirs, Central Asia 48. Land of White Coimbatore Elephant 64. Saint of the Gutters Mother Teresa Prairies of N. 49. Mysore Tiger Australia 65. Sickman of Europe Turkey Kashmir Valley 50. Manchester of India (India) 66. Spice Garden of Kerala Guayaquil Port of India 51. Manchester of Ecuador Tamilnadu Sugar Bowl of the Switzerland 67. World Cuba 52. Never Never Land Kashmir 68. Venice of the East Alappuzha, India Cuba 53. Paradise of Earth 69. Venice of the North Stlckholm, Sweden 70. White City Belgrade, Yugoslavia 54. Pearl of the Pacific 71. Windy City Chicago, USA 55. Playground of 72. White Man’s Grave Guinea Coast Europe World’s Bread Prairies of N. 56. Playground of India 73. Basket America 57. Pearl of the Antilles 74. World’s Loneliest Tristanda Cuntra Island Garden City, Chicago Kashmir Venice City BOOK SEVEN 71

Fact Box ‘Firsts’ in the world Geographical Epithets Location 1. Man to reach South Pole Ronald Amundson (Norway) 2. Man to reach North Pole Robert E Peary (USA) 3. Woman to reach North Pole Karoline Mikkelsen 4. Woman to reach South Pole Fran Phipps (Canada) 5. Man to go in space Yuri Gagrin (fomer USSR) 6. Man to set foot on the moon Neil Alden Armstrong (USA) 7. Man to walk in space Alexei Leonov (former USSR) 8. Woman cosmonaut in space Valentina Tereshkova (former USSR) 9. Men to climb Mt. Everest Tenzing Norgay (India) and Edmund Hillary (USA) 10. Woman to climb Mt. Everest Junko Taibei (Japan) 11. Man to sail round the world Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) 12. Polar circumnavigation Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton (Britain) 13. President of Chinese Republic Dr Sun Yat-Sen 14. Chairman of People’s Republic of China Mao Tse-Tung 15. President of USA George Washington 16. Prime Minister of England Sir Robert Walpole 17. Lady Prime Minister of a Country Srimavo Bhandamaike (Sri Lanka) 18. Lady Prime Minister of England Margaret Thatcher 19. Foreign invader of India Alexander the Great 20. Chinese traveller to India Fa-hien 21. Woman Bishop Rev Barbara C. Harris (USA) 22. Lady President of a Country Maria Estate Pew (Argentina) 23. Test Tube Baby Louise Joy Brown (UK) 24. Space Tourist Dennis Tito (US) 25. Lady President of Chile Michelle Bachelet 26. Woman Elected Head of African State Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia) (Liberia) 72 BOOK SEVEN

Fact Box Countries and Their Emblems Country Emblem Country Emblem Australia Kangaroo, Wattle Mongolia The Soyombo (symbol for (Australian acacia) freedom and independence) Bangladesh Water Lily Netherlands Lion Barbados Head of a trident New Southern Cross, Fern, Kiwi Zealand Belgium Lion Canada White Lily, Flower Norway Lion Emblem: Maple leaf Pakistan Crescent, Jasmine Chile Condor and huemul Papua New Bird of Paradise (small American deer) Guinea Denmark Beach Poland Eagle Dominica Sisserou Parrot San Marino Feathers Germany Eagle/Corn flower Spain Eagle, Flower Emblem: Pomegranate France Lily Guyana Canje pheasant Senegal Baobab tree India Lioned Capitol, Sierra Leone Lion Flower Emblem: Lotus Sri Lanka Lion Iran Rose Sudan Secretary Bird Ireland Shamrock (Harp) Switzerland Lion and Elephant Israel Candelabrum Syria Eagle Italy White Lily Trinidad and Humming bird Tobago Ivory Coast Elephant Japan Chrysanthemum Turkey Crescent and Star Hong Kong Bauhinia (Orchid tree) United Rose Kingdom Lebanon Cedar tree USA Golden Rod, Bald Eagle Luxembourg Lion with crown Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Bird Coat of Arms of Nepal A new emblem was introduced in Nepal on May 28th, 2008. It is called the coat of arms of Nepal. It has the flag of Nepal, Mount Everest, green hills, male and female hands joining, and a garland of rhododendrons. BOOK SEVEN 73

Fact Box Abbreviated Titles of Some Well Known Figures Original Name Also Called Original Name Also Called Badshah Khan, M. K. Gandhi Abdul Gaffar Khan Frontier Gandhi Bapu, Mahatma, Fuchrer Father of the Nation Adolf Hitler Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak II Duce M. S. Golwalkar Guruji Benito Mussolini Deenabandhu C. F. Andrews Anna Madan Mohan Mahamana C. N. Annadurai Rajaji or ‘CR’ Malaviya C. Rajagopalachari Deshbandhu Napolean Bonaparte Little Corporal, Man C. R. Das Grand Old Man of of Destiny India Otto von Bismarck Man of Blood Dadabhai Naoroji Iron Duke and Iron, Iron Chancellor Duke of Wellington Ike Dwight David Queen Elizabeth I Maiden Queen Eisenhower King Maker Earl of Warwick Lady with the Lamp Rabindranath Tagore Gurudev Florence Nightingale El Caudillo Francisco Franco Maj. Gen Rajinder Sparrow Field Marshal K M Kipper Singh Cariappa Samuel Longhorn Mark Twain Gen Erwin Rommel Desert Fox Clemens Man of Iron, Strong Father of English Sardar Vallabhbhai Man of India Geoffery Chaucer Poetry Patel Nightingale of India GBS George Bernard Shaw Chacha, Panditji Sarojini Naidu Jawaharlal Nehru JP. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan Maid of Orleans Sheikh Mohammad Sher-i-Kashmir Joan of Arc Man of Peace Abdullah Banga Bandhu Lal Bahadur Shastri Sher-e-Punjab, Wizard of the North Punjab Kesari Sheikh Mujibur Lal Lajpat Rai Rehman Sir Walter Scott Subhash Chandra Bose Netaji Tenzing Norgay Tiger of Snows T. Prakasam Andhra Kesari William Ewart Grand Old Man of Gladstone Britain William Shakespeare Bard of Avon Younger Pitt Grand Commoner 74 BOOK SEVEN

Fact Box World Famous Structures Structure Location Importance Al-Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem Islam’s third holiest place. A Hindu temple complex (Lord Vishnu’s) built Angkor Vat Cambodia by the Khmer King Suryavarman-II in the period 1113-1150. It is considered the largest religious structure. Big Ben London A huge clock on the tower of the British Parliament installed in the year 1859. Brandenburg Gate Berlin Main gate between the erstwhile east and west Berlin. Bridge of Sighs Venice (Italy) A bridge on which condemned prisoners had to pass over before being executed. Broadway USA Broadest street in the world. Buckingham London Palace of the British Monarch since Queen Palace Toronto Victoria’s accession in 1837. England C. N. Tower World’s tallest free standing structure. 553.33 m high. 10, Downing Street Official residence of the Prime Minister of England. Elysee Palace France Official residence of President of France. Escurial Spain One of the largest palaces in Spain. Kaaba Mecca Inner shrine of the great Mosque of Mecca. Washington Pentagon Moscow A five-sided building, houses the ministry of Rod Square, New York defence of the USA. Kremlin Washington An open ground attached to the Kremlin and used Wall Street London for processions and demonstrations. White House Stock Exchange of New York. White Hall Official residence of the President of USA since 1800 AD. The Scat of British Government offices, the former residence of the Queen of England. BOOK SEVEN 75

1Test Yourself Currencies Match the countries with the currencies. Country Currency Argentina Australian dollar Australia Baht Bangladesh Canadian dollar Bhutan Riyal Australian Dollar Brazil dollar Singapore Dollar Qatari Riyal Canada Real Euro Dollar China Taka France Iraqi Dinar Germany Nepalese rupee India Swiss franc Iraq Singapore dollar Japan UAE dirham Malaysia Peso Nepal Pound sterling Norway Qatari riyal Pakistan Euro Qatar Sri Lanka rupee Russia Ruble Saudi Arabia Rupee Singapore Norwegian krone Sri Lanka Ringgit Switzerland Ngultrum Thailand Euro United Arab Emirates Pakistani rupee United Kingdom Yen United States of America Yuan 76 BOOK SEVEN

2Test Yourself Capitals Match the countries with the capitals. Country Capital Abu Dhabi City Bangkok City Argentina Abu Dhabi Australia Baghdad Bangladesh Bangkok Bhutan Beijing Brazil Berlin Canada Brasilia China Buenos Aires France Canberra Germany Colombo India Dhaka Iraq Doha Japan Islamabad Malaysia Kathmandu London City Nepal Kuala Lumpur Norway London Pakistan Moscow Qatar New Delhi Russia Oslo Saudi Arabia Ottawa Singapore Paris Paris City Sri Lanka Riyadh Switzerland Singapore Thailand Thimphu United Arab Emirates Tokyo United Kingdom Washington DC United States of America Bern Washington DC BOOK SEVEN 77

3Test Yourself Nationalities Write the nationality words for the following countries. Country Nationality Words Argentina Flag of Australia Flag of Germany Australia Flag of Malaysia Flag of Thailand Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Canada China France Germany India Iraq Japan Malaysia Nepal Norway Pakistan Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Switzerland Thailand United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America 78 BOOK SEVEN

4Test Yourself Tick (ü) True or False: 1. USA celebrates its independence on 4th July. True False 2. Canada was historically known as New France. True False 3. Mary Celeste was the Chirstopher Columbus ship. Canada True False 4. Queen Victoria died in 2001 AD. True False 5. Neptune was the Roman God of the sea. True False 6. Venice is famous for its Grand Canal. Grand Canal True False 7. The equatorial radius of the earth is 6000 km. True False 8. Greenland is the largest island. True False 9. Lake Superior lies in North America. True False Greenland 10. Hawaii is a city of France. True False 11. Big Ben lies in London. True False 12. C.N. Tower lies in Combodia. True False Hawaii City BOOK SEVEN 79

5Test Yourself Answer the following questions: 1. How many British kings have been called George? 2. Who was first lady to set foot on the North Pole? 3. What country makes up the world’s largest Island Chain? Pirate Edward Teach 4. Who is called the ‘Tiger of Snows’? 5. What was the nickname of pirate Edward Teach? 6. On the bank of which river Rome is built? Rome 7. Which city is Scotland has the highest population? 8. Who is called the ‘Wizard of the North’? 9. Which ancient people devised the 365 day calendar? Scotland 10. Which is the largest country in South America? 11. Proto is a city of which European country? Proto City 80 BOOK SEVEN

6Test Yourself Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1. In which ocean does Sri Lanka lie? a) Pacific b) Indian c) Atlantic 2. On a map of Europe, which country is set like a boot? a) Italy b) France c) Germany 3. What term describes a volcano that has not been active for a time? a) Inactive volcano b) Dormant c) Nonviolent Volcano 4. Who invented the telephone? a) Albert Einstein b) Thomas Edison c) Alexander Graham Bell 5. Which continent does not have a desert? a) Asia b) Africa c) Europe 6. To which country does Nelson Mandela belong? a) South Africa b) Kenya c) Namibia 7. Which island is at the southern tip of Italy? a) Hawaii b) Falkland c) Sicily 8. Who is the first black President of America? a) Michael Shoemaker b) Barack Hussain Obama c) Richard Grey BOOK SEVEN 81

5Unit SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Internet The Internet is a vast network linking together millions of computers all over the world. It can be used to extend information, send messages, buy things and much more. You can use the Internet to learn and communicate with children in other countries. Most computers on the Internet are linked together with telephone systems. Computer information is transmitted into telephone signals and sent along telephone lines from one computer to another in seconds. Most people connect to the Internet through a company called an Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISPs run very powerful computers, called servers, which work like electronic post offices, automatically sorting, storing and sending information. Home uses connect to ISPs and the ISPs connect them to the Internet. When someone is connected to the Internet, they are said to be ‘ONLINE’. WORLD WIDE WEB Rocket M5 + Air Max Sectors Internet The main part of the Internet is called the World Wide TOUGH Cable CARRIER Web (or Web). Information TOUGH Switch PoE Pro Air Router is stored on the Web as web pages, which you can look at using a program called web browser. Opening a page on the Internet Air Router Backbone is called downloading, Nano Station M5 Nano Station M5 because the information Computers Air Router Computer travels from the server TOUGH Switch PoE Pro Laptop computer onto your computer WiFi Phone Laptop and loads on your screen. If a Mobile Users web pages has a lot of text and Business Users Home Users pictures, it can sometimes take 82 BOOK SEVEN a while for it to download.

Internet Language To make sure that web pages can be downloaded by any computer in the world, they are written in a special computer language called Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). If you are looking at a web page in a web browser, you can see the HTML language, by clicking on “View” at the top of your web browser, and then “Source” from the list that appears. Dot Com The last part of a domain name is called the top-level domain. It tells you more about what sort of organization it is. Here are some examples and what they mean: .com or .co a business .edu or .ac a school, college or university .gov a government agency .org a non-profit organization (e.g. a charity) Some domain names have an extra two letters to identify which country they are based in. For example: .es Spain .th Thailand .au Australia .ca Canada .np Nepal Finding Web Pages Each web pages on the Internet has a unique address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). To find a web page on the Internet, you can type its URL into a web browser and then press the “Return” button. Most organizations have many web pages that are linked together. This is called a website. You can jump to the other pages in a website by clicking on certain pieces of text or pictures. These are called hyperlinks, or links. You can tell whether a piece of text or picture is a link by resting your mouse pointer over it. If it is a link, the pointer will change into a hand symbol. Some links will take you to new websites altogether. BOOK SEVEN 83

Telephone Alexander Graham Bell was an influential scientist, engineer and inventor. He is widely credited with the invention of the first practical telephone. On March 10th, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell made the world’s first telephone call to his assistant Thomas Watson in the next room saying “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you”. Since the invention of the telephone in 1876, there have been many improvements to the telephone system. Telephone systems are used to send information between computers. This technology is called telecommunications or telecoms. Analogue and Digital All telephone messages used to be sent as analogue waves. Now analogue waves are gradually being replaced with digital signals. Some modern phones can make and receive calls digitally, but many still only work with analogue waves, so most calls start off as analogue waves and are changed into digital signals at a telephone exchange. They are changed back into analogue waves at another exchange before reaching the receiver. Making Calls Most telephone calls are carried by electrical cables made of copper, which are either buried underground or attached to high poles. If you make a long-distance call, your message may be bounced off a satellite in space, beamed between transmitter masts, or it may be routed through huge lengths of cabling. Whichever route it takes, your call will reach its destination in a matter of seconds. Many older phone handsets are attached by a cord to their base unit. Most modern phones are cordless. They communicate with their base unit using radio waves. 84 BOOK SEVEN

Mobile Phones Try it Mobile phones send digital radio signals Dial a fax number from a through the air to nearby transmitter masts telephone. When the fax called base stations. The signals are then sent answers, you will hear a along fibre optic cables to a mobile switching high-pitched sound. This is centre, which forwards the signals to the its internal modem sending a receiver’s nearest base station. Finally, the message to establish whether signals are transmitted through the air to the a fax is calling it, and if so, receiver’s mobile phone. to tell the other fax to start transmitting its information. Satellite Radio-signal transmitter masts 5. A computer at the 6. The digital signals are then sent Main main exchange reads Main on in the quickest exchange way possible. This 4. The digital signals the number you dialled. exchange is often along more travel along fibre optic fibre optic cables. cables to a larger This tells it where to telephone exchange. send the digital signals. 2. The wires join Local 3. The cables lead Local 8. The analogue onto a cable, exchange to a local telephone waves travel which runs 7. When the digital exchange along an underground. exchange. When the signals reach a local underground analogue waves reach telephone exchange cable towards the Local it, they are translated near the receiver’s receiver’s home. switch into digital signals. home, the call is box turned back into Local 1. When you make analogue waves. switch a call from a 9. Copper wires lead from the box home telephone, it is turned into cable into the receiver’s home. analogue waves, which travel out of When the waves reach the your home along copper wires. phone, it rings. When someone picks up the phone, your phone becomes connected to theirs. 85 BOOK SEVEN

Scientists Charles Babbage (1791-1871) Charles Babbage was the son of an English banker and was fascinated by numbers, statistics and machinery. He invented the blinking lighthouse light, the dynamometer, and the first adhesive postage stamps, but he is best known for his work in mechanical calculating. In the 1820s Babbage received funding from the British government to build a machine capable of calculating up to 20 decimal places. His principles were sound but the precision engineering required for the machine’s parts was lacking, and his device remained incomplete. Babbage started working on a far more ambitious machine in the 1830s, and discovered the Analytical Engine. Charles Darwin (1809-1892) The son of wealthy English parent, Charles Darwin studied medicine and then theology. He became interested in geology and in the study of marine animals. At the age of 22, he obtained a post as an unpaid naturalist on board HMS Beagle, a ship surveying the coast of South America. Returning to Great Britain in 1836, Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood. In 1839, he moved from London to a small estate in Kent, and published accounts of his lengthy journey and other works about plants and animals. His first major account of evolution, On the Origins of Species, was published in 1858. Darwin believed that species were not created individually but over a long period of time from other species. This was a struggle for existence that created the conditions for the survival of the fittest. His book laid the foundations for evolutionary theory. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) in The son of an Italian musician, Galileo first studied medicine at the University of Pisa before becoming Professor of Mathematics at Padua University in 1592. By that time he had already produced important work physics, studying the pendulum, and in 1585-1586 inventing a hydrostatic balance that weighted objects in water. In 1609, after hearing of the invention of the telescope in the Netherlands, Galileo built his own telescope capable of magnifying objects 20 times. It enabled him to study the Moon and observe an exploding star called a supernova, as well as discover sunspots and four of Jupiter’s moons. Galileo’s discoveries supported Copernicus’ theories of the planets orbiting the Sun and not Earth. This led to trouble with the Church, and in 1624 he was warned against Copernicus. In 1633 Galileo published a book that supported Copernicus’ theories. Found guilty of heresy, he spent the final years of his life imprisoned in his own home. 86 BOOK SEVEN

Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) French engineer Gustave Eiffel first studied chemistry before becoming a notable civil engineer renowned for his light but strong steel bridges. Eiffel’s company, formed in 1866, cast the giant Statue of Liberty in 1884, and he designed the interior frame and working. Completed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower was the world’s tallest building for 40 years. After involvement in the failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal, Eiffel turned to science in the 1890s and added an aerodynamics laboratory and telegraph system to his beloved tower. Despite criticism about its impact on Paris, the Eiffel Tower was a great success in the 1889 Paris Exhibition. Marie Curie (1867-1934) The fifth and youngest child of a physics professor, Maria Sklodowska was an excellent student who moved from her native Poland to France in 1891. In 1895 she married Pierre Curie (1859-1906), a professor of physics, and the pair embarked on research into radioactivity. They discovered two elements–radium and polonium–for which they were jointly awarded a Nobel Prize in 1903 with the French physicist Henry Becquerel (1852-1908). In 1906 Pierre was killed in a road accident, but Marie Curie continued working on the chemistry of radioactive substances and their use in medicine. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Isaac Newton developed fundamental ideas in the fields of mathematics, mechanics, and optics. Born in England, Newton studied and then taught a Cambridge University. He started his most important work at home in Lincolnshire in 1664 when the university was closed because of the Great Plague. Newton invented the reflecting telescope in 1668. About 30 years later he carried out experiments that used a glass prism to split white light into a spectrum of colours. Between these two periods came Newton’s most fundamental work on the law of gravity and three laws of motion, which describe the effects of forces on objects. His work revolutionized scientific thinking in physics and made it possible, for example, to accurately predict the movements of the planets, moons, and comets. BOOK SEVEN 87

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) The son of an English blacksmith, Faraday became an errand boy for a bookbinding shop at the age of 13 and read every book that passed through his workplace. At the age of 21, he attended a lecture by chemist Humphrey Davy, and after sending Davy his notes he was appointed as his assistant. Faraday discovered benzene in 1825 and then switched his research to electricity and magnetism. By 1831 he had built a simple electric motor and had discovered that moving a magnet inside a coil of wire produces an electric current. Known as induction, this vital principle allows transformers and generators to produce electricity. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) At the age of 10 American scientist Benjamin Franklin left school and entered the printing trade. A successful journalist and businessman, Franklin also made large numbers of discoveries that promoted science in the 1700s. After starting a publishing business in 1726 Franklin became the postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737. Around 1744, he turned his restless intellect to science. His first invention, the Franklin stove, was a great success and encouraged more scientific research. He also introduced the idea of electricity as flow of particles bearing negative and positive charges. Franklin is best known for his theory that lightning is a form of electricity. To prove this, in 1752 he flew a kite on a metal wire into a thunderstorm and produced electrical sparks between the wire and his fingers. These results led him to invent the lightning conductor. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur was an unexceptional student. As a child he preferred fishing and drawing over more academic subjects. However, his genius for research became apparent. Pasteur’s major breakthroughs began in the 1850s at the University of Lille in France, when he established that microscopic organisms, or germs, cause decay, souring, and infections. By boiling and cooling liquids, such as wine and milk, Pasteur invented pasteurization, a way of removing germs. He also proved how germs were the cause of many infectious diseases, and by isolating the germs he managed to develop vaccines that saved lives. Despite failing health, Pasteur, who was married and had five children, also developed vaccines for chicken pox, anthrax, and rabies. 88 BOOK SEVEN

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Considered by many to be the most important scientist from the 1900s, Albert Einstein grew up in Munich, Germany, where he enjoyed playing the violin but found school boring and taught himself physics. In 1905, while working at the Swiss patent office, he rocked the scientific world by publishing four revolutionary papers. These included an explanation of how light can behave as a stream of particles (work that won him a Nobel Prize in 1921) and his special theory of relativity that enabled later scientists to create nuclear energy. In 1916, Einstein published his general theory of relativity, which developed a new theory of gravity and described how objects bend space and time. It led to many advances in astronomy, including the discovery of black holes. Emigrating to the United States in 1933, Einstein spoke out strongly against war and called for international disarmament. A strong supporter of a homeland for Jews, Einstein turned down the offer of becoming Israel’s president in 1952. Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) Volta was an Italian nobleman who studied chemistry and physics. He became fascinated with the phenomenon of electricity, and in 1775 he produced an electrophorus–a machine to generate static electricity. In 1778, he became the first person to isolate methane, an important part of natural gas. By 1800, he had produced the first electric battery capable of generation an electric current. The battery was made of alternate disks of zinc, silver, and cardboard soaked in saltwater. In 1801 he demonstrated his battery in front of the French leader, Napoleon, who awarded him the titles of count and senator as a result. BOOK SEVEN 89

Computer Macintosh Computer Quick Quiz The Macintosh computer was released in January, 1984, with 128K Tick ( ) the correct answer. RAM of memory. It quickly became 1 What does PC stand for? obvious that this was insufficient, so Personal Computer eight months later Apple released an Perfect Computer updated version, un-officially referred Professional Computer to as the ‘Fat Mac’. It has 512K RAM, four times as much. 2 Which is an input device? Pen Drive Except for the very expensive and Mouse unpopular Apple Lisa which came out Monitor in 1983, the Macintosh is considered to be the first commercially successful 3 What is a microchip made from? computer to use a GUI (Graphical User Copper Interface). Silicon Halogen Before the Macintosh, all computers were ‘text-based’-you operated them 4 What is 3G in computer? by typing words onto the keyboard. Third Generation The Macintosh is run by activating Three Generation pictures (icons) on the screen with Third Guided a small hand-operated device called a “mouse”. Most modern- 5 Who is considered the first day computers now operate on this computer programmer? principle, including modern Apple computers and most others which Ada Lovelace run the Microsoft Windows operating Charles Babbage system. Albert Roch 90 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: 1. When was the Internet used first? iTunes ............................................................. iTunes is a proprietary digital media player application, used 2. What was the name of the first home for playing and organizing digital computer? music and video files. The program is also an interface to manage the ............................................................. contents on Apple’s popular iPod digital media players as well as 3. When was a chip developed? the iPhone. Additionally, iTunes can connect to the iTune Store ............................................................. via the Internet to purchase and download music, music videos, 4. What is the name of the first television shows, applications, completely electronic computer? iPod games, audiobooks, various podcasts, feature length films and ............................................................. movies rentals (not available in all countries), and ringtones. 5. What type of device is a printer? ............................................................. 6. Who invented the first mechanical computer? ............................................................. 7. What do you call a letter in computer language? ............................................................. Key Words Altair 1973 AD 1960 AD Output Device ENIAC Character Charles Babbage iPod BOOK SEVEN 91

Diseases Malaria Quick Quiz Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via Tick ( ) the correct answer. the bites of infected mosquitoes. 1 Which was the first disease to be In the human body, the parasites cured by vaccination? multiply in the liver, and then infect Smallpox red blood cells. Malaria Chicken Pox Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache and vomiting, and usually 2 Night blindness is caused due to appear between 10 and 15 days after the deficiency of: the mosquito bite. Vitamin A If not treated, malaria can quickly Vitamin B become life-threatening by disrupting Vitamin C the blood supply to vital organs. In many parts of the world, the 3 Which disease is caused due to parasites have developed resistance the deficiency of Vitamin A? to a number of malaria medicines. Anemia Key interventions to control malaria Eczema include: prompt and effective Cancer treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies; use of 4 Which disease is caused due to insecticidal nets by people at risk; Human Immune Virus? and indoor residual spraying with insecticide to control the vector Common cold mosquitoes. AIDS Cancer 5 Which disease can spread from person to person? Tuberculosis Heart attack Asthma 92 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: Drowning 1. What is the disease state that occurs Drowning is death from suffocation when the pancreas stops producing (asphyxia) caused by a liquid insulin? entering the lungs and preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to ............................................................. cerebral hypoxia and cardiac arrest. 2. Who was the first to use antiseptic Near drowning is the survival during surgery? of a drowning event involving unconsciousness or water inhalation ............................................................. and can lead to serious secondary complications, including death, after 3. Who did the first human to human the event. heart transplant perform? Secondary drowning is death due to ............................................................. chemical or biological changes in the lungs after a near drowning incident. 4. Who invented insulin for the treatment of Diabetes? ............................................................. 5. What is the more common name for the disease varicella? ............................................................. 6. What is called the study and treatment of disease of the mind? ............................................................. 7. Which part of the body does the disease glossitis affect? ............................................................. Key Words Joseph Lister Chicken pox Diabetes mellitus Fredrick Banting Psychiatry Tongue Dr. Chritian Bernard BOOK SEVEN 93

Common Science Quick Quiz Common Facts Tick ( ) the correct answer. M The moon is 27% the size of the Earth. 1 What is the hardest substance? Glass M When glass breaks, the cracks move at Diamond speeds of up to 3,000 miles per hour. Metal M In a full grown rye plant, the total length 2 The lightest element is: of roots may reach 380 miles (613 km). Nitrogen Oxygen M Fleas can jump 130 times higher than Hydrogen their own height. In human terms this is equal to 6 ft. person jumping 780 ft into 3 Liquid metal in room the air. temperature: M The largest meteorite crater in the Copper world is in Winslow, Arizona. It is 4,150 Iron feet across and 150 feet deep. Mercury 4 What in space is an enormous Flea Rye Plant collection of stars? Galaxy Astorids Comets 5 Where was the paper money Glass Breaks used first? Arizona China Thailand Nepal 94 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Glacier Answer the following questions: 1. What is a substance lacking if it is Glaciers are rivers of ice that move very slowly. They can take a year described as anhydrous? to move as far as you can walk in a few minutes. When a piece of a ............................................................. glacier breaks off and floats in the water, it’s called an iceberg. 2. What is the name of a giant block of ice floating in the sea? Volcano ............................................................. The name “volcano” has its origin from the name of Vulcan, a god of 3. Who discovered neutron? fire in Roman mythology. As pressure in the molten rock builds up it needs ............................................................. to escape somewhere. So it forces its way up “fissures” which are narrow 4. What is measured by the unit known cracks in the earth’s crust. Once the as the coulomb? magma erupts through the earth’s surface, it’s called lava. ............................................................. 5. What kind of waves is used in a remote control? ............................................................. 6. What does a chronometer measure? ............................................................. 7. Which branch of mathematics is concerned with sines and cosines? ............................................................. 8. What is helium? ............................................................. Key Words Iceberg Water Infrared Trigonometry Time Gas Electric Charge James Chadwick BOOK SEVEN 95

Scientifically Atlantic Ocean Speaking The Atlantic Ocean is the second- Quick Quiz largest of the world’s oceanic division; with a total area of about Tick ( ) the correct answer. 106.4 million square kilometers. It 1 What is the molecular formula of covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth’s surface. The first part of Sodium? its name refers to the Atlas of Greek Na mythology, making the Atlantic the Pa “Sea of Atlas”. So Before Europeans discovered other 2 What is an alloy? oceans, the term “ocean” itself Mixture of liquids was to them synonymous with the Mixture of metals waters beyond Western Europe that Mixture of glasses we now known as the Atlantic and which the Greeks had believed to be 3 How many seconds are there in a a gigantic river encircling the world. quarter of a minute? 30 25 15 4 In which direction does a compass needle point? South East North 5 What is called the study of sound? Acoustics Sound graph Pictograph 96 BOOK SEVEN

Did you Quick Quiz know? Answer the following questions: 1. What do you call a scientist who Macaws studies volcanoes? Macaws are small to large, often colourful New World parrots. Of ............................................................. the many different true parrots, six are classified as macaws: Ara, 2. Who invented the dynamo? Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Primolius, Orthopsittaca and ............................................................. Diopsittaca. 3. What is the more common name for Macaws are native to Mexico, calcium oxide? Central America, South America and formerly the Caribean. Most species ............................................................. are associated with forest, especially rainforest but others prefer 4. What does a barometer measure? woodland or savana-like habitats. ............................................................. 5. What is the most inactive gas in the air? ............................................................. 6. What is the name for pieces of ice falling from cloud? ............................................................. 7. What is the name of the nearest galaxy to our galaxy? ............................................................. 8. How many degrees is half a turn? ............................................................. Key Words Quicklime Volcanologist Hail Andromeda 180° Helium Atmospheric Pressure Michael Faraday BOOK SEVEN 97

Fact Box Invention or Discovery Inventor or Discoverer Igor Sikorsky Air conditioning W. H. Carrier Peter Carl Goldmark Airplane Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright Barometer Evangelista Torricelli Rudolf Diesel Bifocal lens Benjamin Franklin Proto City Braille printing Louis Braille Color television Peter Carl Goldmark Compound microscope Zacharias Janssen Diesel engine Rudolf Diesel Dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel Dynamo Michael Faraday Electric battery Count Alessandro Volta Electric motor Michael Faraday Germ theory of disease Louis Pasteur Helicopter Igor Sikorsky Laws of Motion Isaac Newton Lightning rod Benjamin Franklin Liquid-crystal display George Heilmeier Machine gun Richard Jordan Gatling Magnifying glass Roger Bacon Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Microwave oven Percy L. Spencer Motion picture camera Thomas Alva Edison Penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming Pistol (revolver) Samuel Colt Polio vaccine Jonas Salk Quadruplex telegraph Thomas Alva Edison Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton Safety pin Walter Hunt Steam engine Thomas Savery Steamboat John Fitch Stethoscope Rene Laennec Synthetic rubber Sir William Augustus Tilden Phonograph Thomas Alva Edison Telegraph Samuel Morse Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Telescope Hans Lippershey Water thermometer Galileo X-ray Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen 98 BOOK SEVEN

1Test Yourself Tick ( ) true or false. 1. A pen drive is a storage device. True False 2. Microchips are made from silicon. True False 3. Laptop is the first completely electronic computer. True False 4. AIDS is caused by Human Immune Virus. True False 5. Night blindness is caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin A. True False 6. Oxygen is the lightest element. True False 7. Temperature is measured by a tempometer. True False 8. The compass needle points towards north. True False 9. The heaviest natural element is Uranium. True False 10. Diamond is the hardest substance. True False 11. Dynamite was invented by Alferd Bernhard Nobel. True False 12. Germ theory of disease was discovered by Louis Pasteur. True False BOOK SEVEN 99

2Test Yourself Did you know? Tick ( ) the correct answer. Water, Out of Thin Air 1. What does CD stand for? An Israeli company Water a) Common disc gen has created a machine called b) Compact diskette GENNY that pulls moisture from c) Compact disc ambient air to create drinkable 2. What is the full form of ISP? water through a filtration process. a) Internet Service Provider GENNY looks like a water cooler; and b) International Service Protocol one GENNY unit can produce up to 7 gallon of c) Internal Service Protocol water a day, and all it needs is electricity or solar power 3. Who invented Braille printing? a) Louis Pasteur b) Louis Braille c) Jonas Salk 4. Which disease is caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin A? a) Eczema b) Influenza c) Anemia 5. Which metal is in liquid state at room temperature? a) Copper b) Gold c) Mercury 6. What is helium? a) Poison b) Gas c) Juice 7. What is the molecular formula of sodium? a) Na b) Sa c) So 8. Who discovered the magnifying glass? a) Roger Bacon b) Walter Hunt c) Samuel Morse 100 BOOK SEVEN