Readmore GK Book 6_sunil__2077

Playing cards are thought to have originated in China after the invention of paper. Today, a standard pack excluding jokers contains 52 cards, 13 of each suit. Sumo is a Japanese form of wrestling in which the competitors weigh up to 267 km. Being fat is an advantage, since the objective is to push the opponent out of the ring. Red Rum is the only The first horse to have won the darts world UK Grand National three championship times in 1973, 1974 and was held in 1977. He is now buried 1978 and won beside the winning post by Leighton at Aintree, Liverpool. Rees of Wales. A golfer is allowed to take a maximum of 14 clubs into the course. Completing a hole in one under par is called birdie, two under par an eagle and three under par an albatross. BOOK SIX 101

The balls used in a game of squash are marked with coloured dots to indicate their speed. A yellow dot is superslow, a white or green dot is slow, a red dot is medium-fast and a blue dot is fast. Of the four strokes in In ten-pin bowling, competitive swimming knocking all the pins (breaststroke, down with one ball backstroke, crawl and is called stirke. Three butterfly), the crawl is consecutive strikes the fastest, followed is known as a turkey, by the butterfly, shown because bowling alley here. owners used to give a turkey to any player that In Rugby Union, the achieved this feat. A symbols representing perfect score in ten-pin each team are: red bowling is 300. rose for England, shamrock for Ireland, thistle for Scotland and fleur-de-lis for Wales. Ice skating is thought to have developed in Scandinavia where primitive skates dating back 2000 years have been found. Speedskaters wear tight-fitting Lycra suits with aerodynamic hoods in order to reduce air resistance. Figure skating became an official Olympic sport in 1908. 102 BOOK SIX

Polo is a four-a-side sport and is played on the largest pitch of any team sport. Polo originated in Persia more than 2000 years ago. The game is divided into periods of play called chukkas, each lasting 7.5 min. The game of badminton In skiing, the slopes was named after are graded by color the Gloucestershire for difficulty. A home of the Duke of green run denotes a Beaufort, Badminton beginner's slope, blue House. an easy slope, red an intermediate or medium Cycling was contested slope, and black a very in the first modern difficult slope - the most Olympics of 1896 demanding of all. and the first road race took place over a distance of 87 km. KEY SPORTING DATES 103 1299 Blowing club recorded in Southampton, England. 1230 First known references to, and pictures of hockey. 1544 Earliest mention of billiards. 1620 Mayflower pilgrims play darts. 1657 Earliest known golf match played between Scotland and England 1744 First cricket rules were formed 1846 First recorded baseball game under modern rules 1850s Badminton first played. 1863 English Football Association (FA) formed. 1565 Queensberry Rules for boxing established. 1874 Lawn tennis invented known as \"sphairistike\" ('Greek for ball'). 1875 Earliest mention of snooker. 1888 First international cross-country race. BOOK SIX

Olympics WINTER OLYMPICS Year Games Held 2010 Quick Quiz 2006 Vancouver, Canada Tick ( ) the correct answer. Turin, Italy 1 In which sport do you score by Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 2002 dunking a ball? Nagano, Japan 1998 Basketball Lillehammer, Norway 1994 Football Albertville, France 1992 Tennis Calgary, Canada 1988 2 How many points do you get for Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1984 potting a pink ball in snooker? Lake Placid, New York, USA 1980 Five Six Innsbruck, Australia 1976 Seven 3 How many cups did Pele win for Sapporo, Japan 1972 Brazil? Grenoble, France 1968 111 130 Innsbruck, Australia 1964 143 4 In what sport would you do an Aqua Valley, California, USA 1960 'Arab Sprint'? Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 1956 Football Cricket Oslo, Norway 1952 Gymnastic St. Mortiz, Switzerland 1948 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1936 Lake Placid, New York, USA 1932 St. Mortiz, Switzerland 1928 Chamonix, France 1924 TERMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SPORTS. Volleyball: attack, line shot, blocking, Badminton: service court, love, drop, deuce Baseball: doubling Boxing: knock. out, punch, upper-cut, Cricket: bunting, hole, pitcher, put-out hat-trick, run-out, LB W, stumped, kidney punch, timing striker, bouncer, goodly, full toss corner kick, defender, free kick, Chess: gambit, resign, move, checkmate Football: goalkeeper, header, one-touch Swimming: backstroke, breaststroke, check-in, pass, penalty, red card, dribble, yellow card, off-side, tie-breaker check-out, false start, freestyle Table tennis: block, chop, dead ball, doubles, loop, serve 104 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz HISTORY OF Answer the questions: OLYMPIC The ancient Olympic 1. What is the name of Chicago's American games were primarily a Football team? part of a religious festival in honor of Zeus, the ............................................................................ father of the Greek gods 2. What is the national game of Scotland? and goddesses. ............................................................................ 3. What is Sangina Baidya related to? The festival and the games ............................................................................. were held in Olympia, a 4. In Rugby it is called a try. What is the equivalent rural sanctuary site in the western Peloponnese. in American football? The Greeks that came to ............................................................................. the Sanctuary of Zeus at 5. After whom was the first football World Cup Olympia shared the same religious beliefs and spoke trophy named? the same language. .............................................................................. 6. \"I am born to play football\", who stated this The athletes were all male citizens of the city states statement? from every corner of the ............................................................................. Greek world, coming from 7. What sport is played by the Houston rockets? as far away as Liberia ............................................................................. (Spain) in the west and 8. Where was the first Asian games held? the Black Sea (Turkey) in ............................................................................. the east. 1930 Uruguay 1982 Italy 1934 Italy 1986 Argentina 1938 Italy 1990 West Germany 1950 Uruguay Key words 1954 West Germany 1994 Brazil 1998 France 1958 Brazil 2002 Brazil Pele Rugby Basketball 1962 Brazil 2006 Italy Taekwando New Delhi (1951) Bears 1966 England 2010 Spain 1970 Brazil Touch down Jules Rimet 1974 West Germany 2014 Germany 1978 Argentina BOOK SIX 105

South Asian Games 2019 Answer the following questions about the 13th SAG 2019: 1. Which country hosted the 13th South Asian Games 2019? ............................................................................ 2. Which country won the highest number of gold medals in the SAG 2019? ............................................................................ 3. Which country did not win any gold medals? ............................................................................. 4. Which country football team competed with Nepal in the final match? ............................................................................. 5. How many gold medals did Gaurika Singh win in the SAG 2019? .............................................................................. 6. What is the mascot of the SAG 2019? ............................................................................. 7. Which game of the SAG 2019 was played in Janakpur? ............................................................................. 8. Which sport is Gaurika Singh related to? ............................................................................. Do you know? The world’s tallest indoor waterfall is the Rain Vortex. It has been built at the Jewel Changi Airport in Singapore. This airport has been voted the world best airport for the 7th consecutive year by Skytrax. Rain Vortex has been a highly-anticipated new attraction . The magnificent waterfall spanning over 1.4 million square feet located in the centre links to the three terminals. 106 BOOK SIX

Which game did these Nepali players play in the 13th SA Games 2019? Choose from the box. Gaurika Singh ................................ Aayesha Shakya ................................ Kiran Singh Bogati ................................ Santoshi Shrestha ................................ Football Gopi Chandra Parki ................................ Judo Baikuntha Manandhar ................................ Tekwondo Minu Gurung ................................ Karate Sanil Shahi ................................ Boxing Anu Adhikari ................................ Swimming Kusum Khadka ................................ Marathon Kamal Shrestha ................................ Sujal Shrestha ................................ Saru Limbu ................................ Punam Shrestha ................................ Bhupendra Thapa ................................ Do you know? Who got the FIFA Best Player 2019 Award? M C Mary Kom, an Indian Lionel Messi got the FIFA Best Player boxer, became the most 2019 Awards for the 6th time. Earlier successful boxer in the Messi had received this award in world by winning the eighth 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2015. medal at the World Women's Boxing Championship on October 10, 2019. BOOK SIX 107

Test Yourself 1 Answer the following questions: 1. Who created a new world record in scoring the fastest century in Test Cricket history in February 2016? ............................................................................................................................ 2. The term \"Whitewash\" is associated with which game? ............................................................................................................................ 3. President of the International Olympic Committee is elected for a term of ............................................................................................................................ 4. In 2014 who was the AIFF player of the year? ............................................................................................................................ 5. Who was the most expensive player at the pro kabbadi auctions 2016? ............................................................................................................................ 6. Which was the first non test playing country to beat India in an international match? ............................................................................................................................ 7. Serena Williams has played in 29 grand slam finals, winning 23 of them and losing only six. Who is the only player to have defeated her more than once in a grand slam final? ............................................................................................................................ 8. Real Madrid went unbeaten for 40 matches then lost two in a row to which clubs? ............................................................................................................................ 9. Graham Taylor played for two clubs in his career. Grimsby Town and which other side? ............................................................................................................................ 10. There were no Premier League players in Fifa's best XI of 2016. How many of the 11 players picked represent Barcelona or Real Madrid? ............................................................................................................................ 108 BOOK SIX

Test Yourself 1 1. Who did UFC president Dana White call an 'uppity 80-year-old lady' after she had criticised MMA at the Golden Globes? ............................................................................................................................ 2. Who was the first Everton player to wear the number-9 shirt? ............................................................................................................................ 3. Steven Gerrard scored 120 goals for Liverpool in the Premier League. Who is the only player to have scored more? ............................................................................................................................ 4. In LBW what does the B stand for? ............................................................................................................................ 5. Which county have won the cricket championship most times? ............................................................................................................................ 6. Can a Test Match end in a tie? ............................................................................................................................ 7. Who was the first batsman to score 10,000 runs in Test cricket? ............................................................................................................................ 8. How many teams played in the first World Cup? ............................................................................................................................ 9. Who has scored the most goals in a single World Cup tournament? ............................................................................................................................ 10. Which ground hosts the FA Cup Final? ............................................................................................................................ 11. Who was the first country to win the World Cup four times? ............................................................................................................................ 12. On a football pitch, how many yards should the penalty spot be from the goal line? ............................................................................................................................ 12. In what year was the first World Cup held? ............................................................................................................................ 13. Which English football team is nicknamed the \"Hornets\"? ............................................................................................................................ 14. Which was the first British Soccer team to win the European Cup? ............................................................................................................................ BOOK SIX 109

8UNIT LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE GEOFFEY CHAUCER (C. 1345-1400) English poet and author Geoffrey Chaucer served in the Hundred Years' War between England and France. He was taken prisoner in 1359 and released after a ransom was paid by Edward III. His most famous work is The Contributory Tales, written in verse and prose. It contains the tales hold by a group of pilgrims traveling from London to Canerbury in England. DANTE ALIGHIERIA (1265-1321) Born in Florence, Italy Dante was only nine when he fell in love with a young girl. Beatrice Portinari. His love for her had a protound influence on his work as a poet. The story of Dante's love is told in his book of sonnets, La Vita Nuova. His greatest book, Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy), tells of his journey through the afterworld guided by his childhood love, Beatrice. WILLIAM BLACK (1757-1827) Born in England, William Black trained as an engineer and studied art at the Royal Academy. He also wrote poems and combined this with his talent for engineering illustrations. He produced many illustration books where the text is an internal part of the illustrations. Black’s poetry was not widely appreciated during his lifetime, and much of it was discarded. As a poet he is most well known for \"Milton\" and \"Jenisalem\" As an artist Black produced many book illustrations. 110 BOOK SIX

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1700-1850) English poet William Wordsworth was born in northwest England and studied at Cambridge University. After a brief visit to France and Switzerland, he settled down in southwest England with his sister, Dorothy and friend, the poet Sumuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworth and Coleridge produced a collection of poems together, Lyrical Ballads, which included Wordsworth’s famous Tintery Abbey. Wordsworth got married in 1802 and moved with his wife, Mary, back to northwest England, where he wrote some of his finest poems, including \"To Daffodils\". ISAAC ASIMOV (1920-1992) U.S. novelist Isaac Asimov was born in Russia and immigrated with his family to America in 1923. There he studied chemistry and became a well- known biochemist. Asimov also wrote many science- fiction novels. His collection of short stories, I, Robot, introduced the term \"robotic\" to the English language. J.K. ROWLING (B.1965) While working as an English teacher in Portugal, children’s writer J.K. Rowling began writing a story about wizards. She moved to Scotland, and with the aid of a grant she completed the story. When Harry Potter and the Philospher's Stone was a success. It was also made into a highly successful movie that broke all the previous box- office records. BOOK SIX 111

Literature NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE Quick Quiz The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded annually, since Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1901, to an author from any 1 Who is the writer of the famous country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, fantasy, Harry Potter? produced \"in the field of J. K. Rowling literature the most outstanding Leo Tolstoy work in an ideal direction\" Charles Dikens 2 Who was the writer of Julies and The \"work\" in this case refers to an author's work as a whole, Ceaser? though individual works are Leo Tolstoy sometimes also cited. The Shakespeare Swedish Academy decides Madav Prasad Ghimire who if anyone, will receive 3 Who was the writer of Shakuntala? the prize in any given year Laxmi Prasad Devkota and announces the name of Parijat the chosen laureate in early Bairagi Kaila October. 4 Which is the most famous book of Laxmi Prasad Devkota? Sakuntala Gauri Muna Madan 5 Who wrote under the pen name of a man as women authors were not as highly regardes as men? Marry Ann Evans Marry Shelley J.K. Rowling 112 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz SHAKESPHEARE Answer the questions: William Shakespeare (26 April 1616) was 1. Which German statesman was nicknamed 'The an English poet and Iron Chancellor'? Playwright, widely regard as the greatest writer in ............................................................................ the English Language and 2. Who in the Bible was swallowed by a large the world's preeminent dramatist. He is often fish? called England's National ............................................................................ poet and the \"bard of 3. What was the surname of Nicolas II, the last Avon\" (or simply \"The Bard\"). His surviving Tsar of Russia? works consist of 38 ............................................................................. plays, 154 sonnets, two 4. Which early writer complied the chronicles of long narrative poems, and several other poems. Britain in 1577? His plays have been ............................................................................. translated into every major 5. Which is the most populous city in Africa? living language and are .............................................................................. performed more often than 6. What is the Savoy, London? any other playwright. ............................................................................. 7. Who wrote the series of humorous books featuring the butler, Jeeves? ............................................................................. 8. Complete the proverb: 'Those whom the Gods love ....'? ............................................................................. Key words Jonah Ramanov Holinshed Prince Otto Von Bismarck ..die young P.G. Wodenhouse A famous hotel Cairo BOOK SIX 113

Test Yourself Choose the correct answer 1. ‘The Gathering Storm’ is written by which author? ............................................................................................................................ 2. How long did Rip Van Winkle sleep for? ............................................................................................................................ 3. How many lines does a sonnet have? ............................................................................................................................ 4. In which century did science fiction become a major type of writing? ............................................................................................................................ 5. In which century were Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales written? ............................................................................................................................ 6. In which story of Hans Christian Andersen has the character Ariel? ............................................................................................................................ 7. Name the book which opens with the line ‘All children, except one grew up’? ............................................................................................................................ 8. Princess Aurora is the sleeping princess of which fairy tale? ............................................................................................................................ 9. The Bennet family appear in which Jane Austen novel? ............................................................................................................................ 10. What is the name of the pirate in Treasure Island? ............................................................................................................................ 11. What is the novel ‘Lord of the Flies’ about? ............................................................................................................................ 12. What is the pen-name of novelist Mary Ann Evans (1819-80)? ............................................................................................................................ Key words British schoolboys stranded on a tropical island Peter Pan 20 years 14 Winston Churchill Pride and Prejudice The Little Mermaid 20th George Eliot Between 1387 and 1400 Sleeping Beauty Long John Silver 114 BOOK SIX

Test Yourself Choose the correct answer 1. What was Charles Dickens’s last novel? ...................................................................................... 2. What was the first science-fiction novel? ...................................................................................... 3. Which British prime minister was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature? ...................................................................................... 4. Which character from Greek mythology figures in the title of Frankenstein? ...................................................................................... 5. Which famous horror novel is subtitled The Modern Prometheus? ...................................................................................... 6. Which historical event does Charles Dickens’s novel A Tale of Two Cities concern? ...................................................................................... 7. Who is the author of ‘Robinson Crusoe’? ...................................................................................... 8. Which is the first Harry Potter book in its series? ...................................................................................... 9. Which poet wrote the famous poem ‘Leisure’? ...................................................................................... 10. Which poet wrote the famous poem ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’? ...................................................................................... 11. Who has said this famous saying ‘I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.’ ...................................................................................... 12. Who is the author of ‘Lord of the Flies’? ...................................................................................... Key words Thomas A. Edison Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone Robert Frost William Golding Daniel Dafoe The Mystery of Edwin Drood Prometheus Frankenstein William Henry Davies French Revolution Winston Churchill Frankenstein BOOK SIX 115

Test Yourself 1. The world's largest oil refinery is located at ............................................................ 2. The world's highest waterfall, the Angel Falls, is situated in ............................................................ 3. The world's largest cinema (Radio City Music Hall) is in ............................................................ 4. Where is the tallest lighthouse? ............................................................ 5. The largest desert in the world is ............................................................ 6. Which of the following is the largest fresh water lake in India? ............................................................ 7. Which of the following is the longest river in the world? ............................................................ 8. The longest dam of India is the ............................................................ 9. The highest gravity dam of India is the ............................................................ 10. Where can you see the shortest railway line in the world? ............................................................ 11. World's largest non-capital city is Key words ............................................................ 12. Which is the world's busiest port? Shanghai Rotterdam - Europort ............................................................ Vatican Hirakud Dam Nile Bhakra New York Kolleru Lake Sahara (Africa) Japan Abadan Venezuela 116 BOOK SIX

Test Yourself 1. Who is the author of 'China Harayeko Manchhe'? ............................................................ 2. Who is the author of 'Doshi Chasma'? ............................................................ 3. Who is the author of 'Jhola'? ............................................................ 4. Who is the author of 'Phoolko Ankhama'? ............................................................ 5. Who is the author of 'Seto Dharti'? ............................................................ 6. Who is the 'Greek Goddess of love'? ............................................................ 7. Who is the little girl alongside 'Peter Pan in J.M. Barrie’s play'? ............................................................ 8. Who is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016? ............................................................ 9. Who painted 'The Laughing Cavalier'? ............................................................ 10. Who was the 'Greek goddess of peace'? ............................................................ 11. Who was the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 awarded to? ............................................................ 12. Who wrote 'Huckleberry Finn'? ............................................................ Key words Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Hari Bansha Acharya Amar Nyaupane Bob Dylan Frans Hals Eirene Svetlana Alexievich Mark Twain Krishna Dharabashi Ani Choying Drolma Aphrodite Wendy BOOK SIX 117

9 HUMAN BODYUNIT First incisor Canine First and Second incisor second permolars MOUTH AND TEETH First and second permolars Digestion starts as soon as food gets into the mouth. The teeth bite off lumps of food, chew Third molar them and mix them with watery saliva (spit) (wisdom tooth) to make the food soft and easy to swallow in small lumps. Second set adult or First milk or permanent set deciduous teeth g There are 20 small teeth in the first set. The earliest ones usually appear above g A person has 52 teeth. But not at the gum by about six months of age, the the same time. The first (baby) set last ones at three years old. As the mouth appear soon after birth and number grows, the baby teeth fall out from about 20. seven years old. They are replaced but 32 large teeth in the second (adult) set. g These deciduous teeth begin to fall out when children are about six years old and are replaced by the Amazing Facts second (adult) or permanent set of 32 teeth. From the moment you take your first bite of food, enzymes in your saliva g The adult set of teeth is usually begin to break carbohydrates down fully developed by about 18-20 into glucose, preparing the food for years of age. digestion. 118 BOOK SIX

g In each side of the jaw, the adult g Teeth are strong and rough, but need set of teeth includes two incisors regular cleaning. Bacteria live on at the front for biting, one tailer old bits of food in the mouth. They canine for tearing and two broad make waste products, which are acid premolars, plus three wider molars and eat into the enamel and dentine for crushing and chewing. causing holes, called cavities. Regular rips to the dentist to check g Each tooth is covered by whitish, that the teeth are cleaned properly very hard enamel. Under the is important. Dentists will also look enamel is slightly softer dentine. for any small problems like tiny The center of the tooth has living cracks that can be treated before pulp of blood vessels and nerves. they worsen. g Incisors are the four pairs of teeth g Premolars are four pairs of teeth in at the front of an adult's mouth. front of the molars. They have sharp edges for cutting food. g Molars are the (usually) six pairs of big, strong teeth at the back of the g Canines are the two pairs of big, mouth. Their flattish tops are a good pointed teeth behind the incisors. shape for grinding food. Their shape is good for tearing food . g In some people the rearmost molars, which upper and lower jays, may DENTAL X-RAY never grow above the gum. They are Sometimes cracks and tiny pieces of called the wisdom teeth. decay hardly show at the surface of a tooth. But they can widen out and SETS OF TEETH become more serious beneath. Dental X-ray reveal holes or cavieties inside Average ages when teeth appear a tooth caused by decay or injury. They can also show an abscess (pus- FIRST SET filled area of infection) lower down, inside the jaw bone. first incisors 6-12 months Second incisors 9-15 months Canines 16-24 months First premolars 14-18 months Second premolars 24-30 months SECOND SET 5-8 years 7-9 years First incisors 9-12 years Second incisors 10-12 years Canines 10-12 years First premolars 6-8 years Second premolars 10-13 years First molars Second molars BOOK SIX 119

MISCELLANEOUS HUMAN BODY BRAIN Tick ( ) the correct answer. Your brain is a thinking 1 Where in the body is the pituitary organ that learns and grows by interacting with the world gland? through perception and action. At the base of the kidney Mental stimulation improves At the base of the brain brain function and actually At the base of the lungs protects against cognitive 2 The longest bone in our body is : decline, as does physical exercise. Humer Femur The human brain is able to Tarsals continually adapt and rewire 3 What are the two upper chambers of itself. Even in old age, it can grow new neurons. Severe the heart called? mental decline is usually Ventricle caused by disease, whereas Auricle most age-related losses in Septum memory or motor skills simply 4 The biggest muscles is: result from inactivity and a Bicep lack of mental exercise and Tricep stimulation. Gluteus maximus 5 How long does a blood cell survive on average? 120 days 120 months 120 weeks 120 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz AMAZING NEURAL Answer the following questions: NETWORK 1. What is the hardest substance found in the Throughout life, human body? your neural networks reorganize and reinforce ............................................................................ themselves in response to 2. What are the membranes enveloping the brain new stimuli and learning experiences. and spinal cord called? ............................................................................ This body-mind 3. Which part of human body is first highly interaction is what stimulates brain cells to affected by nuclear radiation? grow and connect with ............................................................................. each other in complex 4. What acid is produced in the stomach? ways. ............................................................................. 5. What is the name of the first part of the small They do so by extending branches of intricate nerve intestine? fibers called dendrites .............................................................................. (from the Latin word 6. Which cells in the human body do not have a for \"tree\"). These are the antennas through nucleus? which neurons receive ............................................................................. communication from each 7. Which body part of human grows quickest until other. we are five? ............................................................................. Key words Lungs Brain Tooth Enamel Duodenum Meninges Red Bloods Cells Hydrochloric BOOK SIX 121

Test Yourself Choose the correct answer: 1. What’s the smallest bone in the body? i. Stapes ii. Patella iii. Thigh 2. Where do bones meet in our body? i. Joints ii. Ligaments iii. rib cage 3. How many bones does an adult human have? i. 106 ii. 206 iii. 506 4. What are the bones in our spine called? i. Cartilage ii. Ribs iii. Vertebrae 5. Where is the patella located in our body? i. Knee ii. Ear iii. Elbow 6. Which bone protects our brain? i. Tail ii. Shin iii. Skull 7. Which type of blood cells help our bodies to fight infection? i. White blood cells ii. Red blood cells iii. Both 8. What is the average weight of an adult human brain? i. 1.5 kg ii. 2.5 kg iii. 3.5 kg 9. What substance in the mouth helps break down food? i. Oil ii. Keratin iii. Saliva 10. What is the name of the tiny air sacs in your lungs? i. Bronchioles ii. Alveoli iii. Bronx 122 BOOK SIX

Test Yourself Choose the correct answer: 1. You were born with about _________ taste buds. i. 10 million ii. 10,000 iii. 20,000 2. What is the part of the tooth you can see above the gum? i. Crown ii. Pulp iii. Cavity 3. What are the last four teeth a person will get? i. Molars ii. Wisdom teeth iii. Premolars 4. What kind of teeth do babies have? i. Primary ii. Permanent iii. Bicuspids 5. What is your body’s largest organ? i. Large intestine ii. Skin iii. Brain 6. What is the outermost layer of skin? i. Dermis ii. Epidermis iii. Blubber 7. What gives skin its color? i. Dermis ii. Blood vessels iii. Melanin 8. What are the two holes on your nose called? i. Septum ii. Blow holes iii. Nostrils 9. What are your nails made out of? i. Bone ii. Keratin iii. Skin cells 10. Which muscle helps move your shoulders? i. Smooth muscle ii. Deltoid muscle iii. Quadriceps BOOK SIX 123

Milky Way 10UNIT ASTRONOMY GALAXIES The Local Group Andromeda From Earth, space seems to be full of stars. But if you travelled a long way from WHAT IS THE LOCAL GROUP Earth, you would in time leave the stars OF GALAXIES? behind. Looking back, you would see that There are thousands of galaxies the stars form a kind of island in space. in space. Many are in groups In other directions, you would see other called clusters. The galaxy where star islands, which we call galaxies. The we live is called the Milky Way, galaxies and the space they occupy make which is in a cluster we call the up the universe. Local Group. The Milky Way is the second-largest galaxy in the 1 local group. The largest is the Andromeda galaxy. 2 3 HOW DO GALAXIES FORM? Galaxies begin to form in clouds DO ALL GALAXIES LOOK THE SAME? of dark gas so huge that even light Astronomers can see galaxies off all shapes would take hundreds of thousands and sizes through their telescopes. of years to cross them. Over time, (1) Some are known as barred spiral gravity begins to pull the particles galaxies. They have curved arms coming of gas together. Gradually, the from a bar through their center. Ordinary gas cloud shrinks and it becomes spirals do not have the bar. more and more dense. Here and (2) Elliptical galaxies have an oval shape. there it becomes dense enough for (3) Galaxies with no particular shape are stars to form. At the same time called irregulars. the gas cloud starts to rotate and flatten out. 124 BOOK SIX

HOW DID THE UNIVERSE The Universe expands after the Big Bang BEGIN? Astronomers believe that the WHAT MAKES UP THE UNIVERSE? Universe began with a huge Simply speaking, the Universe is made up explosion known as the Big of matter and space. The matter is found as Bang. They reckon it happened planets, moons and stars. The stars gather more that 15,000 million years together into great galaxies, and the galaxies ago. The Big Bang created a gather into groups, or clusters, even the hot bubble of space that has clusters gather together to form gigantic been getting bigger and bigger super clusters of galaxies. The Universe is ever since. Astronomers believe made up of millions of these superclusters. the Universe is constantly expanding. Superclusters WHAT ARE QUASARS? Quasars look like stars. But they are so far away that, for us to detect them, they must be brighter than thousands of galaxies together. Astronomers think quasars get their great power from black holes. As matter is sucked into a black hole, enormous energy is given out as light and other radiation. BOOK SIX 125

THE EARTH The Earth's distance from the sun makes it just the right temperature for water to exist as a liquid. Earth is also surrounded by a breathable layer of gases. All these things create the right conditions for life to exist on Earth. LIFE ON EARTH THE ATMOSPHERE Earth is the only planet in the Solar The blanket of gases surrounding System that is known to support life. Earth is called the atmosphere. It Animals and plants need water in works like a shield, filtering out order to live, but it has yet to be found harmful rays from the Sun. Nitrogen on the surface of any other planets. If makes up 78% of the atmosphere, scientists could find evidence of water and oxygen, which living things or ice on their surfaces, it could show use to breathe, makes up 21%. The that they are or were once home to remaining 1% is made up of small primitive life. amounts of several other gases. In this satellite image, water has been shaded in blue. From space, Earth's atmosphere looks like a very thin Without water, forests (shown here is red and green) and blue layer around the planet. It appears blue because of other plant and animal life could not exist on Earth. the way sunlight is filtered through atmospheric gases. 126 BOOK SIX

SPINNING EARTH EARTH FROM SPACE The Earth turns as it orbits the Sun, Today, we are learning more and more spinning at 1,600kph (1,000mph). It about our planet from information sent takes 24 hours, or one Earth day, for it back by satellite and space stations. to complete a full spin. For example, weather forecasters use information collected by satellites to As the Earth spins, the part that is predict weather patterns and to warn facing the Sun is constantly changing. people of severe weather anywhere in In the part that is turned towards the the world. Sun it is daytime and in the part that faces away it is night time. Satellite pictures can also help scientists to observe the effects people SEASONS have on the environment, for example, The Earth takes exactly 365.256 days the destruction of the rain forests in (one Earth year) to complete an orbit. South America. As it makes its journey, different parts of the Earth receive different This diagram shows how the amounts of heat and light. The Earth seasons change as the Earth is tilted at an angle too, so one half of orbits the sun. it is usually closer to the Sun than the other. In this half it is summer, while March: Neither hemisphere is in the other it is winter. As the earth tilted towards the Sun. moves around the Sun, the part that is closest changes and the seasons change. June: When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it is summer there. In the southern hemisphere, it is winter. September: As in March, neither December: When the hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun it is winter there. In the southern hemisphere, it is summer. BOOK SIX 127

ASTRONOMY Quick Quiz Tick ( ) the correct answer. ANDROMEDA 1 What are the minor planets? The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) Asteroids is the closest large galaxy to the Stars Milky Way. This galaxy can be Moons seen unaided from the Earth. Andromeda is approximately 2 Which is the fifth planet? 220,000 light years across, Neptune and it is the largest galaxy of Mars the Local Group, which also Jupiter contains the Milky Way, the Triangulum Galaxy, and other 3 The nearest planet to earth is: smaller galaxies. The Andromeda Saturn Galaxy is approaching the Milky Venus Way at approximately 100 to Neptune 140 kilometres per second. In approximately 4.5 billion years the 4 The planet named after Roman God Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky of war is: Way are expected to collide and the result will be a giant elliptical Mars galaxy. Earth Mercury As it is visible as a faint smudge on 5 Which is the largest plant in the solar the moonless night, it is one of the farthest objects visible to the naked system? eye and can be seen from urban Jupiter areas with binoculars. It is named Mars after the princess Andromeda in Earth Greek mythology. 128 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz CLOUD Answer the following questions: 1. What is the average distance of the earth from A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen the sun? crystals floating in the ............................................................................ atmosphere above the 2. Which planet has maximum number of moons? surface of the Earth. When ............................................................................ surrounded by billions 3. Who is the first man to go to space? of droplets or crystals, ............................................................................. they become visible 4. What is the layer of air around the Earth called? as clouds. Clouds are ............................................................................. studied in the nephology 5. Which planet is also called morning star? or cloud physics branch .............................................................................. of meteorology. The four 6. Which is the first country to launch the artificial principal classifications of clouds are: Cirrus - Stratus satellite? ............................................................................. -Cumulus - Nimbus. 7. What shape is the Moon a few days after a New Moon? ............................................................................. 8. Which is the second largest planet in the solar system? ............................................................................. Key words Russia Atmosphere 150 million km Venus Saturn Yuri Gagarin Saturn Cresent BOOK SIX 129

11UNIT EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes can be devastating natural disasters. More than a million earthquakes are detected each year, but only a fraction of these are strong enough to cause damage. Cape WHAT IS A 'FAULT' LINE? Mendocino As plates of continental and oceanic crust slide and push against each other, San Francisco they cause rocks to shap, forming a line of weakness called a 'fault'. Earthquakes Pinnacles occur along these fault lines. The San Volcanic Andreas Fault (right) runs down the west Formation coast of North America and is one of the biggest fault lines in the world. In 1906, Neenach a catastrophic earthquake along the fault Volcanic caused 500 deaths in San Francisco. Formation Los Angeles 0 100 200 kilometers San Dicgo WHAT ARE SHOCK HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES CAUSED? As Earth's plates push and shove against each WAVES? other, they place enormous stress on rocks near Shock waves are waves of the top of the crust. Instead of rubbing smoothly energy caused by earthquakes. past each other, they may lock together for years The source of the waves until the strain gets too much and the pent-up is called the 'focus' of the energy is released. This causes an earthquake, quake, and the point above sending shock waves through the rocks. the focus is refereed to as the 'epicenter'. There are two kinds of shock waves. 'Body' waves travel thought the rock beneath the surface, causing it to compress, expand and move up and down 'Surface' waves reach Earth's surface and have a rolling motion, just like ocean waves. Usually, an earthquake causes most damage at the epicenter, and less further away. 130 BOOK SIX

Vertical seismograph HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED? pillar spring rotating drum Earthquakes are recorded by seismographs' and stand mass seismogram measured on two scales. The Mercalli Scale is based on the effects of earthquakes. The Richter scale is pen based on the size of shock waves. vertical ground movement bedrock WHAT DAMAGE CAN EARTHQUAKES CAUSE? Depending on the strength of the earthquake, areas can be completely devastated. The ground shakes and ripples, and huge cracks open up. Buildings and other structures collapse, and electricity lines, water mains and gas pipes are destroyed. Fires often start, causing further chaos. Some earthquakes have caused the deaths of thousands of people. Approximately 9,000 people were killed and 22,000 injured by an earthquake in Nepal on 25 April, 2015. MERCALLI SCALE RICHTER SCALE 1. Very slight: detected by instruments less than 3 2. Feeble: felt by people resting 3-3.4 3. Slight: like heavy trucks passing 3.5-4 4. Moderate windows rattle 4.1-4.4 5. Rather strong: wakes up sleeping people 4.5-4.8 6. Strong: trees sway, walls crack 4.9-5.4 7. Very strong: buildings crack 5.5-6 8. Destructive: buildings move 6.1-6.5 9. Ruinous: ground cracks 6.6-7 10. Disastrous: landslides 7.1-7.3 11. Very disastrous: railways break 7.4-8.1 12. Catastrophic: total devastation 8.1 and over BOOK SIX 131

Quick Quiz Write true or false: 1. The longest bone in our body is femur. ...................................................... 2. Human brain grows quickest until five. ...................................................... 3. Andromeda is our galaxy. ...................................................... 4. A cloud is a visible mass of water droplets. ...................................................... 5. Pele won 222 cups for Brazil. ...................................................... 6. The first Asian games were held in New Delhi. ...................................................... 7. Nikhil Uprety is known as the stunt hero of Nepali cinema. ...................................................... 8. Gopal Raj Mainali was a famous comedian. ...................................................... 9. Jerry is a cartoon character. ...................................................... 10. The famous portait 'Monalisa' was made by Leonardo Decaprio. ...................................................... 132 BOOK SIX

Quick Quiz Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1 Where in the body would you find the hyoid bone? Throat Skull Leg 2 What is the lowest regions of the earth's surface? Lithosphere Hydrosphere Troposphere 3 Who is the writer of Muna Madan? Motiram Bhatta Laxmi Prasad Devkota Madhav Prasad Ghimire 4 What is the largest poisonous snake in Africa? Black Cobra Green Python Black Mamba 5 What kind of creature is a skink? a snake a lizard a fish 6 What is graphite composed of? carbon copper silver 7 Who is the famous folk singer of Nepal? Komal Ojha Komal Oli Kamala Nepal 8 What is Paras Khadka related to? Basketball Cricket Football BOOK SIX 133

Quick Quiz Answer the following questions: 1. What is the national game of Scotland? ............................................................................ 2. In what spot do you score by dunking a ball? ............................................................................ 3. Which planet has the maximum number of moons? ............................................................................. 4. Which planet is also called the morning star? ............................................................................. 5. Which part of the body is first affected by nuclear radiation? .............................................................................. 6. What is the first part of the small intestine? ............................................................................. 7. Which is the biggest muscle in the human body? ............................................................................. 8. Which is the nearest galaxy to our galaxy? ............................................................................. 9. Where was the first Olympic Games were held? .............................................................................. 10. Where is the transmission Centre of Nepal TV? ............................................................................. 11. Which electronic systems use hardware and software? ............................................................................. 134 BOOK SIX

Quick Quiz Answer the following questions: 1. Which picture shows 180° of a circle? a. b. c. d. 2. A microwave which costs Rs. 20,000 is put in a half-price sale. How much does it cost in the sale? 3. Convert 13 into a decimal. 4 4. I am between 20 and 30. I am a multiple of both 3 and 4. Who am I? 5. What numbers should replace the question marks? 100, 95, ?, 79, 68, ?, 40, 23 6. A collar is part of a shirt, and a visor is part of a ............................ 7. A nursery houses plants, and a stable houses ............................ 8. Round 58 to the nearest 10. 9. How many inches is 512 feet? 10. How many right angles? Do you know? XI JINPING Chinese President Xi Jinping arrived in Kathmandu on Saturday October 12, 2019. He was welcomed at the Tribhuvan International Airport by Nepali President Bidhya Devi Bhandari. BOOK SIX 135

Quick Quiz 2cm 3cm Answer the following questions: 1. What is the volume of this cuboid? 4cm 2. What is the area of this triangle? 4cm 6cm 3. I am facing north-east. I turn a right angle clockwise. What direction am I facing now? 4. Amit wants to measure the length of his room. Which unit of measure is appropriate to measure the length of his room? Choose one. A. centimeter B. foot C. inch D. millimeter 5. What is 45% of 300? Do you know? 6. Multiply 7 by 12 and divide by 6. 7. Bird is to fly as fish is to ................. 8. Snake is to reptile as frog is to ................. After a glorious success of past 9. Lion is to carnivore as rhino is to ................. Tourism Year in 2011, the year 2020 has been 10. Penguin is to Antarctica as panda is to ................. chosen as national tourism year of Nepal. Do you know? Typhoon Hagibis (2019) caused widespread damage across Japan, killing more than 50 people and many others missing, starting from October 6 up until October 13. 136 BOOK SIX